But still if it pushes the egg outside of the middle cup then it will not be incubated thus dies. Too bad parents birds can't evolve to know to push the egg back. 😕😑
Timerooy Nah, it's just trying to survive by killing other animals. Something that birds do as well. You biased animal watchers with human morality can fuck off, to be honest.
@Claire H since we're talking about a bird brain, i don't even think you can assume that. who knows what they're really thinking? the point i was trying to make was that the parasite's conscious intentions don't factor in any meaningful decision about it. it wouldn't if the hen were smart and doesn't when the hen is dumb.
@Claire H also, some birds have different instincts. the mangrove gerygones, among other species, have been observed removing live parasite hatchlings... so much for bonding.
Darcy the Aussie Nah, it's just trying to survive by killing other animals. Something that birds do as well. You biased animal watchers with human morality can fuck off, to be honest.
Okay, this was funny. 😂😂 I watched one two many videos of cuckoo chicks pushing the other eggs out of the nest and it pissed me off, so this was like that sweet revenge.
@@theotheseaeagle And? I can be pissed at whatever I want. I didn't say nature has to care and neither should you since you bothered to respond to my comment, stranger. Have a nice day!
No, not wrong at all. That is just not altruistic, a trait that humans and higher mammals share. Murdering one's adoptive family (who involuntarily "adopted" it in the first place) is just evil, so humans have a real distaste for it.
You guys should post what happens to the other baby birds when this cuckoo can't get rid of the other eggs. Doest the cuckoo kill the other baby birds? It would be really awesome if y'all could post it. And tag me in it I would really want to know.
The cuckoo chick cannot push the eggs out of this enclosed nest, but IF the other eggs hatch, he will get so large that he will starve out the Redstart babies. The parents will only see the baby cuckoo's giant mouth after he gets bigger, and the other chicks will get nothing to eat.
Haa! Desperately waiting for the day birds catch on to the Cuckoo switcheroo and figure out a way to save their eggs or in Some cases manage to get rid of the invader all together and kick it out of the nest. 👍
A lot of species already can do that, the problem is that because a Cuckoo is a fairly large bird and keeps checking nests it has laid eggs in if it sees its own offspring is no longer in the nest it will come in and destroy/kill any eggs/chicks it finds in the nest and sometimes even kill the parent bird/s.
@@jimmehjiimmeehh9748 Damn! Cuckoos can be Assholes. We had a Blue Jay show up and do that to some little Strawberry Finch babies around my neighbors house and my house, didn't notice anything was happening until it was already done. 😔I felt super bad, cause it was just within a 25-30minute window of not paying attention when it happened, they had 5 little ones in there for about 2 weeks. They hadn't even gotten fluffy yet, you could still see alot of skin and their eyes had just opened for a bit.😔
@@jimmehjiimmeehh9748 The solution would be to neuter the Cuckoo chick. After a few years, problem solved. However, it's unlikely that birds would think of this. 😎
@@groaningmole4338 I'm like 80% sure some species rather than neuter just simply keep the Cuckoo on a bare minimum diet. If the nest has a mother and father bird making food runs the father usually will feed the cuckoo if the other ones are fed (Father birds seem to be more caring towards the young in these videos for some reason). The mother however will cruelly starve it (all videos I see if the father isn't present the mom will actually wait until the Cukcoo looks weak as hell before finally giving it something). Hell it'll intentionally take food from the cuckoo chicks mouth if the little shit doesn't stop whining when its given food. I'm sure the mother could easily eject the cuckoo but instead it kinda pulls a reverse hostage situation by leaving it alive so the mother Cuckoo doesn't make the mistake of taking out the other chicks which would give the mother and father bird no incentive to keep feeding the step child. This of course assumes the cuckoo chick is unsuccessful at ejecting his step brethren before they hatch and are too big to kick out.
I saw a Cuckoo bird throwing the eggs. The cuckoo got big, then a snake arrived and the parasite bird got swallowed! The stepparents watched from above and weren’t saddened by the loss. 😂😂👍
Oddly enough, the rejection instinct goes away after 5 days. There's a chance the other chicks would starve to death, but the cuckoo won't be actively trying to kill the other chicks.
The Redstart chicks will undoubtedly starve if they hatch because all the parent birds will see is the giant mouth of the cuckoo chick begging for food.
Yeah, the others would die anyway because the parents only feed the larger mouth of the Cuckoo while the others almost get crushed under him because he grows so fast.
The other chicks do not always die of starvation when it hatched, if the parents can supply an adequate amount of food for all his chicks, including the cuckoo. There's a video where the siblings actually managed to live into fledglings along with the cuckoo.
@@kare880 then I hate you. They are endangered and your getting triggered by the fact it’s following its instincts? You clearly don’t care about conservation and just came here to scream your opinion.
@@theotheseaeagle and what about the "conservation" of the thousands of eggs these birds have killed? Do those birds not matter? This bird is a parasite and I WANT it to go extinct. And btw it's you're*
@@kare880 no no no. You are clearly a 6 year old. Cuckoos are a red listed species, do you know what that means? It mean they are critically endangered. Also it’s called nature, these birds have been doing this for millennia probably before humans even migrated out of Africa. Also they are a bio indicator. Do you know what that means? It means that if the cuckoo population is healthy the song birds population is healthy because cuckoos need hosts to rear their young. Also if you want it to go extinct then fine. But then if songbirds start dying out it will take longer for us to realise if cuckoos aren’t there. It’s because of stupid city dwellers like you that pretend they like wildlife and conservation when they are the ones saying they want a bird to go extinct just because they can’t handle nature. It’s absolutely pathetic, you say you love animals when you literally want an endangered species to go extinct. Also rats do more damage to bird populations then cuckoos do so you might want to start arguing with people about that.
@@theotheseaeagle I don't have to argue with people because it's not my job or right to tell someone what to believe. I don't care if you love this bird, it's a parasite that needs to die. Rats are essential test subjects for medicines and all types of stuff so they play a role. Cuckoo's do nothing, not one beneficial thing, they don't deserve to live.
I think they are instincly driven to remove anything in the best. Be it pebbles, sticks etc. So it's not like they know what they are doing per se, they just have an inbuilt need to keep the best empty never mind what is beside them inside the nest.
I would love to see where a cuckoo fails, why not put the cuckoo egg back just as the others hatch and see how manages in a boxed ness like this one. Is there more of this video?
It brings me utter joy to know that that stupid cuckoo will spend the majority of it's first days using all its energy to unsuccessfully toss the birds that belong there.
Once one of the other babies are born the adults will realize this big one isn’t theirs and they stop feeding it and it usually dies cause it cannot dispose of the eggs so it will end up dead once the parents realize it isn’t theirs but a predator they allow them to die
Thank for a great video,building a nest lkke this protected the little family from that cold blooded cukcoo. please post next video what will happen when those eggs hatched. thanks alot and really appreciate your efforts.
A similar vid like this bird house. like you can see in the vid, the cuckoo can only shove it abit away from the centre, so it wont get the warmth. th-cam.com/video/TwqmDJHnvM8/w-d-xo.html
Thanh Ngoc Nguyen Nah, it's just trying to survive by killing other animals. Something that birds do as well. You biased animal watchers with human morality can fuck off, to be honest.
If it were to share, there wouldn’t be enough food to go around. Cuckoos require much more food than the other chicks as they have to grow quickly because almost as soon as they fledge they have to fly back to Africa. So sad to see the amount of demonisation these critically endangered birds get just because of how they evolved, yet nobody cares when dogs raid chiffchaff nests and eat all the chicks do they?
I do not know why this joy is because the cuckoo chicks cannot cope with throwing eggs. 1. That's what mother nature created. 2. The cuckoo chick is the first to hatch and is also huge. If the remaining chicks hatch, they will not survive in the company of the cuckoo.
Well the chicks are safe until they hatch, and then the much larger cuckoo will constantly bully them away during meals and the others will starve to death.
Would like to how the parasite bird reacts when the other eggs hatch and it’s unable to eject them from the nest. I’m wondering if it will attack and peck the hatchlings to death if it’s unable to eject them
It's not thinking "Oh I need to get rid of the competition", it's just an instinct to clear out the nest of everything but itself. The instinct goes away after a few days, so then they just hang out like a regular chick.
😆 finally i can see the Coocko bird has a bad time to push the eggs out!
My kids will love this video!
Agreed. Parasite.
Www...
Since it’s in a bird house, the adopted parasite’s siblings have a higher chance of surviving
But still if it pushes the egg outside of the middle cup then it will not be incubated thus dies. Too bad parents birds can't evolve to know to push the egg back. 😕😑
@@shycat5905 my point exactly
Why this video is so short. I would love to watch the cuckoo bird struggle
Me too, I sorry for other birds.
Me too
me, three
I would put stones inside.
What’s happens if the cuckoo can’t kill the eggs, Does the cuckoo eat the eggs when he gets bigger?
Mama Bird: “That’s right, ‘son,’ you have to deal with all of us, now.”
Very intelligent move for the mother to build a nest there. ❤️
I'm very happy to see this.
Timerooy then ull get even more happy to know that i kill cuckoos just 4 fun.
The cookoo does this because of the size it grows, it’ll be way to big and actually kill the other chicks by making them starve. :)
hahaha me too...
me too!!
Timerooy
Nah, it's just trying to survive by killing other animals. Something that birds do as well. You biased animal watchers with human morality can fuck off, to be honest.
He’ll go nuts trying to dump out those eggs when all they do is fall back in.
GOOD I detest these parasites.
thank you for putting a nest box in for these birds as the birds are endangered because there eggs are always thrown out of the nest
@Claire H who cares if it's being spiteful or not. if i were that dumb hen, i'd kill it immediately.
@Claire H since we're talking about a bird brain, i don't even think you can assume that. who knows what they're really thinking? the point i was trying to make was that the parasite's conscious intentions don't factor in any meaningful decision about it. it wouldn't if the hen were smart and doesn't when the hen is dumb.
@Claire H also, some birds have different instincts. the mangrove gerygones, among other species, have been observed removing live parasite hatchlings... so much for bonding.
@Claire H what are you trying to say?
Doesn't help at all even when the chicks hatch the cockoo will eat all the food and trample the others to death
I can watch this all day. Wish there was more continuation to this video
He is going to break his back before succeeding with this deep nest...how happy that makes me
to bad theres a wall
It's "too" not "to"
@Marciano Arciga nobody asked for your opinion, kid
@Marciano Arciga I'm not even gonna waste my time with you. Lol
Darcy the Aussie
Nah, it's just trying to survive by killing other animals. Something that birds do as well. You biased animal watchers with human morality can fuck off, to be honest.
Hahaa
Part 2?
Since they are in a box, with any amount of luck, the Cuckoo will die of exhaustion from trying to kill the legit birds in this nest.
Cuckoo: wakes up and attempts to push egg out
egg: falls back
Cuckoo: looks up, "shit"
これはすごいです。このカッコウの雛は飛べるまで育って巣箱の穴を通り抜けられ外にでられたのでしょうか？経過と最後がとても気になります。
Thank goodness for bird houses. ❤❤❤😊
Okay, this was funny. 😂😂
I watched one two many videos of cuckoo chicks pushing the other eggs out of the nest and it pissed me off, so this was like that sweet revenge.
So nature pissed you off? Sorry but nature doesn’t care about your feelings
@@theotheseaeagle And? I can be pissed at whatever I want. I didn't say nature has to care and neither should you since you bothered to respond to my comment, stranger. Have a nice day!
@@theotheseaeagle So? Nature does not have to care about my feeling when I am shooting Cowbirds and Cuckoos off off bird feeders either 😂😂😂.
He may not even get out of the box because he'll get too big.
I have never been so angry at a baby bird before lol
🤣🤣😅😂
I hate the Cuckoo chick. The problem is that they are the first to hatch among the eggs.
I’m glad the cuckoo bird is in a box so he can’t push the birds out
The cuckoo will grow faster and larger. Other hatchlings will die under its pressure and starvation
the mother bird is like :what the fuck is going on around here!
ya can't kill your fake family when everyone in box
(bring new mean to keep enemys close)
of all the videos of cuckoo ive seen, this is the only cuckoo that couldnt eliminate the other eggs hahaha
Is it wrong that I have an inherent hatred for cuckoos that makes me want to just throw it out of the nest?
Yes, it's wrong.
Armchair_Warriror i will do the same. 😡
Nope I would break its legs if I could
lol
No, not wrong at all. That is just not altruistic, a trait that humans and higher mammals share. Murdering one's adoptive family (who involuntarily "adopted" it in the first place) is just evil, so humans have a real distaste for it.
Just wondering how did that big mama cookoo get that egg in that box?
You guys should post what happens to the other baby birds when this cuckoo can't get rid of the other eggs. Doest the cuckoo kill the other baby birds? It would be really awesome if y'all could post it. And tag me in it I would really want to know.
There are videos of cuckoos pushing live baby birds out, but i have never seen it use any other method of killing.
The cuckoo chick cannot push the eggs out of this enclosed nest, but IF the other eggs hatch, he will get so large that he will starve out the Redstart babies. The parents will only see the baby cuckoo's giant mouth after he gets bigger, and the other chicks will get nothing to eat.
Won't the cuckoo get too large for the nest box? There's only a small opening, and these guys get relatively gigantic.
Loryska How do you think the Cuckoo who laid the egg got in? The opening is big enough...
Ninja Mice Oh right...duh.
I want to see the continuation when the other eggs hatches and how they fight for food pls?
"Oh what are you doing baby?"
"Just tidying up the place for you, mommy :)"
Lol it's so funny watching him being unsuccessful at pushing the eggs out. I hope he tries indefinitely to no avail
Die tired crazy bird cuckoo ! That’s for others 🎆
Haa!
Desperately waiting for the day birds catch on to the Cuckoo switcheroo and figure out a way to save their eggs or in Some cases manage to get rid of the invader all together and kick it out of the nest.
👍
A lot of species already can do that, the problem is that because a Cuckoo is a fairly large bird and keeps checking nests it has laid eggs in if it sees its own offspring is no longer in the nest it will come in and destroy/kill any eggs/chicks it finds in the nest and sometimes even kill the parent bird/s.
@@jimmehjiimmeehh9748 Damn! Cuckoos can be Assholes.
We had a Blue Jay show up and do that to some little Strawberry Finch babies around my neighbors house and my house, didn't notice anything was happening until it was already done. 😔I felt super bad, cause it was just within a 25-30minute window of not paying attention when it happened, they had 5 little ones in there for about 2 weeks. They hadn't even gotten fluffy yet, you could still see alot of skin and their eyes had just opened for a bit.😔
@@jimmehjiimmeehh9748 The solution would be to neuter the Cuckoo chick. After a few years, problem solved. However, it's unlikely that birds would think of this. 😎
@@groaningmole4338 I'm like 80% sure some species rather than neuter just simply keep the Cuckoo on a bare minimum diet. If the nest has a mother and father bird making food runs the father usually will feed the cuckoo if the other ones are fed (Father birds seem to be more caring towards the young in these videos for some reason). The mother however will cruelly starve it (all videos I see if the father isn't present the mom will actually wait until the Cukcoo looks weak as hell before finally giving it something).
Hell it'll intentionally take food from the cuckoo chicks mouth if the little shit doesn't stop whining when its given food. I'm sure the mother could easily eject the cuckoo but instead it kinda pulls a reverse hostage situation by leaving it alive so the mother Cuckoo doesn't make the mistake of taking out the other chicks which would give the mother and father bird no incentive to keep feeding the step child.
This of course assumes the cuckoo chick is unsuccessful at ejecting his step brethren before they hatch and are too big to kick out.
Criminal mindset since egg 😂😂😂😂😂😂
I saw a Cuckoo bird throwing the eggs. The cuckoo got big, then a snake arrived and the parasite bird got swallowed! The stepparents watched from above and weren’t saddened by the loss. 😂😂👍
Of course they weren’t saddened by the loss. They hardly seem to care when their actual offspring dies. They just remove it and have more chicks
Can cuckoo use not only one’s back but also use hands ? Annoying one 😔
We need more of this
Everyone: Yes. Yes. Good. Good. Suffer! SUFFER
little devil, it look like something come up from berserk anime.
Very satisfying to see this snake struggle.
Can you atleast tell us how this ended ? Did it try to kill the others when they hatched or what?
Oddly enough, the rejection instinct goes away after 5 days. There's a chance the other chicks would starve to death, but the cuckoo won't be actively trying to kill the other chicks.
The Redstart chicks will undoubtedly starve if they hatch because all the parent birds will see is the giant mouth of the cuckoo chick begging for food.
Yeah, the others would die anyway because the parents only feed the larger mouth of the Cuckoo while the others almost get crushed under him because he grows so fast.
Dumb ass can’t even provide an update. Why even post this vid if you’re too stupid to answer a simple question.
The other chicks do not always die of starvation when it hatched, if the parents can supply an adequate amount of food for all his chicks, including the cuckoo. There's a video where the siblings actually managed to live into fledglings along with the cuckoo.
that nest is gonna get real stuffed when they all hatch and grow and one of the birds is taking up 3/4 of the space...
I hope it gets too big and can't get out... I hate this bird so much
@@kare880 then I hate you. They are endangered and your getting triggered by the fact it’s following its instincts? You clearly don’t care about conservation and just came here to scream your opinion.
@@theotheseaeagle and what about the "conservation" of the thousands of eggs these birds have killed? Do those birds not matter? This bird is a parasite and I WANT it to go extinct. And btw it's you're*
@@kare880 no no no. You are clearly a 6 year old. Cuckoos are a red listed species, do you know what that means? It mean they are critically endangered. Also it’s called nature, these birds have been doing this for millennia probably before humans even migrated out of Africa. Also they are a bio indicator. Do you know what that means? It means that if the cuckoo population is healthy the song birds population is healthy because cuckoos need hosts to rear their young. Also if you want it to go extinct then fine. But then if songbirds start dying out it will take longer for us to realise if cuckoos aren’t there. It’s because of stupid city dwellers like you that pretend they like wildlife and conservation when they are the ones saying they want a bird to go extinct just because they can’t handle nature. It’s absolutely pathetic, you say you love animals when you literally want an endangered species to go extinct. Also rats do more damage to bird populations then cuckoos do so you might want to start arguing with people about that.
@@theotheseaeagle I don't have to argue with people because it's not my job or right to tell someone what to believe. I don't care if you love this bird, it's a parasite that needs to die. Rats are essential test subjects for medicines and all types of stuff so they play a role. Cuckoo's do nothing, not one beneficial thing, they don't deserve to live.
this reminds me of that movie called Orphan
*Mother Bird:* "Th' fuck you doin'? Get back to bed, stupid."
Lol he cant dump the eggs because of the wall. Thanks for the wall.
So...the host bird couldn't push the other egg back to the center of the nest??
Not unless the whole clutch is in disarray. They're kinda like Vulcans that way.
Do another longer version please!!!!
I think they are instincly driven to remove anything in the best. Be it pebbles, sticks etc. So it's not like they know what they are doing per se, they just have an inbuilt need to keep the best empty never mind what is beside them inside the nest.
たまご🥚が沢山ありますね🕊
Se jodio el cucú 😂😂😂❤️
I would love to see where a cuckoo fails, why not put the cuckoo egg back just as the others hatch and see how manages in a boxed ness like this one. Is there more of this video?
Ha! Ha! This time that demonic bird has failed with it's evil plan...!
I hate the Cuckoo chick. The problem is that they are the first to hatch among the eggs.
It brings me utter joy to know that that stupid cuckoo will spend the majority of it's first days using all its energy to unsuccessfully toss the birds that belong there.
beautiful video
Not only Cuckoo birds are bad parents but there also jerks but this cuckoo didn't do his dark work :D
Once one of the other babies are born the adults will realize this big one isn’t theirs and they stop feeding it and it usually dies cause it cannot dispose of the eggs so it will end up dead once the parents realize it isn’t theirs but a predator they allow them to die
Full video sir
Cuckoo: Ha! I'll just stamp and crush the eggs for good.
More videos pls and thank you!!
Mama bird comes home to catch a serial killer in action. She probably thought at first wth you came from???
I hope you will continue filming to see how mom behaved with that badly bird😞 … i hate him
Medication time...Mr. MacMurphy...
Thank for a great video,building a nest lkke this protected the little family from that cold blooded cukcoo. please post next video what will happen when those eggs hatched. thanks alot and really appreciate your efforts.
The cuckoo chick will starve out the Redstarts if they hatch. The parent birds will only see the cuckoo's giant mouth and not feed their own babies.
A similar vid like this bird house. like you can see in the vid, the cuckoo can only shove it abit away from the centre, so it wont get the warmth.
th-cam.com/video/TwqmDJHnvM8/w-d-xo.html
Thanh Ngoc Nguyen
Nah, it's just trying to survive by killing other animals. Something that birds do as well. You biased animal watchers with human morality can fuck off, to be honest.
Cuckoos are warm blooded mate, like all birds are
I'd like to see the end of this video. It's impossible for the cuckoo to get rid of other eggs. What happened when they all hatched?
Welp, cuckoo grows alot, so they would try to suffocate the small ones.
Evil Cuckoo: Shit, now I have to actually learn to share nest with my siblings. >n
If it were to share, there wouldn’t be enough food to go around. Cuckoos require much more food than the other chicks as they have to grow quickly because almost as soon as they fledge they have to fly back to Africa. So sad to see the amount of demonisation these critically endangered birds get just because of how they evolved, yet nobody cares when dogs raid chiffchaff nests and eat all the chicks do they?
What an evil bird. It has the instinct to get rid of other eggs just after they are hatch.
It's not evil. It's just what it is.
I hate the Cuckoo chick. The problem is that they are the first to hatch among the eggs.
How is it evil? This is nature. No different to you eating lamb on Easter
He doesn't know that his ejection isnt doing anything
Why do I get the sense that this cuckoo bird gives up in his effort to push out the other eggs?
Clip is so short ... want to know what happened afterward...
Did other eggs hatch? Did baby bird survive ?
What happened did the other eggs hatch
If the entrance is too small for the cuckoo, it won't be able to come out lol
How come birds does not have maternal insticts like other animals. By looks alone they will know its not theirs.
Because birds reproduce fast. If the eggs die or chicks too . She just gonna mate again and have the eggs in like few days
I do not know why this joy is because the cuckoo chicks cannot cope with throwing eggs. 1. That's what mother nature created. 2. The cuckoo chick is the first to hatch and is also huge. If the remaining chicks hatch, they will not survive in the company of the cuckoo.
If I found a cuckoo in a nest in my garden I would take it out and raise it by hand, so that it doesn't kill the whole nest.
This video is inside a nestingbox. How did this end? The cuckoo is waaaay too big to get out the hole of the nestbox by the time it can fly?
OpaSann0 Good question, too bad the person who posted this video is too stupid to answer.
He can't throw any one out !😂😂😂
He did right side that egg is dead
Well the chicks are safe until they hatch, and then the much larger cuckoo will constantly bully them away during meals and the others will starve to death.
Part 2 please
Would like to how the parasite bird reacts when the other eggs hatch and it’s unable to eject them from the nest. I’m wondering if it will attack and peck the hatchlings to death if it’s unable to eject them
It's not thinking "Oh I need to get rid of the competition", it's just an instinct to clear out the nest of everything but itself. The instinct goes away after a few days, so then they just hang out like a regular chick.
The cuckoo will grow faster and larger. Other hatchlings will die under its pressure and starvation because of how small that nest is
@@Eidlones not really, since it grows big, it will try to suffocate the small ones.
@@spidergameryt4557 It may suffocate them by growing bigger, but it's not doing it intentionally. Original chicks have grown up with Cuckoo chicks
@@spidergameryt4557 Easy to take them out then.
More of this video pls
Cuckoo chick:WHY EGGS NOT DEAD?
Dessa vez o cuckoo se deu mal
Do you have more videos of the clip ?
What happens after ?
Full video please
Anyone else have an unrelenting urge to punch a baby cuckoo?
the egg above that does not receive heat will develop?
This strategy doesn’t work so well in an enclosed nesting box. Chick is just wasting its energy and calorie stores
Mom caught in the act
Which bird is this
Mai kb se yesa video dekhna chata tha thnx for this
Cuckoo baby likes to live alone in the nest.removing all the obstacles.
Happy to see the bird fail at tossing eggs for once
Too short.
Thanks
Why can’t I just find a video of these things getting destroyed
Lovely nest ! But did he learn to respect his brothers and sisters ?
Here people hate cuckoo.
On 'cuckoo bird sound' video, people love cuckoo.
I always see vids about birds stealing and eating other chicks but why nobody ever steal the cuckoo's away
Q bellaco pájaro tan malo
I wonder how many actually survived.
lol can't flip em out
Yes, that's probably what happened next.
Yes what?
at last I found a video which the Cuckoo was in struggle to push the eggs big time!
I wonder what happened since all eggs should've hatched because the cukoo cant throw them out
Sorry cuckoo, this is a man-made nest so the nest is a little high and you can't throw out the other eggs.