Name: Showkat yousuf The word Sangam is derived from the word ‘sangha' meaning assembly or a sabha. During the period of 400 BCE-300 CE Tamil poets had gathered at different places to publish their works in Tamil,such a gathering was called a Sangam,their work is known as Sangam Literature and the age is called Sangam Age. There were three such assemblies held at Madurai, Kapadapuram and Thenmadurai respectively. Sangam literature refers to principal ruling chiefs of Cheras, Cholas and Pandayas as Muvendar or three crowned kings.Based on the period of composition it consists of Patinenmelkanakku (oldest surviving Tamil poetry) and Patinenkilkanakku, a collection of 18 poetry compositions during 100- 500 CE and based on context of interpretation it consists of Aham(inner) and Puram(outer).The first mentions human aspects such as love, sexual relations,etc. while the later discusses the heroism,customs,socail life,ethics, philanthropy etc.Tolkapiyam one of the oldest Tamil work till date gives the vivid information on social life,human psychology, political and economic conditions of its time.Kural contains a description of the daily life of an orthodox Hindu,shows the influence of the sanskrit shastras. therefore sangam literature portryas a great deal of its social and economic conditions of its age witha great perception.
Can't thank you enough Sir .. It is only and only cos of you that I at least attempted a mains question .. earlier my hand would shiver to even hold the pen when I try to write a mains related answer .. you are seriously a blessing .. thank you so much ..
Name-T.Ravi, Ans. Sangam-According to tamil legends,it means that it is academy of tamil poets.which in ancient tamil nadu popularly known as muchchangam.The literature flourished during this sangam period known as sangam literature. Sangam age extenda between 3rd century BCE-3rd century CE This literature was partronized by pandya kings of madurai,held at madurai,kapadapuram,madurai.these works are very important in sangam literature. Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness:- From social conditions:- 1.According to,Tolkappiyam written by tolkappiyar, was the earliest tamil literature refers to land division is five-fold 1-kurinji(hilly tracks),2-mullai(pastoral land),3.neydal(costal),4.marudam(agriculture),5.palai(desert). 2.kurinjis-their chief diety was murgan&occupation was hunting and honey collection,Mullai's,they worshipped mayon(vishnu) as chief diety.chief occupation was cattle rearing,dealing with dairy products,Marudam's chief diety was varunan(rain god),chief occupation was fishing &salt manufacturing. Palai's chief diety was korravai and occupation was robbery. Also,Tolkappiyam mentioned four castes in his book,these are arasar(a ruling class),anthar(envoys),vanigar(trader),vellalar practised agriculture.many more tribals during sangam age were parathvar,panar,eyinar,kadambar etc. 3.womens were given independence in matters of choosing life partners,love marriage prevailed in sangam age.The practice of sati was prevalent in the higher strata of the society. Economic condition:- 1.sangam age mainly practised agriculture as their chief occupation,rice was the main crop. 2.Handicrafts flourished during this period,which includes weaving,metal works,carpentary,ship building, ornament making using beads,stones,ivory.huge deamand for these products as internal and external trade was its best stage. 3.high quality cotton and silk clothes were woven,uraiyur clothese made their mark in the western world. 4.Internal and external trade was well organized,internal trade was mainly based on barter system. 5.external trade was carried out between south india and greek kingdoms,puhar became an important tarding centere for foreigners. 6.commercial activity held at tondi,musiri,korkai,arrikamedu,marakkanam. 7.Roman currency was found at these Kingdoms,depicts the presence of roman traders. 8.Exports included cotton clothes,spices like pepper,ginger,cardamom,cinnamon, turmeric, ivory products,pearls , precious stones.imports like gold,sweet wine,horses were brought Conclusion-by above mentionings,sangam literature explains the vivid socio-economic conditions prevailed in the region...
Name : Johnson ,Manipur Ans: The Sangam age started between the period of 3rd cent. B.C and 3rd cent. A.D in South India ( Cheras,Chola and Pandhyas). Their famous sangam literarlly works includes Tolkappiyam,Ettutogai,Pattupatti etc. They gave a significants account the social economic condition of that time rather than the political. Taking the cases : 1. Sangam society : a. Division of land - Kurinji(Hilly track),Mullai( pastoral),marudan(agriculture),neydal(coastal),palai(desert) B. Social division (caste) -. Arasar,anthanar,vanigar,vellalar. C. women status -- allow intellectual pursuit --- freedom to choose their partners --- more over sati was prevalent in higher strata of society D. Religion --- worship Murugan --- also workship god like mayor, vendan, varunan, karravai --- hero stone workship was significant 2. Economy --- agriculture was the chief occupation --- ricevwas the main corps --- handicrafts made from bead,stone, ivory were in great demand in internal and external --- weaving of cotton and silk clothes --- Trade with western countries like Greek ,Rome --- export spices like pepper,ginger,cinnamon etc. --- major import were horse, gold and sweet wine . Thus the sangam literature portrays more about the social and economic condition of its time with remarkable vividness than the political hiistory of it.
Name : Harshavardhan Chintha The Sangam literature represent texts which were authored in Tamil academies held during the period from 300 BC to 300 AD.The corpus of Sangam literature includes texts like Tolkapiyam,Ettutogai,Pattupattu .These works though unable to formulate a connected political account of the period and are full of myths and superstitious stories which serve an important source of the socio-economic conditions during that period. Social account: 1 .Tolkappiyam refers to four castes namely arasar(ruiling class),anthanar(priest class),vanigar(trading class) and vellalas who were rich peasants. Other tribal groups like panar,kadambar and maravar are also mentioned. 2 .Position of women >They were allowed to choose their life partners. >Women poets like Avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar flourished during this period. >Love marriage was a common practice. >Practice of sati was prevalent in the higher sections of society. Economic account: 1.Agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing and pastoralism were the primary occupations. 2.Also crafting, weaving,etc served as secondary source of income. 3.Agriculture being the chief occupation and rice the most cultivated crop. 4.Both inland and external trade was practiced. Thus Sangam literature are important source of knowing socio-economic conditions in south India.
Nancy Srivastava The term sangam means confluence of river or public gathering. The sangam period from 300 BCE to 300CE is the time period when the the sangam literatures were written by the poets. Here the term 'sangam' means the gathering of poets. These gatherings were conducted by the pandaya kings. There were three sangam (Academies of poets) were held in the history of South India. These literatures are very important to understand the socio-economic condition of the southern India at that time. The most important book of this period is tirukural written by tiruvallur in 3rd sangam held in madurai The earliest Literary record of sangam period was tolkappiyam written by tolkappiyar in 2nd sagam held in kapadpuram. - Tamil society According to the tolkappiyam the land were divided into 5 parts according to it's location, geographical features and people's occupation 1 kurinji 2 mullai 3 marudam 4 neydal 5 palai People living in these places have their own God, crops and occupation. There were also 4 social groups or castes:- 1 Arasar 2 Anthanar 3Vanigur 4 vellialar - conditions of women 1 women were treated respectfully 2 they have freedom of their spiritual and intellectual development 3 they allowed to choose their partners and love marriges were accepted 4 widows life were difficult and miserable 5 In some elite classes sati pratha was also in practice. Religion Murugan was main deity of this time apart from him Myon (vsihnu ) varunan etc were also worshipped Another thing, hero stone was also in practice Economic conditions Chief occupation of common people were agriculture, trading, crafting and weaving . Main crops were cotton and rice Trade: trade were conducted between southern India and Greeks after Greek ,Romans were came Important export- spices like cardamom and pepper craft and cotton and silk cloths were high in demands in Europe Major imports- sweet wines gold and horses. Roman gold and silver coins were found in allover tamil land Puhar seaport was the important foreign trade center, as it's geographical condition allowed big ships to entered, other important sea ports were ; arrikmendu , musiri and tondi . The coin were used as medium of exchange. The internal trade was conducted throug battered system.
Name : Ganga Sir, this is my frst atmpt for answr writing prctce. I knw it had lots of mistakes. Please forgive me. Bt, wht I write here bcz of the confdnz u give. Thank u sooo much sir. I blv u. In the coming days defenitly I vl imprv my writng ability and my english also. Answer : In the Sangam literature Tholkappium authered by Tholkkapiyar and the two epics of Silapathikaram and manimegalai gives lots of informations about the there social and economic life structure. Tholkappium is the earliest of Tamil literature , it's a work on tamil grammar, but it provide information on the political and socio economic condition of the Sangam period. Some Greek authors also mention the commercial contact between the west and south india. From Tholkappium we get the details about the five fold divisions of lands, such as Kurinji ( hilly areas), Mullai( pastoral), Marudam( agricultural), Neydal(coastal),and Palai(desert). These all have there on occupations. Tholkappium also refers four castes namely Arasar, Anthanar, Vaniar, Vellalar. The ruling class-arasar, anthanars played a significant role in Sangam polity and literature, Vanigar in trade and commerce, Vellalar were agriculturists. In the Sangam literature they respact womans. Courage of womans appreciated in many poems also. Womas were allowed to choose there life partner. Also the all peoples encaged in there arts forms. Economy of sangam age : There chief occupation was agriculture. Jackfruit and pepper were famous in chera country, paddy in the cholas and Pandya country. Handicrafts were popular in Sangam period. They all are encaged in weaving, metal work, carpntry etc. Both internal and foreign trade was well organised in the Sangam age. External trade was carried between south india and Greek kingdoms. The main exports of the sangam age were cotton fabrics,spices, ivory products, pearls etc. In 300 AD the sangam age slowly declined.
Name - Ansuman Mohanty As it is evident the Sangam Age is presented or described by partisan outlook of tamil poets ,about the dominant kingdoms of South India their political ascendancy is not very reliable whearas the socio economic conditions describes more about the prosperity and ideals of that period. Talking about the A - Social Coditions: # The literary source Tolkappiyam describes the division of society into 4 castes,viz 1 Arsar(ruling class) 2 Athanar,Vaniyar (trade and commerce class) 3 Vellar(agriculturists) # Women of that age were respected(worshipping female diety kannagi can be seen in chera kingdom). They were also allowed for intellectual pursuits,which produced poets like Avvaiyar,Nachchelliyar. # Women had the autonomy of chosing life partners. # Regressive practice like sati can be found in upper castes. # Their primary religious leaning was towards Lord Murugan(the Tamil god ). Apart from him Mayon,Vendan,Varunnan,Korravai were worshipped. # Patriotism towards ancestoral land could be marked from the worshipping of HeroStone and Nudukal,tombs of martyrs were also raised as memorials. B - Economic Conditions: # Agriculture was the chief economic occupation. Mention of Irrigation Tanks in Chola dynasty is an example of agrarian society. # Handicrafts like weaving-spinning,carpentry,metal works ,ship bulding , ornaments making were also done. # Well established internal and external trade brought good inflow into the economy. Exports like cotton and silk clothes,indigenous spices,ivory products,pearls and precious stones were done to Western world,Roman empire and other parts. # Important port cities for international trade was Puhar and others were Todi,Musiri,Arikkamedu. # Custom duties on imports provided monetary increment and import of gold ,horses,sweet wine brought materials to the land. # The internal trading,revenue and winnings from war furnished the royal treasury as well. From above all socio-economic factors we can conclude the kingdoms maintained self-sufficiency through planned trade and commerce and productive occupations and the societies functioned on liberal monarchical ideals ,which are remarkable achievements of that age.
Name:Anju Biju The Sangam literatures like Tholkappiyam, Silapathigaram and Manimegalai give a vivid account of socio-economic life in South India during the Sangam age between 300BC -300 AD. Though the account of political life during that time is not very well structured and connected ,It can be inferred that the land to the south of river Kaveri had been ruled by mainly three kingdoms The Cheras; The Cholas; The Pandyas; and few minor chieftains. The system was of hereditary monarchy where the king was assisted by a council of ministers and maintained a standing army. Accounts of successful expeditions led by kings are seen in numerous Sangam literatures like the account of King Senguttavan’s expedition to the Himalayas. The social life • The land was divided into 5 divisions where the people in each division had a chief occupation and chief deity. • Tolkappiyam refers to four castes; arasan (ruling class),anthana(priest and nobles),vanigar(trade and commerce)and Vellalar(agriculturists) • Brahminism can be seen during Sangam age and Murugan is regarded as the chief Tamil god. • Hero Stones can be seen in various parts of Tamil region which were erected in memory of brave warriors • Art and literary forms flourished during this period. Kings patronized art, dance and literature. The three Sanghams is a great example to this. Koothu was an important art form that prevailed during that period and it is still prevalent in South India. • Women were given respect and there were many women poets in that period. Pattani cult was introduced by Chera king.Sati was practiced in higher strata. The economic life • Agriculture was the main source of income. Rulers cleared forest fo r cultivation and constructed dams for irrigation purpose. Rice was the main crop. • Spices,ivory products,sugar cane, woven cotton textiles etc were exported to Greeks and Romans and horses, gold and sweet wine were imported. • Literary sources details of Internal trade in barter system and external trade to the western world through sea routes . • Land revenue ,Custom tax and money earned from conquests were the source of revenue for the land
Thus the Sangam literatures are best sources of history for the social and economic life during Sangam age .The destroyed and undiscovered documents could have linked the blanks dots in political history of South India.
Name -Samiksha Dahake Answer -Sangam age is defined between 300BC to 300AD in South India where the then rulers were recognised as chera ,chola and pandyas .Chera kindom was confined to region now known as Kerala .Chola kingdom was confined to Some part of Andhra Pradesh and Pandya kingdom was region now known as Tamil Nadu. We get to know about Sangam age from some inscriptions and literature written in that period .We also get some idea about Sangam age from hearings .These literatures include polkappiyar ,Pattu-pattu and kural and many others .These were written during Sangams or meetings held by Pandya rulers . Those literatures have mentions about socio and economic conditions about Sangam age but not about political conditions .These literatures mention about the curse of Kannagi ,sati ,women status and many more .We can know from these literatures the military achievements and social practices maintained then .They tell us about officials who were part of administration .These writtings were a result of Sangam meetings held then but we don't have literature work from first meeting held in Madurai .So officially first literature that tells about Sangam age is Polkappiyar .
very interactive lecture though it is one way communications on online . you have simplified one of hard chapter of ancient history in very words .god bless with health and wealth
Rebeccamurali Introduction The Sangam Age in Tamil country is significant and unique for its social, economic, religious and cultural life of the Tamils. There was an all round development during this period. The Sangam literatures as well as the archaeological findings reveal these developments. Social divisions The Tamil society during the Sangam period was broadly divided into several groups. In the beginning of the Sangam Age, the Tamil society was not organized on the basis of the Vedic caste system, namely Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Sudras. However, the earliest of the Sangam literature, Tolkappiyam refers to the four divisions prevalent in the Sangam society namely, Anthanar, Arasar, Vaislyar and Vellalar, it may be said that this classification roughly corresponds to the Vedic Social division. Another Sangam work, Purananuru mentions the names of ancient Tamil tribes such as Thudiyan, Pannan, and Kadamban. These divisions indicate the complex social structure prevalent in the Sangam Age. Generally, the Tamil society had enjoyed an affluent economy during the Sangam Age. Agriculture, industry, trade and commerce made the Sangam Tamils almost self-sufficient. Exports were also made to the other parts of the world. Agriculture The chief occupation of the people was agriculture. Paddy was the main crop. Millet, grams and sugarcane were also cultivated. Irrigation through rivers, tanks and wells was used for cultivation. Occupation Weaving and spinning were the most important crafts of the Sangam period. Uraiyur and Madurai were the main centers for the manufacture of cotton fabrics. The weavers produced and exported fine cotton clothes. The word Kalingam refers to very nice garments. The Sangam literature refers to clothes, which were thinner than steam. Silk clothes were also produced in the Tamil country. Other craftsmen like the carpenter, blacksmith, goldsmith and potter had practiced their respective occupations. Fishing and hunting had also remained as important occupation during this period. Trade and commerce In the beginning of the Sangam Age, the barter system of trade was followed. Generally, the people exchanged their commodities with their neighbors. For example, the people of Kurinji region exchanged honey with the people of Neydal region for getting fish and salt. Likewise, the Mullai people gave their milk products to Marudham people to get rice from them. Later, when they began to use coins, trade picked up rapidly. Local markets came up and they were known as Angadis. Both Day Market (Nalangadi) and Evening Bazaar (Allangadi) existed in port towns. The Pattinappalai refers to their existence at Puhar. Goods from distant places were brought to these markets. The expansion of trade led to the growth of towns. Moreover, export of goods Religion We have already referred to the five Gods worshipped in the five different regions. In addition to these Gods, the Sangam Tamils worshipped their ancestors. They erected memorial stones called as Nadukal, They were also known as Hero Stones or Veerakkal. Such stones were erected in memory of those who died in battles. The Sangam people had also worshipped the natural objects. For example, the Sun. Moon.. Earth, rivers and mountains became their objects of worship. Neem tree was considered sacred. Cultural life The Sangam Tamils enjoyed a high degree of cultural life. Their interests in education, literature, music, dance, drama and festivals have been described in the Sangam literature. Education and literature Education was common for all, men and women, rich and poor and for different communities. Parents attached importance to the education of their children. The Purananooru describes that it is the duty of the father to make his children learned. The bulk of the Sangamn literature written by about 500 poets indicates the importance given to education. The poets of the Sangam period played vital role in the social and culture life of the people. The people of the Sangarn Age had spent their time in excellent ways of recreations. Poetry, music, dance and drama were significant. The Sangam poets made the kings as well as the people through rendering beautiful verses. The bards made merry in the king’s courts. The rulers and nobles patronized them with liberal donations. Hunting was another important recreation. The young and energetic took part in duals, while the old played indoor games like dice. Women and girl children had their own games to play and evinced much interest in swimming.
Name-Vikash Chaneja Introduction - Sangam age plays an important role in portrays the social and economic condition of south india.Sangam age time period is between 300B.C to 300A.D in South india which is known as sangam period.In sangam age main literary work written by tamil poets such as tolakappiyar, agartaya, tiruvalluvar etc Tamil poet tolakapiiyar mention about 5 fold-division of land in sangam age- 1.kurinji(hilly area) 2.mullai(for pastures) 3.marudam(agricultural land) 4.neydal(coastal area) 5.palas(desert area) Tolakapiyyar also mention about the 4 caste system in sangam age- 1.arasar(ruling class) 2.anthanar 3.vanigar(carried on trade and commerce) 4.vellalar(agriculturist) Woemn status in sangam age-In sangam age women status found to be very good. Women had higher respect and were allowed to do whatever they wants to do. In sangam age women also allowed to choose their life partner but one demerit of that period is life of widow which is very miserable.. Some tamil women who contributed a lot in tamil literature like avvaiyar, nachchellaiyar, kakkaipatiniyar Religion - in sangam age main deity was murugan who was known as tamil god. In sangam literature festivals related to their main deity murugan was also mentioned. Other gods were vendan(indiran), varunan, mayon(vishnu),and korravai Economy - In sangam age agriculture was their main occupation others occupation was handicraft, spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. Rice was the common crop in that period. During sangam period internal and external trade were in high demand and port city of puhar was the most important part of foreign trade and imports was done of horses, gold, and sweet wine Decline of sangam age started from the end of 3rd century A.D because of The Kalabhras who enter tamil territory and occupies tamil territory. This period is known as Dark age by tamil poets historians because of The Kalabhras.. So we can conclude that sangam age gives us lot of information about the economic and social condition of that time that is sangam period....
Ur explanation is awesome sir. it is truely simply understandable. It is really very helpful when u use english along with hindi since the people who cant understand hindi find it easy to follow through english explanations
Pranab Kumar Panda The Sangam literature gives us the ideas about the history of South India, the Kings and dynasties then. The Sangam age spans from 300 BC to 300AD and witnessed e major dynasties viz. Chera, Chola and Pandya. The period is known as Sangam age because under royal patronage of Pandya kings 3 assemblies (muchhangam) or Sangams were held at 2 different places which were then attended by great sages, poets and people then. The only surviving literary works of the 3 Sangams give us the idea about social and economical conditions of that time. Talking about the social conditions, we came to know that there were 5 fold land divisions along with their chief deity and occupation namely 1 Kurinji Hilly areas, chief deity Murugan, occupation hunting and honey collection 2 Mullai pasture areas, chief deity Mayon/Vishnu, Occupation cattle rearing 3 Neydal coastal areas, chief deity Varunan, occupation fishing and salt production 4 Palai Desert areas, chief deity Korravai, occupation Robbery 5 Marudam Agricultural land, chief deity Indra, occupation Agriculture The literature Tolkappiyam also refers to a caste system like Arasar(Rulers), Anthanars( Sangam politicians), Vanigar(Traders) and Vellalar(Farmers). Other tribal groups include names like Irulas,Nagas,Thodas and Vedars. Now discussing about social strata of women of that time we get to know that they were respected and treated well. They even got to take their own life decisions like marriage. People used to worship Goddess Kannagi. Women poet names like Nachchelliyar rose to heights in Tamilian literary works. However Sati was practiced in higher strata of the society. Now talking about the economic conditions of that time, we get some of the valuable information as follows- People had Agriculture as their main occupation. Jackfruit and pepper cultivation in Chera, paddy in Chola and Pandya were prominent. King Karikala of Chola dynasty built irrigation tanks along the river Kaveri. Handicraft works and trade flourished in that time like metal works, weaving, carpentry, ship building etc. As there was a great demand for this products in different parts of the landmass and in foreign countries, spinning and weaving of clothes attained a high quality. There was a great demand for Uraiyur woven cotton clothes. The internal and external trade were well organized in that time. The Ashokan edicts, Greek and Roman literaturesas well as archaeological evidences give account of that. Internal trade was based upon barter system. In external trade, the main exports of Sangam as agreed were different spices Stone products like Ivory, Oearls and other precious stones. Gold, horses and sweet wine were the main imports. I'm the upper description we have potrayed a clear view of the social and economical conditions of Sangam age.
Rajeshwaree Sangam literature portrays the social and economical conditions of its time , we can trace this informations from some literatures like Tolkappiyam ,Two Epics ( Silappathigaram and Manimegalai ) etc. Social condition - According to Tolkappiyam there were four cast - Arasar (rulling class) Anthanar( politics and religion) Vanigar (trade and commerce ) Vellalas (agriculturalists) Also describes about five folds division of land - Kuninji, Mullai ,Marudam ,Naydal ,Palai. Religion - Primary deity was Murugan . Other gods also worshipped by them.Nadukal worship was significant. Women - Women had an important role in Sangam society. There were women poets contributed in Tamil literature.Kapru or Chaste life was considered highest virtue of women.They were allowed to marry the person of their choice but the condition of widow was very miserable. Practice of Sati was prevalent. Entertainment - Art of dance and music were highly developed. Koothu was most popular. Economical conditions - People were prosperous. Agriculture was chief occupation also with Handicrafts , Spinining and weaving. Internal and External trade was on its peak. Puhar was famous port city for foreign trade. We have very few Sangam literature but they provide us enormous information about the life of Sangam people, their interest, their resources , occupations , their relationship with others ( Greeks , Romans , North Indians ) and about their beliefs. This are very precious sources to reconstruct the history of Sangam age.
Name: Sahid Ullah The period between 3rd century BC and 3rd century AD in South India is refer to as the Sangam Period. During this time , three Sangam academies of Tamil poets were held and flourished under the patronage of the Pandya kings of Madurai. The literary works of this time are thus known as the Sangam literature. Sangam literature and its works provide remarkable insights about the social and economic conditions of its time. An important literary work, Tolkapiyyam refers to the five fold divisions of land and the existence of four castes in the society. Various tribes also lived during this period. Women are given respectful status in the society and allowed intellectual pursuits. People worshiped their primary deity Murugan and festivals related to God were also mentioned in Sangam literature. Agriculture was the main occupation of the people and rice was the most commonly grown crop. Various handicrafts like weaving, metal works, shipbuilding.etc flourished during this time. Important port cities like Puhar witnessed significant commercial activities of trade and commerce with the western world. Major exports of cotton and spices and various imports took place through these ports, the information about all of which could found in the literary works of Sangam period. Thus providing a vivid and holistic view of the society and economy of its time.
Name- Kavinmozhi *Sangam literature - body of classical Tamil literature that developed in ancient south India during 1 - 3 Rd century *The works like THOLKAPPIYAM,PATHUPATTU, ETTUTHOGAI,SILAPATHIKARAM are examples of Sangam literature Why failed for political? - Only last gathering provides material to political history - All the sangams were held under political patronage.Hence depiction shifted towards Kings. - Exaggeration in literature -Part of literature is romantic in nature But major focus on depiction of culture, society and economy of people. 1) Five fold divisions of land like kurinj,mullai, marutham,paalai and neithal 2)Four castes mentioned in THOLKAPPIYAM shows the existence of social stratification 3) Agriculture was the main occupation and rice was the principal crop 4) Prevalence of handicrafts and ship building 5)Trade was practiced with Roman empire and imported gold,pottery,silk etc 6) Important ports like Musiri ,arikamedu 7)Clan based society 8)kannagi workshop of chera king 9)Widow life miserable 10) untouchability existed 11) celebrated both agam (love) and puram( war) poem Thus there is more clarity and depiction of social and economic conditions of people with vividness than that of political one.
The Sangam age is the period between 3rd century BC and 3rd century AD in the southern part of India. The literature during the Sangam age comprising 3 sangams mentions the social and economic conditions of the era. Various accounts by foreign personalities also mentions the Sangam age. Social conditions: - Land was classified into five folds: Kurinji(hills), Mullai(pastoral), Marudam(agriculture), Neydal(coastal), Pulai(desert). - People were classified into 4 different castes: Arasar(ruler), Anthanar, Vanigar(trader) & Vellalar(farmers) - Murugan was the primary diety worshipped . - Women were treated with respect. Women poets were present during the Sangam age. - But the position of widows were poor. Practice of sati has been noted. Economic condition: - Internal and external trade were well organised. - Agriculture was the primary occupation. Rice, ragi, sugarcane, jackfruit and spices were grown and exported - Handicrafts including weaving, carpentary, metal works, ornaments making flourished - Greek and Romans were major trade partners. - Puhar was the major port. - The main import items were gold, horses and sweet wine.
Name : kalyan The period from 300 bc to 300 AD in the Tamil literature is called Sangam age . The period where the poet's met and flourished the age . There were many poets like Aggutiyar , Tolakappiyar , Nakkiyar etc . Social life : Tolakappiyar refered 5 states of land divison 1. Kurinji ( hilly area ) 2. Mullai ( pastoral ) 3. Marudam ( agriculture ) 4. Neydel ( coastal ) 5. Palai ( desert ) Caste system divided into 4 1. Arasar 2. Anthanar 3. Vanigar 4. Vellalar There are some important tribes like todas ,Irulas etc. * Women had importance , can pursue anything that they wish. Many women poets like avvayur etc. * Mainly worshipped Murgan God. Economic life : * Agriculture is the main source . * Other than agriculture there were many like carpenter , mental work etc. * Cotton cloth and silk clothes were of high demand . This very busy with internal and external trade. * Apart from these Ivory, precious metals , pearls were also also important for livelihood. * Species which where available plenty has high demand from the foreigners . Port routes were also available and external trade was also easy with this. # The literary works from south of India has huge impact on the people of the country. The economic conditions of the people of South is still the same as they had at that time . The naturally available resources play an important role in today's age also.
Thanks alot for beautiful explanation I started yesterday today I am on 8 one . Ur such a knowledgeable explanation made me sticks to ancient history .. I guess after class 6-7 almost 10 yrs I am reading ancient history
NAME ; RICHARD D The sangam age gave the remarkable social and economic conditions in history of both south india and tamilnadu.it's quoted that the sangam age can be revived through the sangam literature espacially through the pathinenkilkannu . Actually there were 5 major divisions of people according to their place where they live,its deatil is gived in the tholkkapiyam which is the oldest book of tamil literature hilly region - kurinji - people lived kuravar , kuratiyar-work done honey taking and cutting trees-god ; murugan pastrol region - mullai - people lived ayar and ayachiar-work done rearing of cattle and hunting-god;mayon called as vishnu agricultural region -marutham -people lived ulavar,uluthiyar-work done agricultue and cutting forest to bring land under cultivation-god;indiran coastal region-neithal-people lived paravar and parathiyar-work done salt making , fishing and trading-god;varunan(rain) desert region -paalai-people lived maravar -work done deacoity-god;kottravai These were the divisions which were followed during sangam period and there are certain other divisions also found there those who not come under these catagories ,which was also mentioned in tholkappiyam arasar - ruler class people anthanar -priest class people amaichar-minister class people senathipathi-militory commander and sub ordinate officer vanigar- large traders and there founds several other class found all regions the above divisions in made up of job profile of the people. There was tribe also during the sangam age also Irular,Nagas,thodas and vedars.since,we can assume that the first class of division is based upon the place they lived and the further divisions based on the job profile.The traders emerged as an new power during the sangam age because of flourising trade both internal and external trade . ECONOMIC CONDITIONS; 1) Agriculture was the major occupation in which the rice is the main crop 2) Craftsman ship ,trading ,skilled weaving and spinning of silk was very prevalent . 3) jackfruit ,peper ,cinnamom,cradoman and other spices were very famous in chera dynasty. 4) there were major sea ports such as musiri ,thondai , pumbuhar,korkai and minar ports arikai medu ,marakannam were used by the traders which had connection with the greek and ancient rome . the gold coins issued by the rome kings such as auguthies,nero were found in tamilnadu and the tamil kings coins were found there . 5)cattle rearing were dairy products prevalent during the sangam age 6)ivory and ship making were also become prevalent . cholas uraiyur cotton had a large market in western country and it is said in poem that is as light as snake skin to wear. 7) due to flourising trade only the capital of cholas has been transferred from uriyur to poombuhar. 8)due to the flourising trade the roads are constructed and made safer to transport valuable trading goods. WOMEN CONDITIONS 1) women were allowed to study and get intellect but only to certain class of women espacially higher class women .lower class women were not allowed as that much. 2)there is practice of sati ,especially in higher class people 3) though there were lot of women poets avaiyar,kakapadiniyar in the sangam period there were lot of flourishing class people and good socio and economic relations but after the kalabharas captured and destroyed its was revived by the pallavas and pandyas .
Name: GIRIDHARAN S -The sangam period is defined as the time period between 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE in the south Indian region. -The sangam literature includes the Tamil works Tholkappiyam, Ettuthogai and Pathupattu. -Tholkappiyam by Tholkappiyar being a grammar work, also glows as a literature work explaining the social and economic conditions of the common people of that time. -Ettuthogai is a compilation of 8 works and pathupattu is of 10 works. -Both has not contain a continuous text. All the poems were seperately written by various poets of the sangam peroid. -They are all compiled in the later stage. So, the political history of that time is not understandable with the sangam literature. -But the literature works mention some of the names of the rulers of that time and the three ruling family viz., Chera, Chola and Pandya. - On the other side, social and economic history including love life, marital life, agriculture, trade and exchange of the sangam age is clerly mirrored in the sangam literature.
Name- shivani sharma The sangam literature shows the remarkable vividness in the social and economic conditions of its time. We can understand this from following points. * Hereditary monarchy was the form of government during the sangam period * Each of the sangam dynasties had a royal emblem ,like chera have bow and arrow ,cholas have tiger and pandyas have carp as emblem * Land revenue was the chief source of states income while custom duties was also imposed on foreign trade * Evidence from Tolkappium shows society have five fold devisions * The primary diety of the sangam period was seyon or murugan * The hero stone or Nadu kal worship was significant in the sangam period * Life of women was good during this period ,they were allowed for love marriages ,bt life of widows was miserable. The practice of sati was prevalent in higher strata of society. * They were experts in folk dance, arts and music were highly developed. * Agriculture was the chief occupation * Handicrafts of the sangam period were popular * Both internal and foreign trade was well organised. * Internal trade was mostly based on the barter system * External trade was carried between south india and Greek kingdoms * The main exports of sangam age were cotton fabrics,spices like pepper,ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric . * Gold , horses, and sweet wines were the chief exports. This was all about the social and economic conditions of sangam age.
Taniya Mathai The Sangam literature is a collection of poems composed of Union of poets by the advice of Pandya Kings in Dravidian language. Sangam age is 300 BC - 300 AD. In this time Chola ruled in Andhrapradesh,Chera ruled in Kerala and Pandya in Tamilnadu. Let's look some Sangam session, 1st Sangam held at Madurai in Tamilnadu.at this 1st Sangam time no literary works are found, the chairman of this session is Agatarya is father of Tamil Literature. 2nd Sangam held at Kapadapuram at this Tholkappiyam is the literature written by Tholkappiyar and he is the father of Tamil Grammar and he is the chairman of this session. 3rd Sangam held at Madurai at this time the most important literature work is Thirukkural it is known as the Tamil Bible written by Thiruvaluvar,other than that some important works are Eltutogai, Pattu-pattu etc. These literature explains the trade and commerce and it tells about the religion practiced by them and how the women are treated . But they don't explain about the political background because they fear their king. So, Sangam literature might not be very relevant from the prospective of connected political history of South Indian, but it protrays the social and economic conditions of Its time with remarkable vividness.
Very effective video. Thanks. I have seen one ques in 2011 uppcs mains in which it was asked critical survey of society and culture of sangam age. What points we should add in this ques and how to portray negative points of sangam age in unbiased manner? Pls guide
Name -Indu Sangam period is the period where tamil poets make wonderful contribution to tamil literature. It is the period around 3BC and 3AD. In this period is wonderful where important literature is written tottipyaar. etc. In this period social and economical life furnish wonderfully .That period is peak in economic as well social life. Social life - • In this period women can do love marriage. •But live of widow is miserable. •Sari is prevalent in upper starta people of society. •People follow morugan it is ancient god.for god they organised festival as well. •There Gods are aslo follow such as vishnu and indar. •In the kingdom of sethiguan kenggi was follow as ideal wife. •People are divided according to there work such as agricultuarist. •People do agriculture such as cadmanon,epper etc means mainly do agriculture of species. • Rice is the maine staple food of people around this period.
Name- Deepa Kumari Sangam literature is the collection of literary works of 3 sangams.The works like Tolkappiyam,Pottupottu,Silappathikaram and Manimekalai are examples of Sangam literature. Though the sanagams were held under political patronage,the literature was never meant to glorify any one kingdom or ruler.These were free expression and hence major focus was on depiction of culture,society,economy and life of people.But in doing so,it also provided some references to the polity of the region.One can find references of chola,pandya,chera kingdom but no detailed description was there. The description was not a chronological and continuous historical accounts and its utility should be seen only in that context. On the other hand,Sangam literature provided a more detailed description of socio-economic structure: -The five fold division of land mentioned in Tolkappiyam describes associated occupations also.For example:On kurinji land(hilly tracks) people followed honey collection and hunting,on Marudam (Agricultural land) people followed agriculture etc -The four castes mentioned in Tolkaappiyam describes social stratification. -Agriculture was the chief occupation and rice the principle crop. -Cotton clothes has been compared as slough of snake,indicating weaving as an occupation. -Handicrafts,ship-building was prevalent. -Trade was practiced with Roman empire. -Worship of Kannagi depicting better position of women. Thus there is more clarity and vividness in depiction of socio-economic system of the region,as compared to depiction of political system.
Name: Akshaya.S Introduction: From 3rd century BC to 3rd century Ad was known as Sangam age. The term sangam is known as gathering which took place in three times at different periods between tamil poets.As we dont have clear data about political life of sangam age with the help of literature we came to know about thier well planned social life and wealthy economic conditions. Soceity: From the literature Tolkappiyam which is also known as father of tamil grammar and earliest work found from sangam age mentioned that people divide the region based on geographical conditions and lived .The different regions and people who lived are Kurinji: Hilly region -Hunters and gatherers Mullai:Forest -Pastoralism , cultivation Marudam: Riverine tracts- agriculture Neidal: Coastal land-Fishing and salt making Palai: Dessert -Cattle lifting and there were four castes or classification of people based on their occupations Arasar- The Ruler Anthanar-The priest Vaniyar-Trader Vellalar-Agriculturalist Life of women: The literature confirms that women has respectable life.They involved in literature work and all other works. we can also find many women poets and their contribution to literature like Avvaiyar and there is also proof sati for widow women in royal families this shows insecurities among royal mens. Religion : The literature potrays the lord Muruga as Tamil god and there is also evidence of Budha and jainism in region. the buddha stupas were also found . It is found that jainism has more influence than buddhism. Economy: The people were very much involved in agriculture.The rice was main cultivation .Other works such as weaving,metal work,internal and external traders were also happened. The pepper,ginger,caradamon,ivory products,pearls,precious stones were exported. Sweet wine,horses,gold were imported.This shows their busy and economical conditions.
Preetesh Naik The Sangam age dates from 300 BC to 300 AD. This is is named after the Sangam academies that were held during those Times. Three Sangam academies were held known as Muchchangam. It is through the literary works found in the Sangam academies that the history of the kingdoms of South India can be reconstructed. since the academies were conducted under the royal patronage of Pandyan kings the political history is not reliable but it is viewed as the source to understand the social and economic conditions. SOCIAL CONDITIONS: The Sangam society was categorised into 4 castes mainly Arasar (ruling class),the anthanars, the vanigar (those who conduct trade and commerce ) and vellalar (agriculturists) . WOMEN: Women were also respected during the Sangam age. Moreover they also had an option to choose their own life partner. King Senguttivan of Chera dynasty started the worship of kannagi as ideal wife. Also woman were able to carry on their intellectual pursuits. Many women poets are also found. But the life of widow women were miserable. Also traces of regressive practices like sati could be found in higher strata of the society. RELIGION: Lord Murugan was the main deity of the Sangam age. Also other gods like Mayon, vendan, varunan and korravai were worshipped. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: the main source of state income was land revenue apart from custom duties. Agriculture was the main occupation during Sangam age. Other occupations such as carpentry, metal works, ship building, ornament making, ivory works flourished during this age. the expertise gained in weaving and spinning of cotton and silk had resulted in demand in the Western world. Thus tremendous trade and commerce activities took place through ports like Puhar, Tondi , Korkai etc. Also many finished goods and spices like cardamom, cinnamon , pepper , Ginger were exported to other countries. While horses ,sweet wine and gold were imported. Many coins issued by the Roman emperors like Augustus, Tiberus and Nero were found in most parts of Tamil Nadu thus indicating the flourishing foreign trade. Thus from the above facts it is clear that the social and economic conditions were well maintained and organised during the Sangam age.
Name: S Seenivasan The sangam literature which was dated back during the sangam period(300 BC to 300AD) is the main source about people and their living standards during that time in southern region. These sangam literature has some details about the the political structure but it is controversial yet it best describes the social and economic conditions of that period. Though agriculture was the primary occupation, people of various geographical areas practised different occupation, culture etc., According to Tholkappiyam, Tamil land was divided into five regions namely, Kurinji(hilly areas), Mullai(forest areas), marutham(riverine tracts), Neydal(Coastal areas), palai(deserted areas). Though Bhramanas enters Tamil country during the sangam age, varna system is still not grasp its root here. generally three classes of rulers identified here. They are Kizhlar, velir, Vendar. Among them Vendar is the one who suppressed and controlled Kizhlar and velir over large territory of fertile land. Numerous wars wer happened between them mainly for territorial expansion which leads to inequalities in the society i.e., War prisoners, slaves etc., Women actively participated in economic production but practice of sati was prevalent only in higher class of society. As far as Economic, they are well flourished in Internal and external trade, because of the position of Indian peninsula in the maritime trade that connects west and east. They produced various spices especially pepper, Mulin, silk, cotton, ivory products, artecrafts. Names on the pottered vessels indicates the presence of non tamil speaking merchants. Sangam literature pattinampallai says that merchants, craftsman and artisans from magadha, maratha, Malaya, Roman were worked together with local people. There were various towns which glorifies craft production such as Kaviripattnam, korlai, pujar, misti etc., There were many craftsman such as Iron smither, Beads and gold worker, ornament maker, Potters, weavers etc., They maintain good trading relation with Western Romans, Arabians as well as South East Asian people. Thus from the above facts we can infer that sangam literature best describes Socio-economic conditions than political conditions during sangam period.
Nang Ampu Introduction: The social and economic conditions of Sangam age has been significantly elaborated by various authors of this period. And Tolkapiyar is one of them. He presided over second sangam council and provides ideas about social and economic life about this period in his work " Tolkapiyam". Society : 1. Tolkapiyar suggests that the sangam period was divided into four caste. Arasar being the ruling class, Anthanar played important role in polity and religious activities, Vaniger were the traders and Vellales were agriculturist. 2. Women were well educated and respected in the society which can be seen from poems written by famous sangam age women poet. 3. Love marriage was allowed but life of widow was miserable. 4. Sati was also prevalent in higher strata of society of the sangam age. Economiy: 1. Agriculture was the main occupation and rice was the most common crop. Irrigation was also practiced. 2.Barter system of trade was followed. 3. Spinning and weaving was one of the most important craft. Items such as cardamom, ivory, cotton were mostly exported while gold and silver were imported. 4. Land revenue was the main state income. Thus Sangam literature portreys the social and economic life of its time vividly.
Name- shubham Sangam age mostly describes the area south of the river krishna and tungabhadra ,the period of sangam age was-300BC TO 300AD .tamil country ruled by 3 prominent rulers:- 1)chera (ruled presently kerela) ,emblem-bow 2)chola (ruled presentlt south of andhrapradesh),emblem-tiger 3)pandya (ruled presently tamil nadu) ,emblem-carp Sangam is a gathering of the tamil poets which was done under the pandyan king in which they use to write the literature works ,as these were done under the kings also sometime on order of the king the poets were not writing against the king ,else they might face the punishment.so its said that the literature works under the sangam age do not clearly tell us the political life of that period comming to the socio-economic life of the sangam age which is described by the literature tolkapiyaam written by tolkapiyaar 5 fold division of land:- 1)kurinji(hilly tracks)-------diety=murugan------------occupation=hunting,honeycollection 2)mullaii(pastorals)-------diety=mayon(vishnu)------------occupation=cattle rearing,dairy products 3)marudam(agricultural)-------diety=indra------------occupation=agriculture 4)neydal(coastal)-------diety=varunan------------occupation=fishing ,salt manufacturing 5)pallai(desert)--------diety=korravai-------------occupation=robbery society divided in 4 caste:- 1)arasar----ruling class 2)anthanars---sign role in sangm polity and religion 3)vanigars---carry trade and commerce 4)vellalas---agriculturist posn of women:-There were women poets also,the womens were given respect ,love marriage was common,practise of sari was commom in higher class strata,dancers were patronized by kings and nobles. economic life:- agriculture was main occupation.ragi-common crop,jackfruit and pepper famous in chera country,rice main crop of chola and pandyan empire,handicraft and weaving ,making of ornaments,stones and ivory were chief work people use to undertake.internal and external trade was at its peak.internal trade based on barter system,external trade with greeks and roman as a result most gold and silver coins were found in south indian region by roman and greeks kings.puhar port was main port .imports were-sweet wine,horses,gold and exports were cotton fabrics,turmeric,cinnamon,ginger,and many other spices thus the socio-economic life was pretty well ,but the empires gt decline and was attacked by kalbhras whoruled for about 2 and half yrs .and the period of kalbhras was known to be 'dark age' by early historians
Sangam age:The period rougly between 3rd century B.C to 3rd century A.D(the area lying to the South of river Krishna and tungabhadra). We know the sangam age their socio-economy by sangam literature poets i.e Tamil poets. In one of second sangam which was held at kapadapuram,Tolkappiyam was written by tolkapplyar(father of Tamil literature) Socio-In Tolkappiyam refers to five fold divisions of land- 1)Kurinji(Hilly rocks) 2)Mullai(pastoral) 3)Marudam(agricultural) 4)Neydal(coastal) 5)Palal(desert) i.e means the people here are practicing their works and they live in in different fold of lands. Tolkappiyam also refers to four castes namely 1)Arasar(ruling class) 2)Anthanar 3)Vanigar(trade & commerce) 4)Vellalar(agricultural) Ancient primitives tribes like thodas,irulas,nagas lived in this period. Women's status:had respect and were allowed in intellectual pursuits. Women poets like avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar etc..who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature. They allowed to choose their life partner.life of widows was miserable. Practice of sati being prevalent in the higher strata of the society. Religion: primary deity was Murugan also other we're worshipped Mayon(Vishnu),vendan(indrian),varuna and kodraval. The hero stone or Nadu Kal worship was significant in the sangama Period was erected in the memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in battle. Economy: Agriculture was the chief occupation where rice was the most common crop.The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory.These were in great demand in the internal and external trade that was at its peak during the Sangam period.A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur.The port city of Puhar became an important place of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port containing precious goods.Other significant ports of commercial activity were Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu and Marakkanam.Many gold and silver coins that were issued by the Roman Emperors like Augustus, Tiberius and Nero have been found in all parts of Tamil Nadu indicating flourishing trade.Major exports of the Sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones.Major imports for the traders were horses, gold, and sweet wine.
Name - Parrvathy R Nair The sangam age is between 3rd BC to 3rd AD. Tolkappiyam authored by Tolkappiyar, is the earliest of tamil literature. It provides information on political and socio-economic conditions during sangam age. Social Aspects: Tolkappiyam refers to the 5-fold division of lands namely : 1.kurinji-hilly tracts 2.mullai-pastoral 3.marudam - agricultural 4. Neydal - coastal 5. Palai - desert The tamil country was ruled by 3 dynasties namely: 1. Cheras : ruled over parts of modern Kerala. Capital is Vanji. 2. Cholas : kingdom extended from modern Tiruchi to southern Andhrapradesh. It's capital was first located at uraiyur and then shifted to Puhar. 3. Pandyas : ruled over present day southern Tamilnadu. Capital was Madurai. Sangam polity: Hereditary monarchy was the form of government during this period. The king had also taken the advice of his ministers, court-poet and the imperial Court or avai. Position of women: There is plenty of information in the sangam literature to trace the position of women. Women were allowed to choose their life partners, love marriage was allowed, but life of widows was miserable. Practice of sati was prevalent in the higher strata of society. Economic aspects: Agriculture was the chief occupation. Rice was the commonest crop. Ragi, sugarcane, cotton, pepper etc and a variety of fruits were the other crops. The handicrafts of sangam age includes weaving, metal works, carpentry, building ships and making ornaments using beads, stones and Ivory. Spinning and weaving of Cotton and silk clothes attained a high quality. Both internal and foreign trade was well organised and briskly carried out during this period. The main exports were cotton fabrics, spices like pepper, cinnamon, ginger etc. Gold, horses and sweet wine were the chief imports.
Name - Muskan Kanaujia Sorry sir i am late to watch this because of hectic college classes. Answer- The sangam literature is prevalent during 3rd century CE to 3rd century AD in southern India . The sangam Literaure of 3 phase talks about socio-economic conditions of the era. Major poets and foreign scholars also mention about sangam age. The conditions are as follows: There were five kind of Lands and Four caste are relevant during that time. The primary diety who was worshipped was Murugan -major trade partner were greek and roman -Agriculture was the main activity -Puhar was the main seaport -women was respected, allowed to pursue profession, women poets were also there and sati system was follow by elite class , position of widow was miserable. -internal and external trade was also there. -Chola, Chera and Pandya were the major ruler. - As we all know the poets write about kings with their permission we cannot relly totally on the text written by them. - economic conditions are also good because of trade and commerse and also coin regulation. -King have 5 official under them
Name: Ashwini Yadav The Sangam Age tell us about the dynasty which contributed more towards literature, economic and social life. Introduction: *The period between 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD in South India is called Sangam Period. *Here we see 3 major dynasty called Chola, Chera and Pandya. *Pandya were the people who organised the Sangam in Dravidian literature especially in Tamil. *There are 3 Sangam, which 1st and 3rd held in Madurai (capital city of Pandya's) and 2nd in Kapadapuram. *The famous works in last 2 Sangam are Tolkappiyam (Tolkappiyam), Tirukkural(Tiruvalluvar). Administration: *Monarchy was the form of government. * Wide body of officials who were categorised into 5 councils (Amaichar, Anthanar, Thuthar, Senapathi, Orrar). * Revenue and Custom duty was chief source. *Roads and highways were maintained and guarded. Sangam Society: *Tribes like Thodas, Nagas and Vedars lived in this period. * Women were respected and allowed to intellectual pursuits. *In this age, the woman had choice to select their partners, but widows life was miserable. Religion: *Primary deity was Murugan ( son of lord Shiva), and other gods worshipped was Vishnu, Indiran, Varun and Korravai. *For the memory of the bravery shown by the warriors were worshipped in the form of Nadu Kal(Hero stone). Economy: *Agriculture was the chief occupation, rice was the most common crop. *Internal and external trade were in peak during Sangam period. *Spices were traded. *Horses, gold and sweet wine is imported. Sangam were occupied by a Kalabharas, which was called as “dark age"by earlier historians. Conclusion: Sangam age was the period who contributed more for literature work, also give importance to women and their future life, agriculture and worshipped the memory of bravery warriors this shows the economic and social life of a Sangam age.
Name :Shravan Kumar The social life of south India during sangam age was very well organised. There was a hereditary monarchy form of government which was further assisted by officials who were categorized into 5councils Namely Ministers, priests,envoys,military commanders, and spies. A regular army was maintained to prevent foreign invasions. The roads and Highways are well maintained. Tolkappiyam a sangam literature tells us about the five fold division of land during that period. It also refers to 4castes namely Arasar,Anthanar,Vanigar and vellalar. Women status: Coming to status of women they were given a freedom of their professional career. There were women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar who contributed to Tamil literature. They were also allowed to choose thier life partner but the practice of Sati was depicted during this period. Economic condition: Agriculture was the main occupation during this period. Due to the emerged port cities there was also export of Agricultural produce such as Cotton fabric, spieces like pepper,cardamom,cinnamon,etc.,thus there is a great demand in external and internal trade. Handicrafts such as weaving,Metal works, Carpentry, ornaments, etc., were also in demand. These were the social and economic conditions during the Sangam age which played an important role in the south Indian History.
Name: kavyashree.M Introduction The sangam period plays an important role in the literature , social and economic condition of South India .The period toughly between the 3rd century B.C and 3rd century A.D in South India we can see the area lyling to Krishna and Tungabhadra is known as sangam period. About the literature: The first sangam is held at madhurai,and the chair man of this sangam called aggutiyar . The second was held at kapadapuram the literary work -Tolkappiyam written by Tolakappiyar.The third was held at madhurai and and literary work- Trikkural written by Triruvallur (this book as Bible of tamilnadu) Administration Sangam period hereditary monarchy was in practice. The king was assisted by 5 widely categoriesed councils. There were Minister's amaichar ,priest, envoys,military commandars & spier The income. Source will come from land revenue,customs duty imposed on foreign trade The roads and highways were maintained Sangam society: In the second sangam period literature work Tolkappiyam written by Tolakappiyar (father of Tamil Grammer). In the Tolkappiyam there is five fold division of lands 1.kurunji (hill tracks) 2.mullai (pastrol) 3.marudam ( agricultural land) 4.neyadal(coastal) 5.palai(desert) In Tolkappiyam 4 caste system also mentioned 1.Arasar ( ruling cls ) 2. Ananthar (priest ) 3.varigar( trade and commerce guider) 4.vellalar (agriculturists) And the premetive tribes like Thodas,Iralas, Nagas,Vedars are also lived in this period. Women status: Women had respect and we're allowed intellectual pursits There were women poets like Avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar and Kakkaipadainiyar who are contributed to Tamil literature. They had given the right to choose their life partner But the widow ws miserable. They can't think about all those facilities. There is sati system being prevalent in the higher cls society Economy: Agriculture was the chief occupation were Rice is a the most common crop The handcraft , weaving, metalwork, carpentry,ship building, making oranaments , ha e great demand in foreign trade Puhar became a important place for foreign trade. The major Imports are horse, sweet wine, gold.Export are cotton fabrics, and spices like pepper, ginger,cardamon, cinnamon, ivory products . Conclusion: The sangam period is especially deals the literature in his whole period.and the decline of sangam period has several reasons like the kalabharas occupied the Tamil country of post sangam period The period was also called 'dark age' by the earlier historians.
Name- PRINCE INDULASH Sangam Literature is the Tamil Literature composed during the great poetic meetings during 3rd Century BC to 3rd Century AD in South Indian land. Economic Importance * It tells us about the active Indo-Roman trade, there we used to import and export- gold, cotton clothes, spices, pearls, precious stone, sweet wine and horses. * It tells about important cities- Vanji, Puhar and seaports- Tondi, Masiri, Karki, Arikamedu, and Marakkam. * It tell that Land revenue was the chief source of state's income and Agriculture was the chief occupation. * Internal and External trade was well organized and it was at its peak. * Barter system was in internal trade. * Economic declined had set in by the end of 3rd Century as the poets don't praise the then Kings highly. Social Importance * It tells about worship of Kannagi or Pattini Cult as a ideal wife in TN introduced by Senguttuvan famous Cheras King. * Hereditary Monarchy was the form of government. * There was land division- Kurinji, Mullai, Marudam, Neydal and Palai * Chief Deity was Seyon, Murugan, Mayon, Indra, Varuna and Korravai. * There was caste system- Arasar, Anthanar, Vanigar and Vellar, Arasar was rulling class, Anthara played a significant role remaining are like shudra. * Position of Women was good, Women poets like Avvaiyar, Nechchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar flourished in this period but life of widow was miserable. * Women were free to choose their life partner, love marriage was a common practice. * Poetry, Music and Dance were popular. Political Importance * Some of the stories like attempts to link to mahabharata war and pandavas are obviously an exaggeration. Yet It tells us about some real events, For example The Sangam Chola King Karikala who won the battle of venni he defeated the mighty confederacy consisting of the his opponents. Vahaipparandalai was another important battle fought by him. * Cheran Senguttuvan, among his military achievements his expendition to the Himalayas was remarkable.
Mehul Chawla Answer: Sangam Age plays a very crucial role in the History of South India. From the Sangam literature like Tolkappiyam by Tolkappiyar , Kikanakku , various archeological sources and foriegn accounts we could infer that there is a remarkable clarity in the Social and Economical Life in that period. The Details about the Social Life are stated below: Tolkappiyam, a literary record from the second Sangam by Tolkappiyar refers to five fold division of land based on occupation : 1) Kurinji( Hilly arears) 2) Mullai(pastotal) 3)Palai( Desert) 4) Neydal (Costal areas) 5) Murudan(agriculture) Tolkappiyam refers to 4 castes prevailing at that time namely Arasar(ruling class), Anthanar( played a key role in sangam polity), Vanigar(engaged in trade and commerce), Vellalar(engaged in agriculture) Women were free to choose there husband Women were allowed to receive Education Many women poets like Avvaiyar also gave their contribution to the sangam literature. Female Dancers were patronized by and ruling class and nobles. Practice of Sati was prevalent among the high class maybe because of insecurity among the husbands. Murugan was their most important god. Nadu Kal( hero stone ) worship was prevalent. Details about the Economical Life are stated below: Agriculture was their most important activity, others include rope making, ship building, weaving.carpentering were also prevalent Major crops that were grown during that time include ragi, rice, cotton, spices like pepper, cardamom, turmeric etc. Cotton, spices, pearls, precious stones, diamond, ivory products were exported to the west. Horses, wine, topaz, linen, wheat lead, gold , copper were imported. Major ports that facilitated the trade includes Muziriz, Tondi, Arikameddu, Kaverippattnam,Puhar etc High Demand for the spices from west boosted trade between South India and West and Central Asia. As there was a great organised trade during the sangam age, this gave importance to Money Economy. Many Roman Gold and Silver coins have been found in various parts of South India which tells of extensive trade with the Roman empire.
Name: Priyanka The sangam age play an important role in the history of ancient south India. This period was roughly between 3rd century b.c to 3rd century A.D. There exist in three sangam literature in ancient history of south India. The first sangam was held at Madurai. No literary work was available of this sangam. The second sangam was held at Kapadapuram. All the literary work had perished except Tolkappiyam. The 3rd sangam was held at Madurai. Only few of literary work had survived. Tolkappiyam literature was authorized by Tolkappiyar.It provides information about political , social and economic conditions of sangam age. Polity: Hereditary monarchy was the form of government during sangam age. Each of dynasty had a royal emblem .Pandyas -carp/fish ,cheras- bow ,cholas -tiger The king was assisted by wide body of officials. They were catogerised into five form of council. These officials were ministers, priests,spies,envoys, military commanders. The military administration was highly efficient and a regular army was assisted with each ruler. The main source of state's income was land revenue while a custom duty was also imposed on foreign trade. The highways and roads were maintained and gaurded to prevent robbery and smuggling. Social life: Tolkappiyam refers to five fold of division of lands . Kurunji ( hilly tracks) .mullai (pastoral) .palai (desert) .nedyal (coastal) .marudam ( agriculture) Tolkappiyam also refers to four casts namely arasar ( highly classes) ,aranthans (play significant role in religion and polity ) ,vaniger (on trade and commerce) ,vellalas (agricultural) . Ancient primitive tribes like thodas ,Naga's and vedars. Position of women : . sangam age provides information about position of women. . Women had respected and were allowed intellectual pursuits. There were women poets who flourished and contribute to Tamil literature. .women were allowed to choose their life partner.but life of widows miserable. . practice of sati was prevelent in higher society. Economic conditions : . Agricultural was chief occupation where rice was most common crop. . The handicrafts included weaving, metal work , ship building and making of ornaments using beads , stones and ivory. .these were in great demand in internal and external trade that was at its highest peak during Sangam age. . The port city puar became an important place of foreign trade as big ship entered this port contained precious goods . Many gold and silver coins were issued by Roman emperor like Augustus ,Tiberius and Nero have been found in all parts of Tamil Nadu indicating flourished trade. . Major exports of sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices like ginger, cinnamon , cardamom , turmeric along with ivory products ,stones ,pearls. . Major import of traders were. Horses ,gold and sweet wine. Decline of sangam age : . The sangam age declined towards the end of third century A.D. .kalabhar occupied the all Tamil country for about two and half years.
Name: Gopika Gopan Sangam literature, one of the unique Indian literatures, documents the early history of ancient South India. It extends from 300BC to 300AD. The word Sangam means a union, which was named after Sangam academies that flourished under the patronage of Pandya kings of Madurai. According to Tamil Nadu, three sangams were held in ancient South India. Of the three sangams, the second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram. Tolkappiyam (Earliest of Tamil literary work) survived, written by The Father of Tamil Grammar Tolakappiyar which give insights of the political and socio economic conditions of the time. On the ground of society life, Tolkappiyam refers to Five-Fold divisions of land: Kurunji(hill tracks) Mullai(pastoral ) Marudam(agriculture ) Neydal(coastal), Palai(desert).It also refers to four caste systems : Arasar(ruling class), Anthanar, Vanigar(trade & commerce ) and Vellalar(agriculturalists). Primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas and Vedars also exited during this period. Similar to the social status of women during the Rigvedic period, women too were respectes and their intellectual pursuits were encouraged. However, widows still suffered and sati was practiced among higher strata of the society. The religious diety worshipped was Murugan, which was an ancient origin, followed by other Gods Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan(Indran), Varunan and Korravai. Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship was also significant during the age, erected in memory of bravery of warriors fought in battle. Moving to the economic life of the period, agriculture was the main occupation and rice was the common crop. Other occupations included weaving, metal works, carpentry etc. Internal amd external trade was at its peak in South India. Cotton and silk clothes woven at Uraiyur were of great demand in Western world. The important port city Puhar was a prominent foreign trade centre where big ships entered with precious goods. The rulers also had good relation with the Roman Emperors Augustus, Nero etc who issued many gold and silver coins and thus flourishing the trade. The major exports of the age were cotton fabrics, spices (pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric), ivory products( includes tusks of elephants), pearls and precious stones. While the major imports include horses, gold and sweet vine. From these evidences it is clear that the Sangam age was remarkable for its vivid socio-economic conditions eventhough we don't have a clear cut knowledge about the political life of the period. The writers of literary work wrote these in favour of the then rulers and a criticism of the same is not possible. So, political history of South India is still under the shadows. Thus we can say that though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the sociol and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness.
Name : Nivedha Sangam means union.There were three sangams held 1st in Madurai,2nd in Kapadapuram,3rd in Madurai called Muchhsangam. Major literary works were done during third sangam => Thirukkural,Silapathikaram,Manimegalai. SANGAM SOCIETY: >Lands were divided into 5 types #Kurinji #Mullai #Marutham #Neithal #Palai WOMENS STATUS: =>They gave importance to the thoughts of the women.They were allowed to showed their talent like writing poems,. =>They were allowed to choose their life partner . #Famous female poets =>Avvaiyar,Kakaipadiniyar,. #Life of the widow was miserable. #Sati was also practiced mostly in upper classes. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: =>At that time Agriculture was their main occupation. =>Rice was mostly cultivated. #Major imports were , =>Gold ,diamond,horses. #Major exports were, =>Turmeric,Cotton clothes, Ginger, Cinnamon, Cardamom,Peper. #Important ports were, =>Poompuhar,Thondi,Musiri,Uraiyur. Though there were many literary works during this period ,it doesn't account than much on political organization.
Name: Swapna The sangam period is roughly between 300BC to 300 AD. The Muchchangam had various literary sources but only few survived. Tolkappiyam written by Tolkapiyyar(known as father of Tamil grammer)in the second sangam provides various information regarding the socio economic condition of sangam period : Firstly THE SANGAM SOCIETY 1)It had five fold devision of land: •kurinji (hilly tracks) •Mullai (pastoral land) •Marudam (agricultural land) •Neydal (coastal area) •Palai (desert) 2) It has four castes •Arasar (ruling class) • Anthanar •vanigar ( people indulged in trading and commerce ) • Vellalar (agriculturist) 3)Along with this it had some TRIBES •Thodas •Irulas •Nagas •Vedors 4) WOMEN'S STATUS >They were respected and allowed intellectual persuits. >Tamil Literature has some women poets namely - Avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar,ect. >They were allowed to choose their life partner.But life of widows were miserable. >SATI was prevalent in upper class. 5)RELIGION •MURUGAN was the primary diety •He was honoured with six abodes called Arupadai veedu. •some other gods were also worshiped such as Mayon (vishnu), Vender (Indiran),Varunan & Korravai. •Hero stone (Nadukal) worship was significant in memory of bravery shown by warriors in battel. Secondly THE SANGAM ECONOMY •chief occupation was agriculture. •Rice was the common crop. •Many handicrafts were prevalent -weaving,metal work,carpentary,ship building and ornaments were also made with beads stone and ivory. •people had expertise in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes.These had greater demand in western world specially cotton woven at URAIYUR. •Puhar was the major port city. Tondai,Musiri,Korkai are few other commercial ports. •flourished trade with roman as many silver and gold coins of Augustus ,Nero has with found in south india. •It has extensive internal as well as external trade. •MAJOR EXPORT-cotton fabric & spices( pepper,ginger,turmeric,cardamom,cinnamon) along with ivory products,pearl & precios stone. •MAJOR IMPORT- horses,gold & sweet wine. BUT ,soon towards the end of 300 BC, Kalabhras occupied tamil country from 300-600BC.This period is called 'interregnum' or the DARK AGE by the historians.
NAME : VIDUSHI AGARWAL Sangam literature which demarcates about the sangam age is the oldest one known as the TOLKAPPIYAM by TOLKAPPIYAR is considered and also provides insights on the political ans socio- economic conditions of the time with remarkable vividness. It talks about the SANGAM SOCIETY: * The literature refers to five- fold division of lands- ✓kurunji (hilly tracks) ✓murudam (agricultural) ✓mullai (pastoral) ✓neydal (coastal)& ✓palai (desert). *It also refers to four castes namely: ✓arasar (ruling class) ✓anthanar and ✓vanigar (both of trade and commerce) ✓ villalar ( agriculture). * The primitive tribes like " thodas, iruslas, nagas, vedars" lived in this age. It talks about WOMEN at this age too: *This literature gives account of very much information. *women had respect and were allowed intellectual persuits. *Many women poets were there- Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyarand, Kakkaipadiniya who contributed in tamil literature. * Women were given permission to choose their life partner. *But the lives of widows were miserable. * It is also mention about the practice of Sati being prevalent in the higher strata of society. Now lastly it talks about the ECONOMIC condition of that age: *Agriculture was the chief occupation where rice was common crop. *Handicraft like weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building, and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory was there. *These handicrafts were in great demand in external and internal trade that was at its peak during that age. * High expertise were attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes, these were in great demand in the western world especially for cotton clothes woven at uraiyur. *Port city of Puhar became and important place for foreign trade, bug ships entered this port containing goods. *Other ports for commercial activity were Toudi, Musuri, Korkai, Arrikamedu and Marakkanam. *Many gold and silver coins were issued by the Roman Emperors like Augustus, Tiberus and Nero have been found in all parts of the Tamil Nadu indicating flourishing trade. * Major exports were cotton fabrics and spices as cardamon, cinnamon, turmeric, pepper, and ginger along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones. * Major imports for traders were horses, gold and sweet wine. Then it witnessed its decline towards the end of 3rd ce. AD The Kalabhras occupied the tamil country between 300AD to 600AD.
Name Vishal Pal sangam literature gives us the information about the socio economic condition ,religions and the condition of women at the time of the Sangam age. The sangam age flourished between the 3rd century B.C. to 3rd century A.D. SOCIETY DURING SANGAM AGE - The TALKAPPIYAM refers to the five folds division of the Lands - 1.KURINJI- (Hilly track)- Main occupation was Hunting and honey collection. 2.MULLAI- (pastoral)-MAIN Occupation was cattle rearing. 3.MARUDAM- the main occupatin was the agriculture . 4.NEYDAL- (coastal)- the main occupation was fishing and salt manufacturing. 5.PALAI-(desert)- the main occupation was robbery. Religon during sangam age-- The primery diety was the MURUGAN. Other gods were also worshiped . ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE SANAGM AGE - >Agriculture was the primary occupation, the most common crop was Rice. Other important crop were Ragi, Peppar, Ginger, cardimon,sugaercane etc. >Famous crop of thr CHERA dynasty was Jackfruit and peppar. >The important crop of the PANDYAS and CHOLAS was Paddy. > The port city of puhar was the main juntion for the trade and commerce ,other important ports were tondi,musiri,korkai etc. >the main product for foreign trade were Ivory ,peppar ,ginger ,handicrafts, cardimon ,sweet wine etc. >the archeological evidences provide information about the trade between the south india to roman and greek countries . CONDITION OF WOMEN DURING THE SANGAM AGE- >some women poets - avvaiyar, nachchellaiyar,kakkaipdiniyar ,contibuted to the tamil literature. > there was freedom to love marriage. >the practice of sati was prevalent in the higher strata of society. CONCLUSION- the sangam period was very important regarding the evolution of trade and commerce with the foriegn countries. Reaspected life of women and liberty given to them .The indian peninsula is flourished during the sangam age in every aspect.
Name:manasa majoju Sangam period (300 bc to 300 ac) is named after the sangam that was held to assemble the Tamil poets conducted by pandya Kings. There were 3 sangams held during this period. *There is a monarchy ruling during this period. *kings were assisted by wide body of officials. They are categorised into 5 councils. -minister, priests, envoys, military commanders, spies. SOCIAL LIFE: caste was divided into 3 types: *arasas(ruling class) *anatha and vaniga(trade and commerce) *vellar(agriculture) WOMEN STATUS: *they had respect and allowed intellectual pursuit. *they are also allowed to choose they life partner but the life of widow was miserable. * sati was being practised in upper class. *hero stone worship was prevalent done for giving their regards to the bravery shown by warriors in the battle. ECONOMIC LIFE: land was divided into 4 types *hilly *pastrol agriculture *coastal *desert *agriculture was the chief occupation *handicrafts include weaving, metal works, carpentry, ship buildings and making of ornaments. *there was good foreign relation Exports include cotton fabrics, spices and ivory Imports include horses, gold and swet wine Custom duty was imposed on foreign trade.
Name: Dhwani Atodaria Sangam Age (3 BC- 3 AD) constitutes an important source in history of South India. The Sangam literature gives glimpse of remarkable socio-economic conditions of Sangam society. Sangam Society Tolkappiyam refers to five fold divisions of land with respective chief dieties and occupations. *Land. Occupation. Kurinji Hunter gatherers Mullai Cattle rearing Marudam Agriculture Neydal Fishing Pallai Robbery Tolpakkiyam also refers to 4 class on basis of which Sangam society was divided Arasar - king , Anthanars - priests , Vanigars - traders , Vellalas - Farmers • Beside that other tribal groups were also included. • Primary diety was Murugan • Hero stones or Nadu Kal worship was significant Women's Status Women were given better exposure. Some of women poets have emerged out during this time. Love marriage s were allowed. Economy •Agriculture was chief occupation. Rice was dominant crop. Other crops include Ragi,sugarcane,spices, jackfruit etc. •Handicrafts were popular which involves metalworks ,weaving, carpentry,ship building and other artistry works. •Spinning and Weaving of cotton and silk were also practiced. •Both Internal and Foreign trade were well organized and carried briskly . Eventually at the end of 3AD the Sangam age witness its decline due to Kalabhras.
Name:- Bharti jha Sangam age :-3rd century B.C - 3rd century A.D Tamil country ruled by 3 dynasties during sangam period. 1)chera(Kerela) 2)chola(andhrapradesh) 3)pandyas (tamilnadu) -Sangam age described as union or gathering of Tamil poets which was conducted by Pandya king. - There are 3 Sangama held in south India called (Muchhangam). - imp. Sangam literature:- Tolkappiyar written by {Tolkappiyam}. - The dominant kingdom of South India,their political history is not very reliable perhaps the socio economic conditions described more about this period. A) social :- literary (Tolkappiyam) #division of castes- 1) Arasar(rulling class) 2)Anthanars 3)vanigar(traders) 4)vellalar(agriculturists) #women's status:- - women had respect. - they were also allowed intellectual persuit. - they were allowed to choose their life partner. - life of widow was miserable. - practice of sati being prevalent in higher societies. #Religion:- primary diety - - - -Murugan(Tamil god) - other gods worshipped during this period were a)Mayon(lord Vishnu) b)vendan(lord indiran) c)varunan n korravai - worshipping of hero stone in memory of bravery shown by warrior in battle were found in different parts of tamilnadu. B) Economy:- #chief occupation -agriculture #most common crop - rice # handicrafts- metal works, carpentry,ship building, ornaments etc. #internal n external trade was at its peak. 1.Export items:- cotton n silk clotes, spices like(pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, cardamom etc), ivory products,pearls, stones. 2. Import items:- horses, gold n sweet wine. #imp. Port city - puhar(famous for foreign trade) Conclusion:- form the above mentioned factors conclude that during this period socio-economic factors are well organised n maintained. Thay maintain good trading relations with western countries n societies functioned on liberal monarchial system.
NAME: FELIX JOSEPH MAINS ANSWER. INTRODUCTION. The period between 3 BC and 3AD in South of Indian peninsula is known as Sangam period. This is the time where the prominent literary works of Tamil emerged and flourished. The social and economic life during the period was well described in the sagam works. THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE. The life style is associated with the geographical landscape of a region. In 'Thirukkural' the important literary work in Sangam age discribes about the THINNAI (Geographic landscapes) at that time. Kurunji, Mullai, Marutham, Naytal,and palai which refers five tinnai or aintinnai. And each thinnai has its own occupational pattern, form of workshop, culture and manner. The literature breafly discribes the various landscapes and there characteristics. Kurinji the mountain zone, the literature speaks about hilly people and their economic activities. They mainly occupied with hunting, gathering,and shift cultivation. The mullai (forest zone)were forest Dwellers,pastoralism. Then the marutham (riverine zone) they are agriculturalist,they cultivate rice etc. Then the Naytal (coastal zone) their main activity is fishing and trading. And finally Palai (Dry arid zone ) ,their activities are hunting, gathering sometimes robbery.. THE SOCIETY. The sangam society was divided into four fold caste system also. According to tolkapiyam (by tolkapiyar) the society was mainly classified as Antanar (Brahmins,teacher),Arasar (administration) ,Vanikar (traders), Velalars(agrarians). So it is clear that there was a caste system that runs at the time, and was not well established as in Vedic period. POSITION OF WOMAN. Women in early sangam period seem to have performe different roles such as in production process, housewives,poetress, singers,dancers etc. 'Tholkapiyam' said that mostly then men and women are equally treated. More then 50 women have been ranked among sangam literature. Kakkaippandiniyar is prominent amoung them. EDUCATION. In the work by Thiruvalluvar one chapter describes the importance of Education clearly. According to the text almost each division of the society receives education. But the education recived by women was different from that impart to men. RELIGION. 'Tholkapiyam' provide the name and dirties and method of workshop in ainthinnai. (5 physiological unit). That include SEYON (in Kurinji),MAYON (in Mullai),VENDAN (in Marutham), VARUNA (in Neytal) and KORRAVAI( in Palai). CONCLUSION The age of sangam in the extreme south India was one of Cultural transformation. The dynasty Chera,Chola,Pandya plays crucial role in the development of culture and society. The sangam literature give a vast picture of the social and economical life style of people at that time.
Name: Adil Sangam literature remains as source of history of south india. The Tolkappiyam(first known literary work of sangam age) authored by Tolkappiyar provides information about socio economic condition of sangam period Sangam society Tolkappiyam refers to five fold devisions of lands and the people of these five devisions had their respective chief occupation and gods of worship These are 1 kurinji(hilly tracks),worshiped murugan, occupation was hunting and honey picking 2 mullai(pastoral),worshiped mayon,occupation was cattle rearing 3 marudan(agrecultural) worshiped indira, occupation was agreculture 4 neydal(coastal) worshiped varunan,occupation was fishing 5 palai(desert) worshiped korravai, occupation was robbery Tolkappiyam also refers to four castes, 1 Arasar- Ruling class 2 Anthanars- incorporated sangam polity and literature 3. Vanigar- involved in trade and commerce 4 vellalars-agreculturists Economic condition Agreculture was chief occupation Rice was chief crop Ragi sugarcane pepper cardamom ginger turmeric and variety of fruits were other crops Handicrafts also present include weaving, metal works,carpentry Internal as well as external trade flourished in this region Merchants carried goods on cart and on animal back from place to place Port city of puhar was emporium of foreign trade Evidences of trade with greek found from periplus Gold and silver coin issued by roman empire found in parts of Tamilnad Conclusion Sangam literature portrays about socioeconomic status of south indian people vividly
Name : SHIVAM GOSWAMI South India was prosperous under the rule of the chera, chola and pandya although not politically but socially and economically they were well flourished as portrayed in sangam age (3BC - 3AD) According to tollikappiyam people were divided into 5 fold division based on cheif occupation and god worshipped Kurinji(hunters), mullai(cattle - rearers), marudam(agriculturist), neydal (fishing), Palai (robbery) Caste system was also prevalent and people were divided into 4 castes namely arasar, anthanar, vanigar and vellalar. Tribal groups like parathavar, panar, eyinar, pulaiyar were found. . Religion : Seyon or murugam was primary deity. Other gods worshipped were mayon(vishnu), vendon, varunan, korravai. Hero stone was erected in memory of deceased soldier which was of great antiquity. . Women were given freedom to participate in poetry and contributed towards literature. They were allowed to choose their life partners,however life of widows was miserable as practice of sati was seen in high strata of society. . Fine arts :poetry, music and dancing were popular among people. They were expert in folk dance and folk songs. A variety of yazhs and drums were referred in literature. . Economy : They were prosperous economically agriculture was main occupation in chola and pandya while jackfruit and pepper in chera. . They used to grow cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon. Handicraft were also popular which included weaving, metal work, carpentry, ship building, making ornaments using beads and ivory which were high in demand as internal and external trade. . Port city of Puhar became emporium of external trade. Towards the end of 3AD kalabhras occupied Tamil country which slowly declined sangam age.
Name: Melitta Answer :sangam age was from third century BC. eventhough their socio-political and economic condition was not much prominent among the history of south india it was with great remarkable vividness. They have strong administrative system under the king which include minister, priest, military commanders, envoys and spies.. Social conditions : Social condition of sangam age was remarkable. Land were divided into five folds for easy administration. They were kurinji(hilly tracks )mullai(pastoral )marudam(agricultural )neydal(coastal )and palai(desert).people belonging to each division has their own occupation and gods to worship. Arasar, anthanar, vanigar and vellalar were the four castes during the sangam age.different worships were also prevailed during sangam age.primary deity was seyon or murugan.The hero stone or nadu kal worship was significant in the sangam period. As per my opinion one of the remarkable social aspect during sangam age was the priority given to women. Women have freedom to choose her own lifestyle. Women poets like auvaiyar, kakkaipadiniyar, etc..contributed much to tamil literature. Women were allowed to choose their life partner but the saddest aspect was the practice of sati which was prevalent during that time.. Economic conditions : Agriculture was the chief occupation. Rice was the common crop.handicrafts of the sangam period were popoular.which leads to both internal and external trade and contribute much to the sangam economy.internal trade was mostly based on barter system.external trade was carried between south india and the greek.the main exports of the sangam age were cotton fabrics, spices, ivory products, pearls and precious stones. Gold, horses and sweet wine were the chief imports... plenty of gold and silver coins from different parts of tamil nadu reveal the extent of trade. Sangam period witnessed its decline towards the end of the third century AD.
Seema, Sangam period begins from 300 BC- AD 300. Sangam means "Assembly of Tamil poets under the patrogised by kings or chifts". Literatures helps us to reconstruct the history of Sangam period. 1. Political Society: The kings were adopted a monarchy form of government. Also they we assisted with official bodies like ministers, priests, military commanders, envoys. During their period military was well organised. They need income to maintain a military, so they levied a taxes on lands and foreign trade. Also well constructed roads and highways. Karikala king constructed a embarkment along a kaveri river to help the irrigation system. 2. Social Status: Tamil literature " Tolkappiyam", gives a information about their social life.This is tell about, 2a. Women status- they give respect to women. Also women had a freedom to choose their life partner. Practice of sati we can seen in higher society. They also give importance to spiritual development of women. Because of this many women poets gve contribution to the Tamil literature. 2b. Five division of societs- kurinji, mullai, marudam, noydal, palai. 2c. Four casts- Arasar, anthanar, vaniger, vellar. Tribes like Thonds, Nagas. 2d. Religion- they were followers of Brahmanisim, perform the vedic sacrifices. In epic book "Silappatikaram" mentioned about worship of Murugan(Principal deity) and rituals which are related to Murugan. They also worship the other gods like Mayon, vendan, varuran. Also they worship the Nadu Kal(Hero stone). 3. Economic Status: The main occupation was "Agriculture". Romans were exporting handicrafts like weaving, metal works, beads, precious stones, cotton, silk from south India. -They are many important port are present like Korkai, Musiri, Thodri, where trading was take place. -From Roman, India also importing wine, various types of pottery, gold and silver coins. From the above mentioned factors we came to know that, during their period political and socio-economics factors are well organised and maintained.
bharti sangam age is between 3 cent. bc to 3 cent ad. sangam means a social gathering of kings poets, scholars and gods . 1st sangam literature work didn't survive. 2nd sangam hv literature work tolkappiyam a grammar book . 3rd sangam work is tirukkunal bibal of tamil nadu according to tholkappiyam there were 5 fold division of lands kurinji (hilly track), mullai (pastoral), marudam (agriculture) neydal (coastal) and palai (desert) tolkappiyan also reffers to 4 caste arasar (ruling class) , anthanar,vaniger (traders) , vellalas (agriculturists) position of women is good as women were given respect and there were many women poets in that period but position of widows was miserable also sati practice in higher strata. people worshipped thier diety murgan also other gods present in sangam period. festivals related to god also mention in sangam literature . economy agricultre was main occupation and rice was most commonly grown crop important ports cities like puhar witnessed commercial activities of trade and commerce with western world major exports of cotton , spices and imports of horces gold sangam as well as other sources like greek author megasthenes, ptolemy mentioned about commercial trade contact between west and south india so samgam literature describes socio economic conditions during sangam age.
Name : Nooreen Fatima The Sangam Age is the period from 3 century BC to the 3rd century AD. Concerned with the south indian region and the kingdoms of Cheras Cholas and the Pandyas. Sangam means 'Milan', 'to meet'. This period is concerned with the gatherings of Tamil poets in the royal court of Pandyas. Where they compiled literary work. These Sangam Literature is the main source of sangam era. Hence these sources emphasises more on the social and economic conditions. The political history in the tamil literature cannot be fully trusted as it was written in the courts of the kings as the poets couldn't write against the king hence the literature might be biased considering the political history of sangam era and it's kings. Society- Acc. To Tholkapiyam •castes are divided into 3 - Arasar(ruling class), Anthanar, Vanigar (did trade and commerce) Vellalar( agriculturalist). •Land is of 5 types. - Kurinji(hilly tracks), Mullai (Pastoral), Marudam(agricultural) Neydal(coastal), Desert (Palai) •Tribes - Thodas,Nagas,Vedars •Women - were respected and allowed to pursue their careers and choose their life partners. But the condition of widows was miserable. sati - prevalent in higher society. Religion - •MURUGAN - main god. •Mayon, vendan, Varunan, Korravai- other gods. •Hero stone was worshipped Economy •Occupation - agriculture, weaving, Carpenter, making ornaments beads, ivory •Trade - silk clothes and spices exported. •Import- horses, gold, sweet wine. •Coins- of roman empire found in south india.
Sir you said that you are following tamilnadu board text book . But the class 11 book that I downloaded rom tamilnadu board website, it's chapters are not synchronised with your videos? Are referring any old version? Please clarify sir.
Sangam period of South India is dated back to the time period in between 300 BC - 300 AD. "Sangam" means assemblies and colleges of poets. According to the Tamil legends there existed 3 sangams under the patronage of Pandya kings. As 3 sangams were held under the patronage of Pandya kings , We don't find the criticism of kings or the political system in the literature of sangam period. So, these are not very useful in connecting political history of South India. However the sangam literatures throw light upon social and economic condition of that time with remarkable vividness. Social condition ;- Similar to the 4 Varna system of Vedic period , According to the Tolkapayiyam , there were 4 castes namely 1. Arasar 2. Anthanar 3. Vanigar 4. Vellelar * Arasar were ruling class * Anthanar used to play very important role in polity and religion. * Vennigars were traders. * Vellelar were agriculturists. Other tribal groups such as Todas and Nagas were also present. • According to the physiography and use , Lands were divided into five parts. Religion and worship ;- *Murugan was prime Tamil deity. But other deities were also worshipped . * Herostone which was created in the memory of brave warriors was also worshipped. POSITION OF WOMEN :- position of the women was some how better. Women poets were also present. Courage to many women is appreciated in many poems. * Chaste life was considered as the highest virtue of a woman. In Silapadikaram Kannagi is shown as an ideal wife. * Love marriage was very common. Women were allowed to choose their life partners. * Life of the widow was miserable. * In higher class of society practice of Sati was prevalent. ECONOMIC CONDITION ;- Agriculture was the chief occupation. Rice was common crop. * Other crops were Ragi, sugarcane, cotton, pepper, ginger , turmeric etc. * Jackfruit and pepper were famous in chera country. Paddy was chief crop in chola and Pandya country. * Handicrafts including weaving, metal work, carpentry and ship building were popular. There was foreign trade with Roman empire. Like this we come to know social and economic life of Sangam period through the literatures.
Sorry sir I was not able to watch the videos at time.My university has announced final exam from 22 September so I have to give more m time to my course studies,but I am utilizing my time to study for UPSC also
Name Akshat It is a known fact that Sangam age's south Indian political history is not connected with political history of rest of the India because lower southern indian states i.e. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh were never been a part of United India in ancient indian times. As, during the mauryan times, which was known as the largest united India till now, also the lower southern part was not politically connected with mauryan empire. But from Sangam literatures we came to know that it shows social and economic condition with remarkable vividness, as if we talk about women's status, they were fully respected and has intellectual pursuits, women also can choose their life partners but the life of widows are miserable. Women poets also contributed and flourished the Tamil literature and sati pratha also being prevalent in the higher strata of society. Many gods were worshipped in Sangam age like mayon, vendan, Korravai etc. But Murugan hailed as Tamil god and is the primary diety of Sangam age. Murugan was honoured with six abodes. Economic condition was also great at the time of Sangam age as agriculture was the chief occupation and rice was the main crop. The handicrafts were in great demand domestically as well as internationally during this period. Spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes were in great demand in western world. For foreign trade the puhar city became an important place in Sangam age. Major imports of that time were horses, gold and sweet wine as many gold and silver coins issued by Roman empire were found in the are which indicates the flourishing trade in Sangam age. As we saw, sangam age was not much connected with political history but have remarkable vividness in social and economic condition.
Name - Ekta - Sangam literature fails to give political history bez 1. While 3 sangams were held only the last gathering provide material relevant to political history. 2. With hero worship as prime source, poets often exaggerate victories and their territory. 3. Some names, place, dynasty, territory are imaginary and not corroborate by archeological evidence. Social conditions 1. priest , poet received royal patronage. 2. Womens were allowed to choose their partner but the life of widow was miserable. 3. Poets mention 4 varnas - nobility, priest, traders and farmer. Economic condition 1. Five economics zones, hills, Drylands, jungles, plains and coastal each supporting different economic activity. 2. Agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing and patoralism were primary occupation, while crafting and weaving served as secondary source of income. 3. Kings received their income from trade, tribute and plunder. Regular system of taxation was absent. However exports of pepper ,ivory, silk, cotton and booty from raids made the king wealthy.
Name: Md Yousuf Ahmed Sangam literature fails to give political history because of the following points: 1- Three sangams held between 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD. First sangam: attained by god's and sages but works didn't survive. Second sangam: onlyTolkappiyam (grammer book) survives but doesn't help much. Third and last sangam: The Ettutogai or eight anthologies consists of eight works. 2- since poets were patronized by ruling elites exaggeration about the victories,territorial influence. 3- More focus hero-worship rather than how they shaped power, balance and foreign relations with other states. 4- Many of these poets are erotic and romantic in nature. Social condition in sangam age: 1- South Indian society celebrated both Akham (love) and puram(valour) poems. 2- Heroic death, sacrifice, stones and memorials greatly cherished. Varnas : sangam poets mentioned four varnas. 1) Arasars (king/nobility) 2) Anthanars (priests) 3) vaishiyar(traders) 4) Velala(farmers/military posts) 3- Women's were allowed to choose their partners.Love marriage common practice but widows life was miserable. Sati practice was also prevalent upper caste. Economic condition in sangam age: 1- There were five economic zones,each each supporting a different economic activity. e.g. hills, drylands,forest,plains and coast. 2- While the king's received income from trade,tributes and plunder but a regular system of taxation was not seen. 3- All three kingdoms (chola,chera,Pandya) wanted to subjugate lesser chieftains hence war,raid and plunder were normal features of the society leading to destruction of resources and manpower. 4- Agriculture,hunting, gathering, fishing and pastoralism were the main activities performed by them. 5- Both internal and external trade was practiced.silk,cotton, ivory, spices like pepper ,ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric, pearls and precious stones.
Name: Showkat yousuf
The word Sangam is derived from the word ‘sangha' meaning assembly or a sabha. During the period of 400 BCE-300 CE Tamil poets had gathered at different places to publish their works in Tamil,such a gathering was called a Sangam,their work is known as Sangam Literature and the age is called Sangam Age. There were three such assemblies held at Madurai, Kapadapuram and Thenmadurai respectively.
Sangam literature refers to principal ruling chiefs of Cheras, Cholas and Pandayas as Muvendar or three crowned kings.Based on the period of composition it consists of Patinenmelkanakku (oldest surviving Tamil poetry) and Patinenkilkanakku, a collection of 18 poetry compositions during 100- 500 CE and based on context of interpretation it consists of Aham(inner) and Puram(outer).The first mentions human aspects such as love, sexual relations,etc. while the later discusses the heroism,customs,socail life,ethics, philanthropy etc.Tolkapiyam one of the oldest Tamil work till date gives the vivid information on social life,human psychology, political and economic conditions of its time.Kural contains a description of the daily life of an orthodox Hindu,shows the influence of the sanskrit shastras. therefore sangam literature portryas a great deal of its social and economic conditions of its age witha great perception.
Can't thank you enough Sir .. It is only and only cos of you that I at least attempted a mains question .. earlier my hand would shiver to even hold the pen when I try to write a mains related answer .. you are seriously a blessing .. thank you so much ..
God bless you
What happened about your result ?Sneha
Name-T.Ravi,
Ans.
Sangam-According to tamil legends,it means that it is academy of tamil poets.which in ancient tamil nadu popularly known as muchchangam.The literature flourished during this sangam period known as sangam literature.
Sangam age extenda between 3rd century BCE-3rd century CE
This literature was partronized by pandya kings of madurai,held at madurai,kapadapuram,madurai.these works are very important in sangam literature.
Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness:-
From social conditions:-
1.According to,Tolkappiyam written by tolkappiyar, was the earliest tamil literature refers to land division is five-fold
1-kurinji(hilly tracks),2-mullai(pastoral land),3.neydal(costal),4.marudam(agriculture),5.palai(desert).
2.kurinjis-their chief diety was murgan&occupation was hunting and honey collection,Mullai's,they worshipped mayon(vishnu) as chief diety.chief occupation was cattle rearing,dealing with dairy products,Marudam's chief diety was varunan(rain god),chief occupation was fishing &salt manufacturing.
Palai's chief diety was korravai and occupation was robbery.
Also,Tolkappiyam mentioned four castes in his book,these are arasar(a ruling class),anthar(envoys),vanigar(trader),vellalar practised agriculture.many more tribals during sangam age were parathvar,panar,eyinar,kadambar etc.
3.womens were given independence in matters of choosing life partners,love marriage prevailed in sangam age.The practice of sati was prevalent in the higher strata of the society.
Economic condition:-
1.sangam age mainly practised agriculture as their chief occupation,rice was the main crop.
2.Handicrafts flourished during this period,which includes weaving,metal works,carpentary,ship building, ornament making using beads,stones,ivory.huge deamand for these products as internal and external trade was its best stage.
3.high quality cotton and silk clothes were woven,uraiyur clothese made their mark in the western world.
4.Internal and external trade was well organized,internal trade was mainly based on barter system.
5.external trade was carried out between south india and greek kingdoms,puhar became an important tarding centere for foreigners.
6.commercial activity held at tondi,musiri,korkai,arrikamedu,marakkanam.
7.Roman currency was found at these Kingdoms,depicts the presence of roman traders.
8.Exports included cotton clothes,spices like pepper,ginger,cardamom,cinnamon, turmeric, ivory products,pearls , precious stones.imports like gold,sweet wine,horses were brought
Conclusion-by above mentionings,sangam literature explains the vivid socio-economic conditions prevailed in the region...
Name : Johnson ,Manipur
Ans: The Sangam age started between the period of 3rd cent. B.C and 3rd cent. A.D in South India ( Cheras,Chola and Pandhyas). Their famous sangam literarlly works includes Tolkappiyam,Ettutogai,Pattupatti etc. They gave a significants account the social economic condition of that time rather than the political.
Taking the cases :
1. Sangam society :
a. Division of land
- Kurinji(Hilly track),Mullai( pastoral),marudan(agriculture),neydal(coastal),palai(desert)
B. Social division (caste)
-. Arasar,anthanar,vanigar,vellalar.
C. women status
-- allow intellectual pursuit
--- freedom to choose their partners
--- more over sati was prevalent in higher strata of society
D. Religion
--- worship Murugan
--- also workship god like mayor, vendan, varunan, karravai
--- hero stone workship was significant
2. Economy
--- agriculture was the chief occupation
--- ricevwas the main corps
--- handicrafts made from bead,stone, ivory were in great demand in internal and external
--- weaving of cotton and silk clothes
--- Trade with western countries like Greek ,Rome
--- export spices like pepper,ginger,cinnamon etc.
--- major import were horse, gold and sweet wine .
Thus the sangam literature portrays more about the social and economic condition of its time with remarkable vividness than the political hiistory of it.
Name : Harshavardhan Chintha
The Sangam literature represent texts which were authored in Tamil academies held during the period from 300 BC to 300 AD.The corpus of Sangam literature includes texts like Tolkapiyam,Ettutogai,Pattupattu .These works though unable to formulate a connected political account of the period and are full of myths and superstitious stories which serve an important source of the socio-economic conditions during that period.
Social account:
1 .Tolkappiyam refers to four castes namely arasar(ruiling class),anthanar(priest class),vanigar(trading class) and vellalas who were rich
peasants. Other tribal groups like panar,kadambar and maravar are also mentioned.
2 .Position of women
>They were allowed to choose their life partners.
>Women poets like Avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar flourished during this period.
>Love marriage was a common practice.
>Practice of sati was prevalent in the higher sections of society.
Economic account:
1.Agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing and pastoralism were the primary occupations.
2.Also crafting, weaving,etc served as secondary source of income.
3.Agriculture being the chief occupation and rice the most cultivated crop.
4.Both inland and external trade was practiced.
Thus Sangam literature are important source of knowing socio-economic conditions in south India.
Wow sir it's already one year ago since you uploaded but it really helps to to cover my topic easily thankyou so much ❤
Nancy Srivastava
The term sangam means confluence of river or public gathering. The sangam period from 300 BCE to 300CE is the time period when the the sangam literatures were written by the poets. Here the term 'sangam' means the gathering of poets. These gatherings were conducted by the pandaya kings.
There were three sangam (Academies of poets) were held in the history of South India. These literatures are very important to understand the socio-economic condition of the southern India at that time.
The most important book of this period is tirukural written by tiruvallur in 3rd sangam held in madurai The earliest Literary record of sangam period was tolkappiyam written by tolkappiyar in 2nd sagam held in kapadpuram.
- Tamil society
According to the tolkappiyam the land were divided into 5 parts according to it's location, geographical features and people's occupation
1 kurinji
2 mullai
3 marudam
4 neydal
5 palai
People living in these places have their own God, crops and occupation.
There were also 4 social groups or castes:-
1 Arasar
2 Anthanar
3Vanigur
4 vellialar
- conditions of women
1 women were treated respectfully
2 they have freedom of their spiritual and intellectual development
3 they allowed to choose their partners and love marriges were accepted
4 widows life were difficult and miserable
5 In some elite classes sati pratha was also in practice.
Religion
Murugan was main deity of this time apart from him Myon (vsihnu ) varunan etc were also worshipped
Another thing, hero stone was also in practice
Economic conditions
Chief occupation of common people were agriculture, trading, crafting and weaving .
Main crops were cotton and rice
Trade:
trade were conducted between southern India and Greeks after Greek ,Romans were came
Important export- spices like cardamom and pepper craft and cotton and silk cloths were high in demands in Europe
Major imports- sweet wines gold and horses.
Roman gold and silver coins were found in allover tamil land
Puhar seaport was the important foreign trade center, as it's geographical condition allowed big ships to entered, other important sea ports were ; arrikmendu , musiri and tondi . The coin were used as medium of exchange. The internal trade was conducted throug battered system.
Name : Ganga
Sir, this is my frst atmpt for answr writing prctce. I knw it had lots of mistakes. Please forgive me. Bt, wht I write here bcz of the confdnz u give. Thank u sooo much sir. I blv u. In the coming days defenitly I vl imprv my writng ability and my english also.
Answer :
In the Sangam literature Tholkappium authered by Tholkkapiyar and the two epics of Silapathikaram and manimegalai gives lots of informations about the there social and economic life structure. Tholkappium is the earliest of Tamil literature , it's a work on tamil grammar, but it provide information on the political and socio economic condition of the Sangam period. Some Greek authors also mention the commercial contact between the west and south india.
From Tholkappium we get the details about the five fold divisions of lands, such as Kurinji ( hilly areas), Mullai( pastoral), Marudam( agricultural), Neydal(coastal),and Palai(desert). These all have there on occupations.
Tholkappium also refers four castes namely Arasar, Anthanar, Vaniar, Vellalar. The ruling class-arasar, anthanars played a significant role in Sangam polity and literature, Vanigar in trade and commerce, Vellalar were agriculturists.
In the Sangam literature they respact womans. Courage of womans appreciated in many poems also. Womas were allowed to choose there life partner. Also the all peoples encaged in there arts forms.
Economy of sangam age :
There chief occupation was agriculture. Jackfruit and pepper were famous in chera country, paddy in the cholas and Pandya country. Handicrafts were popular in Sangam period. They all are encaged in weaving, metal work, carpntry etc.
Both internal and foreign trade was well organised in the Sangam age. External trade was carried between south india and Greek kingdoms. The main exports of the sangam age were cotton fabrics,spices, ivory products, pearls etc.
In 300 AD the sangam age slowly declined.
Please don't worry Ganga
Name - Ansuman Mohanty
As it is evident the Sangam Age is presented or described by partisan outlook of tamil poets ,about the dominant kingdoms of South India their political ascendancy is not very reliable whearas the socio economic conditions describes more about the prosperity and ideals of that period.
Talking about the
A - Social Coditions:
# The literary source Tolkappiyam describes the division of society into 4 castes,viz
1 Arsar(ruling class)
2 Athanar,Vaniyar (trade and commerce class)
3 Vellar(agriculturists)
# Women of that age were respected(worshipping female diety kannagi can be seen in chera kingdom). They were also allowed for intellectual pursuits,which produced poets like Avvaiyar,Nachchelliyar.
# Women had the autonomy of chosing life partners.
# Regressive practice like sati can be found in upper castes.
# Their primary religious leaning was towards Lord Murugan(the Tamil god ). Apart from him Mayon,Vendan,Varunnan,Korravai were worshipped.
# Patriotism towards ancestoral land could be marked from the worshipping of HeroStone and Nudukal,tombs of martyrs were also raised as memorials.
B - Economic Conditions:
# Agriculture was the chief economic occupation. Mention of Irrigation Tanks in Chola dynasty is an example of agrarian society.
# Handicrafts like weaving-spinning,carpentry,metal works ,ship bulding , ornaments making were also done.
# Well established internal and external trade brought good inflow into the economy. Exports like cotton and silk clothes,indigenous spices,ivory products,pearls and precious stones were done to Western world,Roman empire and other parts.
# Important port cities for international trade was Puhar and others were Todi,Musiri,Arikkamedu.
# Custom duties on imports provided monetary increment and import of gold ,horses,sweet wine brought materials to the land.
# The internal trading,revenue and winnings from war furnished the royal treasury as well.
From above all socio-economic factors we can conclude the kingdoms maintained self-sufficiency through planned trade and commerce and productive occupations and the societies functioned on liberal monarchical ideals ,which are remarkable achievements of that age.
Name:Anju Biju
The Sangam literatures like Tholkappiyam, Silapathigaram and Manimegalai give a vivid account of socio-economic life in South India during the Sangam age between 300BC -300 AD. Though the account of political life during that time is not very well structured and connected ,It can be inferred that the land to the south of river Kaveri had been ruled by mainly three kingdoms The Cheras; The Cholas; The Pandyas; and few minor chieftains. The system was of hereditary monarchy where the king was assisted by a council of ministers and maintained a standing army. Accounts of successful expeditions led by kings are seen in numerous Sangam literatures like the account of King Senguttavan’s expedition to the Himalayas.
The social life
• The land was divided into 5 divisions where the people in each division had a chief occupation and chief deity.
• Tolkappiyam refers to four castes; arasan (ruling class),anthana(priest and nobles),vanigar(trade and commerce)and Vellalar(agriculturists)
• Brahminism can be seen during Sangam age and Murugan is regarded as the chief Tamil god.
• Hero Stones can be seen in various parts of Tamil region which were erected in memory of brave warriors
• Art and literary forms flourished during this period. Kings patronized art, dance and literature. The three Sanghams is a great example to this. Koothu was an important art form that prevailed during that period and it is still prevalent in South India.
• Women were given respect and there were many women poets in that period.
Pattani cult was introduced by Chera king.Sati was practiced in higher strata.
The economic life
• Agriculture was the main source of income. Rulers cleared forest fo r cultivation and constructed dams for irrigation purpose. Rice was the main crop.
• Spices,ivory products,sugar cane, woven cotton textiles etc were exported to Greeks and Romans and horses, gold and sweet wine were imported.
• Literary sources details of Internal trade in barter system and external trade to the western world through sea routes .
• Land revenue ,Custom tax and money earned from conquests were the source of revenue for the land
Thus the Sangam literatures are best sources of history for the social and economic life during Sangam age .The destroyed and undiscovered documents could have linked the blanks dots in political history of South India.
Name -Samiksha Dahake
Answer -Sangam age is defined between 300BC to 300AD in South India where the then rulers were recognised as chera ,chola and pandyas .Chera kindom was confined to region now known as Kerala .Chola kingdom was confined to Some part of Andhra Pradesh and Pandya kingdom was region now known as Tamil Nadu.
We get to know about Sangam age from some inscriptions and literature written in that period .We also get some idea about Sangam age from hearings .These literatures include polkappiyar ,Pattu-pattu and kural and many others .These were written during Sangams or meetings held by Pandya rulers .
Those literatures have mentions about socio and economic conditions about Sangam age but not about political conditions .These literatures mention about the curse of Kannagi ,sati ,women status and many more .We can know from these literatures the military achievements and social practices maintained then .They tell us about officials who were part of administration .These writtings were a result of Sangam meetings held then but we don't have literature work from first meeting held in Madurai .So officially first literature that tells about Sangam age is Polkappiyar .
very interactive lecture though it is one way communications on online . you have simplified one of hard chapter of ancient history in very words .god bless with health and wealth
Wow really!, I didn't expect this much information, thanks 🙏
Rebeccamurali
Introduction
The Sangam Age in Tamil country is significant and unique for its social, economic, religious and cultural life of the Tamils. There was an all round development during this period. The Sangam literatures as well as the archaeological findings reveal these developments.
Social divisions
The Tamil society during the Sangam period was broadly divided into several groups. In the beginning of the Sangam Age, the Tamil society was not organized on the basis of the Vedic caste system, namely Brahmanas, Kshatriyas, Sudras. However, the earliest of the Sangam literature, Tolkappiyam refers to the four divisions prevalent in the Sangam society namely, Anthanar, Arasar, Vaislyar and Vellalar, it may be said that this classification roughly corresponds to the Vedic Social division.
Another Sangam work, Purananuru mentions the names of ancient Tamil tribes such as Thudiyan, Pannan, and Kadamban. These divisions indicate the complex social structure prevalent in the Sangam Age.
Generally, the Tamil society had enjoyed an affluent economy during the Sangam Age. Agriculture, industry, trade and commerce made the Sangam Tamils almost self-sufficient. Exports were also made to the other parts of the world.
Agriculture
The chief occupation of the people was agriculture. Paddy was the main crop. Millet, grams and sugarcane were also cultivated. Irrigation through rivers, tanks and wells was used for cultivation.
Occupation
Weaving and spinning were the most important crafts of the Sangam period. Uraiyur and Madurai were the main centers for the manufacture of cotton fabrics. The weavers produced and exported fine cotton clothes. The word Kalingam refers to very nice garments. The Sangam literature refers to clothes, which were thinner than steam. Silk clothes were also produced in the Tamil country. Other craftsmen like the carpenter, blacksmith, goldsmith and potter had practiced their respective occupations. Fishing and hunting had also remained as important occupation during this period.
Trade and commerce
In the beginning of the Sangam Age, the barter system of trade was followed. Generally, the people exchanged their commodities with their neighbors. For example, the people of Kurinji region exchanged honey with the people of Neydal region for getting fish and salt. Likewise, the Mullai people gave their milk products to Marudham people to get rice from them.
Later, when they began to use coins, trade picked up rapidly. Local markets came up and they were known as Angadis. Both Day Market (Nalangadi) and Evening Bazaar (Allangadi) existed in port towns. The Pattinappalai refers to their existence at Puhar. Goods from distant places were brought to these markets. The expansion of trade led to the growth of towns. Moreover, export of goods
Religion
We have already referred to the five Gods worshipped in the five different regions. In addition to these Gods, the Sangam Tamils worshipped their ancestors. They erected memorial stones called as Nadukal, They were also known as Hero Stones or Veerakkal. Such stones were erected in memory of those who died in battles.
The Sangam people had also worshipped the natural objects. For example, the Sun. Moon.. Earth, rivers and mountains became their objects of worship. Neem tree was considered sacred.
Cultural life
The Sangam Tamils enjoyed a high degree of cultural life. Their interests in education, literature, music, dance, drama and festivals have been described in the Sangam literature.
Education and literature
Education was common for all, men and women, rich and poor and for different communities. Parents attached importance to the education of their children. The Purananooru describes that it is the duty of the father to make his children learned.
The bulk of the Sangamn literature written by about 500 poets indicates the importance given to education. The poets of the Sangam period played vital role in the social and culture life of the people.
The people of the Sangarn Age had spent their time in excellent ways of recreations. Poetry, music, dance and drama were significant. The Sangam poets made the kings as well as the people through rendering beautiful verses. The bards made merry in the king’s courts. The rulers and nobles patronized them with liberal donations. Hunting was another important recreation. The young and energetic took part in duals, while the old played indoor games like dice. Women and girl children had their own games to play and evinced much interest in swimming.
Name-Vikash Chaneja
Introduction -
Sangam age plays an important role in portrays the social and economic condition of south india.Sangam age time period is between 300B.C to 300A.D in South india which is known as sangam period.In sangam age main literary work written by tamil poets such as tolakappiyar, agartaya, tiruvalluvar etc
Tamil poet tolakapiiyar mention about 5 fold-division of land in sangam age-
1.kurinji(hilly area)
2.mullai(for pastures)
3.marudam(agricultural land)
4.neydal(coastal area)
5.palas(desert area)
Tolakapiyyar also mention about the 4 caste system in sangam age-
1.arasar(ruling class)
2.anthanar
3.vanigar(carried on trade and commerce)
4.vellalar(agriculturist)
Woemn status in sangam age-In sangam age women status found to be very good. Women had higher respect and were allowed to do whatever they wants to do. In sangam age women also allowed to choose their life partner but one demerit of that period is life of widow which is very miserable.. Some tamil women who contributed a lot in tamil literature like avvaiyar, nachchellaiyar, kakkaipatiniyar
Religion - in sangam age main deity was murugan who was known as tamil god. In sangam literature festivals related to their main deity murugan was also mentioned. Other gods were vendan(indiran), varunan, mayon(vishnu),and korravai
Economy - In sangam age agriculture was their main occupation others occupation was handicraft, spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. Rice was the common crop in that period. During sangam period internal and external trade were in high demand and port city of puhar was the most important part of foreign trade and imports was done of horses, gold, and sweet wine
Decline of sangam age started from the end of 3rd century A.D because of The Kalabhras who enter tamil territory and occupies tamil territory. This period is known as Dark age by tamil poets historians because of The Kalabhras..
So we can conclude that sangam age gives us lot of information about the economic and social condition of that time that is sangam period....
Ur explanation is awesome sir. it is truely simply understandable. It is really very helpful when u use english along with hindi since the people who cant understand hindi find it easy to follow through english explanations
Pranab Kumar Panda
The Sangam literature gives us the ideas about the history of South India, the Kings and dynasties then. The Sangam age spans from 300 BC to 300AD and witnessed e major dynasties viz. Chera, Chola and Pandya. The period is known as Sangam age because under royal patronage of Pandya kings 3 assemblies (muchhangam) or Sangams were held at 2 different places which were then attended by great sages, poets and people then. The only surviving literary works of the 3 Sangams give us the idea about social and economical conditions of that time.
Talking about the social conditions, we came to know that there were 5 fold land divisions along with their chief deity and occupation namely
1 Kurinji Hilly areas, chief deity Murugan, occupation hunting and honey collection
2 Mullai pasture areas, chief deity Mayon/Vishnu, Occupation cattle rearing
3 Neydal coastal areas, chief deity Varunan, occupation fishing and salt production
4 Palai Desert areas, chief deity Korravai, occupation Robbery
5 Marudam Agricultural land, chief deity Indra, occupation Agriculture
The literature Tolkappiyam also refers to a caste system like
Arasar(Rulers), Anthanars( Sangam politicians), Vanigar(Traders) and Vellalar(Farmers). Other tribal groups include names like Irulas,Nagas,Thodas and Vedars.
Now discussing about social strata of women of that time we get to know that they were respected and treated well. They even got to take their own life decisions like marriage. People used to worship Goddess Kannagi. Women poet names like Nachchelliyar rose to heights in Tamilian literary works. However Sati was practiced in higher strata of the society.
Now talking about the economic conditions of that time, we get some of the valuable information as follows-
People had Agriculture as their main occupation. Jackfruit and pepper cultivation in Chera, paddy in Chola and Pandya were prominent. King Karikala of Chola dynasty built irrigation tanks along the river Kaveri.
Handicraft works and trade flourished in that time like metal works, weaving, carpentry, ship building etc. As there was a great demand for this products in different parts of the landmass and in foreign countries, spinning and weaving of clothes attained a high quality. There was a great demand for Uraiyur woven cotton clothes. The internal and external trade were well organized in that time. The Ashokan edicts, Greek and Roman literaturesas well as archaeological evidences give account of that. Internal trade was based upon barter system. In external trade, the main exports of Sangam as agreed were different spices Stone products like Ivory, Oearls and other precious stones. Gold, horses and sweet wine were the main imports.
I'm the upper description we have potrayed a clear view of the social and economical conditions of Sangam age.
Sir,explaination is clear,,thank
Rajeshwaree
Sangam literature portrays the social and economical conditions of its time , we can trace this informations from some literatures like Tolkappiyam ,Two Epics ( Silappathigaram and Manimegalai ) etc.
Social condition -
According to Tolkappiyam there were four cast -
Arasar (rulling class)
Anthanar( politics and religion)
Vanigar (trade and commerce )
Vellalas (agriculturalists)
Also describes about five folds division of land -
Kuninji, Mullai ,Marudam ,Naydal ,Palai.
Religion -
Primary deity was Murugan . Other gods also worshipped by them.Nadukal worship was significant.
Women -
Women had an important role in Sangam society. There were women poets contributed in Tamil literature.Kapru or Chaste life was considered highest virtue of women.They were allowed to marry the person of their choice but the condition of widow was very miserable. Practice of Sati was prevalent.
Entertainment -
Art of dance and music were highly developed. Koothu was most popular.
Economical conditions -
People were prosperous. Agriculture was chief occupation also with Handicrafts , Spinining and weaving. Internal and External trade was on its peak. Puhar was famous port city for foreign trade.
We have very few Sangam literature but they provide us enormous information about the life of Sangam people, their interest, their resources , occupations , their relationship with others ( Greeks , Romans , North Indians ) and about their beliefs. This are very precious sources to reconstruct the history of Sangam age.
Name: Sahid Ullah
The period between 3rd century BC and 3rd century AD in South India is refer to as the Sangam Period. During this time , three Sangam academies of Tamil poets were held and flourished under the patronage of the Pandya kings of Madurai. The literary works of this time are thus known as the Sangam literature.
Sangam literature and its works provide remarkable insights about the social and economic conditions of its time. An important literary work, Tolkapiyyam refers to the five fold divisions of land and the existence of four castes in the society. Various tribes also lived during this period. Women are given respectful status in the society and allowed intellectual pursuits. People worshiped their primary deity Murugan and festivals related to God were also mentioned in Sangam literature.
Agriculture was the main occupation of the people and rice was the most commonly grown crop. Various handicrafts like weaving, metal works, shipbuilding.etc flourished during this time. Important port cities like Puhar witnessed significant commercial activities of trade and commerce with the western world. Major exports of cotton and spices and various imports took place through these ports, the information about all of which could found in the literary works of Sangam period. Thus providing a vivid and holistic view of the society and economy of its time.
You seem to have a great knowledge on our history
Best of luck
Love from Tamil nadu :)
Name- Kavinmozhi
*Sangam literature - body of classical Tamil literature that developed in ancient south India during 1 - 3 Rd century
*The works like THOLKAPPIYAM,PATHUPATTU,
ETTUTHOGAI,SILAPATHIKARAM are examples of Sangam literature
Why failed for political?
- Only last gathering provides material to political history
- All the sangams were held under political patronage.Hence depiction shifted towards Kings.
- Exaggeration in literature
-Part of literature is romantic in nature
But major focus on depiction of culture, society and economy of people.
1) Five fold divisions of land like kurinj,mullai, marutham,paalai and neithal
2)Four castes mentioned in THOLKAPPIYAM shows the existence of social stratification
3) Agriculture was the main occupation and rice was the principal crop
4) Prevalence of handicrafts and ship building
5)Trade was practiced with Roman empire and imported gold,pottery,silk etc
6) Important ports like Musiri ,arikamedu
7)Clan based society
8)kannagi workshop of chera king
9)Widow life miserable
10) untouchability existed
11) celebrated both agam (love) and puram( war) poem
Thus there is more clarity and depiction of social and economic conditions of people with vividness than that of political one.
The Sangam age is the period between 3rd century BC and 3rd century AD in the southern part of India. The literature during the Sangam age comprising 3 sangams mentions the social and economic conditions of the era. Various accounts by foreign personalities also mentions the Sangam age.
Social conditions:
- Land was classified into five folds: Kurinji(hills), Mullai(pastoral), Marudam(agriculture), Neydal(coastal), Pulai(desert).
- People were classified into 4 different castes: Arasar(ruler), Anthanar, Vanigar(trader) & Vellalar(farmers)
- Murugan was the primary diety worshipped .
- Women were treated with respect. Women poets were present during the Sangam age.
- But the position of widows were poor. Practice of sati has been noted.
Economic condition:
- Internal and external trade were well organised.
- Agriculture was the primary occupation. Rice, ragi, sugarcane, jackfruit and spices were grown and exported
- Handicrafts including weaving, carpentary, metal works, ornaments making flourished
- Greek and Romans were major trade partners.
- Puhar was the major port.
- The main import items were gold, horses and sweet wine.
Name : kalyan
The period from 300 bc to 300 AD in the Tamil literature is called Sangam age . The period where the poet's met and flourished the age . There were many poets like Aggutiyar , Tolakappiyar , Nakkiyar etc .
Social life :
Tolakappiyar refered 5 states of land divison
1. Kurinji ( hilly area )
2. Mullai ( pastoral )
3. Marudam ( agriculture )
4. Neydel ( coastal )
5. Palai ( desert )
Caste system divided into 4
1. Arasar
2. Anthanar
3. Vanigar
4. Vellalar
There are some important tribes like todas ,Irulas etc.
* Women had importance , can pursue anything that they wish. Many women poets like avvayur etc.
* Mainly worshipped Murgan God.
Economic life :
* Agriculture is the main source .
* Other than agriculture there were many like carpenter , mental work etc.
* Cotton cloth and silk clothes were of high demand . This very busy with internal and external trade.
* Apart from these Ivory, precious metals , pearls were also also important for livelihood.
* Species which where available plenty has high demand from the foreigners . Port routes were also available and external trade was also easy with this.
# The literary works from south of India has huge impact on the people of the country. The economic conditions of the people of South is still the same as they had at that time . The naturally available resources play an important role in today's age also.
Thanks alot for beautiful explanation I started yesterday today I am on 8 one .
Ur such a knowledgeable explanation made me sticks to ancient history .. I guess after class 6-7 almost 10 yrs I am reading ancient history
Welcome dear. Best wishes
NAME ; RICHARD D
The sangam age gave the remarkable social and economic conditions in history of both south india and tamilnadu.it's quoted that the sangam age can be revived through the sangam literature espacially through the pathinenkilkannu .
Actually there were 5 major divisions of people according to their place where they live,its deatil is gived in the tholkkapiyam which is the oldest book of tamil literature
hilly region - kurinji - people lived kuravar , kuratiyar-work done honey taking and cutting trees-god ; murugan
pastrol region - mullai - people lived ayar and ayachiar-work done rearing of cattle and hunting-god;mayon called as vishnu
agricultural region -marutham -people lived ulavar,uluthiyar-work done agricultue and cutting forest to bring land under cultivation-god;indiran
coastal region-neithal-people lived paravar and parathiyar-work done salt making , fishing and trading-god;varunan(rain)
desert region -paalai-people lived maravar -work done deacoity-god;kottravai
These were the divisions which were followed during sangam period and there are certain other divisions also found there those who not come under these catagories ,which was also mentioned in tholkappiyam
arasar - ruler class people
anthanar -priest class people
amaichar-minister class people
senathipathi-militory commander and sub ordinate officer
vanigar- large traders
and there founds several other class found all regions the above divisions in made up of job profile of the people.
There was tribe also during the sangam age also Irular,Nagas,thodas and vedars.since,we can assume that the first class of division is based upon the place they lived and the further divisions based on the job profile.The traders emerged as an new power during the sangam age because of flourising trade both internal and external trade .
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS;
1) Agriculture was the major occupation in which the rice is the main crop
2) Craftsman ship ,trading ,skilled weaving and spinning of silk was very prevalent .
3) jackfruit ,peper ,cinnamom,cradoman and other spices were very famous in chera dynasty.
4) there were major sea ports such as musiri ,thondai , pumbuhar,korkai and minar ports arikai medu ,marakannam were used by the traders which had connection with the greek and ancient rome . the gold coins issued by the rome kings such as auguthies,nero were found in tamilnadu and the tamil kings coins were found there .
5)cattle rearing were dairy products prevalent during the sangam age
6)ivory and ship making were also become prevalent . cholas uraiyur cotton had a large market in western country and it is said in poem that is as light as snake skin to wear.
7) due to flourising trade only the capital of cholas has been transferred from uriyur to poombuhar.
8)due to the flourising trade the roads are constructed and made safer to transport valuable trading goods.
WOMEN CONDITIONS
1) women were allowed to study and get intellect but only to certain class of women espacially higher class women .lower class women were not allowed as that much.
2)there is practice of sati ,especially in higher class people
3) though there were lot of women poets avaiyar,kakapadiniyar in the sangam period
there were lot of flourishing class people and good socio and economic relations but after the kalabharas captured and destroyed its was revived by the pallavas and pandyas .
Name: GIRIDHARAN S
-The sangam period is defined as the time period between 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE in the south Indian region.
-The sangam literature includes the Tamil works Tholkappiyam, Ettuthogai and Pathupattu.
-Tholkappiyam by Tholkappiyar being a grammar work, also glows as a literature work explaining the social and economic conditions of the common people of that time.
-Ettuthogai is a compilation of 8 works and pathupattu is of 10 works.
-Both has not contain a continuous text. All the poems were seperately written by various poets of the sangam peroid.
-They are all compiled in the later stage. So, the political history of that time is not understandable with the sangam literature.
-But the literature works mention some of the names of the rulers of that time and the three ruling family viz., Chera, Chola and Pandya.
- On the other side, social and economic history including love life, marital life, agriculture, trade and exchange of the sangam age is clerly mirrored in the sangam literature.
Name- shivani sharma
The sangam literature shows the remarkable vividness in the social and economic conditions of its time. We can understand this from following points.
* Hereditary monarchy was the form of government during the sangam period
* Each of the sangam dynasties had a royal emblem ,like chera have bow and arrow ,cholas have tiger and pandyas have carp as emblem
* Land revenue was the chief source of states income while custom duties was also imposed on foreign trade
* Evidence from Tolkappium shows society have five fold devisions
* The primary diety of the sangam period was seyon or murugan
* The hero stone or Nadu kal worship was significant in the sangam period
* Life of women was good during this period ,they were allowed for love marriages ,bt life of widows was miserable. The practice of sati was prevalent in higher strata of society.
* They were experts in folk dance, arts and music were highly developed.
* Agriculture was the chief occupation
* Handicrafts of the sangam period were popular
* Both internal and foreign trade was well organised.
* Internal trade was mostly based on the barter system
* External trade was carried between south india and Greek kingdoms
* The main exports of sangam age were cotton fabrics,spices like pepper,ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric .
* Gold , horses, and sweet wines were the chief exports.
This was all about the social and economic conditions of sangam age.
Very well explained...
God bless u sir......❤❤
Taniya Mathai
The Sangam literature is a collection of poems composed of Union of poets by the advice of Pandya Kings in Dravidian language. Sangam age is 300 BC - 300 AD. In this time Chola ruled in Andhrapradesh,Chera ruled in Kerala and Pandya in Tamilnadu.
Let's look some Sangam session,
1st Sangam held at Madurai in Tamilnadu.at this 1st Sangam time no literary works are found, the chairman of this session is Agatarya is father of Tamil Literature.
2nd Sangam held at Kapadapuram at this Tholkappiyam is the literature written by Tholkappiyar and he is the father of Tamil Grammar and he is the chairman of this session.
3rd Sangam held at Madurai at this time the most important literature work is Thirukkural it is known as the Tamil Bible written by Thiruvaluvar,other than that some important works are Eltutogai, Pattu-pattu etc. These literature explains the trade and commerce and it tells about the religion practiced by them and how the women are treated . But they don't explain about the political background because they fear their king. So, Sangam literature might not be very relevant from the prospective of connected political history of South Indian, but it protrays the social and economic conditions of Its time with remarkable vividness.
Very effective video. Thanks. I have seen one ques in 2011 uppcs mains in which it was asked critical survey of society and culture of sangam age. What points we should add in this ques and how to portray negative points of sangam age in unbiased manner? Pls guide
Name -Indu
Sangam period is the period
where tamil poets make wonderful contribution to tamil literature. It is the period around 3BC and 3AD.
In this period is wonderful where important literature is written tottipyaar. etc.
In this period social and economical life furnish wonderfully .That period is peak in economic as well social life.
Social life -
• In this period women can do love marriage.
•But live of widow is miserable.
•Sari is prevalent in upper starta people of society.
•People follow morugan it is ancient god.for god they organised festival as well.
•There Gods are aslo follow such as vishnu and indar.
•In the kingdom of sethiguan kenggi was follow as ideal wife.
•People are divided according to there work such as agricultuarist.
•People do agriculture such as cadmanon,epper etc means mainly do agriculture of species.
• Rice is the maine staple food of people around this period.
Name- Deepa Kumari
Sangam literature is the collection of literary works of 3 sangams.The works like Tolkappiyam,Pottupottu,Silappathikaram and Manimekalai are examples of Sangam literature.
Though the sanagams were held under political patronage,the literature was never meant to glorify any one kingdom or ruler.These were free expression and hence major focus was on depiction of culture,society,economy and life of people.But in doing so,it also provided some references to the polity of the region.One can find references of chola,pandya,chera kingdom but no detailed description was there. The description was not a chronological and continuous historical accounts and its utility should be seen only in that context.
On the other hand,Sangam literature provided a more detailed description of socio-economic structure:
-The five fold division of land mentioned in Tolkappiyam describes associated occupations also.For example:On kurinji land(hilly tracks) people followed honey collection and hunting,on Marudam (Agricultural land) people followed agriculture etc
-The four castes mentioned in Tolkaappiyam describes social stratification.
-Agriculture was the chief occupation and rice the principle crop.
-Cotton clothes has been compared as slough of snake,indicating weaving as an occupation.
-Handicrafts,ship-building was prevalent.
-Trade was practiced with Roman empire.
-Worship of Kannagi depicting better position of women.
Thus there is more clarity and vividness in depiction of socio-economic system of the region,as compared to depiction of political system.
Name: Akshaya.S
Introduction:
From 3rd century BC to 3rd century Ad was known as Sangam age. The term sangam is known as gathering which took place in three times at different periods between tamil poets.As we dont have clear data about political life of sangam age with the help of literature we came to know about thier well planned social life and wealthy economic conditions.
Soceity:
From the literature Tolkappiyam which is also known as father of tamil grammar and earliest work found from sangam age mentioned that people divide the region based on geographical conditions and lived .The different regions and people who lived are
Kurinji: Hilly region -Hunters and gatherers
Mullai:Forest -Pastoralism , cultivation
Marudam: Riverine tracts- agriculture
Neidal: Coastal land-Fishing and salt making
Palai: Dessert -Cattle lifting
and there were four castes or classification of people based on their occupations
Arasar- The Ruler
Anthanar-The priest
Vaniyar-Trader
Vellalar-Agriculturalist
Life of women:
The literature confirms that women has respectable life.They involved in literature work and all other works. we can also find many women poets and their contribution to literature like Avvaiyar and there is also proof sati for widow women in royal families this shows insecurities among royal mens.
Religion :
The literature potrays the lord Muruga as Tamil god and there is also evidence of Budha and jainism in region. the buddha stupas were also found . It is found that jainism has more influence than buddhism.
Economy:
The people were very much involved in agriculture.The rice was main cultivation .Other works such as weaving,metal work,internal and external traders were also happened. The pepper,ginger,caradamon,ivory products,pearls,precious stones were exported. Sweet wine,horses,gold were imported.This shows their busy and economical conditions.
Preetesh Naik
The Sangam age dates from 300 BC to 300 AD. This is is named after the Sangam academies that were held during those Times. Three Sangam academies were held known as Muchchangam. It is through the literary works found in the Sangam academies that the history of the kingdoms of South India can be reconstructed.
since the academies were conducted under the royal patronage of Pandyan kings the political history is not reliable but it is viewed as the source to understand the social and economic conditions.
SOCIAL CONDITIONS:
The Sangam society was categorised into 4 castes mainly Arasar (ruling class),the anthanars, the vanigar (those who conduct trade and commerce ) and vellalar (agriculturists) .
WOMEN:
Women were also respected during the Sangam age. Moreover they also had an option to choose their own life partner.
King Senguttivan of Chera dynasty started the worship of kannagi as ideal wife.
Also woman were able to carry on their intellectual pursuits.
Many women poets are also found.
But the life of widow women were miserable. Also traces of regressive practices like sati could be found in higher strata of the society.
RELIGION:
Lord Murugan was the main deity of the Sangam age. Also other gods like Mayon, vendan, varunan and korravai were worshipped.
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:
the main source of state income was land revenue apart from custom duties.
Agriculture was the main occupation during Sangam age. Other occupations such as carpentry, metal works, ship building, ornament making, ivory works flourished during this age.
the expertise gained in weaving and spinning of cotton and silk had resulted in demand in the Western world. Thus tremendous trade and commerce activities took place through ports like
Puhar, Tondi , Korkai etc. Also many finished goods and spices like cardamom, cinnamon , pepper , Ginger were exported to other countries. While horses ,sweet wine and gold were imported. Many coins issued by the Roman emperors like Augustus, Tiberus and Nero were found in most parts of Tamil Nadu thus indicating the flourishing foreign trade.
Thus from the above facts it is clear that the social and economic conditions were well maintained and organised during the Sangam age.
Name-Manas Ranjan Dakua
1st question ans
Senguttavan
2nd is a
Name: S Seenivasan
The sangam literature which was dated back during the sangam period(300 BC to 300AD) is the main source about people and their living standards during that time in southern region. These sangam literature has some details about the the political structure but it is controversial yet it best describes the social and economic conditions of that period.
Though agriculture was the primary occupation, people of various geographical areas practised different occupation, culture etc., According to Tholkappiyam, Tamil land was divided into five regions namely, Kurinji(hilly areas), Mullai(forest areas), marutham(riverine tracts), Neydal(Coastal areas), palai(deserted areas).
Though Bhramanas enters Tamil country during the sangam age, varna system is still not grasp its root here. generally three classes of rulers identified here. They are Kizhlar, velir, Vendar. Among them Vendar is the one who suppressed and controlled Kizhlar and velir over large territory of fertile land. Numerous wars wer happened between them mainly for territorial expansion which leads to inequalities in the society i.e., War prisoners, slaves etc., Women actively participated in economic production but practice of sati was prevalent only in higher class of society.
As far as Economic, they are well flourished in Internal and external trade, because of the position of Indian peninsula in the maritime trade that connects west and east. They produced various spices especially pepper, Mulin, silk, cotton, ivory products, artecrafts. Names on the pottered vessels indicates the presence of non tamil speaking merchants. Sangam literature pattinampallai says that merchants, craftsman and artisans from magadha, maratha, Malaya, Roman were worked together with local people. There were various towns which glorifies craft production such as Kaviripattnam, korlai, pujar, misti etc., There were many craftsman such as Iron smither, Beads and gold worker, ornament maker, Potters, weavers etc., They maintain good trading relation with Western Romans, Arabians as well as South East Asian people.
Thus from the above facts we can infer that sangam literature best describes Socio-economic conditions than political conditions during sangam period.
Great sir thank
Nang Ampu Introduction: The social and economic conditions of Sangam age has been significantly elaborated by various authors of this period. And Tolkapiyar is one of them. He presided over second sangam council and provides ideas about social and economic life about this period in his work " Tolkapiyam". Society : 1. Tolkapiyar suggests that the sangam period was divided into four caste. Arasar being the ruling class, Anthanar played important role in polity and religious activities, Vaniger were the traders and Vellales were agriculturist. 2. Women were well educated and respected in the society which can be seen from poems written by famous sangam age women poet. 3. Love marriage was allowed but life of widow was miserable. 4. Sati was also prevalent in higher strata of society of the sangam age. Economiy: 1. Agriculture was the main occupation and rice was the most common crop. Irrigation was also practiced. 2.Barter system of trade was followed. 3. Spinning and weaving was one of the most important craft. Items such as cardamom, ivory, cotton were mostly exported while gold and silver were imported. 4. Land revenue was the main state income. Thus Sangam literature portreys the social and economic life of its time vividly.
Name- shubham
Sangam age mostly describes the area south of the river krishna and tungabhadra ,the period of sangam age was-300BC TO 300AD .tamil country ruled by 3 prominent rulers:-
1)chera (ruled presently kerela) ,emblem-bow
2)chola (ruled presentlt south of andhrapradesh),emblem-tiger
3)pandya (ruled presently tamil nadu) ,emblem-carp
Sangam is a gathering of the tamil poets which was done under the pandyan king in which they use to write the literature works ,as these were done under the kings also sometime on order of the king the poets were not writing against the king ,else they might face the punishment.so its said that the literature works under the sangam age do not clearly tell us the political life of that period
comming to the socio-economic life of the sangam age which is described by the literature tolkapiyaam written by tolkapiyaar
5 fold division of land:-
1)kurinji(hilly tracks)-------diety=murugan------------occupation=hunting,honeycollection
2)mullaii(pastorals)-------diety=mayon(vishnu)------------occupation=cattle rearing,dairy products
3)marudam(agricultural)-------diety=indra------------occupation=agriculture
4)neydal(coastal)-------diety=varunan------------occupation=fishing ,salt manufacturing
5)pallai(desert)--------diety=korravai-------------occupation=robbery
society divided in 4 caste:-
1)arasar----ruling class
2)anthanars---sign role in sangm polity and religion
3)vanigars---carry trade and commerce
4)vellalas---agriculturist
posn of women:-There were women poets also,the womens were given respect ,love marriage was common,practise of sari was commom in higher class strata,dancers were patronized by kings and nobles.
economic life:-
agriculture was main occupation.ragi-common crop,jackfruit and pepper famous in chera country,rice main crop of chola and pandyan empire,handicraft and weaving ,making of ornaments,stones and ivory were chief work people use to undertake.internal and external trade was at its peak.internal trade based on barter system,external trade with greeks and roman as a result most gold and silver coins were found in south indian region by roman and greeks kings.puhar port was main port .imports were-sweet wine,horses,gold and exports were cotton fabrics,turmeric,cinnamon,ginger,and many other spices
thus the socio-economic life was pretty well ,but the empires gt decline and was attacked by kalbhras whoruled for about 2 and half yrs .and the period of kalbhras was known to be 'dark age' by early historians
Sangam age:The period rougly between 3rd century B.C to 3rd century A.D(the area lying to the South of river Krishna and tungabhadra).
We know the sangam age their socio-economy by sangam literature poets i.e Tamil poets.
In one of second sangam which was held at kapadapuram,Tolkappiyam was written by tolkapplyar(father of Tamil literature)
Socio-In Tolkappiyam refers to five fold divisions of land-
1)Kurinji(Hilly rocks)
2)Mullai(pastoral)
3)Marudam(agricultural)
4)Neydal(coastal)
5)Palal(desert)
i.e means the people here are practicing their works and they live in in different fold of lands.
Tolkappiyam also refers to four castes namely
1)Arasar(ruling class)
2)Anthanar
3)Vanigar(trade & commerce)
4)Vellalar(agricultural)
Ancient primitives tribes like thodas,irulas,nagas lived in this period.
Women's status:had respect and were allowed in intellectual pursuits.
Women poets like avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar etc..who flourished and contributed to Tamil literature.
They allowed to choose their life partner.life of widows was miserable.
Practice of sati being prevalent in the higher strata of the society.
Religion: primary deity was Murugan also other we're worshipped Mayon(Vishnu),vendan(indrian),varuna and kodraval.
The hero stone or Nadu Kal worship was significant in the sangama Period was erected in the memory of the bravery shown by the warriors in battle.
Economy:
Agriculture was the chief occupation where rice was the most common crop.The handicraft included weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory.These were in great demand in the internal and external trade that was at its peak during the Sangam period.A high expertise was attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes. These were in great demand in the western world especially for the cotton clothes woven at Uraiyur.The port city of Puhar became an important place of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port containing precious goods.Other significant ports of commercial activity were Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu and Marakkanam.Many gold and silver coins that were issued by the Roman Emperors like Augustus, Tiberius and Nero have been found in all parts of Tamil Nadu indicating flourishing trade.Major exports of the Sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices like pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones.Major imports for the traders were horses, gold, and sweet wine.
Name - Parrvathy R Nair
The sangam age is between 3rd BC to 3rd AD.
Tolkappiyam authored by Tolkappiyar, is the earliest of tamil literature. It provides information on political and socio-economic conditions during sangam age.
Social Aspects:
Tolkappiyam refers to the 5-fold division of lands namely :
1.kurinji-hilly tracts
2.mullai-pastoral
3.marudam - agricultural
4. Neydal - coastal
5. Palai - desert
The tamil country was ruled by 3 dynasties namely:
1. Cheras : ruled over parts of modern Kerala. Capital is Vanji.
2. Cholas : kingdom extended from modern Tiruchi to southern Andhrapradesh. It's capital was first located at uraiyur and then shifted to Puhar.
3. Pandyas : ruled over present day southern Tamilnadu. Capital was Madurai.
Sangam polity:
Hereditary monarchy was the form of government during this period. The king had also taken the advice of his ministers, court-poet and the imperial Court or avai.
Position of women:
There is plenty of information in the sangam literature to trace the position of women. Women were allowed to choose their life partners, love marriage was allowed, but life of widows was miserable. Practice of sati was prevalent in the higher strata of society.
Economic aspects:
Agriculture was the chief occupation. Rice was the commonest crop. Ragi, sugarcane, cotton, pepper etc and a variety of fruits were the other crops.
The handicrafts of sangam age includes weaving, metal works, carpentry, building ships and making ornaments using beads, stones and Ivory.
Spinning and weaving of Cotton and silk clothes attained a high quality.
Both internal and foreign trade was well organised and briskly carried out during this period.
The main exports were cotton fabrics, spices like pepper, cinnamon, ginger etc.
Gold, horses and sweet wine were the chief imports.
Thnk q so much sir for your nice explaination
Heart ❤️ from Tamilnadu ...
May Lord Bless You Sir 🙏
Name - Muskan Kanaujia
Sorry sir i am late to watch this because of hectic college classes. Answer- The sangam literature is prevalent during 3rd century CE to 3rd century AD in southern India . The sangam Literaure of 3 phase talks about socio-economic conditions of the era. Major poets and foreign scholars also mention about sangam age.
The conditions are as follows:
There were five kind of Lands and Four caste are relevant during that time.
The primary diety who was worshipped was Murugan
-major trade partner were greek and roman
-Agriculture was the main activity
-Puhar was the main seaport
-women was respected, allowed to pursue profession, women poets were also there and sati system was follow by elite class , position of widow was miserable.
-internal and external trade was also there.
-Chola, Chera and Pandya were the major ruler.
- As we all know the poets write about kings with their permission we cannot relly totally on the text written by them.
- economic conditions are also good because of trade and commerse and also coin regulation.
-King have 5 official under them
Gr8t
Name: Ashwini Yadav
The Sangam Age tell us about the dynasty which contributed more towards literature, economic and social life.
Introduction:
*The period between 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD in South India is called Sangam Period.
*Here we see 3 major dynasty called Chola, Chera and Pandya.
*Pandya were the people who organised the Sangam in Dravidian literature especially in Tamil.
*There are 3 Sangam, which 1st and 3rd held in Madurai (capital city of Pandya's) and 2nd in Kapadapuram.
*The famous works in last 2 Sangam are Tolkappiyam (Tolkappiyam), Tirukkural(Tiruvalluvar).
Administration:
*Monarchy was the form of government.
* Wide body of officials who were categorised into 5 councils (Amaichar, Anthanar, Thuthar, Senapathi, Orrar).
* Revenue and Custom duty was chief source.
*Roads and highways were maintained and guarded.
Sangam Society:
*Tribes like Thodas, Nagas and Vedars lived in this period.
* Women were respected and allowed to intellectual pursuits.
*In this age, the woman had choice to select their partners, but widows life was miserable.
Religion:
*Primary deity was Murugan ( son of lord Shiva), and other gods worshipped was Vishnu, Indiran, Varun and Korravai.
*For the memory of the bravery shown by the warriors were worshipped in the form of Nadu Kal(Hero stone).
Economy:
*Agriculture was the chief occupation, rice was the most common crop.
*Internal and external trade were in peak during Sangam period.
*Spices were traded.
*Horses, gold and sweet wine is imported.
Sangam were occupied by a Kalabharas, which was called as “dark age"by earlier historians.
Conclusion:
Sangam age was the period who contributed more for literature work, also give importance to women and their future life, agriculture and worshipped the memory of bravery warriors this shows the economic and social life of a Sangam age.
Name :Shravan Kumar
The social life of south India during sangam age was very well organised. There was a hereditary monarchy form of government which was further assisted by officials who were categorized into 5councils Namely Ministers, priests,envoys,military commanders, and spies. A regular army was maintained to prevent foreign invasions. The roads and Highways are well maintained. Tolkappiyam a sangam literature tells us about the five fold division of land during that period. It also refers to 4castes namely Arasar,Anthanar,Vanigar and vellalar.
Women status:
Coming to status of women they were given a freedom of their professional career. There were women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar who contributed to Tamil literature. They were also allowed to choose thier life partner but the practice of Sati was depicted during this period.
Economic condition:
Agriculture was the main occupation during this period. Due to the emerged port cities there was also export of Agricultural produce such as Cotton fabric, spieces like pepper,cardamom,cinnamon,etc.,thus there is a great demand in external and internal trade. Handicrafts such as weaving,Metal works, Carpentry, ornaments, etc., were also in demand.
These were the social and economic conditions during the Sangam age which played an important role in the south Indian History.
Name: kavyashree.M
Introduction
The sangam period plays an important role in the literature , social and economic condition of South India .The period toughly between the 3rd century B.C and 3rd century A.D in South India we can see the area lyling to Krishna and Tungabhadra is known as sangam period.
About the literature:
The first sangam is held at madhurai,and the chair man of this sangam called aggutiyar . The second was held at kapadapuram the literary work -Tolkappiyam written by Tolakappiyar.The third was held at madhurai and and literary work- Trikkural written by Triruvallur (this book as Bible of tamilnadu)
Administration
Sangam period hereditary monarchy was in practice.
The king was assisted by 5 widely categoriesed councils.
There were Minister's amaichar ,priest, envoys,military commandars & spier
The income. Source will come from land revenue,customs duty imposed on foreign trade
The roads and highways were maintained
Sangam society:
In the second sangam period literature work Tolkappiyam written by Tolakappiyar (father of Tamil Grammer).
In the Tolkappiyam there is five fold division of lands
1.kurunji (hill tracks)
2.mullai (pastrol)
3.marudam ( agricultural land)
4.neyadal(coastal)
5.palai(desert)
In Tolkappiyam 4 caste system also mentioned
1.Arasar ( ruling cls )
2. Ananthar (priest )
3.varigar( trade and commerce guider)
4.vellalar (agriculturists)
And the premetive tribes like Thodas,Iralas, Nagas,Vedars are also lived in this period.
Women status:
Women had respect and we're allowed intellectual pursits
There were women poets like Avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar and Kakkaipadainiyar who are contributed to Tamil literature.
They had given the right to choose their life partner
But the widow ws miserable. They can't think about all those facilities.
There is sati system being prevalent in the higher cls society
Economy:
Agriculture was the chief occupation were Rice is a the most common crop
The handcraft , weaving, metalwork, carpentry,ship building, making oranaments , ha e great demand in foreign trade
Puhar became a important place for foreign trade.
The major Imports are horse, sweet wine, gold.Export are cotton fabrics, and spices like pepper, ginger,cardamon, cinnamon, ivory products .
Conclusion:
The sangam period is especially deals the literature in his whole period.and the decline of sangam period has several reasons like the kalabharas occupied the Tamil country of post sangam period
The period was also called 'dark age' by the earlier historians.
eagerly waiting for video
Name- PRINCE INDULASH
Sangam Literature is the Tamil Literature composed during the great poetic meetings during 3rd Century BC to 3rd Century AD in South Indian land.
Economic Importance
* It tells us about the active Indo-Roman trade, there we used to import and export- gold, cotton clothes, spices, pearls, precious stone, sweet wine and horses.
* It tells about important cities- Vanji, Puhar and seaports- Tondi, Masiri, Karki, Arikamedu, and Marakkam.
* It tell that Land revenue was the chief source of state's income and Agriculture was the chief occupation.
* Internal and External trade was well organized and it was at its peak.
* Barter system was in internal trade.
* Economic declined had set in by the end of 3rd Century as the poets don't praise the then Kings highly.
Social Importance
* It tells about worship of Kannagi or Pattini Cult as a ideal wife in TN introduced by Senguttuvan famous Cheras King.
* Hereditary Monarchy was the form of government.
* There was land division- Kurinji, Mullai, Marudam, Neydal and Palai
* Chief Deity was Seyon, Murugan, Mayon, Indra, Varuna and Korravai.
* There was caste system- Arasar, Anthanar, Vanigar and Vellar, Arasar was rulling class, Anthara played a significant role remaining are like shudra.
* Position of Women was good, Women poets like Avvaiyar, Nechchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar flourished in this period but life of widow was miserable.
* Women were free to choose their life partner, love marriage was a common practice.
* Poetry, Music and Dance were popular.
Political Importance
* Some of the stories like attempts to link to mahabharata war and pandavas are obviously an exaggeration. Yet It tells us about some real events, For example The Sangam Chola King Karikala who won the battle of venni he defeated the mighty confederacy consisting of the his opponents. Vahaipparandalai was another important battle fought by him.
* Cheran Senguttuvan, among his military achievements his expendition to the Himalayas was remarkable.
Mehul Chawla
Answer:
Sangam Age plays a very crucial role in the History of South India. From the Sangam literature like Tolkappiyam by Tolkappiyar , Kikanakku , various archeological sources and foriegn accounts we could infer that there is a remarkable clarity in the Social and Economical Life in that period.
The Details about the Social Life are stated below:
Tolkappiyam, a literary record from the second Sangam by Tolkappiyar refers to five fold division of land based on occupation : 1) Kurinji( Hilly arears) 2) Mullai(pastotal) 3)Palai( Desert) 4) Neydal (Costal areas) 5) Murudan(agriculture)
Tolkappiyam refers to 4 castes prevailing at that time namely Arasar(ruling class), Anthanar( played a key role in sangam polity), Vanigar(engaged in trade and commerce), Vellalar(engaged in agriculture)
Women were free to choose there husband
Women were allowed to receive Education
Many women poets like Avvaiyar also gave their contribution to the sangam literature.
Female Dancers were patronized by and ruling class and nobles.
Practice of Sati was prevalent among the high class maybe because of insecurity among the husbands.
Murugan was their most important god.
Nadu Kal( hero stone ) worship was prevalent.
Details about the Economical Life are stated below:
Agriculture was their most important activity, others include rope making, ship building, weaving.carpentering were also prevalent
Major crops that were grown during that time include ragi, rice, cotton, spices like pepper, cardamom, turmeric etc.
Cotton, spices, pearls, precious stones, diamond, ivory products were exported to the west.
Horses, wine, topaz, linen, wheat lead, gold , copper were imported.
Major ports that facilitated the trade includes Muziriz, Tondi, Arikameddu, Kaverippattnam,Puhar etc High Demand for the spices from west boosted trade between South India and West and Central Asia.
As there was a great organised trade during the sangam age, this gave importance to Money Economy.
Many Roman Gold and Silver coins have been found in various parts of South India which tells of extensive trade with the Roman empire.
Name: Priyanka
The sangam age play an important role in the history of ancient south India. This period was roughly between 3rd century b.c to 3rd century A.D. There exist in three sangam literature in ancient history of south India. The first sangam was held at Madurai. No literary work was available of this sangam. The second sangam was held at Kapadapuram. All the literary work had perished except Tolkappiyam. The 3rd sangam was held at Madurai. Only few of literary work had survived.
Tolkappiyam literature was authorized by Tolkappiyar.It provides information about political , social and economic conditions of sangam age.
Polity:
Hereditary monarchy was the form of government during sangam age.
Each of dynasty had a royal emblem .Pandyas -carp/fish ,cheras- bow ,cholas -tiger
The king was assisted by wide body of officials. They were catogerised into five form of council.
These officials were ministers, priests,spies,envoys, military commanders.
The military administration was highly efficient and a regular army was assisted with each ruler.
The main source of state's income was land revenue while a custom duty was also imposed on foreign trade.
The highways and roads were maintained and gaurded to prevent robbery and smuggling.
Social life:
Tolkappiyam refers to five fold of division of lands
. Kurunji ( hilly tracks)
.mullai (pastoral)
.palai (desert)
.nedyal (coastal)
.marudam ( agriculture)
Tolkappiyam also refers to four casts namely arasar ( highly classes) ,aranthans (play significant role in religion and polity ) ,vaniger (on trade and commerce) ,vellalas (agricultural) .
Ancient primitive tribes like thodas ,Naga's and vedars.
Position of women :
. sangam age provides information about position of women.
. Women had respected and were allowed intellectual pursuits. There were women poets who flourished and contribute to Tamil literature.
.women were allowed to choose their life partner.but life of widows miserable.
. practice of sati was prevelent in higher society.
Economic conditions :
. Agricultural was chief occupation where rice was most common crop.
. The handicrafts included weaving, metal work , ship building and making of ornaments using beads , stones and ivory.
.these were in great demand in internal and external trade that was at its highest peak during Sangam age.
. The port city puar became an important place of foreign trade as big ship entered this port contained precious goods
. Many gold and silver coins were issued by Roman emperor like Augustus ,Tiberius and Nero have been found in all parts of Tamil Nadu indicating flourished trade.
. Major exports of sangam age were cotton fabrics and spices like ginger, cinnamon , cardamom , turmeric along with ivory products ,stones ,pearls.
. Major import of traders were. Horses ,gold and sweet wine.
Decline of sangam age :
. The sangam age declined towards the end of third century A.D.
.kalabhar occupied the all Tamil country for about two and half years.
Name: Gopika Gopan
Sangam literature, one of the unique Indian literatures, documents the early history of ancient South India. It extends from 300BC to 300AD. The word Sangam means a union, which was named after Sangam academies that flourished under the patronage of Pandya kings of Madurai. According to Tamil Nadu, three sangams were held in ancient South India. Of the three sangams, the second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram. Tolkappiyam (Earliest of Tamil literary work) survived, written by The Father of Tamil Grammar Tolakappiyar which give insights of the political and socio economic conditions of the time.
On the ground of society life, Tolkappiyam refers to Five-Fold divisions of land: Kurunji(hill tracks) Mullai(pastoral ) Marudam(agriculture ) Neydal(coastal), Palai(desert).It also refers to four caste systems : Arasar(ruling class), Anthanar, Vanigar(trade & commerce ) and Vellalar(agriculturalists). Primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas and Vedars also exited during this period.
Similar to the social status of women during the Rigvedic period, women too were respectes and their intellectual pursuits were encouraged. However, widows still suffered and sati was practiced among higher strata of the society.
The religious diety worshipped was Murugan, which was an ancient origin, followed by other Gods Mayon (Vishnu), Vendan(Indran), Varunan and Korravai. Hero Stone or Nadu Kal worship was also significant during the age, erected in memory of bravery of warriors fought in battle.
Moving to the economic life of the period, agriculture was the main occupation and rice was the common crop. Other occupations included weaving, metal works, carpentry etc. Internal amd external trade was at its peak in South India. Cotton and silk clothes woven at Uraiyur were of great demand in Western world. The important port city Puhar was a prominent foreign trade centre where big ships entered with precious goods.
The rulers also had good relation with the Roman Emperors Augustus, Nero etc who issued many gold and silver coins and thus flourishing the trade. The major exports of the age were cotton fabrics, spices (pepper, ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, turmeric), ivory products( includes tusks of elephants), pearls and precious stones. While the major imports include horses, gold and sweet vine.
From these evidences it is clear that the Sangam age was remarkable for its vivid socio-economic conditions eventhough we don't have a clear cut knowledge about the political life of the period. The writers of literary work wrote these in favour of the then rulers and a criticism of the same is not possible. So, political history of South India is still under the shadows. Thus we can say that though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the sociol and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness.
Completed d first watching one more time I will watch d vedio after that I will read d book ..
Name : Nivedha
Sangam means union.There were three sangams held 1st in Madurai,2nd in Kapadapuram,3rd in Madurai called Muchhsangam.
Major literary works were done during third sangam => Thirukkural,Silapathikaram,Manimegalai.
SANGAM SOCIETY:
>Lands were divided into 5 types
#Kurinji
#Mullai
#Marutham
#Neithal
#Palai
WOMENS STATUS:
=>They gave importance to the thoughts of the women.They were allowed to showed their talent like writing poems,.
=>They were allowed to choose their life partner .
#Famous female poets =>Avvaiyar,Kakaipadiniyar,.
#Life of the widow was miserable.
#Sati was also practiced mostly in upper classes.
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:
=>At that time Agriculture was their main occupation.
=>Rice was mostly cultivated.
#Major imports were ,
=>Gold ,diamond,horses.
#Major exports were,
=>Turmeric,Cotton clothes, Ginger, Cinnamon, Cardamom,Peper.
#Important ports were,
=>Poompuhar,Thondi,Musiri,Uraiyur.
Though there were many literary works during this period ,it doesn't account than much on political organization.
Name: Swapna
The sangam period is roughly between 300BC to 300 AD. The Muchchangam had various literary sources but only few survived.
Tolkappiyam written by Tolkapiyyar(known as father of Tamil grammer)in the second sangam provides various information regarding the socio economic condition of sangam period :
Firstly THE SANGAM SOCIETY
1)It had five fold devision of land:
•kurinji (hilly tracks)
•Mullai (pastoral land)
•Marudam (agricultural land)
•Neydal (coastal area)
•Palai (desert)
2) It has four castes
•Arasar (ruling class)
• Anthanar
•vanigar ( people indulged in trading and commerce )
• Vellalar (agriculturist)
3)Along with this it had some TRIBES
•Thodas
•Irulas
•Nagas
•Vedors
4) WOMEN'S STATUS
>They were respected and allowed intellectual persuits.
>Tamil Literature has some women poets namely - Avvaiyar,Nachchellaiyar,ect.
>They were allowed to choose their life partner.But life of widows were miserable.
>SATI was prevalent in upper class.
5)RELIGION
•MURUGAN was the primary diety
•He was honoured with six abodes called Arupadai veedu.
•some other gods were also worshiped such as Mayon (vishnu), Vender (Indiran),Varunan & Korravai.
•Hero stone (Nadukal) worship was significant in memory of bravery shown by warriors in battel.
Secondly THE SANGAM ECONOMY
•chief occupation was agriculture.
•Rice was the common crop.
•Many handicrafts were prevalent -weaving,metal work,carpentary,ship building and ornaments were also made with beads stone and ivory.
•people had expertise in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes.These had greater demand in western world specially cotton woven at URAIYUR.
•Puhar was the major port city.
Tondai,Musiri,Korkai are few other commercial ports.
•flourished trade with roman as many silver and gold coins of Augustus ,Nero has with found in south india.
•It has extensive internal as well as external trade.
•MAJOR EXPORT-cotton fabric & spices( pepper,ginger,turmeric,cardamom,cinnamon) along with ivory products,pearl & precios stone.
•MAJOR IMPORT- horses,gold & sweet wine.
BUT ,soon towards the end of 300 BC, Kalabhras occupied tamil country from 300-600BC.This period is called 'interregnum' or the DARK AGE by the historians.
NAME : VIDUSHI AGARWAL
Sangam literature which demarcates about the sangam age is the oldest one known as the TOLKAPPIYAM by TOLKAPPIYAR is considered and also provides insights on the political ans socio- economic conditions of the time with remarkable vividness.
It talks about the SANGAM SOCIETY:
* The literature refers to five- fold division of lands-
✓kurunji (hilly tracks)
✓murudam (agricultural)
✓mullai (pastoral)
✓neydal (coastal)&
✓palai (desert).
*It also refers to four castes namely:
✓arasar (ruling class)
✓anthanar and
✓vanigar (both of trade and commerce)
✓ villalar ( agriculture).
* The primitive tribes like " thodas, iruslas, nagas, vedars" lived in this age.
It talks about WOMEN at this age too:
*This literature gives account of very much information.
*women had respect and were allowed intellectual persuits.
*Many women poets were there- Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyarand, Kakkaipadiniya who contributed in tamil literature.
* Women were given permission to choose their life partner.
*But the lives of widows were miserable.
* It is also mention about the practice of Sati being prevalent in the higher strata of society.
Now lastly it talks about the ECONOMIC condition of that age:
*Agriculture was the chief occupation where rice was common crop.
*Handicraft like weaving, metal works and carpentry, ship building, and making of ornaments using beads, stones and ivory was there.
*These handicrafts were in great demand in external and internal trade that was at its peak during that age.
* High expertise were attained in spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes, these were in great demand in the western world especially for cotton clothes woven at uraiyur.
*Port city of Puhar became and important place for foreign trade, bug ships entered this port containing goods.
*Other ports for commercial activity were Toudi, Musuri, Korkai, Arrikamedu and Marakkanam.
*Many gold and silver coins were issued by the Roman Emperors like Augustus, Tiberus and Nero have been found in all parts of the Tamil Nadu indicating flourishing trade.
* Major exports were cotton fabrics and spices as cardamon, cinnamon, turmeric, pepper, and ginger along with ivory products, pearls and precious stones.
* Major imports for traders were horses, gold and sweet wine.
Then it witnessed its decline towards the end of 3rd ce. AD
The Kalabhras occupied the tamil country between 300AD to 600AD.
Beautiful work. Thank you
Sir make playlists of videos like polity , ancient history ,tips for upsc, newspaper analysis etc.
Playlists are already made. First check , then post such comments.
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Mcq
Answer : 3.Senguttuvan
Name Vishal Pal
sangam literature gives us the information about the socio economic condition ,religions and the condition of women at the time of the Sangam age.
The sangam age flourished between the 3rd century B.C. to 3rd century A.D.
SOCIETY DURING SANGAM AGE -
The TALKAPPIYAM refers to the five folds division of the Lands -
1.KURINJI- (Hilly track)- Main occupation was Hunting and honey collection.
2.MULLAI- (pastoral)-MAIN Occupation was cattle rearing.
3.MARUDAM- the main occupatin was the agriculture .
4.NEYDAL- (coastal)- the main occupation was fishing and salt manufacturing.
5.PALAI-(desert)- the main occupation was robbery.
Religon during sangam age--
The primery diety was the MURUGAN.
Other gods were also worshiped .
ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE SANAGM AGE -
>Agriculture was the primary occupation, the most common crop was Rice.
Other important crop were Ragi, Peppar, Ginger, cardimon,sugaercane etc.
>Famous crop of thr CHERA dynasty was Jackfruit and peppar.
>The important crop of the PANDYAS and CHOLAS was Paddy.
> The port city of puhar was the main juntion for the trade and commerce ,other important ports were tondi,musiri,korkai etc.
>the main product for foreign trade were Ivory ,peppar ,ginger ,handicrafts, cardimon ,sweet wine etc.
>the archeological evidences provide information about the trade between the south india to roman and greek countries .
CONDITION OF WOMEN DURING THE SANGAM AGE-
>some women poets - avvaiyar, nachchellaiyar,kakkaipdiniyar ,contibuted to the tamil literature.
> there was freedom to love marriage.
>the practice of sati was prevalent in the higher strata of society.
CONCLUSION-
the sangam period was very important regarding the evolution of trade and commerce with the foriegn countries.
Reaspected life of women and liberty given to them .The indian peninsula is flourished during the sangam age in every aspect.
Name:manasa majoju
Sangam period (300 bc to 300 ac) is named after the sangam that was held to assemble the Tamil poets conducted by pandya Kings. There were 3 sangams held during this period.
*There is a monarchy ruling during this period.
*kings were assisted by wide body of officials. They are categorised into 5 councils.
-minister, priests, envoys, military commanders, spies.
SOCIAL LIFE:
caste was divided into 3 types:
*arasas(ruling class)
*anatha and vaniga(trade and commerce)
*vellar(agriculture)
WOMEN STATUS:
*they had respect and allowed intellectual pursuit.
*they are also allowed to choose they life partner but the life of widow was miserable.
* sati was being practised in upper class.
*hero stone worship was prevalent done for giving their regards to the bravery shown by warriors in the battle.
ECONOMIC LIFE:
land was divided into 4 types
*hilly
*pastrol agriculture
*coastal
*desert
*agriculture was the chief occupation
*handicrafts include weaving, metal works, carpentry, ship buildings and making of ornaments.
*there was good foreign relation
Exports include cotton fabrics, spices and ivory
Imports include horses, gold and swet wine
Custom duty was imposed on foreign trade.
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Name: Dhwani Atodaria
Sangam Age (3 BC- 3 AD) constitutes an important source in history of South India. The Sangam literature gives glimpse of remarkable socio-economic conditions of Sangam society.
Sangam Society
Tolkappiyam refers to five fold divisions of land with respective chief dieties and occupations.
*Land. Occupation.
Kurinji Hunter gatherers
Mullai Cattle rearing
Marudam Agriculture
Neydal Fishing
Pallai Robbery
Tolpakkiyam also refers to 4 class on basis of which Sangam society was divided
Arasar - king , Anthanars - priests , Vanigars - traders , Vellalas - Farmers
• Beside that other tribal groups were also included.
• Primary diety was Murugan
• Hero stones or Nadu Kal worship was significant
Women's Status
Women were given better exposure. Some of women poets have emerged out during this time. Love marriage s were allowed.
Economy
•Agriculture was chief occupation. Rice was dominant crop. Other crops include Ragi,sugarcane,spices, jackfruit etc.
•Handicrafts were popular which involves metalworks ,weaving, carpentry,ship building and other artistry works.
•Spinning and Weaving of cotton and silk were also practiced.
•Both Internal and Foreign trade were well organized and carried briskly .
Eventually at the end of 3AD the Sangam age witness its decline due to Kalabhras.
Name:- Bharti jha
Sangam age :-3rd century B.C - 3rd century A.D
Tamil country ruled by 3 dynasties during sangam period. 1)chera(Kerela)
2)chola(andhrapradesh)
3)pandyas (tamilnadu)
-Sangam age described as union or gathering of Tamil poets which was conducted by Pandya king.
- There are 3 Sangama held in south India called (Muchhangam).
- imp. Sangam literature:- Tolkappiyar written by {Tolkappiyam}.
- The dominant kingdom of South India,their political history is not very reliable perhaps the socio economic conditions described more about this period.
A) social :- literary (Tolkappiyam)
#division of castes-
1) Arasar(rulling class)
2)Anthanars
3)vanigar(traders)
4)vellalar(agriculturists)
#women's status:-
- women had respect.
- they were also allowed intellectual persuit.
- they were allowed to choose their life partner.
- life of widow was miserable.
- practice of sati being prevalent in higher societies.
#Religion:- primary diety - - - -Murugan(Tamil god)
- other gods worshipped during this period were
a)Mayon(lord Vishnu)
b)vendan(lord indiran)
c)varunan n korravai
- worshipping of hero stone in memory of bravery shown by warrior in battle were found in different parts of tamilnadu.
B) Economy:-
#chief occupation -agriculture
#most common crop - rice
# handicrafts- metal works, carpentry,ship building, ornaments etc.
#internal n external trade was at its peak.
1.Export items:- cotton n silk clotes, spices like(pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, cardamom etc), ivory products,pearls, stones.
2. Import items:- horses, gold n sweet wine.
#imp. Port city - puhar(famous for foreign trade)
Conclusion:- form the above mentioned factors conclude that during this period socio-economic factors are well organised n maintained. Thay maintain good trading relations with western countries n societies functioned on liberal monarchial system.
NAME: FELIX JOSEPH
MAINS ANSWER.
INTRODUCTION.
The period between 3 BC and 3AD in South of Indian peninsula is known as Sangam period. This is the time where the prominent literary works of Tamil emerged and flourished. The social and economic life during the period was well described in the sagam works.
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LIFE.
The life style is associated with the geographical landscape of a region. In 'Thirukkural' the important literary work in Sangam age discribes about the THINNAI (Geographic landscapes) at that time. Kurunji, Mullai, Marutham, Naytal,and palai which refers five tinnai or aintinnai. And each thinnai has its own occupational pattern, form of workshop, culture and manner. The literature breafly discribes the various landscapes and there characteristics.
Kurinji the mountain zone, the literature speaks about hilly people and their economic activities. They mainly occupied with hunting, gathering,and shift cultivation. The mullai (forest zone)were forest Dwellers,pastoralism. Then the marutham (riverine zone) they are agriculturalist,they cultivate rice etc. Then the Naytal (coastal zone) their main activity is fishing and trading. And finally Palai (Dry arid zone ) ,their activities are hunting, gathering sometimes robbery..
THE SOCIETY.
The sangam society was divided into four fold caste system also. According to tolkapiyam (by tolkapiyar) the society was mainly classified as Antanar (Brahmins,teacher),Arasar (administration) ,Vanikar (traders), Velalars(agrarians). So it is clear that there was a caste system that runs at the time, and was not well established as in Vedic period.
POSITION OF WOMAN.
Women in early sangam period seem to have performe different roles such as in production process, housewives,poetress, singers,dancers etc. 'Tholkapiyam' said that mostly then men and women are equally treated. More then 50 women have been ranked among sangam literature. Kakkaippandiniyar is prominent amoung them.
EDUCATION.
In the work by Thiruvalluvar one chapter describes the importance of Education clearly. According to the text almost each division of the society receives education. But the education recived by women was different from that impart to men.
RELIGION.
'Tholkapiyam' provide the name and dirties and method of workshop in ainthinnai. (5 physiological unit). That include SEYON (in Kurinji),MAYON (in Mullai),VENDAN (in Marutham), VARUNA (in Neytal) and KORRAVAI( in Palai).
CONCLUSION
The age of sangam in the extreme south India was one of Cultural transformation. The dynasty Chera,Chola,Pandya plays crucial role in the development of culture and society. The sangam literature give a vast picture of the social and economical life style of people at that time.
Sir, this chapter is beautifully explained by you. Thank you so... Much
Name: Adil
Sangam literature remains as source of history of south india.
The Tolkappiyam(first known literary work of sangam age) authored by Tolkappiyar provides information about socio economic condition of sangam period
Sangam society
Tolkappiyam refers to five fold devisions of lands and the people of these five devisions had their respective chief occupation and gods of worship
These are
1 kurinji(hilly tracks),worshiped murugan, occupation was hunting and honey picking
2 mullai(pastoral),worshiped mayon,occupation was cattle rearing
3 marudan(agrecultural) worshiped indira, occupation was agreculture
4 neydal(coastal) worshiped varunan,occupation was fishing
5 palai(desert) worshiped korravai, occupation was robbery
Tolkappiyam also refers to four castes,
1 Arasar- Ruling class
2 Anthanars- incorporated sangam polity and literature
3. Vanigar- involved in trade and commerce
4 vellalars-agreculturists
Economic condition
Agreculture was chief occupation
Rice was chief crop
Ragi sugarcane pepper cardamom ginger turmeric and variety of fruits were other crops
Handicrafts also present include weaving, metal works,carpentry
Internal as well as external trade flourished in this region
Merchants carried goods on cart and on animal back from place to place
Port city of puhar was emporium of foreign trade
Evidences of trade with greek found from periplus
Gold and silver coin issued by roman empire found in parts of Tamilnad
Conclusion
Sangam literature portrays about socioeconomic status of south indian people vividly
Name : SHIVAM GOSWAMI
South India was prosperous under the rule of the chera, chola and pandya although not politically but socially and economically they were well flourished as portrayed in sangam age (3BC - 3AD)
According to tollikappiyam people were divided into 5 fold division based on cheif occupation and god worshipped
Kurinji(hunters), mullai(cattle - rearers), marudam(agriculturist), neydal (fishing), Palai (robbery)
Caste system was also prevalent and people were divided into 4 castes namely arasar, anthanar, vanigar and vellalar.
Tribal groups like parathavar, panar, eyinar, pulaiyar were found.
. Religion : Seyon or murugam was primary deity. Other gods worshipped were mayon(vishnu), vendon, varunan, korravai. Hero stone was erected in memory of deceased soldier which was of great antiquity.
. Women were given freedom to participate in poetry and contributed towards literature. They were allowed to choose their life partners,however life of widows was miserable as practice of sati was seen in high strata of society.
. Fine arts :poetry, music and dancing were popular among people. They were expert in folk dance and folk songs. A variety of yazhs and drums were referred in literature.
. Economy : They were prosperous economically agriculture was main occupation in chola and pandya while jackfruit and pepper in chera.
. They used to grow cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, pepper, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon.
Handicraft were also popular which included weaving, metal work, carpentry, ship building, making ornaments using beads and ivory which were high in demand as internal and external trade.
. Port city of Puhar became emporium of external trade.
Towards the end of 3AD kalabhras occupied Tamil country which slowly declined sangam age.
Thank u sir for ur great effort.
Name: Melitta
Answer :sangam age was from third century BC. eventhough their socio-political and economic condition was not much prominent among the history of south india it was with great remarkable vividness.
They have strong administrative system under the king which include minister, priest, military commanders, envoys and spies..
Social conditions :
Social condition of sangam age was remarkable. Land were divided into five folds for easy administration. They were kurinji(hilly tracks )mullai(pastoral )marudam(agricultural )neydal(coastal )and palai(desert).people belonging to each division has their own occupation and gods to worship. Arasar, anthanar, vanigar and vellalar were the four castes during the sangam age.different worships were also prevailed during sangam age.primary deity was seyon or murugan.The hero stone or nadu kal worship was significant in the sangam period.
As per my opinion one of the remarkable social aspect during sangam age was the priority given to women. Women have freedom to choose her own lifestyle. Women poets like auvaiyar, kakkaipadiniyar, etc..contributed much to tamil literature. Women were allowed to choose their life partner but the saddest aspect was the practice of sati which was prevalent during that time..
Economic conditions :
Agriculture was the chief occupation. Rice was the common crop.handicrafts of the sangam period were popoular.which leads to both internal and external trade and contribute much to the sangam economy.internal trade was mostly based on barter system.external trade was carried between south india and the greek.the main exports of the sangam age were cotton fabrics, spices, ivory products, pearls and precious stones. Gold, horses and sweet wine were the chief imports... plenty of gold and silver coins from different parts of tamil nadu reveal the extent of trade.
Sangam period witnessed its decline towards the end of the third century AD.
Seema,
Sangam period begins from 300 BC- AD 300. Sangam means "Assembly of Tamil poets under the patrogised by kings or chifts".
Literatures helps us to reconstruct the history of Sangam period.
1. Political Society:
The kings were adopted a monarchy form of government. Also they we assisted with official bodies like ministers, priests, military commanders, envoys. During their period military was well organised. They need income to maintain a military, so they levied a taxes on lands and foreign trade. Also well constructed roads and highways. Karikala king constructed a embarkment along a kaveri river to help the irrigation system.
2. Social Status:
Tamil literature " Tolkappiyam", gives a information about their social life.This is tell about,
2a. Women status- they give respect to women. Also women had a freedom to choose their life partner. Practice of sati we can seen in higher society. They also give importance to spiritual development of women. Because of this many women poets gve contribution to the Tamil literature.
2b. Five division of societs- kurinji, mullai, marudam, noydal, palai.
2c. Four casts- Arasar, anthanar, vaniger, vellar. Tribes like Thonds, Nagas.
2d. Religion- they were followers of Brahmanisim, perform the vedic sacrifices. In epic book "Silappatikaram" mentioned about worship of Murugan(Principal deity) and rituals which are related to Murugan. They also worship the other gods like Mayon, vendan, varuran. Also they worship the Nadu Kal(Hero stone).
3. Economic Status:
The main occupation was "Agriculture". Romans were exporting handicrafts like weaving, metal works, beads, precious stones, cotton, silk from south India.
-They are many important port are present like Korkai, Musiri, Thodri, where trading was take place.
-From Roman, India also importing wine, various types of pottery, gold and silver coins.
From the above mentioned factors we came to know that, during their period political and socio-economics factors are well organised and maintained.
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bharti
sangam age is between 3 cent. bc to 3 cent ad. sangam means a social gathering of kings poets, scholars and gods . 1st sangam literature work didn't survive.
2nd sangam hv literature work tolkappiyam a grammar book . 3rd sangam work is tirukkunal bibal of tamil nadu
according to tholkappiyam there were 5 fold division of lands
kurinji (hilly track), mullai (pastoral), marudam (agriculture) neydal (coastal) and palai (desert)
tolkappiyan also reffers to 4 caste
arasar (ruling class) , anthanar,vaniger (traders) , vellalas (agriculturists)
position of women is good as women were given respect and there were many women poets in that period but position of widows was miserable also sati practice in higher strata.
people worshipped thier diety murgan also other gods present in sangam period. festivals related to god also mention in sangam literature .
economy
agricultre was main occupation and rice was most commonly grown crop
important ports cities like puhar witnessed commercial activities of trade and commerce with western world
major exports of cotton , spices and imports of horces gold
sangam as well as other sources like
greek author megasthenes, ptolemy mentioned about commercial trade contact between west and south india
so samgam literature describes socio economic conditions during sangam age.
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Name : Nooreen Fatima
The Sangam Age is the period from 3 century BC to the 3rd century AD.
Concerned with the south indian region and the kingdoms of Cheras Cholas and the Pandyas.
Sangam means 'Milan', 'to meet'.
This period is concerned with the gatherings of Tamil poets in the royal court of Pandyas. Where they compiled literary work.
These Sangam Literature is the main source of sangam era.
Hence these sources emphasises more on the social and economic conditions. The political history in the tamil literature cannot be fully trusted as it was written in the courts of the kings as the poets couldn't write against the king hence the literature might be biased considering the political history of sangam era and it's kings.
Society-
Acc. To Tholkapiyam
•castes are divided into 3 - Arasar(ruling class), Anthanar, Vanigar (did trade and commerce) Vellalar( agriculturalist).
•Land is of 5 types. - Kurinji(hilly tracks), Mullai (Pastoral), Marudam(agricultural) Neydal(coastal), Desert (Palai)
•Tribes - Thodas,Nagas,Vedars
•Women - were respected and allowed to pursue their careers and choose their life partners. But the condition of widows was miserable. sati - prevalent in higher society.
Religion -
•MURUGAN - main god.
•Mayon, vendan, Varunan, Korravai- other gods.
•Hero stone was worshipped
Economy
•Occupation - agriculture, weaving, Carpenter, making ornaments beads, ivory
•Trade - silk clothes and spices exported.
•Import- horses, gold, sweet wine.
•Coins- of roman empire found in south india.
Sir you said that you are following tamilnadu board text book .
But the class 11 book that I downloaded rom tamilnadu board website, it's chapters are not synchronised with your videos?
Are referring any old version?
Please clarify sir.
Yes I am referring to the old book.
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I want given small requested full of the mean 6th class 2 11th class all subject in the all NCERT books information sir please give up the please
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Sar tum kar de bolke mere I want to explain it with you sir please sir full mention of information in NCERT
Senguttuban started kannagi worship
Chera bow chola tiger pandya fish
Sangam period of South India is dated back to the time period in between 300 BC - 300 AD. "Sangam" means assemblies and colleges of poets. According to the Tamil legends there existed 3 sangams under the patronage of Pandya kings.
As 3 sangams were held under the patronage of Pandya kings , We don't find the criticism of kings or the political system in the literature of sangam period. So, these are not very useful in connecting political history of South India.
However the sangam literatures throw light upon social and economic condition of that time with remarkable vividness.
Social condition ;-
Similar to the 4 Varna system of Vedic period , According to the Tolkapayiyam , there were 4 castes namely 1. Arasar 2. Anthanar 3. Vanigar 4. Vellelar
* Arasar were ruling class
* Anthanar used to play very important role in polity and religion.
* Vennigars were traders.
* Vellelar were agriculturists.
Other tribal groups such as Todas and Nagas were also present.
• According to the physiography and use , Lands were divided into five parts.
Religion and worship ;-
*Murugan was prime Tamil deity. But other deities were also worshipped .
* Herostone which was created in the memory of brave warriors was also worshipped.
POSITION OF WOMEN :-
position of the women was some how better. Women poets were also present. Courage to many women is appreciated in many poems.
* Chaste life was considered as the highest virtue of a woman. In Silapadikaram Kannagi is shown as an ideal wife.
* Love marriage was very common. Women were allowed to choose their life partners.
* Life of the widow was miserable.
* In higher class of society practice of Sati was prevalent.
ECONOMIC CONDITION ;-
Agriculture was the chief occupation. Rice was common crop.
* Other crops were Ragi, sugarcane, cotton, pepper, ginger , turmeric etc.
* Jackfruit and pepper were famous in chera country. Paddy was chief crop in chola and Pandya country.
* Handicrafts including weaving, metal work, carpentry and ship building were popular.
There was foreign trade with Roman empire.
Like this we come to know social and economic life of Sangam period through the literatures.
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Name Akshat
It is a known fact that Sangam age's south Indian political history is not connected with political history of rest of the India because lower southern indian states i.e. Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh were never been a part of United India in ancient indian times. As, during the mauryan times, which was known as the largest united India till now, also the lower southern part was not politically connected with mauryan empire.
But from Sangam literatures we came to know that it shows social and economic condition with remarkable vividness, as if we talk about women's status, they were fully respected and has intellectual pursuits, women also can choose their life partners but the life of widows are miserable. Women poets also contributed and flourished the Tamil literature and sati pratha also being prevalent in the higher strata of society.
Many gods were worshipped in Sangam age like mayon, vendan, Korravai etc. But Murugan hailed as Tamil god and is the primary diety of Sangam age. Murugan was honoured with six abodes.
Economic condition was also great at the time of Sangam age as agriculture was the chief occupation and rice was the main crop.
The handicrafts were in great demand domestically as well as internationally during this period. Spinning and weaving of cotton and silk clothes were in great demand in western world. For foreign trade the puhar city became an important place in Sangam age. Major imports of that time were horses, gold and sweet wine as many gold and silver coins issued by Roman empire were found in the are which indicates the flourishing trade in Sangam age.
As we saw, sangam age was not much connected with political history but have remarkable vividness in social and economic condition.
Name - Ekta
- Sangam literature fails to give political history bez
1. While 3 sangams were held only the last gathering provide material relevant to political history.
2. With hero worship as prime source, poets often exaggerate victories and their territory.
3. Some names, place, dynasty, territory are imaginary and not corroborate by archeological evidence.
Social conditions
1. priest , poet received royal patronage.
2. Womens were allowed to choose their partner but the life of widow was miserable.
3. Poets mention 4 varnas - nobility, priest, traders and farmer.
Economic condition
1. Five economics zones, hills, Drylands, jungles, plains and coastal each supporting different economic activity.
2. Agriculture, hunting, gathering, fishing and patoralism were primary occupation, while crafting and weaving served as secondary source of income.
3. Kings received their income from trade, tribute and plunder. Regular system of taxation was absent. However exports of pepper ,ivory, silk, cotton and booty from raids made the king wealthy.
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Pdf of ancient india ?
Download it from website.
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Name: Md Yousuf Ahmed
Sangam literature fails to give political history because of the following points:
1- Three sangams held between 3rd century BC to 3rd century AD.
First sangam: attained by god's and sages but works didn't survive. Second sangam: onlyTolkappiyam (grammer book) survives but doesn't help much. Third and last sangam: The Ettutogai or eight anthologies consists of eight works.
2- since poets were patronized by ruling elites exaggeration about the victories,territorial influence.
3- More focus hero-worship rather than how they shaped power, balance and foreign relations with other states.
4- Many of these poets are erotic and romantic in nature.
Social condition in sangam age: 1- South Indian society celebrated both Akham (love) and puram(valour) poems. 2- Heroic death, sacrifice, stones and memorials greatly cherished.
Varnas : sangam poets mentioned four varnas. 1) Arasars (king/nobility) 2) Anthanars (priests) 3) vaishiyar(traders) 4) Velala(farmers/military posts)
3- Women's were allowed to choose their partners.Love marriage common practice but widows life was miserable. Sati practice was also prevalent upper caste.
Economic condition in sangam age:
1- There were five economic zones,each each supporting a different economic activity. e.g. hills, drylands,forest,plains and coast. 2- While the king's received income from trade,tributes and plunder but a regular system of taxation was not seen. 3- All three kingdoms (chola,chera,Pandya) wanted to subjugate lesser chieftains hence war,raid and plunder were normal features of the society leading to destruction of resources and manpower. 4- Agriculture,hunting, gathering, fishing and pastoralism were the main activities performed by them.
5- Both internal and external trade was practiced.silk,cotton, ivory, spices like pepper ,ginger, cardamom, cinnamon and turmeric, pearls and precious stones.
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