Newborn Cues narrated - What is Your Baby Trying to Tell You?
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 21 ส.ค. 2024
- There is an updated version of this video at: • Name that Cue - Unders...
Newborn babies display instinctive cues that help to communicate whether they are ready to play (engagement cues), ready to eat (hunger cues), or they're full, gassy, working on a bowel movement, tired, overstimulated, in light or deep sleep. Understanding your baby's cues, and responding promptly and consistently to them, will help you get parenting off to a great start.
For lots more information on caring for a newborn baby, listen to my 20 minute podcast episode on the Transition To Parenthood podcast, or read the transcript (with links to more details) at transitiontopa...
Quote of the year: "If your baby looks like they're contemplating the mysteries of the universe, they're probably pooping."
What? YOU don't do that??
Lol
My bubbies don’t do that...
🤣😂😂🤣
So true 😂😅 6 month old here
As the father of a grouchy 2 week old searching for information late at night, I thank you for your video. Fantastic tips.
Congratulations!!
@@tracy-ux8bm Thank you Tracy! It is an adventure for sure.
Did you find these cues to be accurate and helpful? I'm expecting in 6 months lol
Bro I feel you I’m 19 just got my new born from the nicu after a long three months from being a premie now looking lots videos to learn my son and understand him so when he cry’s I know what to do even after I did.the check list
Kisha I did my new born dose everyone one of these and by time passes u know what he wants now every baby is different but it’s not hard to learn ur baby’s needs congratulations btw
Disengagement cues are the one area that SO many people ignore at their peril. It happens so often because babies are entertaining and adults get so caught up in the "playing" that they don't notice that baby is OVER it.
For real!! I don't know how I knew some of these things (I don't have a kid yet, but I did raise my sister and neice) ~ so I feel so prepared
Some ppl are overly self centered & could care less except to entertain themselves.
marie watson many, of most are unaware of the roots of their own behavior. They’re not going to figure out a babies needs. They just get older and learn to speak. Eventually their automated parenting becomes less damaging
@@drangeathomas3127....no this is not so true. Many parents are first time moms and dads and they waited 9 months or I should say 10 month if you add up all the weeks to meet their baby. Getting caught up in the beauty of their creation is something you look forward too. So no their not self centered and only thinking of themselves.
@@bumblebee0369 How many babies have you attended the births of? It's 38 weeks from conception to birth. 11 out of 12 months are between 30 and 31 days. That does not add up to 10 mos. Doctors say 40 weeks; because they count from the menstrual period that occurred before the couple ever had coitus.
I really love the fact that there was effort to use videos from around the world or from a variety of cultures
Yes!! Loved that too.
Yessss! I agree...i really love it too! So cute
Hush
Uhm
Hhjhjhjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjhjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjhjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjhjjjjj
lol
Gf
PurpleReign 🤮. Bb. Uuuuuuuub
Did you see how quickly and easily that guy soothed the overstimulated baby? DAYUM! That was impressive.
I feel Iike some of these tiny baby heads need more support
Yes! I was hoping I wasn't the only to notice.
I agree
Especially the baby diving for the guys nipple at 3:53... come on people!
Baby at 13:30, I mean what kind of parent let their baby's neck dangling like that while the baby's sleeping?
Yes omg.
From the day my parents brought me home from the hospital, they started reading out loud to me. My dad used to head his pilot training books to me! Obviously I didn't understand anything at first, but this activity really helped me to talk early. My sister as well. When my sister was 2 a woman in the story pinched her cheek and said, "Aren't you adorable!" My sister (remember, she was 2) responded, "Please don't annoy me."
People, don't touch other people's babies. They may not be able to express themselves. but it really is annoying.
Babies start learning right from the start. Probably even *BEFORE* the start, and they are developing very fast. They start out with way too many connections, but starting from that first breath they start trimming out those connections that aren't used. This is why neglect and abuse are so devastating. You need to engage socially with the child from day one if you want those social connections enforced. If they are lost then the child will never be able to connect properly with others, leaving them at a huge disadvantage for the rest of their lives.
My mom always read anything and everything to us and we are all avid readers, except the last one. Mom went back to work and didn't read as much to my youngest brother, unfortunately he is all but illiterate.
Same with me. My mom always read to me for hours when I was small.in fact it caused me a lot of trouble in school. I was already reading at a 6th grade level in third grade, and the teachers wouldn't make any effort to accommodate my skills. they insisted that I should read James and the giant peach, when I was already reading oliver twist! School went downhill from there unfortunately. Just didn't play well with others I guess.
My grandson was two when I showed him off to my friends. He muttered, “don’t you touch me!” As my friend stuck out her hand to touch his cheeks. I was so embarrassed. My grandson’s IQ is tested at 132.
@@helenmak4569 Why would you be embarrassed by a child expressing a wish not to be touched?
I wonder why so many people feel this need to touch babies. Do you like being touched by random strangers? Why would anyone think babies would enjoy it?
Eric Taylor We should always be polite to our elders. That’s how we’re taught.
My baby does all the basic textbook cues. Proud to say I learned her after 3 weeks. I’m glad she’s so easy since she’s my first 💞💖
Saaaaame!!!
First one's the honey child!!!!
I was a slow learner. Thank God I had a mother to help me. Thank you for this video! I could have used it 25yrs. ago!!
Yea babies are easy if they are healthy and you can read their communication.
The cues never end. "I don't like that food" cue is you get a lapful of babyfood. Or they spit it back. The projectile vomit is exciting too, especially when you're running behind anyway and now you need different food, clean up baby and mess and change clothes. Then...they start contemplating the universe...🥺
Best time of my life being a Mother! Knew the answer to all of these. My son turns 18 on Friday, can't believe it all went by so fast. To all of you new parents, don't fret over the small stuff. Enjoy every single solitary moment, it all goes by so very fast. When that time is gone, it's gone. Life is just way to short, and none of us know how long we have. Don't forget to tell everyone you love that you love them, every day! Thanks for the video, quite enjoyable.
As the father of a 2 month old, I can say this video is very accurate. Thanks for this!
Jon Manilenio your child is now 8 months bro congrats. You might be so busy you don’t see this until she is 10 months lol
Baby catlune
the father singing a lullaby, my heart melted...
He was singing in Telugu too! Took me by surprise 😅
This is one of the best parenting video on internet to teach newborn reflexes
Struggling with a 2 month old, the best video on TH-cam on babies.
My baby is ten days old and I've already recognized all of these cues. I think we're going to be just fine!
Yes! Mine is 3 weeks :)
im so happy to be dad soon. this had me crying cus i know all these. i had three little sisters that i basically raised. stop cutting onions, i just came here to brush up.
I would add when they are tired and fussy, take them in a dark room. It helps calm them down & provides cues that it's time to sleep (like at night!).
"your baby looks like they are contemplating mysteries of universe..they are probably pooping" -- best line and it's true. My baby is 7 days old😊
Congratulations! My baby will be 4 weeks old on Monday. I hope your baby is doing well. :)
@@InSannnety , Great to know that. Bucket of best wishes for your little one💌. Our has just completed 1 mo yesterday nd all going great.
Now your baby 7 days closer to becoming a year old ❤️
It’s been a year how is the baby?
Now their 2 o.o
This video has helped me so much. I'm a single mother with my first child.
How has the last year been?
Much support in the next years
I wish I could somehow push this video to the top of every expectant and new parents view list. I wish I had this as a new parent. It's so clear, so helpful, and so nonjudgmental while still being so human that I can't imagine anything else being better for a new, anxious parent in full panic mode trying to figure out what to do.
The one thing I wish you had included is citations for the original videos of the parents
My baby is 6 weeks. I've learned all these cues. This video reinforced what I have learned in this short amount of time. Great video
Mines two weeks. I’m here to learn when to panic and when to chill
Not only is this a fabulous video for new parents, it’s a great refresher course for we new grandparents. I feel it’s important to be on the same wavelength as the parents and to support them in their endeavors. I wish we had had something like this when I had my kids!
Thank you for the effort you put into sourcing and editing all of these into one video. It's really helpful to see the same cues being done in slightly different styles by different babies. Such a good video. Thank you!
Yeah. I agree. This is really well done. I'm going to be a father in the next week or two and this is the most useful video I've come across. I'll need to watch it a few times to fully remember the queues properly. But I knew most of them from helping raise my brother and sister.
It was extremely helpful and your hard word appreciated
Thank you for your calm and really great explanations. From what I've seen on TH-cam, many parents do not have a clue, and some seem to think their child is there for amusement purposes.
@ A. GM That's so true! Babies are developing individuals, with their evolving sensibilities,personalities, likes, dislikes,etc. Boundaries are very important for babies to have too. Well said👍
As a father of a newborn boy, I’m glad to say I had a good hunch upon what these cues were. Watching this video helped reassure me. Thanks! Everyone give Axel Matthew a warmmm welcome 🥰
Congrats! Welcome to the world Axel Matthew. I hope his first four or-so months have gone smooth, and he’s happy, and healthy to date! 😊
The over stimulation tips are hands down VERY HELPFUL! THANK YOU!
It's great to see all the real examples from around the world
What different is it than us adults? Overstimulation makes me wanna cry and scream too
Yeah, babies need some time out too.
true
@@calirose4525 Same
I thought it was just me
I find it funny how I can name all the cues and I don’t have kids on my own. I work as a nanny and even before then I believe I knew baby cues before they even start..which makes me so ready to be a mom lol
This is so helpful and so useful this should honestly be made a requirement when you graduate high school
Beautiful video. Trying to find a video to show to my multi-cultural childbirth class participants that is relateable. So grateful that you included babies of varied cultural backgrounds.
I got all these cues right, before the hints. I'm due to give birth in the next week or so, this made me more confident! I got this!
I watched this video 2 times. Once when I was pregnant and the other post delivery. I can say my perspective changed from the first time, this video is accurate and informative! My baby does all these cues and im glad I know what to do now.
For the first cue I held my niece (who is Japanese and I live in Japan) and repeatedly said hello in a happy voice and face, she copied my voice as well as she could, which was amazing!
I am 39 weeks pregnant and it made feel better that I was able to recognize a lot of these cues.
Thank you for this
I'm lucky I was able to determine what my first was trying to tell me constantly. He hardly ever cried and everyone would say how pleasant he was, maybe he was so pleasant because I knew his cues so well and was able to give him his needs. For me, all the cues seemed like common sense and I honestly don't know why people have a difficult time deciphering them but this video does a good job at informing those who need it and I'm glad I found it so that I can pass it along to expecting new parents. 😊
An eye-opening comment
Congrats!! I think most people don't take the time to learn, if they don't already intrinsically know. Most babies don't have to be that fussy if you lay attention to them!
True. Once I knew his cues, I realized that he was not collicky. I just didnt know how to communicate with him.
I wish I had watched this video before the baby was born. That would have helped us a lot! I mean a lot!Now the little boy is almost 7 months. We learned the hard way.
This is an excellent video that I’ll be saving and watching with my partner.
We just found out we are expecting. He knew I was pregnant right away within the first couple weeks.
I’m 30 years old and my last pregnancy/successful birth was almost 13 years ago!
He is 24 and it’s his first child. He is very excited & protective & so attentive so far.
It feels really good this time around.
My first pregnancy i was a senior at a new high school in Las Vegas, in a new state, away from my friends in Southern California where I grew up & had many excited friends awaiting baby.
The students and teachers were more or less mortified and scandalized by seeing me fully showing walking down the halls everyday trying as hard as I could to graduate early in time for baby in February.
My teachers used to make an example of me in their teaching. I remember my math teacher saying she wouldn’t give me special treatment when I asked to be assigned the back row pull out chair & table when my big belly couldn’t fit in the standard desk.
My one forensic teacher was a young woman filled with grace. She surprised me one day by organizing her class to bring me small gifts for baby and threw me a surprise, in class baby shower because I didn’t have a baby shower planned.
I lived with the father of my child’s mother, step father, 2 sisters, and a hoard of cats while my daughter’s dad was in his first tour at war in Iraq. He was only 20 & the deployment was ~9 months.
He broke up with me when I was 6 months pregnant over instant messenger. He never gave a solid reason how we could make the relationship improve or cultivate more love & trust between us but we were just kids trying to both do very grown up things.
He got to come home in time for me to deliver. My daughter was 3 weeks late.
I love how everything happens for a reason that makes sense in hindsight.
“Divine timing” I call it.
I was a flighty, easy going 17 year old. I had no clue what to expect & I hadn’t yet been introduced to mommy blogs, mommy friends, TH-cam demonstrations which was harmful in some ways but the positive thing is I got to Just experience the visceral day by day of growing my daughter. Feeling her expand my body.
I didn’t yet feel the gravity & urgency of my situation. My youthful naïveté didn’t allow me to stress, think too much, worry, obsess, fear, or pain over losing the relationship.
After I had my daughter & he was stationed in Texas it dawned on me when she was a few months old that he wasn’t going to be bringing us there to be with him.
The pain was deep but it was that realization that gave me to silent strength to leave the control of his parents house & move back to Southern California.
When I arrived home to Southern California I had a host of my 17 year old friends who supported and celebrated with me & even taught me things on how to be a mama.
Now I’m 30. I did not conceive any more babies because I felt the urge to give my daughter my devotion & attention.
My daughter & I… We grew up together technically.
She raised me while I raised her.
Becoming pregnant this time, it feels extraordinarily different to have my partner here with me. Who isn’t in a war zone.
Who is only a few years older than my ex was at the time but who’s maturity & spiritual development & positive self esteem allows him to be concerned & invested but not domineering & mean.
He’s been attentive and trying to learn diplomacy because he sees that my sensitivity meter has become more delicate.
It feels very good to trust & believe based on the reality & evidence of his actions & because of the 13 year road I’ve walked that I will get to experience for the first time a pregnancy & newborn baby with two mature adults in the building.
Our lives aren’t promised & we can lose anyone we love & cherish any day.
There is no real relationship insurance.
And people change over time & with experience.
I’ve decided to invite my beautiful 13 year old daughter, who has been my light & my blessing since birth, to be involved in the pregnancy & in the whole experience.
Seeking her insight about baby names, paint colors, decision making, and the birth if she wants to attend & if the conditions are appropriate.
That turned in to a novel which wasn’t my initial intention but I felt prompted to share this story because there are ~ 9 billion different pregnancies & birth stories existing on the planet right now and yours is also unique.
Sometimes our conditions are hard & feel so out of our control. We don’t understand in the moment *why* events unfolded as they did but just know that there is a divine plan for you & your babies & your partners.
We are all spirit souls coming to this life to have a human experience & evolve.
Be well & ask for help when you need it.
And love your babies with everything you have.
The real fun begins when they have poop cues and hunger cues at the same time
bedlamitejester what’s “sleeping formula” and where can I get it?!?! 🤣
bedlamitejester
Spoken like an experienced parent!!
So true 😂
Or when they wake up into extremly hungry in 2 Minutes.
Yeeeees...I was about to write "what about mixed expressions?"
7:30 I still give all these cues, and I'm 49. But usually, no one is around to see them.
I felt like an angel showed me this video to put end to my struggle to be a better mommy! Thank you 🙏 ❤️❤️
I'm having a c-section in ten days 😱, and I find this very helpful! I will show this to my husband. Thank you lady!
Mandelen Mandelen if you go into labour before then will they let you Birth naturally ?
Congratulations!
Mandelen Mandelen how is everything? Congrats!!
Same here!
Wish I found this sooner, my baby is nearly 5 weeks and I’m a first time mum so I’ve been worrying about not doing it right. It’s good to be reassured that I’ve been mostly on the right track with these cues and even better to have a better understanding of the others I’ve been worrying about :) thank you this video is super useful.
0:55 Considering that *EVERYTHING* the see or hear or smell or touch is brand new, it's no wonder new borns look like that. Imagine how you feel when you see something unlike anything you have seen before, that is how new born babies feel *ALL THE TIME.*
My daughter is now almost 7 weeks old and I have come back to this video over and over again, so very helpful for first time parents. Thank you :D
I’m only 4 months pregnant and I can’t wait to meet my little one. I don’t have any experience with kids but I managed to guess the cues and resolutions spot on. I’m happy to learn what to do because I am a little worried about being a first time mommy
We all are. Good on you for preparing! No one has the foggiest clue about how to parent. Before you are taught how to play basketball, it's hard to do that well, too, isn't it? Unless you have younger siblings or cousins who you observed being parented, you can't expect to know a thing. There's a great deal of excellent information on TH-cam but be sure to choose wisely - many on here have no experience, but still think they can 'teach' others. :/
As a crazy 1st time aunt of a 1month old baby I thank you for creating this video
THE BEST NEWBORN COMMUNICATION VIDEO EVER!
Awesome work.
Do one about cries; runty exhale cry for an uncomfortable diaper, sharp pain cry, shrill angry cry cause regular cries weren't responded to appropriately, weak sickly cry for beginning of an illness or headache, and red-in-the-face-out-of-control-gonna-make-momma-crazy-cry-cause-baby-is-way-too-overtired-so-you-need -to-walk-away -from-that-full-shopping-cart-and-get-that-baby-home-to-bed-right-now! cry.
Understanding cues and cries are important to recognize so that you can plan around your baby's food and sleep needs. Booking doctor appointments and grocery shopping will go SOOOOO much easier if you have learned your baby's general timings so that you are home and undistracted at these crucial times, (which change month to month as they grow).
despite the helpful observations, . . l'm having difficulty gettin over how CUTE THESE BABIES ARE :o)
Babies are so precious and they are totally worth protecting and dying for😍
These well fed sleepy babies are the cutest!
I am doing this for my fourth time, but it has been six years between and I feel like a noob again. This was encouraging and let's me know, I am not as far off as I thought. Really good refreshers.
Thankyou this is the most educational video i have watched my baby boy is 4weeks old and i have seen all those cues,well i missed most of them but am a first time mommy its good to learn something new everyday so that i take it easy on myself .
I never thought about overstimulation cues. Thanks for the insight!
I always lumped that into... I'm tired cue.
I think it’s so damn cute when they go for anything to latch on. Hungry and cute always.
11:47. Think I lost my hearing.
Why people keep stimulating a newborn when there sleeping is stupid and not right and just mean. There only messing up that child’s sleep cycle and making it harder for baby as well as themselves to get them back to sleep and get enough sleep.
Thank you! This has given me more insight on how to love my baby and how to keep him happy.
I was answering before the question was asked. Such a sweet video! I wish people having babies would watch more things like this and read and read and read but they just assume they're going to know everything. Of course we have instincts but I've seen people that are so lost when they're babies and their baby is so frustrated and I just want to go over and take it and say here I'll come them down. And then the kids that are a little bit older are getting yelled at because they're frustrated with the baby. You think by the third or fourth baby people would want to understand these cues that to me just seemed natural to know but it's not natural for everyone. Especially when you're still having trouble with your third and fourth child. Again thank you
I wish I had seen this before my baby was born! He is now 4 weeks and I’m going to try these tips. Thank you!
This is an AMAZING video! My baby is now 1.5 and all of these signs were there! Sending this to all my pregnant friends!
Thank you! I'm expecting my first baby in June, and this video made me feel instantly more prepared!
Me too! June 29th :)
Me too! 😀
I had my first in June aswell 💕 congrats I hope all went well!!!
I'm a mother of many and a grandmother of even more.....this video is spot on!!!!
Thank you for giving ppl a source of reference that is so useful!!!!
Every new parent needs to watch this. Thanks!
50 years ago this was all taught to us mums by our midwife and district nurse. Then we read Dr.Spock and threw the book away. It was then up to our instinct as a mum to help our babies. Modern mums are lucky to have the Internet to refer to but our experience was a little more personal I feel. This has not been a criticism in any way, merely my observation. Do what works for you and good luck in your journey. X
My midwife taught me to answer to these cues before my baby starts crying, she said that if you let them cry, they learn to cry to get what they want and won’t be as calm. I personally don’t believe in mother instinct. As 1st time mothers we are lost and we have to bond with our baby, we have to get to know him/her. It’s the child that makes us mothers. I’m glad we are going back to what was taught in the past.
Great video. Mother of 4 with a 3 month old here. Spot on advice in a easy format. Thanks.
This is the best video I have seen yet
Lea Nyland say that again
Agreed. This should be shown in antenatal classes.
My baby as a newborn was lifting his own head off the bed
Am I the only one that screamed HOLD THAT BABIES NECK at mark 4:12🤬
Omg same! I was so worried 😡
I did too
Binge Queen girl fr! I was too
Right 😮
Yes I couldn’t believe she didn’t say something about it. I don’t know if they’re not telling people to support babies necks but I’ve seen several videos where people are holding newborns like 10 month olds and I don’t know what to do but scream at the screen.
I am in the stage of life that grandkids will be coming soon. I saw this video and remembered all of the clues when my kids were babies. I loved all of it and now watching this video for grandkids I look forward to experiencing it as a grandma. Wonderful informitive video.
Thank you for telling parents to soothe and bounce tired babies. Not to be "put down while drowsy." Babies need love always and need soothing to sleep. ❤
Adorable babies. Good info!
I wish I had these videos when my daughter was born. She 21 now and survived with out all this help !
I just became a father two days ago. All I want to say is really really thank you
The thing that helped me sleep during my pregnancy was listening to creepypastas. So, now my 2 week old is soothed by the voice of creepsmcpasta.
As a first time mom, this video has been really helpful to me. Thanks a lot.
This is so helpful! I’m 6 months pregnant and, although I’ve spent years working with elementary & preschoolers, I have absolutely no experience with babies.
This is so adorable I'm melting
I find it amazing how these things get imprinted in your brain. My youngest is now 43 years old, and I still got every cue right on the money!😁
I'm having my first baby in about two weeks. This video was very informative. Thanks!
The most useful video I have ever seen for how to understand baby!
Even tho i’m not a parent, i am commenting and liking this video so it gets recomended to new parents who are struggling with their babies. I hope this video helped! And good luck💕
It’s interesting to see how the needs of the baby come second to parents’ need to take a video. Parents do not even realize what they are doing. Instead of taking a video of what the baby needs (and laughing), give the baby it’s needs. I was so sad when I saw the mother laughing while her child was trying to find a source of food.
On the other hand, all the videos where perfect for this purpose. Thank you for the info!
I was searching for this. Well said! How foolish it is to stand there and do nothing while a baby cries out in vain
I’m watching this and I’m not even having a baby lol
Jasmine B same lol
Same
Well we've all been there :)
Me neither, but its good to learn about this kind of stuff.
Same, but I want to have a baby one day which is why I'm watching it lol
Rooting is not a hunger cue with newborn babies, but a reflex.
First time parent (to be) in about 3/4 weeks. Very helpful thank you.
why does this channel only have 3.2k subs they deserve more for their effort. the actual footages is a great help
awesome, a lot easier to understand from a video than from a book , and yet I suggest young mothers (and fathers, why not) to read a great book that I am still exploring. it is called "The secrets of the baby whisperer" by Melinda Hogg. Good luck to all the sleep deprived moms out there!
I have a week old baby. Thank you so much, so far your explanation was the most helpful
Thank you thank you for this video! My baby is four weeks old and I truly believe this video will help me to quickly determine what he needs throughout the day before he gets too upset. Watching this video on repeat to engrave it to my mind lol.
Thank you!
This helps, and I managed to recognize a few of the cues.
Our little one is coming soon, and I really want to be ready.
Thank you again!
Thank you for this video i have a 1 month old and still in the process of knowing each other. Very helpful all the way through
Thank you so much for this video. This video is really informative for first time parent. I've watched this video over and over again still learned a lot. Now my baby is 6 month, still feel lucky that I find this video.
Amazing video for an exasperated mother. 😊 thank you
Omg this is one of those perfect videos that I’m going to refer to always. Thank you!
I'm trying to focus but the cuteness is getting to me.
Wow! This is AMAZING information! Thank you soooooo much! Now my Hubby and I can know how to keep our sweet baby happy once she's born!
One year on I’m sure you’ve discovered you learned your babies cues naturally without the need of a video.
I know I did, but it’s fun to see this and be reassured I’ve read them correctly.
This video is really helpful. I'm currently pregnant with my first baby. Thank you so much for putting this together.
Great video, I wish I watched it 7 months ago when I was struggling with my newborn...
This is excellent. My baby is 35 now but everything here is spot on.
Thank You So Much For This Video. From parents of a 25 days old newborn
Loved that dad’s singing at 13:55
Great video 100% true... Should share with new parents.. N new parents should register these cues in their minds.
They are so freaking adorable when rooting lol
I know lol. My son makes the cutest noises and sometimes attacks my nose 🤣
@@spookytaco666 omg I bet 😍 baby noises are the best.
I was so happy I got most of these correct. This video was very helpful. Thank you for using real videos. :)