FMEA, the 10 Step Process to do an FMEA (PFMEA or DFMEA)

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 8 พ.ค. 2024
  • The FMEA is an incredibly powerful tool for risk management and quality. This video covers the 10-step process for an FMEA, along with the similarities and differences between a PFMEA and a DFMEA.
    Additionally, I explain how an FMEA fits into the larger picture of Risk Management.
    1:40 - Intro to FMEA
    2:57 - FMEA and Risk Management
    4:25 - DFMEA v. PFMEA
    5:39 - 10 Step Process
    6:52 - Step 0 - Establish the ground rule
    8:40 - Step 1 - Define your System or Process to be analyzed
    9:40 - Step 2 - Identify the potential failure modes for product or process
    12:55 - Step 3 - Determine the potential effect(s) of the failure mode on the system or customer
    13:45 - Step 4 - Estimate the severity for each failure mode based on its effect
    14:40 - Step 5 - Determine the potential cause(s) for each failure mode
    15:52 - Step 6 - Estimate the likelihood of occurrence for each failure mode & cause
    16:38 - Step 7 - Determine the controls around that failure mode and root cause
    17:20 - Step 8 - Estimate your detection level for each failure mode, cause & effect
    18:34 - Step 9 - Calculate the Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each failure mode
    19:25 - Step 10 - Take Corrective Action to Reduce/Mitigate or eliminate risk
    To get those free resources, head over to CQEAcademy.com/FMEA
    Other Free Resource!!!:
    cqeacademy.com/FreePracticeExams
    cqeacademy.com/FreeCheatSheet
    cqeacademy.com/freeplan
    cqeacademy.com/freecourse
    cqeacademy.com/course
    Free Black Belt Course:
    cqeacademy.com/FreeBBCourse
    Free Black Belt Resource:
    cqeacademy.com/black-belt-cer...

ความคิดเห็น • 153

  • @Mshahedakhtar
    @Mshahedakhtar 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    One of the best FMEA videos around. Thank you so much.

  • @deannarasch9755
    @deannarasch9755 13 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Appreciate the organization and layout of this - best video explaining the ins and outs of FMEA I've seen so far.

  • @thaisfcavalcante
    @thaisfcavalcante 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    Certainly, the best FMEA video on youtube! Thank you so much for this high-quality and didactic material!

  • @garima1928
    @garima1928 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thank you andy. Definitely important Risk Management Tool. Very nicely explained.

  • @pascalinekipkemboi6463
    @pascalinekipkemboi6463 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    thanks for the informative video. watching from Kenya

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you!!!

  • @blacklord2012
    @blacklord2012 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    amazing how well you explained everything, excited to see more videos of you

  • @MalluzLondonKitchen
    @MalluzLondonKitchen 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    One of the best videos of these types..Very crisp and short.. amazing Thank you

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Wow, awesome, I'm glad you liked it!!!
      Thanks for the comment!!

  • @nicolasromer4734
    @nicolasromer4734 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    You are simply unbelievable in your delivery... a shining star amongst good and not-so-good presenters of this material!!!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Wow, thanks so much Nicolas, I really appreciate that!!

  • @wmingkhuan
    @wmingkhuan 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    the material is easy to understanding and i can image how different between P&DFMEA and also the meaning of each evaluation score

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you so much!!

  • @mohddamiri2846
    @mohddamiri2846 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    This is such a great piece. Thanks for sharing.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You're welcome!

  • @faridjabbouri2082
    @faridjabbouri2082 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Excellent, you are a well learned person in your subjects and most of all of great presentation skills.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Wow, thanks Farid, I appreciate that!!!

  • @die4sp
    @die4sp 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    This is amazing, Thank you so much Andy, it's very informative with very smooth transition of fantastic slides.. Thanx once again for sharing those 'Free Give away', it's really helpful

  • @gorillalay
    @gorillalay 2 ปีที่แล้ว +27

    Hi Andy, I just discovered your channel today. I think all the material I've watched from you so far are simply awesome; you have a very concise way of explaining the topics! Thank you so much~

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Oh wow, thanks so much!!!
      I appreciate that!!

    • @ChrisGerstner-su5ee
      @ChrisGerstner-su5ee 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Hi Andy, Just wanted to thank you for the awesome material and resources you provide. I currently teach advanced manufacturing classes at a technical school. My students are all about chasing the almighty $ and I teach these topics with an emphasis on catching the $ through methodical thinking. Good stuff 👍

  • @billminckler6550
    @billminckler6550 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    FANTASTIC!! From a project management and quality engineering perspective, this is RIGHT ON! 👏👏👏

  • @steverogers7473
    @steverogers7473 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This is brilliant! I am new to this and now I know what I am trying to do. Thanks

  • @miguelvalenzuela
    @miguelvalenzuela 2 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    What a great material , and so nicely put together, it helped me a lot. thanks!!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Miguel!!!! I'm glad you enjoyed it!!!

  • @blacksun86
    @blacksun86 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    I found this material while looking for more info about FMEA. Like it a lot, but I think you forgot to tell about AIAG and VDA system. What you presenting is AIAG 4.0 standard and today one of the most popular is AIAG & VDA 1st edition standard. Anyway thank you for making some issues clear!

  • @davidvella7141
    @davidvella7141 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What a great introduction and overview!

  • @abrahamcastillo6299
    @abrahamcastillo6299 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Subscribed! Your content is clear and concise, and makes manufacturing less boring 😆

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Hahahaha, thanks Abraham!!!

  • @percarlson927
    @percarlson927 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    I had no idea what DFMEA or PFMEA was before seeing your video. One of our customers have asked for it, so thank you for all your time describing the process, a very easy to understand video. Now i have a good fundamental understanding, and will be able to make our own. A+👍

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Awesome, thanks!!!!

    • @sharysubhan6896
      @sharysubhan6896 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You job the quality depart

  • @hungduongthe8954
    @hungduongthe8954 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Good material training & good coacher. Thanks for instructing

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Glad you enjoyed it!

  • @brandierum1
    @brandierum1 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent Video Andy! Thank you!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Brandie!!!!

  • @andym1672
    @andym1672 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Absolutely great stuff right here. Thank you.

  • @famousjamous2006
    @famousjamous2006 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Nice primer, thanks for putting it up! I’m likely to share with some colleagues in future.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      I'm glad you like it!

  • @cristianreantaso8903
    @cristianreantaso8903 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you very much, sir, for sharing this very informative video. I've learned a lot after watching your masterpiece.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Cristian!!!

  • @mariotrevino1395
    @mariotrevino1395 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Congratulations another excellent video it has a clear explanation about this tool. Greetings from Monterrey NL.

  • @uthirapathi4453
    @uthirapathi4453 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Great explanations 😎

  • @ravindrajoshi78
    @ravindrajoshi78 5 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Excellent... Good video.. 👍. Nice and clear explanation..

  • @Alexmei4577
    @Alexmei4577 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very detailed introduction. Appreciate. Thank you.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Wow thanks so much, I appreciate that!!

  • @xilin4976
    @xilin4976 8 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    hi, teacher, I like your videos very much, and I have been waiting your videos of the new version of FMEA, would you make it ? I do hope you can, I have been looking forward to it for a long time.

  • @girlsforstemusa970
    @girlsforstemusa970 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thank you so much for your support really appreciate!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're welcome!!!!!

  • @malichicu
    @malichicu 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Another great video. Thank you Andy!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're welcome Ivelys, I'm glad you liked it!!!
      -Andy

    • @malichicu
      @malichicu 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@CQEAcademy Are you planning to do an a similar video on control plans?

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      ​@@malichicu I definitely am! Not 100% sure on timing but it'll definitely happen

  • @IREN0404624895
    @IREN0404624895 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you, teacher, a very good and useful video.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      awesome, thanks Neri!! I'm glad you enjoyed it!

  • @kelvinlim1552
    @kelvinlim1552 10 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    great video with super detail explain

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  10 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks Kelvin!

  • @vasilykotikov6916
    @vasilykotikov6916 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thank you very much for your efforts mate! Just a super cool job!

  • @Rene_Showalter_WFU
    @Rene_Showalter_WFU หลายเดือนก่อน

    great content, thank you.

  • @kamaal2kamaal
    @kamaal2kamaal 6 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Super analysis and awesome presentation

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  6 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thank you so much!!!

  • @ashameriajohnson
    @ashameriajohnson ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much, Andy!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      You're welcome Asha!!!!

  • @salwakhan3267
    @salwakhan3267 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great explanation, thank you!

  • @airlanggak5391
    @airlanggak5391 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    really appreciate your efforts! thanks so much!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks I appreciate that!!!

  • @rajeshsubedi7612
    @rajeshsubedi7612 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    well explained.

  • @sergiogard8264
    @sergiogard8264 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video man. One Question do you have a completely filled in form? I'd like to see a example of your theory. I am especially interrested in Unique Identifier

  • @NuaSOU
    @NuaSOU หลายเดือนก่อน

    you are a genius man thanks a lot

  • @brentgarret2388
    @brentgarret2388 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks for the video! Great explanation! I actually use someka's FMEA tool for google sheets but this is very informative.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks so much Brent!

  • @FeelinMe11
    @FeelinMe11 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank youuu so much!!!

  • @indikamadugalle7510
    @indikamadugalle7510 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great work .I learn lots

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks so much, I'm glad you learned alot!

  • @bearfarhan
    @bearfarhan ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent video!

  • @manavjangra7803
    @manavjangra7803 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very Helpful! Thanks a ton!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Wow thanks so much, I appreciate that!!

  • @Animals-Kingdom2024
    @Animals-Kingdom2024 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Well presented. Thank you

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks so much Mohamed!!!

  • @maedehdibadin9813
    @maedehdibadin9813 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Amazing video, thanks 🙏

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks Maedeh!!!!!

  • @skhumshika7140
    @skhumshika7140 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Well presented... Thank You Sir

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      You're absolutely welcome Skhu!

  • @osvaldodanielmutuque3349
    @osvaldodanielmutuque3349 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hello i am safety engineering and management student, its well explained thank!

  • @jaisalmk713
    @jaisalmk713 14 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Excellent thanks

  • @mmmccc2005
    @mmmccc2005 6 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Hi Andy, this video is very good and easy to understand. However, today, we need to prepare AIAG and VDA systems instead, can you help to make a video for this issue? Thank you so much!

  • @markjosephlobete2563
    @markjosephlobete2563 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you Sir Andy.
    This is timing. We'll get an AIAG cert. badge

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Awesome, glad I was able to help!!!!
      -Andy

  • @Ramkumar-le4me
    @Ramkumar-le4me ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hi well presented.Since I am new to fmea ,I have doubt regarding vda evaluation tables.
    Do we need to follow 5 steps if we are following rpn ??

  • @patrickstephen7885
    @patrickstephen7885 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Excellent video

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Thanks Patrick!

  • @markdavis7763
    @markdavis7763 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great job, thanks

  • @user-is8xj3cr5t
    @user-is8xj3cr5t 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Thanks for your clarification. I am going to describe the same in Ukraine at my next work.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Thanks!!!

  • @s.maisonyoungii2292
    @s.maisonyoungii2292 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Out standing

  • @navidsenobari4873
    @navidsenobari4873 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thanks it was really useful

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're welcome!!!
      -Andy

  • @deryakose171
    @deryakose171 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very useful. Thanks.

  • @a.h.m.shakilaktar6781
    @a.h.m.shakilaktar6781 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you so much ❤️

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You're absolutely welcome!!!

  • @freetime84
    @freetime84 12 วันที่ผ่านมา

    The new VDA FMEA could also be covered in brief highlighting the differences.

  • @adamneil4576
    @adamneil4576 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Great video

  • @travishsu4111
    @travishsu4111 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you!

  • @j.a.6866
    @j.a.6866 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great channel!! New sub!!
    Question - any guidance for processes that are 90% virtual…but may have human intervention at certain steps? The virtual aspects are not as streamlined as one may think.

  • @TejaMandla
    @TejaMandla ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you so much, it really helped and lot of informative. I am a R&D Engineer in Medical devices, i am looking for a real case studies of DFMEA and PFMEA in medical devices. If you know any good sources, please let me know. It really helps me.

  • @marcofredriks8060
    @marcofredriks8060 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Hi Andy, I suggest also to include risk transfer as part of the risk management process. Example is Insurance

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey Marco!!!
      I just created a new video to talk about the 4 strategies for risk treatment - which includes Risk Transfer - and I've linked that video below:
      th-cam.com/video/qrzC6LdQOKc/w-d-xo.html

  • @DanielL143
    @DanielL143 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Andy you are THE best.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Awesome, I"m glad you enjoy the videos!!!!!!!!!!!!

  • @AhmedDebbab
    @AhmedDebbab 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you so much for explanation, I have a question: Is there other tool or step rather than RPN in FMEA method? because in FMEA we should calculate RPN 2 times, I mean rather than estimate severity, occurrence and detection of failure mode, I suggest one time is enough, and with other tool we could try minimise the level of risk.

  • @user-yx4uk8ji6c
    @user-yx4uk8ji6c 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    in the actions results section, are these new predicted estimates of SEV OCC and DET based upon a planned implementation of an improvement/change? or are these measured results AFTER actually implementing the change?

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You shouldn't update your FMEA until after the changes are implemented and confirmed to have effectively reduced risk

  • @wondwessenshibeshi3716
    @wondwessenshibeshi3716 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Thank you I learned a lot. How do you measure the effectiveness of your corrective actions? Where the measures are not quantifiable or subjective?

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  11 หลายเดือนก่อน

      In terms of effectiveness, you should re-consider things like severity, occurrence and detection when evaluating your corrective actions.
      If the measures are not quantifiable, the last resort is simply just the opinion of your subject matter experts.

  • @jasonmark6262
    @jasonmark6262 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    @CQE Academy, thank you for the detailed video. Do you also have a detailed video on how to effectively use the control document?

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว +1

      You're welcome Jason! We cover the control plan in my course (The CQE Master Class), and I"ve added it to the list of possible future videos here for the youtube channel!!

    • @jasonmark6262
      @jasonmark6262 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@CQEAcademy thank you. Hope to get that notification bell soon. Does the CQE Masterclass cover SQL & Python too?

    • @greenbeltacademy
      @greenbeltacademy ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Hey @@jasonmark6262 , no that course only covers topics that are included in the CQE Body of Knowledge, which unfortunately doesn't include SQL and Python

  • @dr.joyirobi6042
    @dr.joyirobi6042 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    thanks

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      You're welcome Dr. Joy!

  • @venkateshnagarajan5304
    @venkateshnagarajan5304 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Amazing man. I need to know do you have any course on e-learning platform

    • @greenbeltacademy
      @greenbeltacademy 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Thanks!
      Yes, I most definitely have a e-learning platform!
      Here's a free course: cqeacademy.teachable.com/p/top-10-topics
      I also have paid courses to check out as well!

  • @gregseate2369
    @gregseate2369 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    💪

  • @kerguule
    @kerguule 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Would it make more sense to think the detection so that it measures how the failure is detected before the failure occurs and not after it has occured?

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Okay good question, and this is tough.
      So if a control is meant to prevent an issue from occurring, then that control factor should influence your occurrence score.
      If a control is meant to detect a failure mode after it's occurring, then that control factor should influence your detection score.
      And when evaluating the "detectability" of a control factor, you should make that assessment assuming that the failure has already occurred.

    • @kerguule
      @kerguule 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@CQEAcademy Another question: Let's assume that I don't change oil --> cylinder seizes --> engine ignites --> the whole car is on fire --> I'm hurt etc. Is the failure mode the event that I observe most likely? In this example, it would be engine seizes and some warning light? Cases where there is a long chain reaction, it's hard to decide which is the mode, cause, mechanism and effect...

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Hey @@kerguule !! That's a great question, when you're evaluating the effect of a failure mode, there can often be multiple effects.
      And those effects can have different levels of severity, and those effects might have different occurrences. So you can create a new line item in your FMEA to evaluate those different effects independently and give each of them their own severity score and their own occurrence score.
      I would say though, when evaluating the possible effects, you should only consider a "reasonable sequence of events" in terms of the potential effects. So you don't have to try and imagine every possibility.

    • @kerguule
      @kerguule 7 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@CQEAcademy Thank you!

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  7 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You're welcome @@kerguule

  • @nookalasaikrishna
    @nookalasaikrishna ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi Andy, pl share a live case sheet to understand fmea much better.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey Akshaya! I thought about doing that in this presentation, but unfortunately my students often come from many different industries, where the scales for risk are different, and so an example may not translate perfectly for everyone, and I wanted to just cover the basic elements of the process. I might do an example in the future from one specific industry to go more in depth on the FMEA process

  • @BEFOUND.
    @BEFOUND. 11 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    How do I join the CQE academy?

  • @girlsforstemusa970
    @girlsforstemusa970 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Watching

  • @MuhammadFirdaus-yd5dw
    @MuhammadFirdaus-yd5dw ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir, I want to ask. For the action section taken, it should be filled after action recommended is complete? Or what?
    And also for the rpn value, it should be rate after action taken completed?

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey Muhammad, GREAT QUESTION - okay, so the RPN can be completed before the action is completed, and then it can be revised after the action has been completed. Once you've completed an action and reduced the occurrence/severity/detection, you should update and revise your PFMEA, which should be a controlled document in your Quality System.
      The action recommended can be entered when the PFMEA is originally created - and then the actions taken can be added to the PFMEA once those actions are actually completed.

    • @MuhammadFirdaus-yd5dw
      @MuhammadFirdaus-yd5dw ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@CQEAcademy Thank you Sir.

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      @@MuhammadFirdaus-yd5dw You're welcome!

  • @gauthamd3895
    @gauthamd3895 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How to download this software and work on it

    • @CQEAcademy
      @CQEAcademy  ปีที่แล้ว

      Hey Gautham, you can download the spreadsheet here: www.CQEAcademy.com/FMEA

  • @user-hm2gb6pm6b
    @user-hm2gb6pm6b 9 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Risk communication is the single most issue to cause interruptions
    Generally top management cannot take the risk of communicating to middle management or bottom line ...
    Communications are intervened and interrupted with insignificant comments ......
    Already even if they were insignificant .....loss of lives , inadequate living conditions ....such as .........poor sanitation , low wages or no wages .......besides safety in industry and construction sites .....might not be a threat ....
    Lives are in risk for a variety of reasons ...
    How can subramanium bharthiar or ramanujam in 2024 defend people who are constantly exposed to man made risks as well risks or the natural calamities ......
    Refer to publisher for more on ....industrial safety ... .....
    Rusk and risk is all in the game ................... do you expect coke and miranda to defend.