Just ordered a CX50 Hybrid. Looked at the RAV4 and Honda but you get so much more value with the Mazda. Toyota has to get away from using cheap plastics in their top trim levels.
😂😂Mazda’s plastics are average. Whilst they may not seem as “hard & harsh” as Toyota’s plastics, Toyota’s retain the finish for much longer, are less flimsy and installed using better securing methods… so they don’t suffer the same issues as Mazda’s scratching, devulcanising and interior footwell trims constantly popping off.
My family is a toyota and honda fan for most years. I broke the chain and got a mazda 2019 cx5. Best decision ive made thus far. No issues at all and its running like a champ. Ultimately it made me open to what other brands has to offer. I wouldve never consider mazda in my line up but whenever I look for a car now mazda is defintely a consider. I recently got a rav4 hybrid xse, i was going to look for a mazda hybrid but unfortunately there is none for the cx5 and I would like to see it out for some time for them to tweak it. Ive been in a regular cx50 and i found it to be cramped inside compared to my cx5 but i think thats just me. I like my rav4 xse but it doesnt drive as smooth or quiet like the cx5.
Honda, mazda, and toyota are familiar brands in my childhood. I drove a 2011 rav4 and was looking to replace it with a new rav4. But i let go of my personal bias and got a 2025 cx50❤
@@jamesh.2015 Yeah I am not sure if its true for every model but I am just basing it on my experience. But then again I own both and have driven both quite substantially to notice the difference.
I believe both OEM's do a great job bringing sound reliable and attractive product to market. I trust the Toyota a little more. I like the looks of the Mazda a little more. We are never going to have it all.
One thing I wonder about the rear doors that open farther, how many more vehicles parked next to them get door dings from kids flinging them open or the wind catching them..... A big company like Toyota probably thought about that.
That’s a good point! And since the U.S. is only about of 40% total RAV4 sales the parking space and garage situation may be more limited in the other countries. A lot of Toyota dealerships seem to be installing over priced door edge guards on their inventory upon arrival, that (if offered at a reasonable price, not $300) would definitely help decrease the worry of door paint scuffs when not careful.
It's good to see some competition in this hybrid CUV segment, albiet Mazda's entry into the market carbon copied the leader's powertrain. The CX-50 definitely wins glamour points. They do a nice job with interior/exterior design and handling. I loved my '06 Mazdaspeed6 for its styling and handling. The e-CVT will be a game changer for this platform with Mazda. I have a '23 Woodlands Edition, and the 'matte' plastics are hard to scratch, and do not absorb wax or stain. Toyota's plastics are good quality. Once again I hear off road mentioned... Neither of these vehicles should be considered for any level of dedicated off roading. A dirt road or fire trail maybe. A big rock will tear through the underside plastics, which are there for aerodynamics. Toyota cloth interiors are really durable, and will not likely tear. The plastics carry the same durability. No, they're not as soft or 'visually appealing', but they're not supposed to be. If you want a Luxury Toyota, buy a Lexus! Given Mazda's move towards reliability, I would seriously consider one if I was in the market. Nice comparison/review. 👍
Very nice comparison! Perfectly timed as I'm in the market for a compact hybrid and these are the frontrunners. In your opinion how much of a difference do the bose speakers make compared to the stock rav4 speakers?
Thanks!! Yeah, I was excited to finally film this haha. Bose speakers in Mazda are as good as I would ever expect for a factory system in an economy car. I actually think the base RAV4 speakers might be an update over my Subaru Outback’s base speakers. But I personally wouldn’t pay more than $500 for the Bose upgrade. I think if the cost difference was much more than that you might want to consider and even stronger after market set up. But also I love music but I’m ignorant of speakers so take my thoughts with a grain of salt!
One advantage of the shiny cladding is if you inadvertently get car wax on it, it wipes off much easier than flat finnish cladding, especially if the cladding is pebbled. So I would prefer the shiny cladding just based on that. Informative video!
Love my Rav, I have the upper trim that has the soft material on the doors, not the hard plastics. The biggest things missing to me on my Rav, especially since it’s the Limited is a heads up display and auto fold side mirrors. Mazda looks good too, but mirrors, head lights, and display are too small, and no auto parking break!
Just started my lease of the Mazda Hybrid. Driving pleasure similarly pleasant, but the Mazda just has the more refined interior. A better feel, more elegant. Love the car. Forget the Toyota. Plastic. See both Honda and Toyota have their high end brand. Mazda, though partially owned by Toyota, Mazda hasn’t got a second brand. So by definition, from the base line, they are a bit more high end!
I've never trusted Mazda bc I was ignorant with the brand. Friends has the M3. I wanted to love the Rav4 but it seemed so cheap & plastic. I love my 2025 CX5 I just bought and it's so beautiful!
I wonder if you could do the video at night so we can see the backlight in the switch at the dash between them. Most buyer and review overlook that feature.
Rav4 has more room and is more practical, but it is basically "no frills". The Mazda is for those who want a bit more frills and a more fun driving experience.
4 years ago I drove both RAV4 and cx5 non turbo. It was no contest, the cx5 rode so much better, the RAV4 was noisy and truck like. Maybe not so much today
These vehicles are both still in their same generations, so I wonder if you’d feel about the same if you were to drive them today. I’ll share a comparison between the RAV4 and CX-5 I filmed within the next week! Thanks for watching. 🙂
Better looking/more stylish: Mazda. More comfy too. More useable: Toyota. Toyota’s interior will be more durable. Outward visibility: Toyota. Ground clearance: Toyota
El botón de apertura del tanque de combustible es para prevenir la salida de los gases del tanque. Una regularización de EEUU, cómo en los motores a combustión el gas se quema inmediatamente que enciende el auto, no hace falta una válvula para controlar los gases en alguna bahía del tanque. En cambio en los motores híbridos si hace falta ya que no se queman inmediatamente termine de repostar. Por ello necesita una válvula que retenga los gases y así poder llenar el tanque sin que se devuelva el combustible por la diferencia de presión, cada vez que presione el botón de apertura del tanque, este acciona la válvula ✌️
Thanks for this great comparison. I have a fully loaded Rav4 XSE hybrid on order. But the Mazda is still attracting me. I like the simple body styling better. And the CX-50 hybrid Premium trim is $4k less than my Rav4 hybrid. However, going with the CX-50 hybrid means I have to give up a few features, such as...360 pano view, digital rear view mirror, parking support, and 12.3" digital gauge cluster. Also slightly less mpg with the Mazda. As you pointed out, how much experience do the Mazda techs have working on hybrids? It's a good question.
Did you just said the mazda cx 50 also has dual port injection engine??? Doesn't it have the skyactiv or whatever mazda calls it??? That's what I heard unless is only the case with the gasoline only engine thanks for answering
My co-worker said the new Mazda CX-50 hybrid has unproven reliability. I told him the CX-50 has a Rav 4 powertrain. He was shocked. Many "car nuts" don't know this.
Me. The cx-50 looks like a station wagon mom car. The Rav4 looks like more of a manly car. And the resale value of the cx-50 is not as high as the Rav4. And I can't stand all that thick plastic around the wheels. The interior is a lot nicer on the surface in the cx-50, but I saw some issues with the quality on the back seat of the Mazda. It looked like the leather or whatever material used was bubbling. No thanks, I will still to the tried and true.
Doesn't the pricing of the Mazda line up more with the XLE, XSE, and Limited trims of the Toyota? Noticed that you drive the SE trim which (if like Canada where I live) has some minor differences compared to the higher trim levels. For example, in the XSE trim (which I have), all four doors get soft touch (Mazda is only in the front), you also get much better screens for both the driver and media, softex seats, and a better stereo....just to name a few things. Also, the light in the back of the Toyota isn't like that to shade the driver, that is the space for where the sunroof needs to go when it is open.
I think you’re right. There’s also always some subtle differences between our countries offerings of the same model. But in general other than the price tag these two were not exact competitors. But it’s what I had to work with to more just overall show the similarities and differences between the models as a whole. 🤪
@AutomotiveAnonymous208 Don't get me wrong, I appreciate the work you do in these videos and understand you can't always get the same trim levels to compare. Agree about little differences between out two countries. The funny one (for me) is how Mazda and Honda don't think the US needs a heated steering wheel. Makes no sense.
@@dclinton100 especially since the CX 50 is built in our Alabama plant. How in the world do they leave out the heated steering wheel and such right alongside the one that does get all those goodies?!🤷♀️
100 percent agree. The CX-50 looks like a bubble butt station wagon mom car. All the ugly Black Plastic around the wheels is so distasteful and harsh. The Rav4 looks more like a SUV and less like a mom station wagon. Although the interior is nice, I recently saw a cx50 with the back seat showing a wrinkling bubbling issue. Turned me off from the car. I didn't even take pictures because that made me lose interest.
IMHO Mazda make excellent products like the cx5 which is totally Mazda made. Sadly though the inescapable truth for Mazda it seems that they don't have the financial clout and company value to develop their own hybrid technology package. For example in the world'sTop 50 most valuable car brands (source: Gravity), Mazda is number 41 and worth only 4.69 billion which is minuscule compared to Toyota which is number 2 and worth 198.4 billion. It's such a shame that they are so small that to have a hybrid they have to put in a cx5 style interior and slap cx5 exterior panel styling around what is essentially a RAV4. As hybrids vehicles increase in popularity and ice vehicles decrease the question has to be asked "will Mazda be eventually absorbed by Toyota?"
Very good points, thank you! I’ve never searched the net worth of those companies, but that is interesting then that Mazda is only about 2% of Toyota. 😬 There’s apparently talks of Honda absorbing Nissan, so I wouldn’t be surprised if Mazda eventually needs to be bought in this ever changing of ownership car world.
Thr mazda wins over the rav4, the cvt feeling sucks unfortunately, with the mazda there a couple issues with the material of the seats and some issues with the engine bay getting all the dirt from the road. Other than that its great
Mazda’s design language is beyond the end of its era!!… each new Mazda is looking gradually worse than the last. The rav4 is a far better looking vehicle imo, its fit’n‘finish is superior over the Mazda, certain trim Rav4’s also have the JBL audio system… much better than Bose.
Glad I am not the only one who thinks the Mazda styling leaves a lot to be desired. Especially the exterior. The Rav4 being 7 years old on this body style still looks better than anything Mazda has produced.
Just ordered a CX50 Hybrid. Looked at the RAV4 and Honda but you get so much more value with the Mazda. Toyota has to get away from using cheap plastics in their top trim levels.
Keep us up to date re. your experiences with it.
Mam najwyższą wersję wyposażenia i nie znalazłem wewnątrz tanich materiałów. Może dlatego że nie oczekuję udawanej jakości premium od toyoty.
😂😂Mazda’s plastics are average. Whilst they may not seem as “hard & harsh” as Toyota’s plastics, Toyota’s retain the finish for much longer, are less flimsy and installed using better securing methods… so they don’t suffer the same issues as Mazda’s scratching, devulcanising and interior footwell trims constantly popping off.
Mazda has a better maintenance record than Toyota that doesn’t even offer a leather option. I currently own a RAV4. There is no comparison.
@@mikesargent6989 toyota being really stingy. Hopefully 2026 models resolve this
You can't go wrong buying either of these. I would say they are both "tops", just a matter of personal taste, final prices, and availability.
Tire pressure readings for the Mazda are in the settings in the entertainment center
Thank you for sharing this!!
And on the Mazda phone app
My family is a toyota and honda fan for most years. I broke the chain and got a mazda 2019 cx5. Best decision ive made thus far. No issues at all and its running like a champ. Ultimately it made me open to what other brands has to offer. I wouldve never consider mazda in my line up but whenever I look for a car now mazda is defintely a consider. I recently got a rav4 hybrid xse, i was going to look for a mazda hybrid but unfortunately there is none for the cx5 and I would like to see it out for some time for them to tweak it. Ive been in a regular cx50 and i found it to be cramped inside compared to my cx5 but i think thats just me. I like my rav4 xse but it doesnt drive as smooth or quiet like the cx5.
The CX-5 is awesome, I’m glad you’re enjoying yours. In a few days I’ll release a video comparing my RAV4 to a CX-5.
Honda, mazda, and toyota are familiar brands in my childhood. I drove a 2011 rav4 and was looking to replace it with a new rav4. But i let go of my personal bias and got a 2025 cx50❤
That is very interesting you mentioned quietness of the cx-5. I didn't find it to be any quieter than the Rav4
@@jamesh.2015 Yeah I am not sure if its true for every model but I am just basing it on my experience. But then again I own both and have driven both quite substantially to notice the difference.
Very well done! I think you made the right choice between those, but the Mazda looks very nice. From what I hear they drive really well as well.
Thanks again for watching! Yeah, the 50’s are cool! But their seat comfort and storage space seems to be the biggest issues people have reported.
The Mazda looks so much nicer. I know it’s subjective but I find the current RAV4 kind of ugly.
Toyota is so behind on interior I feel like 🤦♀️
It’s not Toyota’s latest power train. It’s their previous one.
However it’s still basically just as good.
I believe both OEM's do a great job bringing sound reliable and attractive product to market. I trust the Toyota a little more. I like the looks of the Mazda a little more. We are never going to have it all.
My feelings also.
One thing I wonder about the rear doors that open farther, how many more vehicles parked next to them get door dings from kids flinging them open or the wind catching them..... A big company like Toyota probably thought about that.
That’s a good point! And since the U.S. is only about of 40% total RAV4 sales the parking space and garage situation may be more limited in the other countries. A lot of Toyota dealerships seem to be installing over priced door edge guards on their inventory upon arrival, that (if offered at a reasonable price, not $300) would definitely help decrease the worry of door paint scuffs when not careful.
It's good to see some competition in this hybrid CUV segment, albiet Mazda's entry into the market carbon copied the leader's powertrain.
The CX-50 definitely wins glamour points. They do a nice job with interior/exterior design and handling. I loved my '06 Mazdaspeed6 for its styling and handling. The e-CVT will be a game changer for this platform with Mazda.
I have a '23 Woodlands Edition, and the 'matte' plastics are hard to scratch, and do not absorb wax or stain. Toyota's plastics are good quality.
Once again I hear off road mentioned... Neither of these vehicles should be considered for any level of dedicated off roading. A dirt road or fire trail maybe. A big rock will tear through the underside plastics, which are there for aerodynamics.
Toyota cloth interiors are really durable, and will not likely tear. The plastics carry the same durability. No, they're not as soft or 'visually appealing', but they're not supposed to be. If you want a Luxury Toyota, buy a Lexus!
Given Mazda's move towards reliability, I would seriously consider one if I was in the market.
Nice comparison/review. 👍
Thanks for sharing this write up, and I so you watching!!
Very nice comparison! Perfectly timed as I'm in the market for a compact hybrid and these are the frontrunners. In your opinion how much of a difference do the bose speakers make compared to the stock rav4 speakers?
Thanks!! Yeah, I was excited to finally film this haha. Bose speakers in Mazda are as good as I would ever expect for a factory system in an economy car. I actually think the base RAV4 speakers might be an update over my Subaru Outback’s base speakers. But I personally wouldn’t pay more than $500 for the Bose upgrade. I think if the cost difference was much more than that you might want to consider and even stronger after market set up. But also I love music but I’m ignorant of speakers so take my thoughts with a grain of salt!
One advantage of the shiny cladding is if you inadvertently get car wax on it, it wipes off much easier than flat finnish cladding, especially if the cladding is pebbled. So I would prefer the shiny cladding just based on that. Informative video!
That’s a good point! Thanks for watching. 🙂
Love my Rav, I have the upper trim that has the soft material on the doors, not the hard plastics. The biggest things missing to me on my Rav, especially since it’s the Limited is a heads up display and auto fold side mirrors.
Mazda looks good too, but mirrors, head lights, and display are too small, and no auto parking break!
Just started my lease of the Mazda Hybrid.
Driving pleasure similarly pleasant, but the Mazda just has the more refined interior. A better feel, more elegant. Love the car. Forget the Toyota.
Plastic.
See both Honda and Toyota have their high end brand.
Mazda, though partially owned by Toyota, Mazda hasn’t got a second brand. So by definition, from the base line, they are a bit more high end!
Mazda looks wayyyy better
Mazda looks like a luxury car
I’ve heard from one new owner he can go to a Mazda or Toyota dealer for servicing.
Have you heard similar, Sir.
Wow those cup holders in the 50 may be a deal breaker.
I've never trusted Mazda bc I was ignorant with the brand. Friends has the M3. I wanted to love the Rav4 but it seemed so cheap & plastic. I love my 2025 CX5 I just bought and it's so beautiful!
I wonder if you could do the video at night so we can see the backlight in the switch at the dash between them. Most buyer and review overlook that feature.
I see if I can fit in a few Mazda night driving videos over the next few weeks!
Rav4 has more room and is more practical, but it is basically "no frills". The Mazda is for those who want a bit more frills and a more fun driving experience.
Mazda looks neat!
4 years ago I drove both RAV4 and cx5 non turbo. It was no contest, the cx5 rode so much better, the RAV4 was noisy and truck like. Maybe not so much today
Nope it's pretty much the same. I have a 2019 cx 5 and recently got a rav4 hybrid xse. My cx definitely quieter and smoother.
These vehicles are both still in their same generations, so I wonder if you’d feel about the same if you were to drive them today. I’ll share a comparison between the RAV4 and CX-5 I filmed within the next week! Thanks for watching. 🙂
Better looking/more stylish: Mazda. More comfy too.
More useable: Toyota. Toyota’s interior will be more durable.
Outward visibility: Toyota.
Ground clearance: Toyota
Toyota over Mazda 100%
@ Depends on what you value more. They’re going to be exactly as reliable and economical.
El botón de apertura del tanque de combustible es para prevenir la salida de los gases del tanque. Una regularización de EEUU, cómo en los motores a combustión el gas se quema inmediatamente que enciende el auto, no hace falta una válvula para controlar los gases en alguna bahía del tanque. En cambio en los motores híbridos si hace falta ya que no se queman inmediatamente termine de repostar. Por ello necesita una válvula que retenga los gases y así poder llenar el tanque sin que se devuelva el combustible por la diferencia de presión, cada vez que presione el botón de apertura del tanque, este acciona la válvula ✌️
Thanks for this great comparison. I have a fully loaded Rav4 XSE hybrid on order. But the Mazda is still attracting me. I like the simple body styling better. And the CX-50 hybrid Premium trim is $4k less than my Rav4 hybrid. However, going with the CX-50 hybrid means I have to give up a few features, such as...360 pano view, digital rear view mirror, parking support, and 12.3" digital gauge cluster. Also slightly less mpg with the Mazda. As you pointed out, how much experience do the Mazda techs have working on hybrids? It's a good question.
Thanks for watching! I think you probably can’t go wrong either way, but the RAV4 is definitely tried and true.
wonder how the long-term reliability on the cx50 will be
That’s a good question! I think the regular powertrains are pretty decent, and this Toyota hybrid engine should be very reliable.
Aw, cute relics 😊
Haha yup!
is the cx50 made in Japan?
No, it’s assembled in Alabama!
But the engine is Japan and trans is mexico on the non hybrid
toyota infotainment lookin like fisher price
RAV4 IS BEST SELLING SUV FOR A REASON!!!
I hope the new generation RAV4 steps up their game... It's so dated
The next gen should be 2026. The new interior may be similar to the new camry
What’s in the emergency kit?
That’s a good question! It probably says on the manufacturers website, but I don’t know off hand. Thanks for watching and sorry I don’t know!
Did you just said the mazda cx 50 also has dual port injection engine??? Doesn't it have the skyactiv or whatever mazda calls it??? That's what I heard unless is only the case with the gasoline only engine thanks for answering
The real Mazda engines have their Skyactiv technology, but both of these cars have the Toyota hybrid system. Thanks for watching!
My co-worker said the new Mazda CX-50 hybrid has unproven reliability. I told him the CX-50 has a Rav 4 powertrain. He was shocked. Many "car nuts" don't know this.
Toyota has more hybrid trims than Mazda's 3 trims
In terms of of size cx50 is closer to corolla cross. The true comparison with rav4 isthe cx5 i think
Mazda doesn't offer Foglight like the RAV4 does
Keep in mind that not all of the Rav4 hybrids include fog lights. My XSE that I have on order doesn't have them.
My2025 Mazda CX-50 Hybrid, does have fog lights. It depends on the trim level if there are fog lights.
I have fog lights on my RAV4 and yet I’ve never used them, lol.
Better looking cx-50 with a proven toyota drivetrain? Who wouldn't buy?
Me. The cx-50 looks like a station wagon mom car. The Rav4 looks like more of a manly car. And the resale value of the cx-50 is not as high as the Rav4. And I can't stand all that thick plastic around the wheels. The interior is a lot nicer on the surface in the cx-50, but I saw some issues with the quality on the back seat of the Mazda. It looked like the leather or whatever material used was bubbling. No thanks, I will still to the tried and true.
Doesn't the pricing of the Mazda line up more with the XLE, XSE, and Limited trims of the Toyota? Noticed that you drive the SE trim which (if like Canada where I live) has some minor differences compared to the higher trim levels. For example, in the XSE trim (which I have), all four doors get soft touch (Mazda is only in the front), you also get much better screens for both the driver and media, softex seats, and a better stereo....just to name a few things. Also, the light in the back of the Toyota isn't like that to shade the driver, that is the space for where the sunroof needs to go when it is open.
I think you’re right. There’s also always some subtle differences between our countries offerings of the same model. But in general other than the price tag these two were not exact competitors. But it’s what I had to work with to more just overall show the similarities and differences between the models as a whole. 🤪
I don’t consider the JBL stereo system to be better than the Bose system in the Mazda
@eleanormassaro5195 I haven't compared the two systems. My comment about "better stereo" was over the base system in the RAV.
@AutomotiveAnonymous208 Don't get me wrong, I appreciate the work you do in these videos and understand you can't always get the same trim levels to compare. Agree about little differences between out two countries. The funny one (for me) is how Mazda and Honda don't think the US needs a heated steering wheel. Makes no sense.
@@dclinton100 especially since the CX 50 is built in our Alabama plant. How in the world do they leave out the heated steering wheel and such right alongside the one that does get all those goodies?!🤷♀️
I'd take RAV4 hybrid over Mazda CX50 hybrid
Because?
Easy , quality, reliability , resale value!
I don't think the CX-50 looks sporty at all. Looks too happy/feminine/mini van like to me. I'd prefer the cx50 interior but hate the exterior.
100 percent agree. The CX-50 looks like a bubble butt station wagon mom car. All the ugly Black Plastic around the wheels is so distasteful and harsh. The Rav4 looks more like a SUV and less like a mom station wagon. Although the interior is nice, I recently saw a cx50 with the back seat showing a wrinkling bubbling issue. Turned me off from the car. I didn't even take pictures because that made me lose interest.
RAV4 Hybrid gets better MPGS
Mazda using 4th generation of Toyota hybrid, not a 5th the last one.
IMHO Mazda make excellent products like the cx5 which is totally Mazda made. Sadly though the inescapable truth for Mazda it seems that they don't have the financial clout and company value
to develop their own hybrid technology package. For example in the world'sTop 50 most valuable car brands (source: Gravity), Mazda is number 41 and worth only 4.69 billion which is minuscule compared to Toyota which is number 2 and worth 198.4 billion. It's such a shame that they are so small that to have a hybrid they have to put in a cx5 style interior and slap cx5 exterior panel styling around what is essentially a RAV4. As hybrids vehicles increase in popularity and ice vehicles decrease the question has to be asked "will Mazda be eventually absorbed by Toyota?"
Very good points, thank you! I’ve never searched the net worth of those companies, but that is interesting then that Mazda is only about 2% of Toyota. 😬 There’s apparently talks of Honda absorbing Nissan, so I wouldn’t be surprised if Mazda eventually needs to be bought in this ever changing of ownership car world.
Mazda Rav4 is a good alternative to Toyota Rav4😂
Haha 👆
I would choose mazda between the two if only mazda has a good ground clearance.
Mazda seats are brutal and backbreaking 😣
I find the cx-50 ugly tbh. The side and wheel plastic cladding is wayyyyy too big
Thr mazda wins over the rav4, the cvt feeling sucks unfortunately, with the mazda there a couple issues with the material of the seats and some issues with the engine bay getting all the dirt from the road. Other than that its great
Curious how does the Mazda win over the Rav4?
@jamesh.2015 price, non cvt, made in Japan with a much attractive looking, they're both reliable but the driving seems better with the mazda
Toyota awful.
If you're a cosmetics person go for the Mazda. If you're into reliability go for the Toyota.
Mazda’s design language is beyond the end of its era!!… each new Mazda is looking gradually worse than the last.
The rav4 is a far better looking vehicle imo, its fit’n‘finish is superior over the Mazda, certain trim Rav4’s also have the JBL audio system… much better than Bose.
Glad I am not the only one who thinks the Mazda styling leaves a lot to be desired. Especially the exterior. The Rav4 being 7 years old on this body style still looks better than anything Mazda has produced.