I like that you can see small unique groups for brief moments like the celtic galatians in anatolia, the indo-aryan mitanni leaders in northern assyria, the eastern germanic goths who migrated to crimea, and the hellenic-speaking phoenicians. Also I didn't know an Indo-aryan language was spoken in the altai mountains for a long time
@@hereisyoursign6750 Indo-Europeans are not technically the "Original Horselords". That would be the non-IE Botai Culture who are responsible for the first domestication of horses for horseriding purposes in modern day Kazakhstan
@Devvrat Mishra No. It is likely the first domestication of elephants happened during the peak of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the subcontinent 4000 years ago. As we know, IVC is not Indo european/vedic
Just thinking about Indo-European language family makes me so happy . I feel like I'm part of such a huge and magnificent family . Love to all other Indo-European speakers from a Bengali-speaker .
You can see the effects of Alexander's Empire, the Turkish empires such as the Ottomans, the Roman/Byzantine empire, etc. so clearly... also never knew of that little Greek holdout in India. I knew the language probably spread there but didn't think it would ever hold out to this day, considering it's been so long since Alexander's Empire. I will admit, I felt a hint of sadness watching the Anatolian language die. It seemed to be one of the oldest branches and it held out for so long.
Interesting that Pre-Proto-Germanic, Proto Italic, Vedic Sanskrit, Avestan, Hittite, Mycennean Greek, Late Proto-Balto-Slavic, and Proto Celtic were all spoken at the same time (1500 BC).
@@rggalas The word "Caucasian" to describe Indo-European peoples is entirely ahistorical. Some anthropologist thought Caucasians were beautiful and more or less just assumed that's where Europeans originated. And Aryan is just one specific Indo-European group the Nazis co-opted the name of despite Germanic peoples having no relation to them beyond shared lineage from Proto-Indo-Europeans, as this map demonstrates.
@meme-potentialsearch8010 Russia as the weakest nation, which managed to lose to Chechnya alone many times, what else can I say that Russia fought against Chechnya for 400 years, against Circassians for 150 years, against Dagestanis for 45
Indo-European language family is the most spreaded language family in the world. Indo-European languages are the majority language in more than 48 countries🌍🌏. I am a Sinhala speaker, an Indo-Aryan language from Sri Lanka🇱🇰.
Dude , I'm a native hindi speaker , tell me if there's mutual intelligibility on your side , do you guys have record of ancestry from regions in india , fascinated to know
@@worlddata8982 so essentially they're north indians then , pretty cool , this is not taught or known , how old is this migration and what were the reasons mate
@@zulu2885 Prince Vijaya arrived in Sri Lanka in 536 BCE on the day of the demise of the Lord Buddha. He was the son of the King Sinhabahu of Wanga Kingdom. King Sinhabahu banished Prince Vijaya and his team from the kingdom (For this reason, some Sri Lankans are reluctant to accept Vijaya as a their ansestor) . Their ships sank near Sri Lanka and they were able to swim to Sri Lanka. When he laid his hand on the shore, his hand was covered with copper. Copper in Sanskrit is called "Thamba" . known as copper "Thamba" in also Sinhala. Hence he called Sri Lanka "Thambapanni". At that time, "Yaksha people" of North Indian Aryan origin lived in Sri Lanka. Prince Vijaya married a Yaksha women. Her name was "Kuweni". There were constant clashes between Vijay's group and the Yakshas. Vijaya's group who were angry with Kuveni for being a Yaksha woman lied to Prince Vijaya about her. Prince Vijaya believed them to be true and Kuveni was banished from the palace. She went to the Yakshas. Because she was married to Prince Vijaya, she was killed by the Yaksha people who were angry with her. Her son and daughter escaped and they are ansestors of Vaddas (aborgines). The Veddas also have the genes of the Deva people who lived in the hill country. Prince Vijaya and his team married with South Indian princesses. But Vijaya had no children. After him, Sri Lanka was ruled by his ministers. In 437 BCE Prince Pandukabhaya became the king. He was half yaksha-half Bengali. He could united Yakshas and Bengalis. He made the Sinhala nation. Hence he is known as the first Sinhala king.
@@worlddata8982 wo!!, This is internet at its best , thank you good sire for this detailed answer , it would've taken me hours to get this info otherwise , idk but aren't yakshas and rakshas mythological terms , also what defines a yaksha , aren't vedda the orginal inhabitants of india before the arrival of Iranian farmers and steppe Aryans , I always thought veddas are essentially tamil , I'm also most curious to know mutual intelligibility between bengali and Sinhalese , is it closer to tamil or bengali or orriya , also how Buddhist is srilanka , do they celebrate diwali or holi , and what exactly do people think of Ravana in Sri Lanka , I know it's a lot but kinda curious about it all especially when talking to someone as knowledgeable and culturally aware as you are Thanks for the info
Also, if you consider the Centum-Satem split, it's also crazy to think that Tocharian, despite all of its immediate Indo-European neighbours being Satem, was actually Centum. And further, how the likes of Serbocroatian or Lithuanian are more similar to the likes of Hindi, Farsi or Armenian than they are to the likes of Greek, French or English.
@@HistoryandOtherStuffwithBV Yes it is indeed interesting, but remember that (for example) just because both Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian are satem languages does not mean that they are sister languages. Some of the features would have probably developed independently and some of them probably transferred between populations while Indo-European was still mostly on the steppe. Maybe you already knew that, but I want to just make it clear to whoever reads this that the centum-satem line does not mean that the people and languages on either side are genetically closer to each other, and indo-European migrations are a lot blurrier than we think, lol
Genetically speaking, Europe has been roughly the same since the Neolithic - well before the Indo-European migrations. And you are right that borrowings from neighbours also play an importance in vocab and grammar. Sprachbunds are a thing both within and across language families
I am quadrolingual and can speak 4 Indo-European languages. I was able to find many similarities between them. Armenian was my 1st language. Farsi or Persian 2nd. English 3rd and finally Spanish. Its cool to see these cusines still share much in common. I would have to say Armenian stands out the most word wise, but similar in sentence structure to English.
I know 4 as well; Bengali, Hindi, English and Spanish. Bengali and Hindi are quite similar, and English and Spanish are...not so much. English is by far the most difficult among these lol.
Knowing that many of us in europe and asia and Amerika have people from one single tribe 6000 years ago as common ancestors just changed how you see the world. Suddenly, everyone feels like family. This is why such things matter, they further our horizon and thus change how we go through life.
@@dragooll2023 I can't believe that the Aryans completely exterminated all the peoples they invaded. There will have been miscegenation, over a long period.
@@matthewmckenna3109 Check the genetic studies, usually only samples from north russia, the baltics and a few others i forgot still have old european dna edit: everyone still has old european dna, but the indo-european still has predominancy
Then again if we go back further, all of us humans throughout the world can trace our ancestry back to folks in Africa, so really we're all one big family in the end.
Imagine if the Proto‐Indo‐Europeans came back to live today and discovered that 40% of the world population was speaking a descendant of their language. That would either be a mindblow or a massive ego boost.
@Pan Indo-Europeanist, agnostic, Aryan supremacist Good grief your username and opinion are cringe. "Our race is the best one, now if only other races wouldn't oppress us". Cognitive dissonance much?
You can see the Basque country in Spain being alone in the world, also Finland, Estonia, Hungary and Transilvania in Romania having mainly a Uralic language. Romania isolated with an Italic and a Romance language. Also France has a region called Brittany where they speak a Celtic language called Briton. Iran, Afghanistan and Taijikistan are speaking mainly almost the same Iranian language.
Afghanistan is not totally Iranian speaking country, there are many Turkic and Mongol peoples - Uzbeks, Turkmens and Khazara. On the contrary, in Uzbekistan Tajik is the second speaking language and is especially widely speaking in Samarkand and Bukhara cities. Uzbek itself is heavily influenced by Persian linguistic features and vocabulary.
Pity, this video has been based on unfounded research. In fact PIE as presented never existed. The real PIE was Protoslavic, a mother language of most European languages plus Avestian and Sanskrit that derived from it.
Interestingly, 5-6 thousand years ago in Eurasia (excluding the Far East) there were many tribes and languages, of which almost nothing remained. Basques in the West, the peoples of the Caucasus, something northwest of the Himalayas. We know about the rest only by the results of excavations. Who they were is unknown. And the rest was filled out by representatives of 4 language families. The Indo-European peoples have the largest territory. Semites spread from the Sahara to the northeast, Turks from the Mongolian steppes to the west, and Finnish peoples to the west from the Ural Mountains.
I am finnish (finnish a finno-ugric language) and i have to say first time learning a indo-european language was very difficult, but after that it has been very easy to learn other european languages! Right now i speak english, swedish, german and little bit spanish, and i understand norwegian because its so similar to swedish haha.
Good for you. I'm learning swedish, but I'm spanish speaker (rioplatense castilian dialect) understand germanic languages is tricky for someone who speak romance language.
@@fabiangamx6288 Lycka till med svenska, jag gillar det mycket! Germanic languages have their own challenge, but everyone who knows english (so basically the whole world haha) is also able to learn those languages better!
@@lotta1517 Yes you right, today every person has to use english, I use it for learn Swedish. On the other hand, I'm very surprised at see that lenguaje has some similar words (in pronunciation) that means exactly the same as those in spanish. For example; "jag"="yo"; "gratis"="gratis"; "Tårta"="torta". It even has a reflexive pronoun "dig" equivalent to "ti" in spanish. But english is easier to learn.
@@fabiangamx6288 Oh very cool to know that even swedish and spanish have some similarity in words (and grammar?) Very far away, but they are both indo european so that explains it. Finnish has loaned some random words from swedish, but thats the only thing.
@@lotta1517 The grammar is different, it's simpler, in spanish you have a variety of verbal conjugations. As a Spanish speaker, it is intuitive, for a foreigner it is a nightmare, as far as I know. I understand that finish is a uralic language it's quite different from swedish, danish and other germanic languages.
As someone who is obsessed with languages, and whose ancestry is basically an Indo European melting pot (English, Armenian, Romani, Dutch, German, Scottish, Slovak, and Greek) I must say, I love this! Thank you so much!
I'm predominantly Afro-descendant, but I also have a buffet of Indo-European ancestry in my family tree. Nice to find a fellow Indo-European mixie obsessed with languages! 😋
Nice video, sadly that two most famous Indo-European languages - Latin and Greek were completely ousted from their former areas/spheres of influence - north Africa, Egypt & Anatolia
@@AD-yq8rl Agree, but many Greek scholars lived in Egypt, especially Alexandria. After Arabian conquest all of them were prohibited, expelled or kіІІеd, great library of Alexandria with its priceless manuscripts, artworks and scientific works were destroyed, many Roman and Greek libraries in north Africa and Anatolia got same violent fate
@@regabrielexv In fact after Arabian conquest Greek spoken language disappeared in Egypt in next 200 years, indigenous Coptic language extinct till 14th century AD because of hatred and perscutions from Arabian side. I don't mind, Caliphate had a good rulers and scholars who respected culture and science of conquered peoples, but majority of medieval Arabian population hated Greeks, Latins and Copts
Wonder what happened to armenian language and greek language in Anatolia all of a sudden at the beggining of the 20th century ? Something that never happened I guess...
@@deidara8neji They were defeated in WW1 and their territory was partitioned. So Mustafa Kemal established another governemtn in Ankara and waged Turkish war of independence.
@Adhishree Singh It is sure and they are Dardic and not related to Alexander the Great directly, but the reason why they look white is because they are descended from the Vedic Aryans who invaded India, but they never mixed with the local IVC people, so they retained their original steppe genes.
@Aman Yadav who gives a shit what we call them. Aryan, steppe-pastorals, indo-europeans, etc. What matters it that they did exist and easily provable through genetic, linguistic and geographical analysis
Sri lankas often try to relate themselves with it but truth is they stole some words from sanskrit ,to relate themselves with hindus of north India Hahahaha. Sri lanka is more close to China and their loans and here you talk about unity after harming hindus in your country.
Interesting to see this as my someone of eastern iranic ancestry (Afghanistan). Being a possible descendant of these tribes and peoples is very interesting despite the conflicts and marginalization and influence of other groups such as arabs and turks which have kind shifted our identity a bit since then.
Crazy to think that my language spoken in the middle of the US, and your language in Afghanistan, come from the same people. Cheers to worldwide brotherhood
@@rediettadesse2828 Possibly, I’m not too certain on the specifics since other groups of people get acculturated and languages pass down. In my case my ethnicity of being a descendant of the scythians makes it likely but other groups could have mingled in. To me its more of an identity with some genetic admixture involved, however you frame it. Cheers
R.I.P tocharian . Tocharians are very underestimated. Imagine you are a few people who move 1500 km away from your family in Siberia and then move towards Xinjiang and survive in that wild nature for thousands of years. Tocharian were truly based
Xinjiang wasn't nearly as wild or desertified back then, when Tocharian still existed. Back then, there was a massive lake (the Ancient Lop Nur) right in the middle of it- roughly 2/3rds the size of Lake Ontario and larger than Lake Titicaca. But the Tocharians' ancient kingdoms, and their population, went into terminal decline, when the flow of the primary river feeding into it suddenly dropped off, and the lake started to dry out.
You deserve more subscribers, dude! Not everyone can patiently make this masterpiece!!! Don't need to worry about Iceland, Germanic ones are there we know.
The Devanagri Script in which Sanskrit and Hindi are written in very complex and sophisticated, It writes every word as it is pronounced which no other script does. How come a group of nomadic people who invaded India according to the Aryan invasion theory have such a advanced script and language, because the Aryan invasion theory is false. Sanskrit originated in India and it is the language of the Sindhu valley civilization, the most advanced of the time which built brick houses when the world was living in mud/wooden houses. Sanskrit is the language of the gods and the mother of all languages. And Hindus are the true Aryans.
The migration would have occured about 4000 years ago. The Devanagari script is only 1300 years old according to google. I'd say 27 centuries is enough time to develop an advanced writing system.
@@prateekatt Indo-Aryans were slowly migrating into India during the late Harappan period. By 1500 BCE, they had completely settled there. In that time period, Proto-Indo-Aryan evolved into Vedic Sanskrit and the people who spoke it were Aryans mixed with the previous inhabitants of India, from whom they incorporated lots of cultural aspects. So by 1500 BCE, they had formed an advanced Indian Culture and had started to compose the Vedas. By 500 BCE, Sanskrit had already began to evolve into local dialects called Prakrits. The oldest written form of any Indo-Aryan language we find in India are the edicts of Ashoka from around 250 BCE. They were in Magadhi Prakrit and were written in the Brahmi Script. This is the oldest deciphered script in India and is the ancestor of all the modern Indian Scripts, even the South Indian scripts, even though their languages are unrelated to any Indo-European languages. From Brahmi, evolved Northern Brahmi > Suraseni Brahmi > Nagari > Central Nagari > Devanagari. Devanagari script became recognisable by 1300 CE. So Devanagari wasn't the script used by the Aryans, and they didn't even use its ancestor, Brahmi, during the Vedic period. So they had more than a thousand years to develop the Brahmi Script from scratch. And also, developing scripts from scratch is super easy for even a single individual, and I have done it many times. The Koreans also did it. So it would be a piece of cake for an advanced culture with a thousand years at hand. Remember, they had already become an advanced culture by 1500 BCE, after migrating, mixing with the locals, adopting many of their traditions, and adjusting to the standards of a metal using, agricultural civilisation. Also, they didn't even need to make it from scratch. As I said, they definitely mixed with and adoption many traditions of the Harappans. So it is possible that they might have learnt their script as well, just like how the Akkadians learnt cuneiform from the Sumerians, which continued to be the major script of the Middle-East for centuries after the Sumerians, even though the Sumerians soon went extinct. So, Brahmi could even be a descendent of the Indus Script. In that case, they would have just borrowed their writing system from a previous civilisation, just like how the Akkadians did, instead of making it themselves. So overall, there is absolutely no reason why a civilisation deriving it's cultural roots from an ancient nomadic tribe cannot have a sophisticated writing system.
Θα αποθηκεύσω αυτό το βίντεο, θα το βάλω σε ένα δίσκο flash ή σε έναν σκληρό δίσκο, και έριξα τον σκληρό δίσκο στον ωκεανό, και στον ωκεανό ο δίσκος πηγαίνει και θα διατηρηθεί για 4000 χρόνια, και κάποιο τυχαίο παιδί όταν το ανακάλυψαν στη Μεσόγειο (επειδή η γη είχε ήδη καταστραφεί), το βρήκαν, το έβαλαν σε μουσείο και πιθανότατα διατήρησαν την ινδοευρωπαϊκή γλώσσα, για
Malta (partially), Basque Country (partially), Saami regions in Scandinavia (partially), Gagauzia (partially), the Turkic or Finnic autonomous republics in Russia (partially) and the European part of Turkey too... But, after all, why putting our focus only on the lands within the conventional borders of Europe? Think about the Anatolian part of Turkey: it is outside modern conventional borders of Europe, but it has had a history fully intermingled with that of Europe and some of the oldest IE languages (maybe the very origin of IE family) were indigenous of Anatolia. Nevertheless, it has lost its IE character, because of events which happened in middle age and modern age. And that's really a remarkable fact...
Just a reminder for some people…. linguistic families (ex: Indo-European, Semitic, Uro-Altaic, etc.) doesn’t correlate to genetics. That would mean that a Mexican would be fully Spaniard based on the language they speak, which is of Spanish origin. Yes, Mexican do contain some Spaniard DNA as well as indigenous American DNA, but they aren’t full Spaniards as a native of Spain would be. Hope this clears up the confusion for certain people.
Bro, you know there are Mexicans who are white right? And have no or minimal native mix…as well as fully indigenous blooded Mexicans who have very little Spanish genes…come on…you sound ignorant.
But that means that linguistic families have a genetic correlation as well, it applies to Semite and Arian languages as well, so there si a genetic correlation un any case
1)This is fascinating. 2)Some comments on here assume that the spread of the IE languages is identical to the spread of a particular gene pool. Not so. Modern speakers of IE languages have a very mixed genetic inheritance. 3) Doesn't the space in the middle of Europe where non-IE Hungarian intervened appear far too late?
Not sure when he puts the arrival of the Magyars, but they arrived on the Pannonian/Hungarian plain around 900 CE. Of course, other language speaker would’ve been there, so they wouldn’t have immediately had a monopoly on the language.
Keep in mind that a split in a language group (for instance from 1500 B.C, like... the transition phase, from Indo-Iranian into Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian respectively. or for instance from Proto-Balto-Slavic into Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic respectively), does NOT in any way indicate a LOSS of mutual intelligability between the two groups that split. What the transition era indicates however, is that certain linguistic FEATURES of a given set of languages (either Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Aryan, Iranian respectively), by let's say around 900 B.C (600 years after the first split respectively), would have and would possess clear-cut distinguishable linguistic features in one group/set of languages that are no longer present (or have evolved differently) in the other splinter group-set of languages. But even by around 900 B.C for instance, a proto-Slavic speaking tribe would have LITTLE problem (at most) to communicate with the proto-Baltic speaker, as even though certain major linguistic changes have occured, there would still be so many vocabulary cognates and mutual physically-close contact in terms of proximity. A proto-Balt would have probably had occasional circumstances where he or she would communicate with a proto-Slav and they would at times possibly even learned new vocabulary quickly from each other, as the Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic (even after the split in circa 1500 B.C) had 70% of the core vocabulary very very similar, and their ethnic cultures would have still been very influenced by each other's presence constantly, thus ensuring both cultural and linguistic understanding. It wasn't until Poland officially into Catholicism in around 1000 A.C (because of Polish King Mieszko who converted to Catholicism at that time), that Poland would have undergone a major cultural shift, and also when Lithuania later converted into Christianity at around 1400 A.C or so. So cultural or religious change has the highest amount of linguistic changes as well, thus impact heavily on mutual linguistic intelligibility.
Жаль, что в веке 9-10 Русь, Краковская Польша и, хотя бы, Болгары не объеденились в одно государство. А ведь предпосылки были. Совсем другая история бы была
So no one is going to point out how Georgia in small area like Caucasus stayed away from indo european influence such a long time? especially considering the fact that it all started right above the Caucasian mountains.
This thesis will soon rot. Because your cultures and your words are not the same at all. You are just a language family formed by the exchange of languages.
See that little Iranian spot above the Armenians? That's osetians! They are often being forgotten, though they are also indo-european (Iranian group). I'm glad author didn't forget to add them.
Could have been done better in regards to the Iranic branch after 1000.Persian was the languague of the court and administration for most regions from Bengal bay to literally modern day Bosnia,yet you just colored central Asia with shades of dark green in the time frame of 1300-1900.I mean it was literally the official languague of India for example till 1830s.
Whoa! Now this is an ambitious video! Very interesting too, I never knew the Anatolian languages arrived to Anatolia through the Balkans, I've always thought they arrived through the Caucasus. I guess that explains why there are so many non-Indo-European languages spoken in the Caucasus. Fantastic video! Great job.
I was never clear on at what point the Iranian languages were replaced by Turkic ones in Central Asia and the western steppes, it's great to have this visualization! What is that stray patch of Indo-Aryan that wound up east of the Tocharians and disappears around 100 BC? What is that Greek hold-out in Afganistan that survives until the second millenium? I thought the Greek language there faded away by 500 at the latest.
@@CostasMelas Thank you for the reply! It's great when video creators answer comments. Why is Nuristani marked as its own color, instead of the rest of Indo-Iranian?
@@JohnSmith-of2gu Because the Nuristani language is a separate language, it is neither Iranian nor IndoAryan (probably their tribes migrated separately from Andorovo to the southeast of today's Afghanistan and survived), the interesting thing is that until 100 years ago, unlike the majority of the population of Afghanistan at that time, they were not Muslim. . For this reason, it can be said that thes people are untouched.
Because the Nuristani language is a separate language, it is neither Iranian nor IndoAryan (probably their tribes migrated separately from Andorovo to the southeast of today's Afghanistan and survived), the interesting thing is that until 100 years ago, unlike the majority of the population of Afghanistan at that time, they were not Muslim. . For this reason, it can be said that thes people are untouched.
@Devvrat Mishra I think the Iranic words in Uralic are borrowed when the Sarmatians/Alans migrated into Europe and settled in Hungary and some parts of the Roman empire when the Mongols attacked the Sarmatians. They had a lot of interaction with the Magyars because the migrated through the lands of the Magyars which at the time was near Ukraine. They also interacted with other Uralic tribes while migrating. There are still a lot of Sarmatian folk stories found in Hungarian culture. Those Sarmatians in Europe could have borrowed many Uralic words into their language too, but we don't know because they are extinct.
@Devvrat Mishra indo iranian and expecially iranians migrated eastward together with hungarian and samoyed..some yeniseian people involved too(see the seima-turbino horizon). The absence of uralic words in the avestan and vedic language is because these two migrated too South to enter in contaxt with uralian..unfortunately the only iranian language with these contacts(those that lived in tje steppe alongside hungarians) are extint and not well known to study uralic influence. Im talking about scythian,saka,alanic and sarmatians.
@Devvrat Mishra then its a mistery, but in the case of nomadic tribes maybe its possibile that a dominant tribe doesnt find necessary to acquire words from a tribe that could be less advanced in tech or warfare..is not the same case in which local rivers or territorie's names could be acquired from who lived there,for example neolithic societies..
@Devvrat Mishra it depends on when these cognates begun to be part of the the various IE languages..about avestan and vedas,its interesting the fact of their common shared culture in the BMAC,a cultural complex derived from middle easterners people that mixed with both Iranian and aryans. I dont believe that such animal's terms could exist in taiga and tundra environments at the same times.
@@dieletztekavallerie395 really debatable, since there is no evidence to support that it is a Brythonic language. The Atlantic Substrate went extinct around 0AD
The west/east PIE split is very ambiguous, and I don't know what it's based off of. It's certainly not based off of Satem/Centum split, because Proto-Indo-Iranian ultimately comes from Abashevo and Potapovka, which was located in the northern eurasian steppe, and came from Corded Ware. Also, with the map it's hard to pinpoint the exact location of the languages, and it seems quite unnecessary. You should/could have used the Mercator or Equirectangular projection instead. Iranic languages seem to have spread as far east as west of lake Baikal, as evident by the Tashtyk and Karasuk findings. It's not certain the language the Wusun spoke, but they're widely believed to have been speaking either an Iranic or Agni-Kuchean language, not Indo-Aryan. The Mittani speaking Indo-Aryan also seems quite a stretch and it could have been that their names were just unrelated cognates or that it originated from Armenian or Anatolian languages. In Khotan, Kashgar, and Tumshuq, basically everything west of the Yarkand River, Scythian was spoken, and it's believed that Khotan may have been originally Indo-Aryan speaking but were eventually settled by the Saka. Also, in the Ferghana Valley, the city of Cyropolis had been inhabited by greeks since at least Lydia was annexed by Cyrus, so the area should have been greek speaking sooner. In the Dnieper, (central Ukraine), several Greco-Scythian tribes were observed by Herodotus, and he calls their language a mix of Greek and Scythian, the Geloni. In classical (Pre-Christian) Armenia, various Iranic languages were spoken as a court language depending on whichever Iranic empire was dominant at the time because since after the Kingdom of Urartu, Armenia was ruled by Iranian dynasties until the Islamic conquests. The Armenian Arsacid dynasty for example, had the most profound effect on the Armenian vocabulary and grammar, and nowadays Armenian is used as a source to decipher Parthian.
> because Proto-Indo-Iranian ultimately comes from Abashevo and Potapovka You know there is literally no any evidence of this, but except fantasies based on literally nothing.
@@rastisdiq4142 хурриты, лувийцы, урартийцы, и хатти предки армян. Курды - Митанни, а армяне формировались на территории Армянского нагорья, между озёрами Ван, Севан и Урмия
Fabulous work! Well done! There are still many Persian speaking people south of Uzbekistan in Bukhara and Samarkand. not shown here. Also, no Dacian? and any particular reason why Thracians are more related to Indo-Iranians than Paleo-Balkan group?
Thank you. The Thracian is categorized as satem (although there isn't fully consensus) instead of the other Balkan Languages that are considered as centum.
I am from Greece and I am a Pomak of Slavic and Thracian origin (Also some Greek, Baltic, North and West European etc). Our language is Slavic (Pomakish) but I think it has a lot of Thracian elements in it. I really wonder what Thracian would sound like today if it had survived. They are my ancestor (together with Slavs) but unfortunately it is hard to find information about them and their language. Even the region's name my people live in (Thrace) comes from them.
It sure has, even Greek has(northern parts). Macedonians are said to have been heavily mix of Greek with thracian.I guess back then Greek and tharcian although different would have a lot of similarities , something like French and Italian. (Because they are very close early Indoeuropean languages) But no offence your slavic part ancestory is basically the people that destroyed thracian culture and language.
@@wakeno.6047 Well it was not only Slavs that replaced the Thracians and their language. It was Greeks, Romans and Slavs together. Just look at Romania, its people are mostly Thracian (ethnically) but they speak a Romance language. Also, Slavic and Thracian cultures and people mixed with eachother, the Thracian culture is not destroyed. Our culture (as Pomaks) is both Slavic and Thracian. Just like the culture of the Greeks in Thrace is both Greek and Thracian. Where are you from by the way, if you dont mind me asking?
@@wakeno.6047 Yes but Dacians were a Thracian tribe. You can see from the video that the language of Dacia was Thracian, then the Romans came and assimilated them.
@@wakeno.6047 The Dacians are first mentioned in the writings of the Ancient Greeks, in Herodotus (Histories Book IV XCIII: "[Getae] the noblest as well as the most just of all the Thracian tribes") and Thucydides (Peloponnesian Wars, Book II: "[Getae] border on the Scythians and are armed in the same manner, being all mounted archers").
Pictish in Scotland that you lined was a Celtic language. Although there's not alot of evidence about it, from what is known about it is that it is in fact a Celtic language.
Its supposedly a mystery. As c3ltish speakers cant fully understand it. It could be a similar situation as Basque where it's a pre indo European language with Celtic influence
it was like this for a while, since the bulgars, khazars, possibly huns. but the bulgars and khazars were turks, so you still got them to blame i guess :|
@@agalitevI personally feel that mongols under Borjigin/Barlas (After/During Genghis Khan) killed the local population, which made way for these alien populations....
Let's just appreciate how the Slavic language family spread from a fairly localized language and then pretty much took over all of Eastern Europe, and also major influenced Romanian.
To begin with, the Slavic language has borrowings from Arabic, Turkic and small peoples, especially the Russian language for the most part consists of languages from other peoples, words such as "dedushka, vorotnik and babushka" are taken from the Chechen language 😂😂😂
Είμαι αλβανικής καταγωγής, μπορείς να κάνεις ένα βίντεο σχετικά με την αλβανική γραμματική αν είναι ερχόμενη από τους Έλληνες η όχι. Οι δικοί μας εθνικιστές μας πρήζουν ότι είμαστε αρχαία χώρα προσωπικά αμφιβάλω δεν βρίσκω ούτε αποδείξεις άρα κάποιος που έχει γνώσεις θεωρώ να βρει στοιχεία. Αν είμαστε αρχαία πως γίνεται εσείς να έχετε γραμματική τόσο αρχαία γλώσσα κλπ και εμείς τίποτα... Respect Greece.
Good job. I find strange though why did you remove French and English from Africa after decolonisation (considering you counted Latin catholic worshipping in Eastern Europe as spread of Italic until 1800s). French is widely spoken up until this day in Africa, but for shame I'm not sure about exact countries, maybe not the ones visible here
It is crazy how a few chad warriors with chariots managed to conquer pretty much everything between the Himalayas and the Atlantic (or the Pacific if you count the conquest of the Americas)
Who would've thought that a language spoken by a bunch of horse riding people between black sea and Caspian sea will be the ancestor of languages spoken by half of the earth's population.
@@화이팅-t2q its not half though. Every, and I mean each and every modern nation uses one or more Indo-European languages in some capacity. name one nation that you think doesnt, and i will prove you wrong.
Hey Costas Melas, a very good and informative video on the spread of IE languages! I do have a slight issue I'd like to raise up if you don't mind. The theory that the Wusun of Western China were Indo-Aryan is hotly debated and only one Historian, Christopher Beckwith supports this theory based on just a relatively flimsy linguistic connection. Here is what I posted when replying to another comment: "OP is not entirely correct. That isolated group is apparently the Wusun people (not Yuezhi) and there is not a strong academic consensus that they were Indo-aryan people. Really only one historian, Christopher Beckwith, asserts that the Wusun were indo aryan people and this is based on relatively flimsy linguistic evidence that the Wūsūn can be reconstructed as Old Chinese "Aswin" and hence a perfect transcription of Old indic aśvin meaning the "horsemen". The asvini twins were deities of vedic religion so this is the claim he uses when asserting that Wusun were indo aryan. This is not a good linguistic connection between Wusun and Aswin and he does not point any other evidence for the indo-aryan hypothesis for Wusun." I should also point out that we have no idea if their ethnonym corresponds with their spoken language. Others have asserted that their ethnonym is of Iranic origin so I have noticed that the indo-iranian terminology is more neutral in academic circles. What do you think? Cheers
What's amazing is that each language got some influence from already existing local people that spoken a totally different language. For instance in europe and between France and Spain there is the Basques people I wonder if their language influenced the Latin language that are the French and Spanish ?
Well ,not in French . But I know that Occitan got a little bit of influence from Basque . Occitan was basically a Gallo-Romance language spoken in like the 1/3 South of France . Gallo-Romance language are basically -> -French (Gallo-Roman of the North) -Occitan (Gallo-Roman of the South) -Provençal (Gallo-Roman of the Est/Gallo-Roman of the Alps) Provençal was spoken in the French speaking part of Swizertland ,Savoy ,the County of Nice ,Lyon and It's Surrounding (actual 2nd most important city of France) ,Aoste and the Area of Influence the Bourguignon had (West of Swizertland ans North of Lyon) The 2 other Gallo-Roman language are still spoken but Provençal is almost extinct and Occitan have seen since a big decrease since the Annexion by France in the XII and the XIII century ,the Revolution and the Third Republic
The Gaullish language spoken by Gauls, called French today, influenced latin and other people. As well as modern French for agriculture and war, as well as places' names over the whole territority of France for cities, villages, etc.
@@sobertowelie3267 it is possible that previously people in the area spoke languages related to Basque and Iberian (and possibly PaleoSardinian). The extant inscriptions, though, are of an Italo-Celtic language, possibly a sort of first wave of the group before Italic proper came to dominate the peninsula.
Pictish is definitely Celtic but as so far, there's not enough evidence to suggest if it's in the same grouping as Brittonic like Welsh, Cornish and Breton or a independent Celtic language group.
@@Qwerty-hy5mj probably an own group, because remind that the today's Scottish Gaelic is influenced to an high extent from Irish Gaelic through migration.
Thank you. From these, I have made the Caucasian Languages. Maybe I will make a video on the other pre-Indo-European substratum such as Basque and Etruscan
Yes it is said that the slavs are a combination of Baltic and Scythian (Iranic) cultures There are many iranic words in slavic languages and russians have a large R1a gene which is andronovo (scythian/indo-european) genes
@@iSyriux Slavs existed as its on Indo-European group before Scythians even migrated to Eastern Europe from Siberia. So rather they being a combination of Baltic and Scythian cultures, they are a separate IE group that took influences from Baltic and Scythian people who once existed in the majority Slav lands
@dash Rex the same is true for many Ethinic Europeans it is just that IE mixed with already white pepole there if you take a DNA test and your haplogroup (maternal ) if not U or H than one of your female ancestors was not IE and highest IE is found in Norwegian who only are 50% steepe releated
@@ibrahimhalilmarsil9735 Most indians can drink milk it is the best way to know if you are IE not if you cannot digest milk or get diarrhea for drinking milk than you are not IE
@@ibrahimhalilmarsil9735 I guess you are Pakistani well all Pakistani have Indian genes because Pakistan is a recent creation it didn't existed before 1947
Would be nice if you could make updated Y-DNA spread map, including maritime spread of out of Africa branches all over Middle East Europe, Central Asia, South East Asia, Australia, East Asia via Americas...
Armenian language hadn't to came from Asia Minor, had it to? And where is Lusitanian language? It wasn't in your video about Celtic languages. Middle Volga region can be Baltic BCE. And do you plan separate video about Tocharian languages? Because they were a few languages. But it's great video still!
@@CostasMelas but what about Armenian and Lusitanian languages? Because Armenian came probably from Asia Minor and Balkan peninsula earlier. And Lusitanian isn't Celtic but is separate language of Indo-European languages
Лузитанский язык был вытеснен иберами (берберская ветвь афразийской языковой семьи) с юга и кельтами с севера на самый запад полуострова, на территорию современной Португалии. Последовавшая вслед за этим романизация Иберии лишь довершила этот процесс исчезновения языка и народа. Что непонятно-то?
@@woefulfisher просто все эти процессы в этом видео не отражены. Лузитанского как будто и не существовало. Хотя этот язык тоже индоевропейский и выделяется в отдельную группу как греческий или армянский
@@alexangelo1998 У нас нет письменных памятников лузитанского языка, а последний живой носитель умер приблизительно 2300 лет назад, так что мы не можем утверждать, что он индоевропейский. Та же ситуация, что и с пиктами и этрусками. Именно поэтому все данные языки на этой карте не показаны как индоевропейские.
I don't get it , are East European languages closer to proto indo european language than Iranian or indian languages, I thought rig Veda and zend Avesta were the oldest written sources available so how come the languages spread to Europe before the iran - india continuum , just curious !
@@दीपकनागर-थ5छ right , but this map diseeminates the proto indo european language to slavic and eastern areas before arrival of Vedic Sanskrit , it also breaks mittani language from sankrit eventhough it clearly has late rig vedic terminology , something's about this pattern of expansion
There is a lot of guess work in this video. I think that there are two processes: relative isolation and differentiations, so new languages/language groups, and expansion/assimilation, so language groups expand geographically driving others to extinction (as languages). This video lumps putative "Venedi" with "Balto-Slavs" which is hugely uncertain, and I am guessing there are more such guess works.
My horse can’t stop rearing after watching this
Kinda feel bad for Tocharian branch
@@based4560 assimilated by Turkic and Mongolic speakers right?
@@whoreofdragonstone1031 yup
@@based4560 I assume they’re the ones who gave the aforesaid groups pastoralism?
@@whoreofdragonstone1031 I suppose
I like that you can see small unique groups for brief moments like the celtic galatians in anatolia, the indo-aryan mitanni leaders in northern assyria, the eastern germanic goths who migrated to crimea, and the hellenic-speaking phoenicians. Also I didn't know an Indo-aryan language was spoken in the altai mountains for a long time
Yep, the Indo-Europeans were the original horselords before it was cool, only to be subsumed by the Altaic peoples from the east
Armenians are indo-european too
@@hereisyoursign6750 horelords have _always_ been cool. There's pretty much two main groups who do well in history, horselords and farmers.
@@hereisyoursign6750 Indo-Europeans are not technically the "Original Horselords". That would be the non-IE Botai Culture who are responsible for the first domestication of horses for horseriding purposes in modern day Kazakhstan
@Devvrat Mishra No. It is likely the first domestication of elephants happened during the peak of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the subcontinent 4000 years ago. As we know, IVC is not Indo european/vedic
This is one of the most beautful things i have ever seen
*wipes tear
Agreed
One thing that would make it more amazing would be if we had a rough idea of the non-IE languages around the map
tell that to the Indus Valley civilization, and the Early European Farmers
@@theskv21 agreed, I’d love to know more about the early history of Vasconic
@@celtofcanaanesurix2245 there is no Aryan race. It is just fake
Just thinking about Indo-European language family makes me so happy . I feel like I'm part of such a huge and magnificent family . Love to all other Indo-European speakers from a Bengali-speaker .
Love from an Italic speaker❤️
A lie makes you happy? Average Indian...
@@romayi_seviyorum.117Ok turk
@@romayi_seviyorum.117 Which lie ? What are you talking about , Turkic man ?
@@marcobelli6856 💞💕
You can see the effects of Alexander's Empire, the Turkish empires such as the Ottomans, the Roman/Byzantine empire, etc. so clearly... also never knew of that little Greek holdout in India. I knew the language probably spread there but didn't think it would ever hold out to this day, considering it's been so long since Alexander's Empire. I will admit, I felt a hint of sadness watching the Anatolian language die. It seemed to be one of the oldest branches and it held out for so long.
That's Nuristani, not Greek.
@@stsk1061 I tried making an edit saying that, but it didn't save for whatever reason. but yeah, you're right.
@@stsk1061 Greek >>> Greco-Bactrian Kingdom >>> Greco-Indian Kingdoms. Nuristani is that very small Dot in that Timeperiod
alexanders empire was not the only greek one. there was the indo greeks as well.
I always felt sadness about Anatolia and wonder where did the Hittite and Luwian languages go. Also Syria and Iraq were Indo-European speakers before.
love all of my indo-european brothers from 🇮🇷 IRAN 🇮🇷
thx love from India🇮🇳
I Love Iran from Poland 🇮🇷❤️🇵🇱
Love from Holland.
@@johannesnicolaas ♡♡♡ love u
@@szymonovsky9783 ♡♡♡♡
we have lot of Poles in Iran.
they came to iran during world war
Interesting that Pre-Proto-Germanic, Proto Italic, Vedic Sanskrit, Avestan, Hittite, Mycennean Greek, Late Proto-Balto-Slavic, and Proto Celtic were all spoken at the same time (1500 BC).
Proto Italo-Celtic along with Proto Germanic. Proto Italic is younger than Proto Germanic.
@@SchmulKrieger I thought Proto Germanic, as it was reconstructed, was from 600 BC.
@@SchmulKrieger italo-celtic along with Pre-proto Germanic. In the video is represented too earlier only to show classification I think.
@@Nullius_in_verba you should improve your English. I haven't understood what you wanted to say.
No bro vedic sanskriti is more older and i really don't believe this theory
Indo-Europeans: *surround the Caucasus*
Caucasians: I will surely survive
Wait... Does not so-called "Caucasian" race or "Indo-Europeans" are modern names of Aryans? Lol
@@rggalas The word "Caucasian" to describe Indo-European peoples is entirely ahistorical. Some anthropologist thought Caucasians were beautiful and more or less just assumed that's where Europeans originated. And Aryan is just one specific Indo-European group the Nazis co-opted the name of despite Germanic peoples having no relation to them beyond shared lineage from Proto-Indo-Europeans, as this map demonstrates.
On the contrary, the Caucasians persecuted the Indo-Europeans ) and the Iranians had a neutral attitude
@meme-potentialsearch8010 Russia as the weakest nation, which managed to lose to Chechnya alone many times, what else can I say that Russia fought against Chechnya for 400 years, against Circassians for 150 years, against Dagestanis for 45
yep
Indo-European: "spreads to Europe and Asia*
Georgia: No
Never underestimate the kartvelians
Hungary, Finland, Estonia, Basque country: No
Turkic: "well, I will spread over them"
@@iliastephnadze Malta, Basque, Finland, Estonia, Hungary, Georgia, Kalmykia, Udmurt, Tatarstan, Dagestan: Nope
@@MrnosilenceAh yes, my favourite country Anatomy
Indo-European language family is the most spreaded language family in the world. Indo-European languages are the majority language in more than 48 countries🌍🌏.
I am a Sinhala speaker, an Indo-Aryan language from Sri Lanka🇱🇰.
Dude , I'm a native hindi speaker , tell me if there's mutual intelligibility on your side , do you guys have record of ancestry from regions in india , fascinated to know
@@zulu2885 Yes. Sinhalese genes are made with 72% Bengali/Odisha genes, 12% Gujarati genes and 15% South Indian genes.
@@worlddata8982 so essentially they're north indians then , pretty cool , this is not taught or known , how old is this migration and what were the reasons mate
@@zulu2885 Prince Vijaya arrived in Sri Lanka in 536 BCE on the day of the demise of the Lord Buddha. He was the son of the King Sinhabahu of Wanga Kingdom. King Sinhabahu banished Prince Vijaya and his team from the kingdom (For this reason, some Sri Lankans are reluctant to accept Vijaya as a their ansestor) . Their ships sank near Sri Lanka and they were able to swim to Sri Lanka. When he laid his hand on the shore, his hand was covered with copper. Copper in Sanskrit is called "Thamba" . known as copper "Thamba" in also Sinhala. Hence he called Sri Lanka "Thambapanni". At that time, "Yaksha people" of North Indian Aryan origin lived in Sri Lanka. Prince Vijaya married a Yaksha women. Her name was "Kuweni". There were constant clashes between Vijay's group and the Yakshas. Vijaya's group who were angry with Kuveni for being a Yaksha woman lied to Prince Vijaya about her. Prince Vijaya believed them to be true and Kuveni was banished from the palace. She went to the Yakshas. Because she was married to Prince Vijaya, she was killed by the Yaksha people who were angry with her. Her son and daughter escaped and they are ansestors of Vaddas (aborgines). The Veddas also have the genes of the Deva people who lived in the hill country. Prince Vijaya and his team married with South Indian princesses. But Vijaya had no children. After him, Sri Lanka was ruled by his ministers. In 437 BCE Prince Pandukabhaya became the king. He was half yaksha-half Bengali. He could united Yakshas and Bengalis. He made the Sinhala nation. Hence he is known as the first Sinhala king.
@@worlddata8982 wo!!, This is internet at its best , thank you good sire for this detailed answer , it would've taken me hours to get this info otherwise , idk but aren't yakshas and rakshas mythological terms , also what defines a yaksha , aren't vedda the orginal inhabitants of india before the arrival of Iranian farmers and steppe Aryans , I always thought veddas are essentially tamil , I'm also most curious to know mutual intelligibility between bengali and Sinhalese , is it closer to tamil or bengali or orriya , also how Buddhist is srilanka , do they celebrate diwali or holi , and what exactly do people think of Ravana in Sri Lanka , I know it's a lot but kinda curious about it all especially when talking to someone as knowledgeable and culturally aware as you are
Thanks for the info
Crazy to think that Hindi, German, Spanish, Persian, etc, are all related.
And how fast it changed!
Also, if you consider the Centum-Satem split, it's also crazy to think that Tocharian, despite all of its immediate Indo-European neighbours being Satem, was actually Centum. And further, how the likes of Serbocroatian or Lithuanian are more similar to the likes of Hindi, Farsi or Armenian than they are to the likes of Greek, French or English.
@@HistoryandOtherStuffwithBV Yes it is indeed interesting, but remember that (for example) just because both Balto-Slavic and Indo-Iranian are satem languages does not mean that they are sister languages. Some of the features would have probably developed independently and some of them probably transferred between populations while Indo-European was still mostly on the steppe. Maybe you already knew that, but I want to just make it clear to whoever reads this that the centum-satem line does not mean that the people and languages on either side are genetically closer to each other, and indo-European migrations are a lot blurrier than we think, lol
Genetically speaking, Europe has been roughly the same since the Neolithic - well before the Indo-European migrations. And you are right that borrowings from neighbours also play an importance in vocab and grammar. Sprachbunds are a thing both within and across language families
Not that much actually
I am quadrolingual and can speak 4 Indo-European languages. I was able to find many similarities between them. Armenian was my 1st language. Farsi or Persian 2nd. English 3rd and finally Spanish.
Its cool to see these cusines still share much in common.
I would have to say Armenian stands out the most word wise, but similar in sentence structure to English.
I know 4 as well; Bengali, Hindi, English and Spanish. Bengali and Hindi are quite similar, and English and Spanish are...not so much. English is by far the most difficult among these lol.
I can speak 3, Spanish, English and Portuguese.
Hola amigo
@@chipaguasustudios
hola, Feliz Navidad.
Hello, Merry Christmas.
բարև, շնորհավոր Սուրբ Ծնունդ
barev, shnorhavor Surb Tsnund
سلام کریسمس مبارک
(Salam, keristmas mobarak)
5 German French Italian Romansh and english
Rip Iranic People In Euroasian steps, Central Asia and western China 💔
The Turks and Mongols destroyed them.
@@SchmulKrieger tocharians still exist but in few numbers. Search for red head people in Tajikistan or east turkestan
@@SchmulKrieger The slavs also "destroyed" Scythians and Sarmatians of Eastern Europe according to your comment, you forgot that detail
*ANGRY TURKİSH MAN JOİNED THE CHAT*
@@himalayas1647 The Tocharians don't exist anymore and have been assimilated.
Also, Tajiks didn't descend from the Tocharians.
Knowing that many of us in europe and asia and Amerika have people from one single tribe 6000 years ago as common ancestors just changed how you see the world. Suddenly, everyone feels like family. This is why such things matter, they further our horizon and thus change how we go through life.
But this shows the evolution and spread of a language, not genes. The language doesn't necessarily follow the genes.
@@matthewmckenna3109 But in the cause of the Aryan conquests it surely does.
@@dragooll2023 I can't believe that the Aryans completely exterminated all the peoples they invaded. There will have been miscegenation, over a long period.
@@matthewmckenna3109 Check the genetic studies, usually only samples from north russia, the baltics and a few others i forgot still have old european dna
edit: everyone still has old european dna, but the indo-european still has predominancy
Then again if we go back further, all of us humans throughout the world can trace our ancestry back to folks in Africa, so really we're all one big family in the end.
Imagine if the Proto‐Indo‐Europeans came back to live today and discovered that 40% of the world population was speaking a descendant of their language. That would either be a mindblow or a massive ego boost.
@Pan Indo-Europeanist, agnostic, Aryan supremacist Like what lands? More of Africa and of the Middle East? China?
@@sunshineimperials1600 like more lands in Anatolia and M. East ( Assyria, Anatolia, Egypt ) that could speak Hellenic languages or Helleno Iranian
@Pan Indo-Europeanist, agnostic, Aryan supremacist Good grief your username and opinion are cringe. "Our race is the best one, now if only other races wouldn't oppress us". Cognitive dissonance much?
@Pan Indo-Europeanist, agnostic, Aryan supremacist If your race is so supreme why does it apparently get oppressed?
@Pan Indo-Europeanist, agnostic, Aryan supremacist based
You can see the Basque country in Spain being alone in the world, also Finland, Estonia, Hungary and Transilvania in Romania having mainly a Uralic language. Romania isolated with an Italic and a Romance language. Also France has a region called Brittany where they speak a Celtic language called Briton. Iran, Afghanistan and Taijikistan are speaking mainly almost the same Iranian language.
Yeah.... we... we watched the video bro
@@GAMER123GAMING it is more for the people who don't know the places' names, and for my entertainment, I had fun remembering certain topics.
Afghanistan is not totally Iranian speaking country, there are many Turkic and Mongol peoples - Uzbeks, Turkmens and Khazara. On the contrary, in Uzbekistan Tajik is the second speaking language and is especially widely speaking in Samarkand and Bukhara cities. Uzbek itself is heavily influenced by Persian linguistic features and vocabulary.
@@alekseypetrov8520👍👍👍👍👍👍✌✌✌✌
Transilvania!???? Are 2 and a half counties of minority speaking hungarian!!!
this video has been a long time coming.
i'm calling it here: this is the magnum opus of your channel. truly phenomenal work.
Thank you very much
*Megh2nom h3epos because its a PIE video😎😎
Pity, this video has been based on unfounded research. In fact PIE as presented never existed. The real PIE was Protoslavic, a mother language of most European languages plus Avestian and Sanskrit that derived from it.
@@Lechoslaw8546 you have to be a troll.
@@Lechoslaw8546 😂😂😂😂😂😂
Interestingly, 5-6 thousand years ago in Eurasia (excluding the Far East) there were many tribes and languages, of which almost nothing remained. Basques in the West, the peoples of the Caucasus, something northwest of the Himalayas. We know about the rest only by the results of excavations. Who they were is unknown. And the rest was filled out by representatives of 4 language families. The Indo-European peoples have the largest territory. Semites spread from the Sahara to the northeast, Turks from the Mongolian steppes to the west, and Finnish peoples to the west from the Ural Mountains.
Dude, straight up one of the best i have seen.
Thank you very much
Your videos are very helpful too!
I am finnish (finnish a finno-ugric language) and i have to say first time learning a indo-european language was very difficult, but after that it has been very easy to learn other european languages!
Right now i speak english, swedish, german and little bit spanish, and i understand norwegian because its so similar to swedish haha.
Good for you. I'm learning swedish, but I'm spanish speaker (rioplatense castilian dialect) understand germanic languages is tricky for someone who speak romance language.
@@fabiangamx6288 Lycka till med svenska, jag gillar det mycket! Germanic languages have their own challenge, but everyone who knows english (so basically the whole world haha) is also able to learn those languages better!
@@lotta1517 Yes you right, today every person has to use english, I use it for learn Swedish.
On the other hand, I'm very surprised at see that lenguaje has some similar words (in pronunciation) that means exactly the same as those in spanish.
For example;
"jag"="yo"; "gratis"="gratis"; "Tårta"="torta".
It even has a reflexive pronoun "dig" equivalent to "ti" in spanish.
But english is easier to learn.
@@fabiangamx6288 Oh very cool to know that even swedish and spanish have some similarity in words (and grammar?) Very far away, but they are both indo european so that explains it. Finnish has loaned some random words from swedish, but thats the only thing.
@@lotta1517 The grammar is different, it's simpler, in spanish you have a variety of verbal conjugations. As a Spanish speaker, it is intuitive, for a foreigner it is a nightmare, as far as I know.
I understand that finish is a uralic language it's quite different from swedish, danish and other germanic languages.
Holy crap you actually did it
"Yes, I can digest milk, how could you tell?"
Some chad nomad on a chariot
As someone who is obsessed with languages, and whose ancestry is basically an Indo European melting pot (English, Armenian, Romani, Dutch, German, Scottish, Slovak, and Greek) I must say, I love this! Thank you so much!
Thank you
@FAKE VIRUS BREWERIES Romani?
@@dragooll2023 But Roma or Romani are preferred; g*psy, g*tano, ts*gan (and variations) are considered ethnic slurs by many Romani people.
I'm predominantly Afro-descendant, but I also have a buffet of Indo-European ancestry in my family tree. Nice to find a fellow Indo-European mixie obsessed with languages! 😋
ur very special
From Iran, greetings to all Aryan family✋🏻
You are Dravidian
@@arabianinferno6918 how anIranian can be dravidian?
🇮🇳❤️🇮🇷
@@arabianinferno6918 stop pointing fingers at others and speak for yourself
Shukriya Brother 🇮🇳❤️🇮🇷
Nice video, sadly that two most famous Indo-European languages - Latin and Greek were completely ousted from their former areas/spheres of influence - north Africa, Egypt & Anatolia
Almost all languages lost some of their sphere of influence throughout the time. Don’t be sad, get over it.
@@AD-yq8rl
Agree, but many Greek scholars lived in Egypt, especially Alexandria. After Arabian conquest all of them were prohibited, expelled or kіІІеd, great library of Alexandria with its priceless manuscripts, artworks and scientific works were destroyed, many Roman and Greek libraries in north Africa and Anatolia got same violent fate
Nothing sad about it. These languages spread by force and were rightly removed.
@@regabrielexv this is false; the byzantines preserved the ancients, not the arabs (who got it second hand).
@@regabrielexv In fact after Arabian conquest Greek spoken language disappeared in Egypt in next 200 years, indigenous Coptic language extinct till 14th century AD because of hatred and perscutions from Arabian side. I don't mind, Caliphate had a good rulers and scholars who respected culture and science of conquered peoples, but majority of medieval Arabian population hated Greeks, Latins and Copts
Wonder what happened to armenian language and greek language in Anatolia all of a sudden at the beggining of the 20th century ?
Something that never happened I guess...
A peaceful relocation to a place with nice and friendly environment
There were genocides and population exchange during WW1 and Turkish war of independence.
@@화이팅-t2q turkish war of "independance" is ironically funny.
They were litteraly the rulers of the empire 🤣🤣
@@deidara8neji
They were defeated in WW1 and their territory was partitioned.
So Mustafa Kemal established another governemtn in Ankara and waged Turkish war of independence.
@@화이팅-t2q I know all that story. The name is simply dumb
That tiny island of Greek in Afghanistan survived for centuries...
The different colour in Afghanistan is about the Nuristani Languages. The Greek language faded out after 4th century AD
@@CostasMelas NOOOO YOU RUINED MY DIRTY TROUGHTS
@@CostasMelas NOO
@Adhishree Singh It is sure and they are Dardic and not related to Alexander the Great directly, but the reason why they look white is because they are descended from the Vedic Aryans who invaded India, but they never mixed with the local IVC people, so they retained their original steppe genes.
@Aman Yadav who gives a shit what we call them. Aryan, steppe-pastorals, indo-europeans, etc. What matters it that they did exist and easily provable through genetic, linguistic and geographical analysis
From iceland all the way to Sri lanka.what a massive diversity but united as indo european 😂
Sri lankas often try to relate themselves with it but truth is they stole some words from sanskrit ,to relate themselves with hindus of north India Hahahaha. Sri lanka is more close to China and their loans and here you talk about unity after harming hindus in your country.
no way a sri lankan is related to an icelandian genetically.
@@aayushjha2023 Humans share 99.9% of their DNA. You might wanna rephrase that.
@@aayushjha2023 genetics and language and culture arent always overlapped, but often do.
they are Not. it is only the language since aryans intermatied with other persons
Interesting to see this as my someone of eastern iranic ancestry (Afghanistan). Being a possible descendant of these tribes and peoples is very interesting despite the conflicts and marginalization and influence of other groups such as arabs and turks which have kind shifted our identity a bit since then.
Does language mean possible ancestry ?:)
Crazy to think that my language spoken in the middle of the US, and your language in Afghanistan, come from the same people. Cheers to worldwide brotherhood
Turco-Mongols defeated Iranians.
@@judsonwall8615 Yah haha its weird how things end up but interesting.
@@rediettadesse2828 Possibly, I’m not too certain on the specifics since other groups of people get acculturated and languages pass down. In my case my ethnicity of being a descendant of the scythians makes it likely but other groups could have mingled in. To me its more of an identity with some genetic admixture involved, however you frame it. Cheers
R.I.P tocharian .
Tocharians are very underestimated. Imagine you are a few people who move 1500 km away from your family in Siberia and then move towards Xinjiang and survive in that
wild nature for thousands of years. Tocharian were truly based
Uighurs are their descendants.
They weren't.
After 900AD Tocharians assimilated into The Uyghurs.
@@axpowrt3456 There are still some tribes among Xianjing but I think they are few
@@Mrnosilence Their genetics exist among them,but their entire culture and language no longer exists and has disappeared
Xinjiang wasn't nearly as wild or desertified back then, when Tocharian still existed. Back then, there was a massive lake (the Ancient Lop Nur) right in the middle of it- roughly 2/3rds the size of Lake Ontario and larger than Lake Titicaca. But the Tocharians' ancient kingdoms, and their population, went into terminal decline, when the flow of the primary river feeding into it suddenly dropped off, and the lake started to dry out.
This is very accurate! I am impressed by this work.
Thank you
@@CostasMelas And why are the Dardic languages not shown? (Kashmiri, Sheena, Kalashi ).
Շնորհակալություն ձեր կատարած աշխատանքի համար, վստահ եմ որ մենք,հայերս գոյատեւել ենք մեր լեզվի շնորհիվ,լեզուն դա ազգի հոգին է։
Diliniz də bir dil ola. Bir çəlləyin içinə 4-5 daş atıb qarışdırdıqda, diliniz çəlləyin içidən çıxan səsə oxşayır. 🤣🤣🤣
@@adsoyad8971 says someone who doesnt even have an alpahbete xddd
@@gaskjs6544 Turks have their own alphabet
Go and read some dont talk about the thing that u dont know
Ahhahah
@@sofiahammond8838 its literally english but with few more signs stupid fuck and before that they just used arabic language go learn some shit
@@sofiahammond8838 show us that, turks used before arabic alphabete, now use latin since Ataturk
You deserve more subscribers, dude! Not everyone can patiently make this masterpiece!!! Don't need to worry about Iceland, Germanic ones are there we know.
Thank you very much
The Devanagri Script in which Sanskrit and Hindi are written in very complex and sophisticated, It writes every word as it is pronounced which no other script does.
How come a group of nomadic people who invaded India according to the Aryan invasion theory have such a advanced script and language, because the Aryan invasion theory is false.
Sanskrit originated in India and it is the language of the Sindhu valley civilization, the most advanced of the time which built brick houses when the world was living in mud/wooden houses.
Sanskrit is the language of the gods and the mother of all languages. And Hindus are the true Aryans.
The migration would have occured about 4000 years ago. The Devanagari script is only 1300 years old according to google. I'd say 27 centuries is enough time to develop an advanced writing system.
@@prateekatt Indo-Aryans were slowly migrating into India during the late Harappan period. By 1500 BCE, they had completely settled there. In that time period, Proto-Indo-Aryan evolved into Vedic Sanskrit and the people who spoke it were Aryans mixed with the previous inhabitants of India, from whom they incorporated lots of cultural aspects. So by 1500 BCE, they had formed an advanced Indian Culture and had started to compose the Vedas. By 500 BCE, Sanskrit had already began to evolve into local dialects called Prakrits. The oldest written form of any Indo-Aryan language we find in India are the edicts of Ashoka from around 250 BCE. They were in Magadhi Prakrit and were written in the Brahmi Script. This is the oldest deciphered script in India and is the ancestor of all the modern Indian Scripts, even the South Indian scripts, even though their languages are unrelated to any Indo-European languages. From Brahmi, evolved Northern Brahmi > Suraseni Brahmi > Nagari > Central Nagari > Devanagari. Devanagari script became recognisable by 1300 CE. So Devanagari wasn't the script used by the Aryans, and they didn't even use its ancestor, Brahmi, during the Vedic period. So they had more than a thousand years to develop the Brahmi Script from scratch. And also, developing scripts from scratch is super easy for even a single individual, and I have done it many times. The Koreans also did it. So it would be a piece of cake for an advanced culture with a thousand years at hand. Remember, they had already become an advanced culture by 1500 BCE, after migrating, mixing with the locals, adopting many of their traditions, and adjusting to the standards of a metal using, agricultural civilisation. Also, they didn't even need to make it from scratch. As I said, they definitely mixed with and adoption many traditions of the Harappans. So it is possible that they might have learnt their script as well, just like how the Akkadians learnt cuneiform from the Sumerians, which continued to be the major script of the Middle-East for centuries after the Sumerians, even though the Sumerians soon went extinct. So, Brahmi could even be a descendent of the Indus Script. In that case, they would have just borrowed their writing system from a previous civilisation, just like how the Akkadians did, instead of making it themselves. So overall, there is absolutely no reason why a civilisation deriving it's cultural roots from an ancient nomadic tribe cannot have a sophisticated writing system.
Fun fact: Basque is Non-Nostratic language
Baszk : - Szkita - ősnyelv ..... mint a
Magyar ! *
30 000 years ..... 😊
Πραγματικά εξαιρετική δουλειά, άξια της προβολής που παίρνει! Θερμά συγχαρητήρια και ευχαριστούμε πάρα πολύ για το λεπτομερέστατο αυτό βίντεο!!
Ευχαριστώ πολύ
Συγχαρητήρια, πολύ ωραίο animation, το ταξίδι της γλώσσας είναι και το ταξίδι της Ανθρωπότητας (έπρεπε να γράψω κάτι βαθυστόχαστο). Καλές Γιορτές.
глубоко копнул. и тебе счастья.
Θα αποθηκεύσω αυτό το βίντεο, θα το βάλω σε ένα δίσκο flash ή σε έναν σκληρό δίσκο, και έριξα τον σκληρό δίσκο στον ωκεανό, και στον ωκεανό ο δίσκος πηγαίνει και θα διατηρηθεί για 4000 χρόνια, και κάποιο τυχαίο παιδί όταν το ανακάλυψαν στη Μεσόγειο (επειδή η γη είχε ήδη καταστραφεί), το βρήκαν, το έβαλαν σε μουσείο και πιθανότατα διατήρησαν την ινδοευρωπαϊκή γλώσσα, για
Avengers endgame: “the most ambitious crossover ever” Costas Melas: “Hold my beer, will ya?”
Well, I guess it was made by Indo Europeans LOL.
@@king_halcyon crazy how far it spread
It's interesting that Hungary, Estonia and Finland are not Indo-Europeans after all.
Malta (partially), Basque Country (partially), Saami regions in Scandinavia (partially), Gagauzia (partially), the Turkic or Finnic autonomous republics in Russia (partially) and the European part of Turkey too...
But, after all, why putting our focus only on the lands within the conventional borders of Europe? Think about the Anatolian part of Turkey: it is outside modern conventional borders of Europe, but it has had a history fully intermingled with that of Europe and some of the oldest IE languages (maybe the very origin of IE family) were indigenous of Anatolia. Nevertheless, it has lost its IE character, because of events which happened in middle age and modern age. And that's really a remarkable fact...
Mert az indoeurópai nyelv - bukott !
Nem létezik !
Just a reminder for some people…. linguistic families (ex: Indo-European, Semitic, Uro-Altaic, etc.) doesn’t correlate to genetics. That would mean that a Mexican would be fully Spaniard based on the language they speak, which is of Spanish origin. Yes, Mexican do contain some Spaniard DNA as well as indigenous American DNA, but they aren’t full Spaniards as a native of Spain would be. Hope this clears up the confusion for certain people.
Im arabian with 60% persian genitics
Bro, you know there are Mexicans who are white right? And have no or minimal native mix…as well as fully indigenous blooded Mexicans who have very little Spanish genes…come on…you sound ignorant.
But that means that linguistic families have a genetic correlation as well, it applies to Semite and Arian languages as well, so there si a genetic correlation un any case
Culture matters more than genetics anyway
Mexicans are 50% Amerindian + 40% African + maybe 10% spaniard
1)This is fascinating.
2)Some comments on here assume that the spread of the IE languages is identical to the spread of a particular gene pool. Not so. Modern speakers of IE languages have a very mixed genetic inheritance.
3) Doesn't the space in the middle of Europe where non-IE Hungarian intervened appear far too late?
Not sure when he puts the arrival of the Magyars, but they arrived on the Pannonian/Hungarian plain around 900 CE. Of course, other language speaker would’ve been there, so they wouldn’t have immediately had a monopoly on the language.
Keep in mind that a split in a language group (for instance from 1500 B.C, like... the transition phase, from Indo-Iranian into Indo-Aryan and Proto-Iranian respectively. or for instance from Proto-Balto-Slavic into Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic respectively), does NOT in any way indicate a LOSS of mutual intelligability between the two groups that split. What the transition era indicates however, is that certain linguistic FEATURES of a given set of languages (either Baltic, Slavic, Indo-Aryan, Iranian respectively), by let's say around 900 B.C (600 years after the first split respectively), would have and would possess clear-cut distinguishable linguistic features in one group/set of languages that are no longer present (or have evolved differently) in the other splinter group-set of languages. But even by around 900 B.C for instance, a proto-Slavic speaking tribe would have LITTLE problem (at most) to communicate with the proto-Baltic speaker, as even though certain major linguistic changes have occured, there would still be so many vocabulary cognates and mutual physically-close contact in terms of proximity. A proto-Balt would have probably had occasional circumstances where he or she would communicate with a proto-Slav and they would at times possibly even learned new vocabulary quickly from each other, as the Proto-Baltic and Proto-Slavic (even after the split in circa 1500 B.C) had 70% of the core vocabulary very very similar, and their ethnic cultures would have still been very influenced by each other's presence constantly, thus ensuring both cultural and linguistic understanding. It wasn't until Poland officially into Catholicism in around 1000 A.C (because of Polish King Mieszko who converted to Catholicism at that time), that Poland would have undergone a major cultural shift, and also when Lithuania later converted into Christianity at around 1400 A.C or so. So cultural or religious change has the highest amount of linguistic changes as well, thus impact heavily on mutual linguistic intelligibility.
Жаль, что в веке 9-10 Русь, Краковская Польша и, хотя бы, Болгары не объеденились в одно государство. А ведь предпосылки были. Совсем другая история бы была
My heart melted away along with the scythian language
😢
@Mehmet Malkoç
Inshallah mongolistan kültürlari helel Olson abdulmehmot yalmoz Berlin 🙊
@Mehmet Malkoç it was mostly replaced by Russian tho
There is a very small neo-shythian community in the caucasians that survived the extinction
@@VVV.12345 the ossetians?
To keep in mind: Hindi is more related to Icelandic (so far that it's not even on the map) than to Tamil
right just like how Swedish is more closely related to Sinhala than it is to Saami.
but due to extensive contact of years. there is lot of sanskrit words in dravidian languages and reverse too.
But as a Tamil. I can understand Hindi, Sanskrit then Icelandic.
A tamil who understands hindi? Dont lie 😂@@joel12388
So no one is going to point out how Georgia in small area like Caucasus stayed away from indo european influence such a long time? especially considering the fact that it all started right above the Caucasian mountains.
no! they were highly Influenced by Indo-European Grammer in their language found in proto-Kartvelian language are many Proto-Indo-european words!!
words such as ღვინო and მკერდი in Georgian are believed to be of Proto-Indo-European origin
@@rhimbdlzad7566 yes they are!
@@rhimbdlzad7566 th-cam.com/video/C4JPMYHTZis/w-d-xo.html
It didn't start in India? Whose more ancient ?
Греки в малой Азии(Турции) составляли большинство до правления Младотурков,Мустафа Кемал Ата-тюрк лично вырезал греческие деревни
I can tell you put a lot of effort into this, so much attention to detail and events. Extremely impressive.
This thesis will soon rot. Because your cultures and your words are not the same at all. You are just a language family formed by the exchange of languages.
See that little Iranian spot above the Armenians? That's osetians! They are often being forgotten, though they are also indo-european (Iranian group). I'm glad author didn't forget to add them.
U are ossetian??
@@axpowrt3456 nah I'm russian
Could have been done better in regards to the Iranic branch after 1000.Persian was the languague of the court and administration for most regions from Bengal bay to literally modern day Bosnia,yet you just colored central Asia with shades of dark green in the time frame of 1300-1900.I mean it was literally the official languague of India for example till 1830s.
Great job! This will be remembered as a legendary video
Thank you very much :)
The Dragon Historian
, do you plan similar video about Altaic languages in your channel? If this hypothesis can be taken
@@alexangelo1998
Altaic language hypothesis has long been debunked.
It's just thought to be a Sprachbund rather than a single unified language family.
@@화이팅-t2q yeah, at least Turkic Mongolic and Tungusic speakers have similar DNA and they may have a common language in the distant past, possibly.
@@king_halcyon
Then every language is related to each other if we go back very long time ago.
Whoa! Now this is an ambitious video! Very interesting too, I never knew the Anatolian languages arrived to Anatolia through the Balkans, I've always thought they arrived through the Caucasus. I guess that explains why there are so many non-Indo-European languages spoken in the Caucasus.
Fantastic video! Great job.
Thank you
both are about equally likely theories
@@celtofcanaanesurix2245 agreed
@@celtofcanaanesurix2245 i think balkan is more accepted but caucasus is also possible
This video is based on a theory, it's not a solid fact, nor is the video very accurate. It's still a fun video and well made.
It is so interesting to look into how language evolves over time, and the similarities that exist in such seemingly different cultures.
I was never clear on at what point the Iranian languages were replaced by Turkic ones in Central Asia and the western steppes, it's great to have this visualization!
What is that stray patch of Indo-Aryan that wound up east of the Tocharians and disappears around 100 BC?
What is that Greek hold-out in Afganistan that survives until the second millenium? I thought the Greek language there faded away by 500 at the latest.
Thank you. The first is Wusun language, the second is the Language Nuristani, not Greek
@@CostasMelas Thank you for the reply! It's great when video creators answer comments. Why is Nuristani marked as its own color, instead of the rest of Indo-Iranian?
@@JohnSmith-of2gu Because the Nuristani language is a separate language, it is neither Iranian nor IndoAryan (probably their tribes migrated separately from Andorovo to the southeast of today's Afghanistan and survived), the interesting thing is that until 100 years ago, unlike the majority of the population of Afghanistan at that time, they were not Muslim. . For this reason, it can be said that thes people are untouched.
Because the Nuristani language is a separate language, it is neither Iranian nor IndoAryan (probably their tribes migrated separately from Andorovo to the southeast of today's Afghanistan and survived), the interesting thing is that until 100 years ago, unlike the majority of the population of Afghanistan at that time, they were not Muslim. . For this reason, it can be said that thes people are untouched.
Everything is detailed and in right place,subgroups,timing,nothing is left to chance..really well made..
Thank you
@Devvrat Mishra I think the Iranic words in Uralic are borrowed when the Sarmatians/Alans migrated into Europe and settled in Hungary and some parts of the Roman empire when the Mongols attacked the Sarmatians. They had a lot of interaction with the Magyars because the migrated through the lands of the Magyars which at the time was near Ukraine. They also interacted with other Uralic tribes while migrating. There are still a lot of Sarmatian folk stories found in Hungarian culture. Those Sarmatians in Europe could have borrowed many Uralic words into their language too, but we don't know because they are extinct.
@Devvrat Mishra indo iranian and expecially iranians migrated eastward together with hungarian and samoyed..some yeniseian people involved too(see the seima-turbino horizon). The absence of uralic words in the avestan and vedic language is because these two migrated too South to enter in contaxt with uralian..unfortunately the only iranian language with these contacts(those that lived in tje steppe alongside hungarians) are extint and not well known to study uralic influence. Im talking about scythian,saka,alanic and sarmatians.
@Devvrat Mishra then its a mistery, but in the case of nomadic tribes maybe its possibile that a dominant tribe doesnt find necessary to acquire words from a tribe that could be less advanced in tech or warfare..is not the same case in which local rivers or territorie's names could be acquired from who lived there,for example neolithic societies..
@Devvrat Mishra it depends on when these cognates begun to be part of the the various IE languages..about avestan and vedas,its interesting the fact of their common shared culture in the BMAC,a cultural complex derived from middle easterners people that mixed with both Iranian and aryans. I dont believe that such animal's terms could exist in taiga and tundra environments at the same times.
Great! this a valuable recourse for those learning about history
Thank you
HOLY.... THIS IS THE BEST DAY OF MY LIFE AND THIS VIDEO IS ONE OF THE REASONS WHY
I am a native Assamese speaker from Assam (the Eastern most tip of India) , sending love to all fellow Indo European brothers
Lol love how Italic is just skirting around the Estruscans
I waited for this moment for a long time, this video is amazing, it's too sad to know that some of those amazing peoples are now extinct
And what about all who they extint?
Like how iranians used to extend from ukraine to persian gulf
@@arman3291 ?
@@sahilsingh6048 ok
Yeah western Iranians hold their empire but
Rip scythians-sarmatians
What’s the unIndo-European language existed in 🏴 until 1000AD??
Pictish
@@greengoop Pictish was a Brythonic language, there was Atlantic substrate before it
@@dieletztekavallerie395 really debatable, since there is no evidence to support that it is a Brythonic language. The Atlantic Substrate went extinct around 0AD
Great work... Thracian language looks like such an interesting topic.
The west/east PIE split is very ambiguous, and I don't know what it's based off of. It's certainly not based off of Satem/Centum split, because Proto-Indo-Iranian ultimately comes from Abashevo and Potapovka, which was located in the northern eurasian steppe, and came from Corded Ware. Also, with the map it's hard to pinpoint the exact location of the languages, and it seems quite unnecessary. You should/could have used the Mercator or Equirectangular projection instead. Iranic languages seem to have spread as far east as west of lake Baikal, as evident by the Tashtyk and Karasuk findings. It's not certain the language the Wusun spoke, but they're widely believed to have been speaking either an Iranic or Agni-Kuchean language, not Indo-Aryan. The Mittani speaking Indo-Aryan also seems quite a stretch and it could have been that their names were just unrelated cognates or that it originated from Armenian or Anatolian languages. In Khotan, Kashgar, and Tumshuq, basically everything west of the Yarkand River, Scythian was spoken, and it's believed that Khotan may have been originally Indo-Aryan speaking but were eventually settled by the Saka.
Also, in the Ferghana Valley, the city of Cyropolis had been inhabited by greeks since at least Lydia was annexed by Cyrus, so the area should have been greek speaking sooner. In the Dnieper, (central Ukraine), several Greco-Scythian tribes were observed by Herodotus, and he calls their language a mix of Greek and Scythian, the Geloni. In classical (Pre-Christian) Armenia, various Iranic languages were spoken as a court language depending on whichever Iranic empire was dominant at the time because since after the Kingdom of Urartu, Armenia was ruled by Iranian dynasties until the Islamic conquests. The Armenian Arsacid dynasty for example, had the most profound effect on the Armenian vocabulary and grammar, and nowadays Armenian is used as a source to decipher Parthian.
Thank you for the additional information. Feedback is helpful to improve
> because Proto-Indo-Iranian ultimately comes from Abashevo and Potapovka
You know there is literally no any evidence of this, but except fantasies based on literally nothing.
I don't agree with all of the choices, here, but it is a great tool for visualizing changes over time.
İn the last research they suggested that indo European languages came from a place which is nowadays kurdish province "wan" in eastern Türkiye
Раньше в окрестностях Вана говорили на армянском языке
@@КристинаАйрапетян-р9л lake van and its surroundings were always kurdish territory. Armenia's power was just in the main cities in the region
@@rastisdiq4142 Ван это царство Урарту а урарты наши предки а не предки курдов. Мы наследники этого государства
@@КристинаАйрапетян-р9л urarto , mitani ,huri , lolobi , goti are the ancestors of the kurds
@@rastisdiq4142 хурриты, лувийцы, урартийцы, и хатти предки армян. Курды - Митанни, а армяне формировались на территории Армянского нагорья, между озёрами Ван, Севан и Урмия
I`m very glad that Paleo Balkan languages are included. :)
Fabulous work! Well done!
There are still many Persian speaking people south of Uzbekistan in Bukhara and Samarkand. not shown here.
Also, no Dacian? and any particular reason why Thracians are more related to Indo-Iranians than Paleo-Balkan group?
Thank you. The Thracian is categorized as satem (although there isn't fully consensus) instead of the other Balkan Languages that are considered as centum.
@@CostasMelas Right. Although it further complicates the origin of Albanian. Specialy considering Sorin Paliga theories.
Thanks Bro. You're great.
Asa Polanski you are romanian?!
@@falxus9962 Nope!
@@asapolanski3005 ,Because you know lot about romanian heritage !
Splendid work! There are several errors here and there, but still amazing
Thank you
Name some, I'm a nerd
@@clouds-rb9xt Well... I don't know if I should, as there are some people that would disagree and be really offended for what I have to say.
6:00 so why other maps show that celts were in south sweden, Poland and Ukraine in this age?
R1a/b (Y-DNA). From India to Ireland. We are Indo-Europeans.
You said it wrong. From Kamchatka to Lisbon. We are all Indo-Europeans
I am from Greece and I am a Pomak of Slavic and Thracian origin (Also some Greek, Baltic, North and West European etc). Our language is Slavic (Pomakish) but I think it has a lot of Thracian elements in it.
I really wonder what Thracian would sound like today if it had survived. They are my ancestor (together with Slavs) but unfortunately it is hard to find information about them and their language. Even the region's name my people live in (Thrace) comes from them.
It sure has, even Greek has(northern parts). Macedonians are said to have been heavily mix of Greek with thracian.I guess back then Greek and tharcian although different would have a lot of similarities , something like French and Italian. (Because they are very close early Indoeuropean languages)
But no offence your slavic part ancestory is basically the people that destroyed thracian culture and language.
@@wakeno.6047 Well it was not only Slavs that replaced the Thracians and their language. It was Greeks, Romans and Slavs together. Just look at Romania, its people are mostly Thracian (ethnically) but they speak a Romance language. Also, Slavic and Thracian cultures and people mixed with eachother, the Thracian culture is not destroyed. Our culture (as Pomaks) is both Slavic and Thracian. Just like the culture of the Greeks in Thrace is both Greek and Thracian. Where are you from by the way, if you dont mind me asking?
@@Konte1 don't romanians have dacian background?
I'm Greek, live in Athens, but I'm vlah from my father's origin.
@@wakeno.6047 Yes but Dacians were a Thracian tribe. You can see from the video that the language of Dacia was Thracian, then the Romans came and assimilated them.
@@wakeno.6047 The Dacians are first mentioned in the writings of the Ancient Greeks, in Herodotus (Histories Book IV XCIII: "[Getae] the noblest as well as the most just of all the Thracian tribes") and Thucydides (Peloponnesian Wars, Book II: "[Getae] border on the Scythians and are armed in the same manner, being all mounted archers").
Pictish in Scotland that you lined was a Celtic language. Although there's not alot of evidence about it, from what is known about it is that it is in fact a Celtic language.
Its not that clear, no pictish toponime could be understood using any celtic lenguage. We need to decode theyr writing system to know it clearly.
Its supposedly a mystery. As c3ltish speakers cant fully understand it. It could be a similar situation as Basque where it's a pre indo European language with Celtic influence
@@juniorcrusher2245 You must be a man of culture. Most of people dosent know that we even exist.
@3:17, Our ancestral land (I'm Indo-Iranic) is now turkic, THANKS GENGHIS KHAN /s
it was like this for a while, since the bulgars, khazars, possibly huns. but the bulgars and khazars were turks, so you still got them to blame i guess :|
Our glorious leader😍😍😍
@@agalitevI personally feel that mongols under Borjigin/Barlas (After/During Genghis Khan) killed the local population, which made way for these alien populations....
@@Sam-hq1toYou only prove your ignorance and make your nation appear barbaric in our eyes
@@Sam-hq1to🤡🤡🤡 go learn history
Respect Indo-Europeans from Afro-Asiatic Tunisian
Wow is that you in your profile picture? Literally cannot tell you apart from an Italian
J'étais en Tunisie. Tout le monde parle français.
É impressionante ver a retração das linguas celtas em relação ao domínio que tinham no século 1 AC.
Let's just appreciate how the Slavic language family spread from a fairly localized language and then pretty much took over all of Eastern Europe, and also major influenced Romanian.
Still amazes me. Like I know that other existing languages were just absorbed but it still baffles me how all those languages just went poof.
To begin with, the Slavic language has borrowings from Arabic, Turkic and small peoples, especially the Russian language for the most part consists of languages from other peoples, words such as "dedushka, vorotnik and babushka" are taken from the Chechen language 😂😂😂
Would’ve been interesting to see what the Tocharian languages could’ve evolved into had they survived. Great video!
Or the Anatolians.
Είμαι αλβανικής καταγωγής, μπορείς να κάνεις ένα βίντεο σχετικά με την αλβανική γραμματική αν είναι ερχόμενη από τους Έλληνες η όχι.
Οι δικοί μας εθνικιστές μας πρήζουν ότι είμαστε αρχαία χώρα προσωπικά αμφιβάλω δεν βρίσκω ούτε αποδείξεις άρα κάποιος που έχει γνώσεις θεωρώ να βρει στοιχεία.
Αν είμαστε αρχαία πως γίνεται εσείς να έχετε γραμματική τόσο αρχαία γλώσσα κλπ και εμείς τίποτα...
Respect Greece.
Good job. I find strange though why did you remove French and English from Africa after decolonisation (considering you counted Latin catholic worshipping in Eastern Europe as spread of Italic until 1800s). French is widely spoken up until this day in Africa, but for shame I'm not sure about exact countries, maybe not the ones visible here
English is becoming global in a way
English is official in India as well.
It´s the arabe invasion on Africa
J'étais en Tunisie en 2019. La population locale parle couramment le Français
My fellow Indo-European brothers and sisters, we all have one common ancestry and place of origin. We are one, and much love from a Kurdish American.
Kurds are barely Indo-European, mostly BMAC and Chalcolithic Iranian.
😂
@@turkx6 why?
@@_e7192 I mean by DNA.
Europeans would welcome you to their countries. ;))
It is crazy how a few chad warriors with chariots managed to conquer pretty much everything between the Himalayas and the Atlantic (or the Pacific if you count the conquest of the Americas)
Who would've thought that a language spoken by a bunch of horse riding people between black sea and Caspian sea will be the ancestor of languages spoken by half of the earth's population.
you mean 90% of the earth?
@@servantofaeie1569 keep dreaming
@@xXxSkyViperxXx im not dreaming. there is not a country on earth that doesnt use an IE language or words.
@@servantofaeie1569
Don't you know the word "half"?
@@화이팅-t2q its not half though. Every, and I mean each and every modern nation uses one or more Indo-European languages in some capacity. name one nation that you think doesnt, and i will prove you wrong.
Hey Costas Melas, a very good and informative video on the spread of IE languages! I do have a slight issue I'd like to raise up if you don't mind.
The theory that the Wusun of Western China were Indo-Aryan is hotly debated and only one Historian, Christopher Beckwith supports this theory based on just a relatively flimsy linguistic connection. Here is what I posted when replying to another comment:
"OP is not entirely correct. That isolated group is apparently the Wusun people (not Yuezhi) and there is not a strong academic consensus that they were Indo-aryan people. Really only one historian, Christopher Beckwith, asserts that the Wusun were indo aryan people and this is based on relatively flimsy linguistic evidence that the Wūsūn can be reconstructed as Old Chinese "Aswin" and hence a perfect transcription of Old indic aśvin meaning the "horsemen". The asvini twins were deities of vedic religion so this is the claim he uses when asserting that Wusun were indo aryan. This is not a good linguistic connection between Wusun and Aswin and he does not point any other evidence for the indo-aryan hypothesis for Wusun."
I should also point out that we have no idea if their ethnonym corresponds with their spoken language. Others have asserted that their ethnonym is of Iranic origin so I have noticed that the indo-iranian terminology is more neutral in academic circles. What do you think? Cheers
@yitzhak shekkelsteingoldmanberg "probably Wusun were actually dravidians", sorry mate, that already reeks of bad history. I'll stop there
@@collin-theonlyandone2299 I'm not supporting this guy, but that's not a very productive way to debate with someone
What's amazing is that each language got some influence from already existing local people that spoken a totally different language. For instance in europe and between France and Spain there is the Basques people I wonder if their language influenced the Latin language that are the French and Spanish ?
Well ,not in French .
But I know that Occitan got a little bit of influence from Basque .
Occitan was basically a Gallo-Romance language spoken in like the 1/3 South of France .
Gallo-Romance language are basically ->
-French (Gallo-Roman of the North)
-Occitan (Gallo-Roman of the South)
-Provençal (Gallo-Roman of the Est/Gallo-Roman of the Alps)
Provençal was spoken in the French speaking part of Swizertland ,Savoy ,the County of Nice ,Lyon and It's Surrounding (actual 2nd most important city of France) ,Aoste and the Area of Influence the Bourguignon had (West of Swizertland ans North of Lyon)
The 2 other Gallo-Roman language are still spoken but Provençal is almost extinct and Occitan have seen since a big decrease since the Annexion by France in the XII and the XIII century ,the Revolution and the Third Republic
There are many spanish words that are influenced by basque. For example:
"Left"
In basque: "ezkerra"
In spanish: "izquierda"
The Gaullish language spoken by Gauls, called French today, influenced latin and other people. As well as modern French for agriculture and war, as well as places' names over the whole territority of France for cities, villages, etc.
Then in the 16th-18th c, Slavic spread all the way to the Pacific, Italic spread over much of the Americas, and Germanic spread across the globe.
That's true.
Wonderful. It must have taken a lot of effort. I hope it gets more views.
Thank you. Indeed it was the most difficult video so far.
@@CostasMelas Why is the map quality so bad? It's really hard to see. Could you make an HD version?
I like how starting from 5:35 you can see something taking over the steppes and soon after the Roman empire collapses
At 5:35 it's still BC age, romans where just starting to raise, you ignorant
@@thepizzaman_2241 I dont think you read my comment correctly. I never said they collapsed at 5:35.
You know they play a big part in the fall of Rome, so seeing them slowly approach even before the Romans began to expand is kinda ominous
Can you explain what you mean? What's taking over the steppes
@@squiresuzuki To put it shortly, a bunch of people who would invade and destroy the Western Roman Empire
I love how the Basque language has managed to hold out all this time.
I'm blown away. This is the best IE linguistic map I've come across on TH-cam. Absolutely oustanding.
It's not even that good, he didn't fill in Finland until the 1300s when it was clearly IE before all of western europe
Pictish was an insular Celtic language. Your videos keep showing the region of Scotland as if it was not.
Also ancient Ligurian was, as far as we know, Italo-Celtic at the time it was written down
@@stefanodadamo6809 I thought it was related to Basque?
@@sobertowelie3267 it is possible that previously people in the area spoke languages related to Basque and Iberian (and possibly PaleoSardinian). The extant inscriptions, though, are of an Italo-Celtic language, possibly a sort of first wave of the group before Italic proper came to dominate the peninsula.
Pictish is definitely Celtic but as so far, there's not enough evidence to suggest if it's in the same grouping as Brittonic like Welsh, Cornish and Breton or a independent Celtic language group.
@@Qwerty-hy5mj probably an own group, because remind that the today's Scottish Gaelic is influenced to an high extent from Irish Gaelic through migration.
good vid, but can you do rise and fall of the pre-indo-european languages? the ones that are like basque and kartvelian?
Thank you. From these, I have made the Caucasian Languages. Maybe I will make a video on the other pre-Indo-European substratum such as Basque and Etruscan
The Slavs avenged fallen Iranian areas
Yes it is said that the slavs are a combination of Baltic and Scythian (Iranic) cultures
There are many iranic words in slavic languages and russians have a large R1a gene which is andronovo (scythian/indo-european) genes
@@iSyriux Slavs existed as its on Indo-European group before Scythians even migrated to Eastern Europe from Siberia. So rather they being a combination of Baltic and Scythian cultures, they are a separate IE group that took influences from Baltic and Scythian people who once existed in the majority Slav lands
@@iSyriux the Slavs assimilated the peoples with the gene R1a1, just as the Turks did
@Mullerornis You take words too seriously to be on the internet
They too assimilated Iranian people
I mean Indo-European languages were already being spoken in Indo-Iranian region around 3000 - 1500 bc. There's a little error in datings I guess.
so weird to think all of our ancestors lived along the Volga at one point. From the western tip of Europe all the way to India.
Yea probably Indians assimilated by white people
@@ibrahimhalilmarsil9735 no actually
@dash Rex the same is true for many Ethinic Europeans it is just that IE mixed with already white pepole there if you take a DNA test and your haplogroup (maternal ) if not U or H than one of your female ancestors was not IE and highest IE is found in Norwegian who only are 50% steepe releated
@@ibrahimhalilmarsil9735 Most indians can drink milk it is the best way to know if you are IE not if you cannot digest milk or get diarrhea for drinking milk than you are not IE
@@ibrahimhalilmarsil9735 I guess you are Pakistani well all Pakistani have Indian genes because Pakistan is a recent creation it didn't existed before 1947
Would be nice if you could make updated Y-DNA spread map, including maritime spread of out of Africa branches all over Middle East Europe, Central Asia, South East Asia, Australia, East Asia via Americas...
Armenian language hadn't to came from Asia Minor, had it to? And where is Lusitanian language? It wasn't in your video about Celtic languages. Middle Volga region can be Baltic BCE. And do you plan separate video about Tocharian languages? Because they were a few languages.
But it's great video still!
Thank you
@@CostasMelas but what about Armenian and Lusitanian languages? Because Armenian came probably from Asia Minor and Balkan peninsula earlier. And Lusitanian isn't Celtic but is separate language of Indo-European languages
Лузитанский язык был вытеснен иберами (берберская ветвь афразийской языковой семьи) с юга и кельтами с севера на самый запад полуострова, на территорию современной Португалии. Последовавшая вслед за этим романизация Иберии лишь довершила этот процесс исчезновения языка и народа. Что непонятно-то?
@@woefulfisher просто все эти процессы в этом видео не отражены. Лузитанского как будто и не существовало. Хотя этот язык тоже индоевропейский и выделяется в отдельную группу как греческий или армянский
@@alexangelo1998 У нас нет письменных памятников лузитанского языка, а последний живой носитель умер приблизительно 2300 лет назад, так что мы не можем утверждать, что он индоевропейский. Та же ситуация, что и с пиктами и этрусками. Именно поэтому все данные языки на этой карте не показаны как индоевропейские.
I don't get it , are East European languages closer to proto indo european language than Iranian or indian languages, I thought rig Veda and zend Avesta were the oldest written sources available so how come the languages spread to Europe before the iran - india continuum , just curious !
@@दीपकनागर-थ5छ right , but this map diseeminates the proto indo european language to slavic and eastern areas before arrival of Vedic Sanskrit , it also breaks mittani language from sankrit eventhough it clearly has late rig vedic terminology , something's about this pattern of expansion
I WAS JUST WAITING FOR IT! ΕΥΧΑΡΙΣΤΏ ΠΆΡΑ ΠΟΛΎ
You're welcome :)
0:01 I live in the very center of the green spot.
Я тоже)
@@vladexsto6356 Земеля. 😁
Ростов?
@@dowmont6209 Ну я чутка севернее, в районе Каменска.
This is a masterwork. Perfection! Thank you Costas from Puerto Rico 🇵🇷
Thank you very much
There is a lot of guess work in this video. I think that there are two processes: relative isolation and differentiations, so new languages/language groups, and expansion/assimilation, so language groups expand geographically driving others to extinction (as languages). This video lumps putative "Venedi" with "Balto-Slavs" which is hugely uncertain, and I am guessing there are more such guess works.