The calico coloring in cats is also an example of a sex-linked trait. The tri-color is connected to the X chromosome. A male cat can be calico but he will have two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome - this extra chromosome generally results in the male being sterile. I have a calico cat who is female. I’m also a colorblind woman, but it’s more that I have a hard time differentiating between shades of certain colors rather than seeing colors differently (like my dad).
Yes, you can get fertile calico males as well though,I would imagine there are some sold for a lot of money, especially in pure bred cats. You can also end up with impossible sex linked traits in cats due to genetic chimerism. Chimeras are the craziest type of cats you can get, can end up with a short hair and long hair cat, main body short hair with patches of very long hair, or a long haired cat with patches of very short hair.
I had a phenomenal teacher in pre-med genetics who taught all of this phenomenally well, I say that to say I am super amazed at how well you explained this! Fingers instead of Punnet squares really works, lol. Here is a cool bit of info - like in human colorblindness, the reason it tends to show up in genetic males with only the one copy on the x-chromosome is because the y-chromosome is so much physically smaller. When you line the two chromosomes up next to one another there is no y trait to overshadow what is on that section of the x. This is why there are so many more y-linked traits in humans--things which tend to nearly always show up in genetic males--such as colorblindness and hemophilia. Those alleles are on a section of the x-chromosome which lines up with basically dead air when the x-chromosome matches up with a y-chromosome.
Adding to that, (in mammals at least, I don't know as much about other species), many genes on the X chromosome are essential to life - but you only need one working copy, and if you had two working copies of the gene, you could have problems. Mammals get around this with X-inactivation, whereby a mammal with more than one X chromosome (such as most females, as well as individuals with extra X chromosomes such as XXY males) will turn off one X in most cells (reproductive cells being the main exception). In some cats, X-inactivation is visible - since the main gene determining orange vs black coloration in cats is X-linked, the majority of tricolor cats (calico or tortoiseshell) are female. Whether a given fur follicle produces orange or black fur is determined by which X is left active in most of the cells that make up that follicle. (The white spots on calicos and some tortoishells are determined by a separate gene that is codominant in cats, IIRC.)
The Malfoys actually aren't as inbred as most other 'Pure-blood' Wizarding families; on Pottermore it states that the Malfoys have actually married Muggle Borns (not sure about Muggles though) in the past because despite being anti-Muggle, they've generally been quite savvy to the dangers of inbreeding.
Woah woah woah, I thought this was Snake Discovery. For a second I thought I was watching Harry Potter Folklore or MovieFlame or SCB. Y’all had me confused.
66% het albino! Aa + Aa = aa, AA, Aa, or aA AA, Aa, and aA express as normals 2/3 normals carry small a recessive gene :) So out of the three normals there’s a 66% chance it’s het albino! (A carrier for albinism but looks normal) :)
I recently found your channel and I want to say thank you for posting all your amazing videos! I love the passion you put into your videos, your video commentary is great, and I love all your stickers and unique side comments you add into your videos with text. It makes the videos all the more entertaining!
I think wizards are likely not a single allele but a combination of multiple traits interacting, probably mostly recessive with one or two being dominant. For example, one gene is for being able to tap into magic energy outside ones own life force or just having more magical energy innately, one is for being able to channel energy through a wand, one let's them control the form the energy takes, etc. You have to have all of these to be a wizard. If any are missing you are a muggle. Now imagine some of these genes are VERY common, but one or two are really rare. Of course wizarding parents are much more likely to have wizard kids, but they occasionally crop up randomly in carrier muggles. But if a dominant trait is needed for magic, and the two wizard parents are het for that trait, they could have a squib kid. Having multiple contributing traits would explain why it seems more random. It's harder to calculate the odds. I think from watching your videos that snows are like that? You have to have the right combination of multiple genes to get a snow?
some have even posed the idea of a multi-allelic gene contributing to wether or nor one is a wizard, which makes things even more complicated. Like, you have the allels A, a, and á. Lets say they give you homocygot a different phenotype and behave the same, then you would get: dominant-recessive - AA, Aa, and Aá for phenotype 1; aa andd aá for phenotype 2, áá for phenotype 3 co-dominant/intermediare: each combination would have a different phenotype (which would make the occurance of each much more random when not understood) now there are two ways to alter this: - first, two of the allels (say, A and á) give you a very similiar (if not the same) phenotype. So while genetically different; AA. Aa, Aá and áá give you phenotype 1 while aa and aá give you phenotype 2. This way, you can have surprise babys of phenotype 1 with two parents of phenotype 2, altough phenotype 2 was understood as recessive before. - Second, the allels don't act the same with each other. You've 6 options that are very similiar to each other, they only differ if two of the three allel-pairs are dominant-recessive or co-dominant. Lets say, A is dominant over both a and á while the latter two are co-dominant. Then you'll basically have phenotype 1 (AA, Aa and Aá), phenotype 2 (aa), phenotype 3 (aá) and phenotype 4 (áá). If A is dominant over a, but á is co-dominant with both A and a, you've got 5 different phenotypes: Phenotype 1 (AA, Aa), Phenotype 2 (Aá), Phenotype 3 (aa), Phenotype 4 (aá) and Phenotype 5 (áá). My guess at the wizarding-gene was that A (the muggle-allel), a (the wizard-allel) and á (a less powerfull wizard-allel) are in such a multi-allel-relationship, because it is easier than handling dozens of different 2-allel-genes. Combined with a gene how strong ones magicall abilities are, a person with áá and the respective other combination for low magical abilities (lower magical abilities to begin with that get diluted even further) would become a sqib, since it is stated that they may not be able to use magic, but can see thing like dementors which muggles can't. Depending in how the gene(s) for magical ability work, it would even be possible that two Squibs have a wizard-child (like, if they are more on the co-dominant/intermediare side).
I think it's a dominant trait. WxM = W; MxM = W or M; and WxW = W. I agree squibs are defects that aren't muggles because they can see magic that muggles can't. WxM (there isn't actually examples of this with two children, that I can think of, but the wiki page says the McGonagalls were all half-blood magicals.) MxM (Lily and Petunia) WxW (all the purebloods) squibs (mrs. Figg, seeing dementors, Filch being inside Hogwarts)
I don't own a snake and don't have plans to get one, but I really love the accurate info and education you guys provide! I'm also happy that I got the genetics percentage correct (yay for my biology degree not being too rusty) and the wizard/muffle debate at the end cracked me up!
Banana alele/gene is located on X/Y (some pythons and boas have XY, not ZW like other snakes) sex chromosome. But Y chr. of pythons isn't degenerated like Y of for example mammals(us). So X and Y of pythons are similar in size and content - there is possible recombination between those chromosomes. The possibility, that banana alele jumps from Y to X and vice versa is 3% - that is why male makers can produce female bananas and vice versa. The alele sits on Y of male maker-males and on X of female maker-males. Female banana can produce males and females banana because she can pass the X carring the banana alele either to sons or dauthers. Hopefully it's understandable, my english is not the best :)
I always figured magic was a recessive trait in some muggles, and pure blood family's often produced squibs because they are so interbread a mutation occurs where the child has no magic. Man im a nerd... 😅
I’ve done a lot of genes is biology. We did two weeks on it. But I love that you use snakes for it. My little sister also loves it and learned from the video as well.
My friend did her extended project qualification on the genetics of Harry Potter. It was really interesting to listen to! Also, Emily! I have that jumper! It's super comfy
Riley Jouret My mom is terrified But i want oneso terribly..... evrytime Icross one ata pet store i have to go look at it and the she complains about "If you want a snake go live somewhere else i cannot live with one" im only 11
13:34: After watching your two videos on snake genetics, I agree with your conclusion of that wizardry in Harry Potter, if genetic at all, can only be a line-based trait. I say this because there is literally no other possibility. The other “options” you presented are Dominant, Recessive, Co-Dominant, or sex-linked traits. The easiest to disprove is Co-Dominant, because if wizardry was Co-Dominant, there should be “super” witches or wizards in the world of Harry Potter. However, no such term is mentioned in the books or the movies. Another easy to disprove is sex-linked. If wizardry was linked to one of the sex chromosomes, you would see a preference for one gender over the other in either wizards or mugles (non magic folk). However in the scenes for the great hall, for a population of wizards, or the streets of London while Harry and Mr. Weasley are walking to Harry’s court hearing in book/movie 5, for a population of mugles, you would find that the population is split roughly halfway between male and female, so it cannot be sex-linked. Thus, I have to prove that it cannot be dominant or recessive. Suppose wizardry is dominant: that makes mugltry a recessive trait. Thus two muggle parents could only have mugle children. However, as Emily explained there are examples of mugle parents having wizard children (case and point Hermione Granger). Thus, mugltry must be dominant and wizardry recessive, right? Well that would be true, if not for the existence of squibs. Yes, it is also possible for Wizard parents to have muggle children, and they are called squibs, although they are extremely rare. The only case I know of off hand that any casual fan would know is Angus Filch, the caretaker at Hogwarts. His is a squib, and thus wizardry cannot be recessive. However, since it is more likely for wizards to give birth to wizards and muggles to give birth to muggles (just look at any other family in the films or books), then it is evident that wizardry must be a line-based trait. Have fun knowing something new about the world of Harry Potter!!!
I had a headmistress with the red green colour blindness. Every time she made a speech in events that was the only thing I could think about, didn't hear a word ever. She was actually an example for this in our biology course of genetics (basic stuff like what Emily just taught us).
If a baby is half muggle and half wizard and grows up and breds with a another half muggle and half wizard there is a chance of a wizard and a chance of a muggle, which is a recessive triat. WHY IS THIS IS SO COMPLICATED!!!
Another good example of a sex-linked trait that works a little differently is calico cats! Unlike color-blindness, there is a gene on the y-chromosome that blocks/parallels the calico gene. To have a calico cat, the cat needs to have 2 copies of the calico gene which only occurs on the X-chromosome, so all calico cats have to be female.
There can be male calicos actually if a rare 'glitch' happens and it gets two X's and one Y. It still needs to have the parallel gene so extremely rare still, and the glitch almost always makes said male calico infertile
Well, you're right about an allele being a variation of a particular gene, which is a patch of DNA on a chromosome. BUT you were also correct when you demonstrated individual chromosomes being "donated" from each parent.
Regarding the passing of magical traits, most fantasy worlds don't make the possession of magic a strictly genetic trait. It's partially spiritual, since magic deals directly with the laws governing the spiritual plane. Which is why, for example, a bender can be born of two non-benders, but a non-bender can also be born of two benders. There exists the argument that the offspring of two benders still has latent bending abilities that have to be forcibly expressed, as is the case with Aang's son Bumi, whose airbending only manifested after harmonic convergence (I do NOT think it's a coincidence that an airbender's son was among the recipients of airbending; I think the gene and ability were latent in all the recipients). But then the question of the very spiritual Piandao remains. He intentionally put himself into multiple places and positions that would've forced the expression of any latent bending abilities, and he still is not a firebender.
I dont know why this wasn't recommended after I watched part 1 a few months ago XD I've been mentally wondering but not wanting to search what I now know you guy (reptile people) call line-breeding. TH-cam why did you not recommended this after part one?!?!
I'm glad she cleared up chromosomes versus alleles! I was worried in the last video that she didn't know what she was saying lol! Faith restored in Snake Discovery!
There’s also incomplete dominance, which is similar to codominance. When incomplete dominance, both homozygotes are distinctly different from the heterozygote, and an example in snakes of incomplete dominance is the skin color of water snakes. It seems like there’s a lot of confusion about incomplete dominance and codominance in the reptile world, which is sad, because breeding morphs is all about genetics. If there’s ever a ‘super’ version of a morph, that tells you immediately that it’s a codominant trait. With water snakes, their genes are called B and B’ (read as B prime) which represent brown and grey colors. The heterozygotes, with genotype BB’, are green.
Of the group of normal looking hognose snakes 2/3 rds should be het and 1/3 should carry no albino gene. So i would label that group as 66% likely to be het
I remained confused about what line breeding was until I did some more digging. I think you might want to say, straight out, something like "Line bred traits are genetic traits that do not follow simple Mendelian genetics because they are presumable caused by multiple genetic factors, including gene interactions and gene expression. Because they are more complex then just one allele changing, these traits are bred for by in-breeding between individuals with the trait and descendants of individuals with the trait. This is much like dog breeding or even cow breeding in that what makes a dog a particular breed is not one or a few alleles but a whole complex of various genes."
My guess is the linebred traits are polygenetic traits, kind of like skin color and height in humans. Essentially, instead of the phenotype being strongly affected by one or a few genes, several hundred genes each have a slight influence on the phenotype, and if you have a lot of those coding for the same phenotype, you'll have that phenotype. Each individual gene is recessive, dominant or codominant, but since they only have a small impact, without genetically testing a very large sample, you're unlikely to be able to tell how any one of those genes affects anything.
Hahaha the part with Harry potter XD it's fun to think about it. I love genetics. I want to produce an axanthic superconda, what do I have to do when I don't want to spend more then €300,- for one snake.. I think I have to find 2 het axanthic condas, don't I? And how long before I can have my dreamsnake :-p I'm curious
I am bored so here's the math : ( If both parents are het axanthic, conda ) For the conda morph : 25% will be super condas // 50% will be condas // 25% will be normal --> 25% babies will be desired conda morph For the axanthic morph : 25 % will be axanthic // 50 % will be het axanthic // 25% will be normal -->25% babies will be desired axanthic morph *6% of the babies will be Axanthic Superconda* This also means that since the average clutch is around 14 eggs (can go much higher though) it will take about two clutches to get the Correct Morph, if you're lucky. --> *2-4 years* if you get the parents at a breeding age (more if not and even more if they don't go into breeding condition, so possibly as high as 7 years) Of course, chances are you'll get a super conda het for axanthic and it will increase your chances if you breed that baby to a conda het for axanthic so that might decrease the time it takes to --> *2 years* if you get the parents at breeding age (if not, 3-4 years, if not in breeding condition up to 5 years) (I was too lazy to say 'morph' after everything so it sounds like i am referring to some species of conda snake but I know that we are discussing hognose --just for clarification) Best of luck ♥♥
Colorblindness is actually the name of only one type of mutation : you have "protanomaly", "deuteranomaly" (the actual colorblindness, the one Dalton had) and "tritanomaly". The -opia forms you may find aren't proven as no total colorblindness (zero cones of one type) as ever been registered out of achromatopsia (google it, it's a strange case) so they're basically more extreme versions of their corresponding -nomaly (might be proven wrong one day, who knows). No offense, the example was good and explanatory, nice video once again :)
Thank you for the genetics videos! I have a question on genetics specifically in hognose snakes! If you have two conda parents that are both het for snow, 25% of those babies should be snow. However, would they be normal snows or conda snows. How do co-dom mutations work with recessive mutations?
Oh they can definitely combine! Of the 25% that are snows, half of them should be conda, a quarter of them would be snow normal- patterned, and the remaining quarter of the snows would be supers :)
They've actually found that people born to two muggles have someone very far back in the family that was a squib. Magical families didn't respond well to squibs up until recently in the lore of HP, and would send them into the muggle world to live as normal people, passing the gene for magical ability down through "muggle families". Once the gene got down far enough, it would pop up randomly.
So Clint laidlaw was pretty certain in his video about male and female makers - what’s the latest understanding? I love your content by the way👍👍 Oh and I love hognose, ball python and milk snakes.
@SnakeDiscovery I loved this video! I felt like I got a good understanding of genetics from this. But now I'm curious as how does one ID morphs. I'll look at some online for fun and I try to ID them. I've had Corn Snakes, California Kingsnakes, and now a ball python.
"I'm not going to use my fingers in this video like I did in the last one." **proceeds to use fingers in the same way as before** I love this channel! Fun people, cool reptiles, and interesting information.
So technically, based on the limited information we have from the Harry Potter universe (which is admittedly more than most universes... especially since there are a few specific examples) there are no muggles born to wizards. All 'squibs' have some amount of magic, just usually not enough to make use of a wand and common spellwork. We actually have 3 examples to look at that both were figures seen in the story and demonstrated their magic for us: 1. Arabella Figg 2. Argus Filch 3. Merope Gaunt Figg was able to see the dementors; though they question it in court, Rowling never left us with such trivial questions unanswered (she found other scenes to prove out lies) so we can be pretty sure she has a fair amount of magic she simply can't tap into, though she seems to be able to access some magic to operate items enchanted by others in the wizarding world. Filch has a cat familiar, which is uncommon magic and only mentioned in content she released separate from the books/movies, but is official lore; he can be presumed to not have much magic as he cannot perform even simple spells from his mail-ordered set and is incompatible with even brewing his own cleaning potions, however whatever magic he does have has formed an unusually strong connection with Mrs. Norris. Merope Gaunt was a squib who went largely unrecognized by even the Ministry of Magic, even though they record all members of magical families and mark wizards and witches outside of their community; this is surprising since she was very accomplished in brewing potions that would have been at least grade 4-ish, especially since her father had clearly given up on aiding in her education and wasn't well educated himself. This tells me that 'squib' is probably similar to a handicap... they still ARE magic in nature, but may be struggling with a deformity from inbreeding. I strongly believe the increase in number of muggle-born witches and wizards is because there is always SUPPOSED to be the same amount of magical humans to aid the world, but due to the affects of inbreeding and secrecy, the community began to shrink and so more muggle-born occurred since magic must exist somewhere. It also probably didn't help that the norm in wizarding families was only 1-2 kids. There is another magic trait that we could discuss that might he hereditary down the MOTHERS line... hair. Notice that anyone with an unusual hair traits usually did so due to their mothers preferences. Harry had it the most noticeably: hair the same length as his fathers in school, always messy because he would always mess it up like he just got off his broom when they met up (I'm sure because she liked it that way, and he was showing off). The Weasleys are a great example too: every single one had red hair, presumably because their mother was very much in love with their father, despite how angry he made her sometimes. Hermione is a special case, and her hair might be a result of her mothers fashion obsession in high school and what was 'cool' at the time in the muggle world: uncontrollable mane of hair, not unlike a 70s stack perm. So the question would be: Magical influence? Or line bred trait? Or possibly maternal influenced magic genetics? It is a known fact that hairlines often travel through the mothers side because it exists only in the X chromosome, so maybe there is some like to hair via mothers this way too.
I'm a carrier of the color blindness gene. My dad is color blind, but to my knowledge no one on my mother's side is color blind. I have 3 children.....2 boys and a girl. My first and second born are boys but only my second born son is color blind. I also found out that my half sisters' ( different mom but same dad) son is color blind.
Squibs are very rare! If you have a witch and a muggle reproducing you’ll pretty much always get a witch or wizard, same with a witch and wizard breeding., they would pretty much always have a witch or wizard baby. It’s pretty rare to get a muggle born (witch or wizard born to two muggles) but not extremely rare.
To continue your harry potter magical blood theory, two magicals breeding would cause a squib like you say but that squib then often goes to breed with muggles, it is then later down the line (how late is random) the magical blood can pop back up again and they would become a witch or wizard, which is what would have happened to Hermione and Harry's mum (I believe), both her parents were muggles but for it to be possible for her to be magical there would have had to me some magic in her family at some point. So yes, it is 100% without a doubt a line bred trait. Where it started we will never know, it's just like reality and humans, we will never know the origin Haha
So I wanted to give you a fun fact that I am sure you knew but wanted to mention anyway. I know you've mentioned that the anaconda gene was a co-dominant gene, but it turns out it actually isn't at all. I am aware that this is sometimes just a quick slang for reptile enthusiasts and breeders, but why not say it for the heck of it. It turns out that in the case of say an anaconda hognose snake, it is actually a representation of incomplete dominance. I have been studying genetics (Bio major in college) and I know I am not an expert, but have since learned that Hognose snakes actually do not have any co-dominant genes at all. Instead, the anaconda gene is simply a recessive gene that cannot be masked by the presence of a dominant one. Therefore, they end up mixing with the dominant. The anaconda gene takes away the the pattern in Hognoses, which is why it takes some spots away from the normal pattern. The "super form" is simply the recessive gene not mixing with the dominant one, and it is its "purest" form so to speak. I hope people running through the comments find out something new in this comment.
There was actually a word of god answer on the "wizard gene". Basically, if it did exist, it would be dominant (squibs are incredibly unlucky mutants, muggleborn incredibly lucky mutants), but it doesn't. Being born with magic is just magical.
Correct me if I am wrong but here I go. Possibility #1 - 2 recessive albino alleles = 25% albino offspring Possibility #2 - 2 normal alleles = 25% normal offspring Possibility #3 &# 4 - 1 recessive & 1 normal allele = 50% het albino offspring This is based off calculations including the total amount of offspring After watching the ending the math is the same just different calculations I believe; Because 66% of the 75% offspring being het is equivalent to 2/3rds, that equal 50% of the total 100% of offpring. The remaining 33% is 1/3rd of 75% offspring being normal which is equal to 25% of the total 100% of offspring.
Quiz answer: 67% ph. If three of the possible outcomes are normal expressions, and two of those are het, you have a 67% (or two out of three) chance of drawing a het from those three.
Have your or may you make a video about what decoration can be in a tank? My ball python has decoration but not much and I feel it’s a little boring in there. It’s a small topic you could probably answer with a reply instead of a whole video but I was just curious 😁
Can you do a video on your thermostat setup for your snake rack? I have a 4-snake rack setup an am looking to upgrade to a single thermostat to control all of them, but don't know how that works using only one probe, outlet, etc.
I know that in mammals, some genes (like albinism) work differently from a reccesive-dominant relationship. Normally it is written as a separate allele where one allele produces less color than average, and two alleles produces an albino mammal. I know that in the previous video you used the twin spot hog nose morph for a situation similar to this, but does albinism in snakes work the same way?
@@Catflers i've been given power im going to use power, im older now and am careful well, more careful. no mater how old some one is, there are still rude and discusting people so im going to try to be safe. i can see your consern but please let me be me. thank you for lisaning and i cant spell
id think the muggle born wizards parents would have to be Het Wizards/witches. maybe a higher percentage of het just no ability. then they make a kid and pass the het gene both to the kid. kid becomes magical? or is my math wrong?
*AFTER WATCHING PART ONE AND TWO I LEARNED SO MUCH I HONESTLY FEEL LIKE I'M READY TO BREED SOME TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES*
best comment!
@@mallorywaters586 thank you😂
Omg I want one
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The calico coloring in cats is also an example of a sex-linked trait. The tri-color is connected to the X chromosome. A male cat can be calico but he will have two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome - this extra chromosome generally results in the male being sterile. I have a calico cat who is female. I’m also a colorblind woman, but it’s more that I have a hard time differentiating between shades of certain colors rather than seeing colors differently (like my dad).
I think it's the same for orange cats too it's more common in males.
Yes, you can get fertile calico males as well though,I would imagine there are some sold for a lot of money, especially in pure bred cats. You can also end up with impossible sex linked traits in cats due to genetic chimerism. Chimeras are the craziest type of cats you can get, can end up with a short hair and long hair cat, main body short hair with patches of very long hair, or a long haired cat with patches of very short hair.
Lol why are you talking about cat genetics in a snake video? :)
Because the video is about animal genetics and how they end up exhibiting traits accordingly?@@julianadavila8602
@@julianadavila8602 genetics is the trait line of snakes family the person who made this video is talking about genetics
I had a phenomenal teacher in pre-med genetics who taught all of this phenomenally well, I say that to say I am super amazed at how well you explained this! Fingers instead of Punnet squares really works, lol.
Here is a cool bit of info - like in human colorblindness, the reason it tends to show up in genetic males with only the one copy on the x-chromosome is because the y-chromosome is so much physically smaller. When you line the two chromosomes up next to one another there is no y trait to overshadow what is on that section of the x. This is why there are so many more y-linked traits in humans--things which tend to nearly always show up in genetic males--such as colorblindness and hemophilia. Those alleles are on a section of the x-chromosome which lines up with basically dead air when the x-chromosome matches up with a y-chromosome.
Adding to that, (in mammals at least, I don't know as much about other species), many genes on the X chromosome are essential to life - but you only need one working copy, and if you had two working copies of the gene, you could have problems. Mammals get around this with X-inactivation, whereby a mammal with more than one X chromosome (such as most females, as well as individuals with extra X chromosomes such as XXY males) will turn off one X in most cells (reproductive cells being the main exception). In some cats, X-inactivation is visible - since the main gene determining orange vs black coloration in cats is X-linked, the majority of tricolor cats (calico or tortoiseshell) are female. Whether a given fur follicle produces orange or black fur is determined by which X is left active in most of the cells that make up that follicle. (The white spots on calicos and some tortoishells are determined by a separate gene that is codominant in cats, IIRC.)
The Malfoys actually aren't as inbred as most other 'Pure-blood' Wizarding families; on Pottermore it states that the Malfoys have actually married Muggle Borns (not sure about Muggles though) in the past because despite being anti-Muggle, they've generally been quite savvy to the dangers of inbreeding.
Tonks and Draco were first cousins through their mothers, Andromeda and Narcissus. However Andromeda was disowned for marrying a muggle.
Woah woah woah, I thought this was Snake Discovery. For a second I thought I was watching Harry Potter Folklore or MovieFlame or SCB. Y’all had me confused.
i’ve been calling him an inbred for years! you mean to tell me i can’t use that insult anymore? 😂
But with the potters Ginny and Harry are something cousins
ohh i see
I love how they refer to humans having children as "breeding them"
Like Charles II of Spain. The royal Habsburg line, which practiced line inbreeding in order to retain power.
66% het albino!
Aa + Aa = aa, AA, Aa, or aA
AA, Aa, and aA express as normals
2/3 normals carry small a recessive gene :)
So out of the three normals there’s a 66% chance it’s het albino! (A carrier for albinism but looks normal) :)
I recently found your channel and I want to say thank you for posting all your amazing videos! I love the passion you put into your videos, your video commentary is great, and I love all your stickers and unique side comments you add into your videos with text. It makes the videos all the more entertaining!
I think wizards are likely not a single allele but a combination of multiple traits interacting, probably mostly recessive with one or two being dominant. For example, one gene is for being able to tap into magic energy outside ones own life force or just having more magical energy innately, one is for being able to channel energy through a wand, one let's them control the form the energy takes, etc. You have to have all of these to be a wizard. If any are missing you are a muggle. Now imagine some of these genes are VERY common, but one or two are really rare. Of course wizarding parents are much more likely to have wizard kids, but they occasionally crop up randomly in carrier muggles. But if a dominant trait is needed for magic, and the two wizard parents are het for that trait, they could have a squib kid. Having multiple contributing traits would explain why it seems more random. It's harder to calculate the odds.
I think from watching your videos that snows are like that? You have to have the right combination of multiple genes to get a snow?
Ashley Hammack snow is Axanthic albino both traits are recessive
some have even posed the idea of a multi-allelic gene contributing to wether or nor one is a wizard, which makes things even more complicated. Like, you have the allels A, a, and á. Lets say they give you homocygot a different phenotype and behave the same, then you would get:
dominant-recessive - AA, Aa, and Aá for phenotype 1; aa andd aá for phenotype 2, áá for phenotype 3
co-dominant/intermediare: each combination would have a different phenotype (which would make the occurance of each much more random when not understood)
now there are two ways to alter this:
- first, two of the allels (say, A and á) give you a very similiar (if not the same) phenotype. So while genetically different; AA. Aa, Aá and áá give you phenotype 1 while aa and aá give you phenotype 2. This way, you can have surprise babys of phenotype 1 with two parents of phenotype 2, altough phenotype 2 was understood as recessive before.
- Second, the allels don't act the same with each other. You've 6 options that are very similiar to each other, they only differ if two of the three allel-pairs are dominant-recessive or co-dominant. Lets say, A is dominant over both a and á while the latter two are co-dominant. Then you'll basically have phenotype 1 (AA, Aa and Aá), phenotype 2 (aa), phenotype 3 (aá) and phenotype 4 (áá). If A is dominant over a, but á is co-dominant with both A and a, you've got 5 different phenotypes: Phenotype 1 (AA, Aa), Phenotype 2 (Aá), Phenotype 3 (aa), Phenotype 4 (aá) and Phenotype 5 (áá).
My guess at the wizarding-gene was that A (the muggle-allel), a (the wizard-allel) and á (a less powerfull wizard-allel) are in such a multi-allel-relationship, because it is easier than handling dozens of different 2-allel-genes.
Combined with a gene how strong ones magicall abilities are, a person with áá and the respective other combination for low magical abilities (lower magical abilities to begin with that get diluted even further) would become a sqib, since it is stated that they may not be able to use magic, but can see thing like dementors which muggles can't.
Depending in how the gene(s) for magical ability work, it would even be possible that two Squibs have a wizard-child (like, if they are more on the co-dominant/intermediare side).
I was so confused at first.😅
I think being magical is a recessive trait. Squib's are just genetic defects that manifest very rarely. :)
I think it's a dominant trait. WxM = W; MxM = W or M; and WxW = W. I agree squibs are defects that aren't muggles because they can see magic that muggles can't.
WxM (there isn't actually examples of this with two children, that I can think of, but the wiki page says the McGonagalls were all half-blood magicals.)
MxM (Lily and Petunia)
WxW (all the purebloods)
squibs (mrs. Figg, seeing dementors, Filch being inside Hogwarts)
Muggles can see magic, they just cant perform it.
samhain93 If it was dominant muggles wouldn't be able to carry it, so MxM would never work in that case
I thought so too :D because there are more mudbloods than squibs
@@samhain93 You forgot Snape, the "half Blood Prince".
I love the Harry Potter genetics talk at the end lol
Me too
In class we were talking about the magic trait and my teacher said it was a resesive trait but it being a line bred trait makes more sense.
Yay! Another snake genetic video from , in my opinion at least, a professional snake breeder!!
I don't own a snake and don't have plans to get one, but I really love the accurate info and education you guys provide! I'm also happy that I got the genetics percentage correct (yay for my biology degree not being too rusty) and the wizard/muffle debate at the end cracked me up!
Banana alele/gene is located on X/Y (some pythons and boas have XY, not ZW like other snakes) sex chromosome. But Y chr. of pythons isn't degenerated like Y of for example mammals(us). So X and Y of pythons are similar in size and content - there is possible recombination between those chromosomes. The possibility, that banana alele jumps from Y to X and vice versa is 3% - that is why male makers can produce female bananas and vice versa. The alele sits on Y of male maker-males and on X of female maker-males. Female banana can produce males and females banana because she can pass the X carring the banana alele either to sons or dauthers. Hopefully it's understandable, my english is not the best :)
I always figured magic was a recessive trait in some muggles, and pure blood family's often produced squibs because they are so interbread a mutation occurs where the child has no magic. Man im a nerd... 😅
I ĺove the way you explained things. I have no knowledge whatsoever of snakes and their genetics and you made it so simple and comprehensible
Totally not a coincidence that my current unit in my Zoology class is genetics, and were using snakes as an example xD
I’ve done a lot of genes is biology. We did two weeks on it. But I love that you use snakes for it. My little sister also loves it and learned from the video as well.
Good job making a correction so fast.
9:10
*_BANANA OFFSPRING_*
banana babies ε:
🍌+🍌=🍌
Your two genetics videos are so fascinating.
My friend did her extended project qualification on the genetics of Harry Potter. It was really interesting to listen to! Also, Emily! I have that jumper! It's super comfy
I got a corn snake for Christmas
Riley Jouret My mom is terrified But i want oneso terribly..... evrytime Icross one ata pet store i have to go look at it and the she complains about "If you want a snake go live somewhere else i cannot live with one" im only 11
@@gramgramgram8752 my story is the exact same I'm also 11!!
WHY DO I FEEL OLD I’m twelve I want a snake too
Lucky!!!😂👌
Riley & Layla’s Horse Vlogs same I want one so bad
I would love to be part of your dinner time conversation, lol the wizard in the world genetics lesson was very informative 😂
13:34: After watching your two videos on snake genetics, I agree with your conclusion of that wizardry in Harry Potter, if genetic at all, can only be a line-based trait. I say this because there is literally no other possibility. The other “options” you presented are Dominant, Recessive, Co-Dominant, or sex-linked traits. The easiest to disprove is Co-Dominant, because if wizardry was Co-Dominant, there should be “super” witches or wizards in the world of Harry Potter. However, no such term is mentioned in the books or the movies. Another easy to disprove is sex-linked. If wizardry was linked to one of the sex chromosomes, you would see a preference for one gender over the other in either wizards or mugles (non magic folk). However in the scenes for the great hall, for a population of wizards, or the streets of London while Harry and Mr. Weasley are walking to Harry’s court hearing in book/movie 5, for a population of mugles, you would find that the population is split roughly halfway between male and female, so it cannot be sex-linked. Thus, I have to prove that it cannot be dominant or recessive. Suppose wizardry is dominant: that makes mugltry a recessive trait. Thus two muggle parents could only have mugle children. However, as Emily explained there are examples of mugle parents having wizard children (case and point Hermione Granger). Thus, mugltry must be dominant and wizardry recessive, right? Well that would be true, if not for the existence of squibs. Yes, it is also possible for Wizard parents to have muggle children, and they are called squibs, although they are extremely rare. The only case I know of off hand that any casual fan would know is Angus Filch, the caretaker at Hogwarts. His is a squib, and thus wizardry cannot be recessive. However, since it is more likely for wizards to give birth to wizards and muggles to give birth to muggles (just look at any other family in the films or books), then it is evident that wizardry must be a line-based trait. Have fun knowing something new about the world of Harry Potter!!!
I had a headmistress with the red green colour blindness. Every time she made a speech in events that was the only thing I could think about, didn't hear a word ever.
She was actually an example for this in our biology course of genetics (basic stuff like what Emily just taught us).
I love you guys so much💘.I didn't like snakes 🐍 at first but you guys change my view of them.
If a baby is half muggle and half wizard and grows up and breds with a another half muggle and half wizard there is a chance of a wizard and a chance of a muggle, which is a recessive triat. WHY IS THIS IS SO COMPLICATED!!!
Crossbreeding is different from breeding for genetic abnormalities
Its funny cuz i use amino for so many years now and im still impressed by the fact that it is so underrated
Another good example of a sex-linked trait that works a little differently is calico cats! Unlike color-blindness, there is a gene on the y-chromosome that blocks/parallels the calico gene. To have a calico cat, the cat needs to have 2 copies of the calico gene which only occurs on the X-chromosome, so all calico cats have to be female.
There can be male calicos actually if a rare 'glitch' happens and it gets two X's and one Y. It still needs to have the parallel gene so extremely rare still, and the glitch almost always makes said male calico infertile
Nothing like my mom's face when she hears my comp go "male banana."
Well, you're right about an allele being a variation of a particular gene, which is a patch of DNA on a chromosome. BUT you were also correct when you demonstrated individual chromosomes being "donated" from each parent.
Wow, you are an amazing teacher. So clear and simple. Thank you
The baby hognose snakes would be labeled 66% possible het for albino.
Thank you for all you have taught me about snakes through your videos! I am subscribing and hitting the bell! Keel up your great videos!
Regarding the passing of magical traits, most fantasy worlds don't make the possession of magic a strictly genetic trait. It's partially spiritual, since magic deals directly with the laws governing the spiritual plane. Which is why, for example, a bender can be born of two non-benders, but a non-bender can also be born of two benders. There exists the argument that the offspring of two benders still has latent bending abilities that have to be forcibly expressed, as is the case with Aang's son Bumi, whose airbending only manifested after harmonic convergence (I do NOT think it's a coincidence that an airbender's son was among the recipients of airbending; I think the gene and ability were latent in all the recipients). But then the question of the very spiritual Piandao remains. He intentionally put himself into multiple places and positions that would've forced the expression of any latent bending abilities, and he still is not a firebender.
Thank you for introducing me to the Amino app!! I have been looking for something just like this! So excited!!
Thanks for these videos it was a great reminder of my A-level biology!
I dont know why this wasn't recommended after I watched part 1 a few months ago XD I've been mentally wondering but not wanting to search what I now know you guy (reptile people) call line-breeding. TH-cam why did you not recommended this after part one?!?!
I'm glad she cleared up chromosomes versus alleles! I was worried in the last video that she didn't know what she was saying lol! Faith restored in Snake Discovery!
66% het albino
33% het nothing
your math is wrong what about that 1%
@@DEAexotics u r the 1%
I know lol thats what makes me great
There’s also incomplete dominance, which is similar to codominance. When incomplete dominance, both homozygotes are distinctly different from the heterozygote, and an example in snakes of incomplete dominance is the skin color of water snakes. It seems like there’s a lot of confusion about incomplete dominance and codominance in the reptile world, which is sad, because breeding morphs is all about genetics. If there’s ever a ‘super’ version of a morph, that tells you immediately that it’s a codominant trait. With water snakes, their genes are called B and B’ (read as B prime) which represent brown and grey colors. The heterozygotes, with genotype BB’, are green.
like red and white flowers creating incomplete dominant pink flowers
Of the group of normal looking hognose snakes 2/3 rds should be het and 1/3 should carry no albino gene. So i would label that group as 66% likely to be het
love that you are wearing green and talking about Harry Potter. Slytherin....I would never have guessed that of you and Ed. ;)
I remained confused about what line breeding was until I did some more digging. I think you might want to say, straight out, something like "Line bred traits are genetic traits that do not follow simple Mendelian genetics because they are presumable caused by multiple genetic factors, including gene interactions and gene expression. Because they are more complex then just one allele changing, these traits are bred for by in-breeding between individuals with the trait and descendants of individuals with the trait. This is much like dog breeding or even cow breeding in that what makes a dog a particular breed is not one or a few alleles but a whole complex of various genes."
My guess is the linebred traits are polygenetic traits, kind of like skin color and height in humans. Essentially, instead of the phenotype being strongly affected by one or a few genes, several hundred genes each have a slight influence on the phenotype, and if you have a lot of those coding for the same phenotype, you'll have that phenotype. Each individual gene is recessive, dominant or codominant, but since they only have a small impact, without genetically testing a very large sample, you're unlikely to be able to tell how any one of those genes affects anything.
Hahaha the part with Harry potter XD it's fun to think about it. I love genetics. I want to produce an axanthic superconda, what do I have to do when I don't want to spend more then €300,- for one snake.. I think I have to find 2 het axanthic condas, don't I? And how long before I can have my dreamsnake :-p I'm curious
We established that conda is dominant. But what about axanthic?
that's a lot of math but i love genetics to
I am bored so here's the math :
( If both parents are het axanthic, conda )
For the conda morph : 25% will be super condas // 50% will be condas // 25% will be normal --> 25% babies will be desired conda morph
For the axanthic morph : 25 % will be axanthic // 50 % will be het axanthic // 25% will be normal -->25% babies will be desired axanthic morph
*6% of the babies will be Axanthic Superconda*
This also means that since the average clutch is around 14 eggs (can go much higher though) it will take about two clutches to get the Correct Morph, if you're lucky. --> *2-4 years* if you get the parents at a breeding age (more if not and even more if they don't go into breeding condition, so possibly as high as 7 years)
Of course, chances are you'll get a super conda het for axanthic and it will increase your chances if you breed that baby to a conda het for axanthic so that might decrease the time it takes to --> *2 years* if you get the parents at breeding age (if not, 3-4 years, if not in breeding condition up to 5 years)
(I was too lazy to say 'morph' after everything so it sounds like i am referring to some species of conda snake but I know that we are discussing hognose --just for clarification)
Best of luck ♥♥
Alright, I officially just subscribed lol idk how I got so sucked into these videos.
I LOVE YOUR CHANNEL. IM JUST A SNAKE NERD!!!
Colorblindness is actually the name of only one type of mutation : you have "protanomaly", "deuteranomaly" (the actual colorblindness, the one Dalton had) and "tritanomaly".
The -opia forms you may find aren't proven as no total colorblindness (zero cones of one type) as ever been registered out of achromatopsia (google it, it's a strange case) so they're basically more extreme versions of their corresponding -nomaly (might be proven wrong one day, who knows).
No offense, the example was good and explanatory, nice video once again :)
Yayy the chromatid and allele confusion was cleared up !
I know this is an old video: but could you talk about Anery, Amel, those terms? I hear them a lot and I'd love to hear an explanation
Thank you for the genetics videos! I have a question on genetics specifically in hognose snakes! If you have two conda parents that are both het for snow, 25% of those babies should be snow. However, would they be normal snows or conda snows. How do co-dom mutations work with recessive mutations?
Oh they can definitely combine! Of the 25% that are snows, half of them should be conda, a quarter of them would be snow normal- patterned, and the remaining quarter of the snows would be supers :)
Thank you! I have been contemplating this for awhile.
They've actually found that people born to two muggles have someone very far back in the family that was a squib. Magical families didn't respond well to squibs up until recently in the lore of HP, and would send them into the muggle world to live as normal people, passing the gene for magical ability down through "muggle families". Once the gene got down far enough, it would pop up randomly.
Not snake related but... I love your sweater
When you skip and just hear: if the male banana has a banana father, it will make male bananas
that whould be comfusing and funny at the same time.
love the information and harry potter in the end
Learned so much from Pt1 and Pt2! Also love that you're indoctrinating your snakes for Obama 2012!
this is a really solid video, I learned some things, thank you
So Clint laidlaw was pretty certain in his video about male and female makers - what’s the latest understanding? I love your content by the way👍👍 Oh and I love hognose, ball python and milk snakes.
Can I just say that you helped me understand sex linked trait better than my actual college professor?
I hated snakes until 3 days ago when I found you! Now I want a superconda hognose!
yayayayyay snakes!!!😚🐍
@SnakeDiscovery I loved this video! I felt like I got a good understanding of genetics from this. But now I'm curious as how does one ID morphs. I'll look at some online for fun and I try to ID them. I've had Corn Snakes, California Kingsnakes, and now a ball python.
"I'm not going to use my fingers in this video like I did in the last one." **proceeds to use fingers in the same way as before**
I love this channel! Fun people, cool reptiles, and interesting information.
We need more genetic video 😁
The square thing always confused me. i like how you use your fingers. Now I can imagine it in my head.
I love Ur chanel I love learning new thing about snakes I love u so much
So technically, based on the limited information we have from the Harry Potter universe (which is admittedly more than most universes... especially since there are a few specific examples) there are no muggles born to wizards. All 'squibs' have some amount of magic, just usually not enough to make use of a wand and common spellwork. We actually have 3 examples to look at that both were figures seen in the story and demonstrated their magic for us:
1. Arabella Figg
2. Argus Filch
3. Merope Gaunt
Figg was able to see the dementors; though they question it in court, Rowling never left us with such trivial questions unanswered (she found other scenes to prove out lies) so we can be pretty sure she has a fair amount of magic she simply can't tap into, though she seems to be able to access some magic to operate items enchanted by others in the wizarding world. Filch has a cat familiar, which is uncommon magic and only mentioned in content she released separate from the books/movies, but is official lore; he can be presumed to not have much magic as he cannot perform even simple spells from his mail-ordered set and is incompatible with even brewing his own cleaning potions, however whatever magic he does have has formed an unusually strong connection with Mrs. Norris. Merope Gaunt was a squib who went largely unrecognized by even the Ministry of Magic, even though they record all members of magical families and mark wizards and witches outside of their community; this is surprising since she was very accomplished in brewing potions that would have been at least grade 4-ish, especially since her father had clearly given up on aiding in her education and wasn't well educated himself.
This tells me that 'squib' is probably similar to a handicap... they still ARE magic in nature, but may be struggling with a deformity from inbreeding. I strongly believe the increase in number of muggle-born witches and wizards is because there is always SUPPOSED to be the same amount of magical humans to aid the world, but due to the affects of inbreeding and secrecy, the community began to shrink and so more muggle-born occurred since magic must exist somewhere. It also probably didn't help that the norm in wizarding families was only 1-2 kids.
There is another magic trait that we could discuss that might he hereditary down the MOTHERS line... hair. Notice that anyone with an unusual hair traits usually did so due to their mothers preferences. Harry had it the most noticeably: hair the same length as his fathers in school, always messy because he would always mess it up like he just got off his broom when they met up (I'm sure because she liked it that way, and he was showing off). The Weasleys are a great example too: every single one had red hair, presumably because their mother was very much in love with their father, despite how angry he made her sometimes. Hermione is a special case, and her hair might be a result of her mothers fashion obsession in high school and what was 'cool' at the time in the muggle world: uncontrollable mane of hair, not unlike a 70s stack perm. So the question would be: Magical influence? Or line bred trait? Or possibly maternal influenced magic genetics? It is a known fact that hairlines often travel through the mothers side because it exists only in the X chromosome, so maybe there is some like to hair via mothers this way too.
You taught it very well
I LOVE YOUR SHIRT😍😍😍😍
I learnt more from this then I did in science at school today lol
lol even better than the first video thanks again!!!
I'm a carrier of the color blindness gene. My dad is color blind, but to my knowledge no one on my mother's side is color blind. I have 3 children.....2 boys and a girl. My first and second born are boys but only my second born son is color blind. I also found out that my half sisters' ( different mom but same dad) son is color blind.
Squibs are very rare! If you have a witch and a muggle reproducing you’ll pretty much always get a witch or wizard, same with a witch and wizard breeding., they would pretty much always have a witch or wizard baby. It’s pretty rare to get a muggle born (witch or wizard born to two muggles) but not extremely rare.
To continue your harry potter magical blood theory, two magicals breeding would cause a squib like you say but that squib then often goes to breed with muggles, it is then later down the line (how late is random) the magical blood can pop back up again and they would become a witch or wizard, which is what would have happened to Hermione and Harry's mum (I believe), both her parents were muggles but for it to be possible for her to be magical there would have had to me some magic in her family at some point.
So yes, it is 100% without a doubt a line bred trait. Where it started we will never know, it's just like reality and humans, we will never know the origin Haha
So I wanted to give you a fun fact that I am sure you knew but wanted to mention anyway. I know you've mentioned that the anaconda gene was a co-dominant gene, but it turns out it actually isn't at all. I am aware that this is sometimes just a quick slang for reptile enthusiasts and breeders, but why not say it for the heck of it. It turns out that in the case of say an anaconda hognose snake, it is actually a representation of incomplete dominance. I have been studying genetics (Bio major in college) and I know I am not an expert, but have since learned that Hognose snakes actually do not have any co-dominant genes at all. Instead, the anaconda gene is simply a recessive gene that cannot be masked by the presence of a dominant one. Therefore, they end up mixing with the dominant. The anaconda gene takes away the the pattern in Hognoses, which is why it takes some spots away from the normal pattern. The "super form" is simply the recessive gene not mixing with the dominant one, and it is its "purest" form so to speak. I hope people running through the comments find out something new in this comment.
at 11:44 a snek was like DO YOUSS HAS YUM YUM?! ( yum yum is food)
sry, 11:35, not 11:44.
i was listening to harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban during the whole video!
I’m colour blind and knew it is more common in men but was sure why. Ty for the breakdown
Why re-uploaded?
Because some of my information about banana morphs wasn't entirely accurate so I wanted to fix it :)
There was actually a word of god answer on the "wizard gene". Basically, if it did exist, it would be dominant (squibs are incredibly unlucky mutants, muggleborn incredibly lucky mutants), but it doesn't. Being born with magic is just magical.
Correct me if I am wrong but here I go.
Possibility #1 - 2 recessive albino alleles = 25% albino offspring
Possibility #2 - 2 normal alleles = 25% normal offspring
Possibility #3 &# 4 - 1 recessive & 1 normal allele = 50% het albino offspring
This is based off calculations including the total amount of offspring
After watching the ending the math is the same just different calculations I believe; Because 66% of the 75% offspring being het is equivalent to 2/3rds, that equal 50% of the total 100% of offpring. The remaining 33% is 1/3rd of 75% offspring being normal which is equal to 25% of the total 100% of offspring.
I've never seen the "coral glow" before and they definitely look different to me. Looks like a sunset in a snake.
great video! Quick question, can you explain the genetics of a piebald 100% het lavender to me? Thanks a million, am loving' the channel!
You should make a part 3 like the 1st one but with balled pythons and retec.pythons
Quiz answer: 67% ph. If three of the possible outcomes are normal expressions, and two of those are het, you have a 67% (or two out of three) chance of drawing a het from those three.
Have your or may you make a video about what decoration can be in a tank? My ball python has decoration but not much and I feel it’s a little boring in there. It’s a small topic you could probably answer with a reply instead of a whole video but I was just curious 😁
I love your shirt very slytherin! Is she a slytherin?? I bet she is or a ravenclaw
Emily: Says she’s not going to use her fingers and pay attention to the letters instead.
Also Emily! Uses her fingers.
For the hairy potter id guess line bred or recessive. Or maybe unlikely that it was a recessive trait and could mutate back not uncommonly?
Can you do a video on your thermostat setup for your snake rack? I have a 4-snake rack setup an am looking to upgrade to a single thermostat to control all of them, but don't know how that works using only one probe, outlet, etc.
Or just a rack-setup video in general would be perfect!
I know that in mammals, some genes (like albinism) work differently from a reccesive-dominant relationship. Normally it is written as a separate allele where one allele produces less color than average, and two alleles produces an albino mammal. I know that in the previous video you used the twin spot hog nose morph for a situation similar to this, but does albinism in snakes work the same way?
Love your vids
Love this!
Good info, thanks
this vidio was amazing! i never know this and sinse im only 10 i will blow my teachers mind! ( i also liked the Harry Potter talk at the end)
You shouldn't have the ability to comment if you are 10
@@Catflers i ment to say 11 im almost 12
dimend back the sandwing thaaaaat.... Doesn't help? You should be 13
@@Catflers i've been given power im going to use power, im older now and am careful well, more careful. no mater how old some one is, there are still rude and discusting people so im going to try to be safe. i can see your consern but please let me be me. thank you for lisaning and i cant spell
id think the muggle born wizards parents would have to be Het Wizards/witches. maybe a higher percentage of het just no ability. then they make a kid and pass the het gene both to the kid. kid becomes magical? or is my math wrong?
I love your alligator REX
I want a snake and hi
It's 10:40 ... Why am I learning about snake genetics?
Why not?