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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 ต.ค. 2021
- Neanderthals! Or wait, is it Neandertals? Everything you want to know in one easy video.
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Citations:
1 Schmerling (1834) Research on the Fossil Specimens Discovered in the Caves of Liège
2 King (1864) The Reputed Fossil Man of the Neanderthal
3 Gómez-Olivencia et al. (2018) 3D Virtual Reconstruction of the Kebara 2 Neandertal Thorax
4 Meyer et al. (2016) Nuclear DNA Sequences from the Middle Pleisocene Sima de los Huesos Hominins
5 Prüfer et al. (2013) The Complete Genome Sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains
6 Blinkhorn et al. (2021) Nubian Levallois Technology Associated with Sourthernmost Neanderthals
7 Bermúdez de Castro & Carbonell (2021) A New Perspective on the Origin of Homo sapiens.
8 Hajdinjak et al. (2018) Reconstructing the Genetic History of Late Neanderthals
9 Gómez-Robles (2019) Dental Evolutionary Rates and its Implications for the Neanderthal-Modern Human Divergence
10 Hershkovitz et al. (2018) The Earliest Modern Humans Outside Africa
11 Hershkovitz et al. (2021) A Middle Pleistocene Homo from Nesher Ramla, Israel
12 Prüfer et al. (2021) A Genome Sequence from a Modern Human Skull Over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia.
13 Higham et al. (2014) The Timing and Spatiotemporal Patterning of Neanderthal Disappearance
14 Green et al. (2010) A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome
15 Chen et al. (2020) Identifying and Interpreting Apparent Neandertal Ancestry in African Individuals
16 Quach et al. (2016) Genetic Adaptation and Neandertal Admixture Shaped the Immune System of Human Populations
17 Schick & Toth (2013) C14 in A Companion to Paleoanthropology
18 Milks, Parker & Pope (2019) External Ballistics of Pleistocene Hand-Thrown Spears: Experimental Performance Data and Implications for Human Evolution
19 Hosfield (2016) Walking in a Winter Wonderland? Strategies for Early and Middle Pleistocene Survival in Midlatitude Europe
20 Hardy et al. (2020) Direct Evidence of Neanderthal Fibre Technology and its Cognitive and Behavioral Implications
21 Hallett et al. (2021) A Worked Bone Assemblage from 120,000-90,000 year old Deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco
22 Strasser et al. (2011) Dating Paleolithic Sites in Southwestern Crete, Greece.
23 Ferentinos et al. (2012) Early Seafaring Activity in the Southern Ionian Islands, Mediterranean Sea
24 Strasser et al. (2010) Stone age seafaring in the Mediterranean: evidence from the Plaiak region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic habitation of Crete.
25 Hoffmann et al. (2018) U-Th Dating of Carbonate Crusts Reveals Neandertal Origins of Iberian Cave Art
26 Zilhão et al. (2010) Symbolic Use of Marine Shells and Mineral Pigments by Iberian Neandertals
27 Trinkaus & Villotte (2017) External Auditory Exostoses and Hearing Loss in the Shanidar 1 Neandertal.
28 Beier et al. (2018) Similar Cranial Trauma Prevalence Among Neanderthals and Upper Paleolithic Modern Humans
29 Solecki (1975) Shanidar IV, A Neanderthal Flower Burial in Northern Iraq
30 Sommer (1999) The Shanidar IV ‘Flower Burial’: A Re-evaluation of Neandertal Burial Ritual
31 D’Anastasio et al. (2013) Micro-Biomechanics of the Kebara 2 Hyoid and its Implications for Speech in Neanderthals
32 MacDermot et al. (2005) Identification of FOXP2 Truncation as a Novel Cause of Developmental Speech and Language Deficits
33 (2016) Morphology and Function of Neandertal and Modern Human Ear Ossicles
34 Vaesen, Dusseldorp & Brandt (2021) An Emerging Consensus in Palaeoanthropology: Demography was the Main Factor Responsible for the Disappearance of Neanderthals
Hosted, Written, Shot and Edited by: Riley Harnett
Title Sequence and Original Art by: James Kean ( keanjamesart) - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
The recent discover of a neanderthal flute made of bone is amazing. Tells us they were way more than we thought of before
Awesome! I was so excited and proud when I discovered that my DNA had a distinct amount of Neandertal DNA. I love that!
Thank you for presenting our closest (that we currently know of( extint ancestors in such a respectful and beautiful way.
Nice summation of a fascinating people! :-)
Honestly already one of my fave channels, watched all of your videos and they are super good. Keep up the good work!
Thanks so much!
Commenting for engagement.
Absolutely love this video. Great work!!
Good job! I enjoyed watching this presentation! Thank you.
Great content. You're channel is going grow fast.
Thank you! It’s certainly received a big uptick in the past few days. Definitely looking forward to the future of this thing.
Nicely done!
Excellent!
Enjoyed it! Keep it up. I would like to speak to You about a few subjects I feel You would really get into also.
Very well put together my bro. Enjoying your videos.
Really appreciate it! Thanks for the kind words.
Very informational, great topics covered at a good length, and excellent speaking. Overall great video!! Hope to see more from you in the future.
Much appreciated!
Great video! I'm happy I found your channel. If you're looking for video ideas, I'd like to hear more about the early failed out of Africa migrations of homo sapiens, and how it's known that they failed.
That's actually a topic on a (relatively) short list of topics I'm looking to do next. Recently read an excellent paper on why early European migrants disappeared. In short, the climate in Europe 45,000 years ago was likely much colder than previously thought. The people found at Bacho Kiro cave potentially lived in a sub-arctic climate.
Thal reminds of the song ''over hill over dale, as hit the dusty trail and the caissons go rolling along''. Dale might be the english equivalent of that Thal.
Definition of dale
(Entry 1 of 3)
: valley, vale went riding over hill and dale
We basically have all of the same archeological artefacts for Neanderthals that we have for neolithic humans so im very inclined to believe that they were just as intelligent in us in most ways that matter. Plus they are definitely our closest relative which woukd also suggest similar intelligence. The fact that there's interbreeding also suggests that I think just because I imagine relationships can only really happen between roughly equally intelligent partners. So like I think if you magically came into contact with one it would take a very long time before you figured out they aren't Sapien Sapiens.
Very good
Please eliminate the word " failed"
I love talking about Neanderthals with friends.......they're never interested
Please do an updated video on the Shanadhar cave, it's incredible, up to atleast 6 individuals now.
Outstanding video. Wish you had been one of my professors in college.
One thing that I found to be unclear on the presentation.
You briefly mentioned that Neandertals are a different species than modern humans but the term "species" is defined by the inability to breed multiple generations when intermixing, either by pregnancy not being possible or the offspring being sterile. Horse to donkey interbreeding to get sterile mules being one example.
Since DNA testing shows that interbreeding between Neandertals and Modern Humans results in offspring that are fertile, why have Neandertals not been re-classified?
Thanks a bunch! And great question. I had planned on answering it in the original script but figured it goes beyond the basics and is worthy of its own video (eventually).
The crux of the problem lies in the definition of a species. Science hasn't agreed upon a universal definition and to solve this problem, different definitions are favored by researchers in different circumstances. You described the biological species concept (BSC), which is certainly the most commonly used one and often the most applicable. But it has problems when we apply it to Neandertals.
Some species can interbreed after a period of reproductive isolation in excess of a million years. That's a lot of time for evolution to act independently on both groups. The Neandertals were reproductively isolated from modern humans for the vast majority of their time on this planet. Using the BSC in this circumstance sort of denies the unique evolutionary history of the Neandertals.
Some other species concepts do not allow Neandertals and modern humans to share the same species, such as the morphological species concept which assigns species handles based on differences in bodily traits. The Neandertal body falls outside the range of variation of modern humans in many cases, and therefore, under this concept, they deserve their own species name.
We humans love to classify things, but nature really doesn't make it easy for us a lot of the time.
Love your long hair!!!!
Thank you! There’s no going back now
Good job on the video. Although I recall hybrid bones of a young adult Male excavated in Portugal some years back that dated 32000 years ago. Whatever happened to that guy? Just asking....
Great series. Nicely composed videos and well explained facts. Really, cool! :) I am wondering: are there indications that other human species had pets, like dogs?
Afraid not at present. Looks like everyone else was extinct for at least a few thousand years before we started domesticating our first pets.
@@TheHEAP I see, thanks! :)
wots the name of the music? Sounds so cool, reminds me of those old sinbad movies with the stop motion creatures
Sorry to say I’m actually searching for new music, but this one is Desert Wind by Jon Algar
Great stuff! Super up to date and accurate! I didn't like the background music as much.
You know, I was thinking the same thing when editing this one. I’ll see if I can find something else for the next one.
Neanderthals also had bone flutes that they played music on.
You say it well! What bugs me about English only speakers is they focus on one letter or vowel and say "it's this way or you say it wrong", meanwhile they're saying a German word and everything about it is... not good. But they feel so strongly about their pronunciation. If you're going to say it like a German, then it would be "Neh" not "knee". So like "Neh-AHNder-tall", the middle is also not the English word "and" so it does not sound like it. But words become international words and before you know it, they have a French pronunciation, Spanish, English, etc.
That’s a very good point and I always wonder whether i should try for true pronounciation, or just imitate other english pronounciations. The former is very difficult on one’s own, but the latter admittedly feels lazy.
I have a neighbor that I am convinced is the missing link! Just think they live among us!
The Neanderthal had clothing artwork language culture and they also built homes..! Yeah. If you think that all the Neanderthals lived in caves you are out of your mind. Caves were very important for some Neanderthals but they did not live in the Caves full time.! 👈 They had communities that traded, fought against, and mixed genetics with Homo Sapiens. The Neanderthal population was genetically absorbed into the Homosapien population over hundreds of thousands of years.
As a radical suggestion/observation communities with larger percentage of Neanderthal in their genome tend to be those areas where civilisation has taken hold. Those areas lacking in Neanderthal genes appear to remain predominantly hunter gatherers. Could the Neanderthal gene be the magic ingredient that allowed/encouraged human advancement? Perhaps Denisovan genes were also beneficial. In the same way as some say, mongrel dogs are smarter than there pure bred cousins.
Hey Bob, thanks for the comment! It’s an interesting thought. My immediate thought was “I don’t think so,” but after spending a few minutes trying to make a case for you, I’m not terribly confident in my knowledge of this topic to give you a good answer.
Might be a good idea to make a video on the origins of civilization so I can catch up.
@Ken Shackleton I’m out of date on the reading material but my knowledge on the subject agrees with you. Civilization as I understand it, is a conflux of factors. Agriculture being foremost among them because of how it provides free time with which people can experiment and innovate aspects of their lives that inevitably leads to civilization. I remember reading some dissent to this idea but again, I’m out of date on this. Either way, there’s no evidence to suggest genetic factors play a role whereas regional factors have a much better ability to explain why civilization is.
Human advancement, is and has always been a collective endeavour. We borrow technologies and innovations, share them and adapt, so in the first instance, culture and civilization is a progressive and not something that emerges out of nowhere, hence why there were substantial amounts of civilizations in Africa, proceeding those founded out of Africa and in the new world. Secondly, necessity is the mother of invention. As a means of survival, particularly in Northern altitudes, with ever increasing cold weatherm especially for the preservation of scant resources, it was imperative for migratory Homosapiens to adapt accordingly, adaptions that often lent the branch of the species, to creation of weapons and pre-emptive acts of violence, as means of self preservation, somewhat akin to colonisation.
So far, the presence of Neanderthal genes only lends itself to robust favourabilty to colder climates. Sturdier lower legsand wider rib cages
@@MKRex Our knowledge of genes is improving year by year but we still have a long way to go before we can say categorically one thing or another. You have described their body shape which you infer is all there is to know, I think you are wrong.
I suppose that if we are going to pronounce thal the German way (which I recommend), we might want to pronounce Neander the German way, too.
One of the last things you said was "one of the most cultured animals". Could you call them "Beings" not "Animals". I don't know why this struck me the way wrong but it did.
Hank from Sci show, 👍🏻
You’re gonna make me blush.
If I were alive back then, I would totally be dead now.
Same.
The Strait of Gibraltar is only 8 miles wide. Morroccan cloths culture could certainly have made it to European Neanderthals.
I say "Tal", others might disagree. LOL. Potato, Potahto.
I cannot understand speech unless they are speaking a specific language :(
Albino u miss me
How did they do in the water? 🤔🤔
Looks pretty good. There’s evidence of diving for clams, and lots of examples of swimmers ear (although cold air can cause this as well)
They were able to build boats.! 100% for sure.!
You want to know what happened to NEANDERTHALs you only have to look at North America from the time of European invasion ! Europeans came into North America the same as homosapiens came into what is now Europe with same results! Can anyone dispute that?
The best way to learn is getting different perspectives on same subject from folks who dedicate alot of their time researching that particular subject my secret is editing out opinions and assumptions and only retain the the facts. Because I draw I always discuss such matters with graphite and blanc paper in hand to assist in describing details. Why don't folks draw as they explain baffles me ?
I literally cannot draw.
They definitely interacted with humans. No if’s, no but’s. Well, maybe some butts.
Im african american with 2-4 % neanderthal dna and haplogroup R1b.
We might all be Homo-Sapiens but we sure arent even close to the same thing, lol. The variations are huge within our species today. Now imagine that same level of variation among several different groups of hominins. Then imagine that most young male hominins would hump a mud puddle.... Just like today almost, lol. The variation is a scale that is almost incomprehensible even if we had a lot more bones. Job security is built right into this field thats for sure, lol. Will your field eventually just be finding samples and an then endless DNA database?
Is that where Europeans got blue eyes? Since they are the only ones with blue eyes.
To my knowledge, though genetics we've got an origin for blue eyes that goes back no more than 10,000 years. Too recent to have been inherited from Neandertals, unfortunately.
@@TheHEAP really? That seems way to recent.
@@gmotionedc5412 Honestly I'm surprised too. I haven't read the paper and any responses it received though, so take it with a grain of salt.
Talk faster and have better music…. Content seems ok?
They didn't need boats the sea level was way lower the Mediterranean was lakes and river ... plus dogger land ?
Sea levels were absolutely lower but Crete was still an island miles from shore. It’s entirely possible that it’s totally explainable without boats, but it’s a fun little tidbit that’s still being looked into.
Id rather pronounce it neaderTHAL
And that’s totally okay!
Can't wait to hear about how Neanderthals mastered space travel. They've been genuises ever since Caucasians discovered their ancestors didnt mind some interspecies frolicking. Lol