I do posts & consulting on Mesoamerica (Aztec, Maya etc): As with the prior "Every Empire" vids where Possible History pinned my comments, here's more empires from the Americas (8 Deer's Mixtec Empire, the Purepecha Empire, the Mayapan League, and Chimor) that didn't make it into the videos, plus some extra Aztec info! If you read my now-pinned comments on the last two videos in the series (Go check them out if not!), a lot of the info there is more archeological then historical (the Maya kingdoms I mentioned do have a lot of surviving writing, but I focused on the lesser known stuff!😅) but there's MUCH more historical written records for all the states I explain below! 8 DEER'S MIXTEC EMPIRE: Previously, I mentioned how Monte Alban was THE major Pereclassic and Classic center in Oaxaca, heading a large kingdom or small empire, even if there were potentially some smaller competing Zapotec, Mixtec etc states nearby; but that Monte Alban declined around 600-700AD, and Mixtec groups begin to take over it and other key Zapotec centers like Mitla. While Zapotec inscriptions are undeciphered and they left us no paper books, there are (at least) 8 surviving Mixtec books give us a relatively detailed look at Oaxaca politics from ~800-1200 AD. There are dozens of major kings, queens and dynastic kingdoms allying and backstabbing each other here (we absolutely need Mesoamerican political dramas!) but 8 Deer Jaguar Claw is our main player: 8 deer was born in 1063, the son of a high priest in the Mixtec city of Tilantongo. He ends up fighting as a general for another city, Jaltepec, and eventually gets the blessings of an Oracle (who arrange political marriages, sanction wars, etc in Oaxaca) to conquer some coastal Chatino towns, allegedly founding the city of Tututepec there, but ends up returning to Tilantongo and taking the throne when it's king dies childless. Potentially using the tropical goods obtained his Chatino conquests, 8 Deer secures an alliance with 4 Jaguar, and important official in Cholula (a city in Central Mexico with major political and religious influence, think like Mecca). With now further political backing, 8 Deer goes on a spree conquering almost 100 cities over the next 18 years across much of the Mixteca Alta region, and with Tututepec a key player in the Mixteca Costa, gives 8 Deer influence over 2 of the 3 Mixtec subregions. Notably, around 1101-1103, 8 Deer killed 11 Wind, king of "The Bundle of Red and White" (possibly Huachino), a captial of a major Mixtec dyansty with dominion over Tilantongo, as well as 11 winds wife 6 Monkey (herself a shrewd political figure and conqueror, who was heir to not just the Huachino but also Jaltepec's dynasty), and their entire extended family. The only survivor was a boy, 4 Wind, who grew up to rally other Mixtec states against 8 deer and had him killed in 1115. Keep in mind the details above do differ between the surviving books (compare what I said to maskoftheflowerprince's wordpress post on 6 Monkey), and archeology disputes some details (Tututepec may have already been a city before 8 deer; some researchers argue his late 11th century conquests sprees is also a misreading). Also, as typical in Mesoamerica, 8 deer probably did not directly govern all of his conquests (apparently he never returned to Tututepec after being crowned at Tilantongo). After after the empire fractures, Tututepec actually grew in the aftermath to become it's own sizable kingdom, survived Aztec aggression as one of it's largest unconquered enclaves, only falling when the Zapotec kingdom of Tehuantepec allied with Conquistadors to take it out. EXTRA AZTEC INFO: And that segues to the Aztec Empire: Around 1200AD migrations of various Nahuatl speaking Chichimec nomads from above Mesoamerica (likely the Bajio region of Northwestern Mexico) moved down into Central Mexico (especially in and around the Valley of Mexico) integrating into or founding their own cities. The Mexica are among the latest of these groups, and go from place to place getting rejected and then finally build their city of Tenochtitlan on a swampy island after an omen in 1325. They become subjects of Azcapotzalco, the most powerful city in the Valley, and help it in conquests, particularly as Azcapotzalco and another city, Texcoco fight over political-religious titles claiming supreme Toltec (seen as the founders of high culture, see comment on the last vid) or Chichimec authority. Texcoco is eventually conquered and is given as a subject to the Mexica, which preforms political marriages with it, other cities, and a princess given from Azcapotzalco. After Tezozomoc, the then king of Azcapotzalco dies, one of his two heirs, Maxtla assassinates the other, as well as Chimalpopoca in Tenochtitlan, a succession threat due to his royal Azcapotzalco mother. Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan (another city in the valley) all join forces and overthrow Azcapotzalco in 1428, and subsequently coordinate in conquests and taxes, becoming the "Aztec Empire" The Aztec Empire continues to expand (Tenochtitlan eventually the de-facto capital among the 3, or was always so) til Spanish contact, swallowing up most of Central Mexico, Oaxaca/Gurrero, the Gulf Coast and a bit of Chiapas: Stuff I've gone over like Monte Alban, 8 Deer, Tikal and Calakmul, Teotihuacan, and Tula all controlled significant areas relative to Mesoamerica. But the Aztec Empire truly encompassed like 1/4-1/3 of the whole region, as big as the ambitious models of Teotihuacan or Tula dominion I cautioned against, or medium-large European countries, with ~500 subject states, each a few to a few dozen cities/towns. However, again, that does not mean the Mexica directly managed it's whole empire: Contrary the popular idea that the Mexica were oppressive and that's why Cortes got allies, the Aztec Empire, like most large Mesoamerican states, weren't hands-on-imperalistic. Exactly how hands off or hands on they were varies, but the Aztec Empire, despite it's size, was arguably one of the more hands off ones: The Mexica (generally) left kings, laws, customs, etc in place when they conquered a state, and just collected taxes, leaving subjects with their own interests, identity and decisionmaking; though the Mexica also certainly flexed their military power and rich tax/trade network to court political marriages and voluntary vassals. (This hands off system leaving states effectively independent enabled opportunistic side switching, that's mostly why Cortes got allies, Tlaxcala aside). There is so much more I could say about the Aztec (even just defining that term vs Mexica vs Nahua etc could be an essay)there's much more surviving info then people realize, down to the specific reign of different kings and military campaigns, surviving Nahuatl poetry, etc. But the last thing I'll say before moving on is that Tenochtitlan is one of the coolest cities in human history (much like Teotihuacan before it), being built out of a grid of artificial islands (also acting as hydroponic farms) with canals running between them, with ~200,000 denizens, as populated as the largest in Europe, and with hundreds of temples, palaces, botanical garden and zoo compounds, etc. Scott and Stuart Gentling's paintings will give good visualizations, It's basically Venice meets the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Though cool royal palace-botanical garden estates were common in other Nahua sites. (EX Texcotzinco had 5 mile long, 150 foot tall aqueduct, terraced gardens with different sections to emulate different ecosystems, etc). THE PUREPECHA EMPIRE: But the Aztec were not unrivaled: to their west in what's now Michoacan, the Purepecha Empire was not merely a tough to swallow holdout like Tututepec or Tlaxcala, but was true existential threat to the Aztec. It had similar origins, with migrants arriving in a valley lake basin, a triple alliance of city-states coming to power, being Parzcuaro, Ihuatzio, and Tzintzuntzan. However, in the 1450s, Tzitzipandáquare takes over, possibly via a coup, turns Tzintzuntzan into a formal capital and institutes hands on imperial rule, with governors he directly installs who he fully administers (a rarity in Mesoamerica), alongside an expansion push, which leads the Purepecha and Aztec Empires having a spat over the Toluca valley which escalates into a large scale Aztec invasion... which the Purepecha Empire absolutely crushes, giving the Aztec their only real large scale military defeat. The Aztec-Purepecha border militarizes, with forts being built, towns being set up as spying outposts, etc. The two continue to have skirmishes, but it largely becomes a Cold War. By the time the Spanish, Tlaxcalteca and Aztec armies arrive at the Purepecha's doorstep following the Siege of Tenochtitlan, Tangaxuan II only just reclaimed power after smallpox killed his father and caused a succession dispute, so he decides to submit to the Spanish rather then fight back, though the Spanish would later send Nuno de Guzman to ransack all over West Mexico when they find out Tangaxuan II continued to collect taxes for himself rather then just the Spanish crown. The Purepecha Empire is THE state I've gone over which truly deserves to be in the videos the most: As I said, it had a true imperial model, and was also the third largest state in the Americas at the time of Spanish contact after the Inca and Aztec, a size tier above Monte Alban etc if still one below the Aztec. Purepecha is unrelated to other Mesoamerican languages, by extension they also have many unique cultural traits, deities, etc. Michoacan was also Mesoamerica's largest center of copper and bronze production, though even for them copper/bronze was mostly used for ceremonial goods rather then tools/weapons (though they, and other Mesoamericans, did use some metal tool and weapons, though how much is a subject of some debate) TO BE CONTINUED IN A REPLY BELOW!s origins in m
CONTINUED FROM ABOVE: THE LEAGUE OF MAYAPAN While the so called "Classic Maya Collapse" did lead to the decline of a lot of the major cities in the Central and Southern Maya lowlands between 750-1000AD, many Maya cities to the North actually grew (though non reached the size of the largest Classic Maya centers), like Uxmal and Chichen Itza (itself a major political center and maybe the head of a large kingdom? Not quite informed on it though). Mayapan was one of these large northern Maya cities during the Postclassic period, and eventually grew to become the head of large league of allied and subject Maya states, covering large portion of the northern half Yucatán Peninsula and a bit beyond (but not the ENTIRE Peninsula like Wikipedia shows). This is the closest thing we ever get to a true "Maya Empire", and would have rivaled the Purepecha Empire in size. The political specifics escape me, as does the in depth information about the history of the alliance, but I know it deals with conflicts, marriages, etc primarily between Cocom and Xiu Maya dynasties with the Itza and other groups involved too. There's a whole account called the Chilam Balam which details these various wars and political alliances and key kings involved, but it's heavily mixed with myths and is also filtered through 16th century Spanish priests who helped right it down, leading to a lot of the same issues I talked about with the Toltec (who also get mixed into the events of the Chilam Balam) in the comment on the last video. In any case, the league dissolves around the same time the Aztec Empire really starts to get going (though the two had little to do with one another), though there are plenty of more fragmented small to medium sized Maya city-states and kingdoms in Tabasco, Yucatan etc when the Spanish arrive, and in fact the last independent Maya state only falls in 1697. THE CHIMU EMPIRE/KINGDOM OF CHIMOR: Finally, down in the Andes, the Kingdom of Chimor or the Chimu empire probably deserves some consideration: Again, my area is more Mesoamerica then the Andes, but as I understand it this was a major state along Peru's Northern coast which starting around 900-1000AD conquered or grew out of the Sican civilization, itself in turn arising from the Moche civilization (who are really cool, with some mind blowing ceramics and temples, but were more a bunch of competing city-states that as far as I know didn't ever form a particular large single kingdom/empire or state network). Over the next few centuries, Chimor grew into the largest state in the Andes (and it's capital city, Chan Chan, may have been the largest city in Andean history, with 40,000 to 60,000 people, and some palaces over 200,000 sqare meters in area!), seems to have actually built a variety of forts, walls, and road networks, and are also renowned for some of the finest metal artwork in the Precolumbian Americas (like the Moche before them). If anything, the Inca Empire sort of misses the date cutoff for the video a bit and should be in the next one, since the Kingdom of Cusco only really just starts to expand on a large scale in the 1430s, and only manages to subdue Chimor in the 1470s, by which point no other state in the Andes was really capable of stopping them and they swallowed up all of Andean civilization into what we now know as the Inca Empire. Also, Cahokia exists in the Eastern US! But I really don't know enough about Mississipian politics or society to talk about that more, other then that Cahokia itself was relatively impressive, with ~20,000 people, maybe more.
I'd make a claim for the Qara Khitai however the Chagatai Khanate part convinced me not to, but the Aqqoyunlu Sultanate definitely is an empire that could make it into the list
14:24 You've forgotten about the Silk Road revenues. The conflict with Timurats began precisely because of this, the flow of goods along the Great Silk Road decreased by almost 2 times, therefore, in order to increase revenues, Timur burned all the trading cities of the Golden Horde (except Astrakhan), thereby closing the entire Great Silk Road over himself
A similar view was held by the 11th century Arab historian Sa'ed Al-Andalusi. In his book "Category of the nations" he said the following about the Turks: "And their virtue which they skilled in is warfare and its means/tools, they are the best nation when it comes to chivalry, archery and swordsmanship" In another part of the book he says that the Chinese used to refer to the king of the Turks as "The king of the lions".
You've forgotten about the Second Bulgarian Empire. While it was not as large as the Byzantine one for most of the time, it was still a regional powerhouse in the Balkans. Yes, it was not as impressive as the First Empire, but it was still very important politically and culturally.
Dang medude. That music really fits well. Especially 3:08 is really soothing. Really feels like some sort of ASMR, but actually enjoyable. By the way, I predict (nearly, some islands and stuff not included) every piece of land will be part of an empire at some point. Either empirering or being empired. But lastly I must admit this is perhaps the saddest video in the series for the Romeaboos, as we have both the fourth crusade AND the fall of Constantinople. I know the next couple videos have kolonisatie and that is definitely worse, but it isn't covered nearly as well in the history books. It kinda goes: "We did a lot of bad things. For example, here is Britain so you can have an example of colonialism and imperialism. No, we will not be talking about our effect on Indonesia, Suriname or our other colonies. Figure that out yourself." So it just doesn't have the same impact as the fourth crusade and the fall of Constantinople. Two events which can also neatly be split into a before and after. Anyway, looking forward to the next video. In this series and in general. And also the viewers doing the treaty of versailles one. Fijne dag verder!
I think that the North Sea Empire should'be been included, it controlled Denmark, Norway and England, absolutely controlling... well, the North Sea. They were also backed up by thr vikings who were powerful worriors so yeah, a Northern European giant.
i wonder in the next episode you gonna mention or consider eastern indonesia sultanate as empire,state like gowa-tallo,ternate and tidore when people talk about sultanate in nusantara region/maritime southeast they always talk about the western sultanate like aceh,malaka,mataram,demak,banjar and brunei
'Twould, 'twould indeed be interesting to see a what if everything went perfect for Norway, (or in my opinion, any of the scandanavian/norse countries across history)
Good video but i would also add the jagieollonian empire. Technically as much as an empire after the HRE after the 1200's. I mean i know you mentioned them in you video on varna but still. Btw good job on being one of the few that pronounced Nicaea correctly. Btw Yuan is pronounced more like Yuen.
You have forgotten the Wari and Tiahanaku empires in Peru, at their time they were the two hegemons of the andes compiting in a cold war similar to the one of the USSRR-USA.
The golden horde was a semi settled state, with massive (for its time) cities on the silk road. The golden hordes taxes hurt the Rus principalities more than it helped the horde, with the taxes mostly being a way for no Rus principality to rival the horde. The idea of the golden horde being a state built off the backs of the rus principalities was an idea created by soviet thinkers who viewed the turkics and their lifestyle as inferior to the russians. The book Russia and the Golden Horde by Charles Halpern is a good book on the Rus principalities under the Tatar yoke.
i feel like lithuania should of been included it was the biggest country by land area at one point and had an interesting multi cultural multi religious open border policy
Empires missing here - 1-🇳🇴 North Sea Empire (1013-1046 AD) 2-🇮🇳 Mighty Chola Empire (peak under 907-1279 AD) 3-🇮🇳 Kingdom of Mewar (despite its name its an Empire for 3 Centuries ,Peak Under MahaRana Sanga 720-1528 AD and beyond ) 4 -🇧🇬Second Bulgarian Empire (1182-1432 AD) 5-🇩🇰 Kalmar Union (1397-1528 AD) 6-🇮🇳 Western Chalukya Empire (975-1184 AD) 7-🇮🇳 Hoysala Empire (1050-1355 AD) 8-🇮🇳 Sena Empire (1070-1230 AD) 9-🇮🇳 Gajapati Empire (1434-1541 AD) 10-🇷🇸 Serbian Empire (1346-1371 AD) Add more... *Note- Kingdoms or nearly an Empire States does not be included here.
:25 Wow, thats hilarious. I wasnt paying super close qttention at first, and so i thought you were talking about the hittites, new kingdom egypt and the assyrians for a second. Whats so funny is that not only do the byzantines, the fatimids, the buyids, have similar borders and relations to those ancient powers, but the system theyre part of gets btfod by horsemen from the east (perso-medes for the ancient world, the seljuk turks for late medieval)
Wow, your ability to avoid talking about the Caucasus is almost impressive. Sad that my boi Unified Georgia didn't get counted as an Empire, even though it had all the rights to, especially compared some other ones you've mentioned that were MUCH tinier.
video idea how could we save the Austrian empire example during the Crimean War Austria was able to occupy Romania and was hoping that because they'd been occupying it Romania would just kinda be given to them so what if it was or in 1905 Austria had something like a tank but because it was load Franz joseph ordered it off or because it looked expansive and Austria didn't want to spend money on something that might not look plus Austria had a plan of modern blitzkrieg of keep the line moving don't let Serbia recover but it failed due to logistics and mis understanding with the scouts who were supposed to scout ahead. anyway great vid
Its crazy. I always thought that all these things happened back in the day not now. But i bet thats why they thought too. Considering most empires lasted over 100 years
5:56 What are the two enclaves in Mali supposed to be here? I know of the Jolof Empire (though that was established in 1350), but I have no clue what the more southern one could be.
The Kalmar Union might appear in the next video, tho it was kind of more disfunctional than an empire. The North Sea Empire should've been included tho
Second Bulgarian Empire? also in your other video you didnt mention Old Great Bulgaria, there is also black Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria and even one fictional Bulgaria with fictional khan called khan Motun
Forgot Mongols sack of Baghdad ending Abbisids 1258, Maluks beat Mongols 1259, Mongols split in 4 states 1260, 2 civil wars, especially Golden Horde v Ilkanate. Chagatai didn't do squat
@@Sharow987 so is the central powers winning the great war its just a what if scenario ottomans winning the second siege of vienna wouldnt be as big as beating an entire coalition for contents sake it would be a better video if its against the Holy League
@@yusufardagures5490 the de faco ruler of egypt between 1805 and 1848 industrilizd egypt (specifically the milltiary) and expaned egypt into a big impire and was close to make the ottomans collapse but he often oppressed the peopltion of his empire and prisoned or killed anyone who disagreed with him (like in the mamluk massacre) this is his wekipeidia page en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt
Btw it was the catholic church that separated from the Orthodox Church. Of the 5 patriarchates, one was not in communion with the others…the bishop of Rome aka the pope.
What if the Belguim revolution was a revolution to overthrow the monarchy turn the Nederlands into a Republic restoring the United provinces of the Nederlands Instead of seeking Independence from the Nederlands
could you pretty-please-with-a-sugar-on-top continue the warlord era of China? it's a shame that this part of history is not that covered on the Internet !!!
@@EviMjau i also kinda mean as separate entities plus he touched up on nations like Ethiopia which lasted into 1900s so i feel like same could’ve or maybe even should’ve been done for the Nations i mentioned but i do digress as he is entering a period where empires didn’t rise and fall every 10 years
@@derwillhelm3778 Maby the comenwelth will be couted from 1569 becose before it was just a union becose whith out hinesite for how long it lasted it woud be the same as couting Habsburg spain and austria as one nation
Everyone in asia: Why am i hearing boss music? Why am i hearing horses? Imagine if the Mali ACTUALLY succeeded in their transatlantic expedition, like they didn't to be enslaved to go there in the first place. That should be a video
im hoping 1 of these nights you or someone in your group picks this up so ima keep persisting what if crassus took over persia an the civil war went 3 ways with publius "parthicus" being crassus heir
I understand compilong all empires is quite hard to do. But I still want to say that you forgot the Ife empire in southern Nigeria, they dominated trade and were the only unified state in all of Western West Africa. If the "West Africa every year" video is your source then it isn't your fault though, they forgot it too. Look up Ife Empire and specifically their most famous king Oduduwa
I do posts & consulting on Mesoamerica (Aztec, Maya etc): As with the prior "Every Empire" vids where Possible History pinned my comments, here's more empires from the Americas (8 Deer's Mixtec Empire, the Purepecha Empire, the Mayapan League, and Chimor) that didn't make it into the videos, plus some extra Aztec info! If you read my now-pinned comments on the last two videos in the series (Go check them out if not!), a lot of the info there is more archeological then historical (the Maya kingdoms I mentioned do have a lot of surviving writing, but I focused on the lesser known stuff!😅) but there's MUCH more historical written records for all the states I explain below!
8 DEER'S MIXTEC EMPIRE:
Previously, I mentioned how Monte Alban was THE major Pereclassic and Classic center in Oaxaca, heading a large kingdom or small empire, even if there were potentially some smaller competing Zapotec, Mixtec etc states nearby; but that Monte Alban declined around 600-700AD, and Mixtec groups begin to take over it and other key Zapotec centers like Mitla. While Zapotec inscriptions are undeciphered and they left us no paper books, there are (at least) 8 surviving Mixtec books give us a relatively detailed look at Oaxaca politics from ~800-1200 AD. There are dozens of major kings, queens and dynastic kingdoms allying and backstabbing each other here (we absolutely need Mesoamerican political dramas!) but 8 Deer Jaguar Claw is our main player:
8 deer was born in 1063, the son of a high priest in the Mixtec city of Tilantongo. He ends up fighting as a general for another city, Jaltepec, and eventually gets the blessings of an Oracle (who arrange political marriages, sanction wars, etc in Oaxaca) to conquer some coastal Chatino towns, allegedly founding the city of Tututepec there, but ends up returning to Tilantongo and taking the throne when it's king dies childless. Potentially using the tropical goods obtained his Chatino conquests, 8 Deer secures an alliance with 4 Jaguar, and important official in Cholula (a city in Central Mexico with major political and religious influence, think like Mecca). With now further political backing, 8 Deer goes on a spree conquering almost 100 cities over the next 18 years across much of the Mixteca Alta region, and with Tututepec a key player in the Mixteca Costa, gives 8 Deer influence over 2 of the 3 Mixtec subregions. Notably, around 1101-1103, 8 Deer killed 11 Wind, king of "The Bundle of Red and White" (possibly Huachino), a captial of a major Mixtec dyansty with dominion over Tilantongo, as well as 11 winds wife 6 Monkey (herself a shrewd political figure and conqueror, who was heir to not just the Huachino but also Jaltepec's dynasty), and their entire extended family. The only survivor was a boy, 4 Wind, who grew up to rally other Mixtec states against 8 deer and had him killed in 1115.
Keep in mind the details above do differ between the surviving books (compare what I said to maskoftheflowerprince's wordpress post on 6 Monkey), and archeology disputes some details (Tututepec may have already been a city before 8 deer; some researchers argue his late 11th century conquests sprees is also a misreading). Also, as typical in Mesoamerica, 8 deer probably did not directly govern all of his conquests (apparently he never returned to Tututepec after being crowned at Tilantongo). After after the empire fractures, Tututepec actually grew in the aftermath to become it's own sizable kingdom, survived Aztec aggression as one of it's largest unconquered enclaves, only falling when the Zapotec kingdom of Tehuantepec allied with Conquistadors to take it out.
EXTRA AZTEC INFO:
And that segues to the Aztec Empire: Around 1200AD migrations of various Nahuatl speaking Chichimec nomads from above Mesoamerica (likely the Bajio region of Northwestern Mexico) moved down into Central Mexico (especially in and around the Valley of Mexico) integrating into or founding their own cities. The Mexica are among the latest of these groups, and go from place to place getting rejected and then finally build their city of Tenochtitlan on a swampy island after an omen in 1325. They become subjects of Azcapotzalco, the most powerful city in the Valley, and help it in conquests, particularly as Azcapotzalco and another city, Texcoco fight over political-religious titles claiming supreme Toltec (seen as the founders of high culture, see comment on the last vid) or Chichimec authority. Texcoco is eventually conquered and is given as a subject to the Mexica, which preforms political marriages with it, other cities, and a princess given from Azcapotzalco. After Tezozomoc, the then king of Azcapotzalco dies, one of his two heirs, Maxtla assassinates the other, as well as Chimalpopoca in Tenochtitlan, a succession threat due to his royal Azcapotzalco mother. Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan (another city in the valley) all join forces and overthrow Azcapotzalco in 1428, and subsequently coordinate in conquests and taxes, becoming the "Aztec Empire"
The Aztec Empire continues to expand (Tenochtitlan eventually the de-facto capital among the 3, or was always so) til Spanish contact, swallowing up most of Central Mexico, Oaxaca/Gurrero, the Gulf Coast and a bit of Chiapas: Stuff I've gone over like Monte Alban, 8 Deer, Tikal and Calakmul, Teotihuacan, and Tula all controlled significant areas relative to Mesoamerica. But the Aztec Empire truly encompassed like 1/4-1/3 of the whole region, as big as the ambitious models of Teotihuacan or Tula dominion I cautioned against, or medium-large European countries, with ~500 subject states, each a few to a few dozen cities/towns. However, again, that does not mean the Mexica directly managed it's whole empire: Contrary the popular idea that the Mexica were oppressive and that's why Cortes got allies, the Aztec Empire, like most large Mesoamerican states, weren't hands-on-imperalistic. Exactly how hands off or hands on they were varies, but the Aztec Empire, despite it's size, was arguably one of the more hands off ones: The Mexica (generally) left kings, laws, customs, etc in place when they conquered a state, and just collected taxes, leaving subjects with their own interests, identity and decisionmaking; though the Mexica also certainly flexed their military power and rich tax/trade network to court political marriages and voluntary vassals. (This hands off system leaving states effectively independent enabled opportunistic side switching, that's mostly why Cortes got allies, Tlaxcala aside).
There is so much more I could say about the Aztec (even just defining that term vs Mexica vs Nahua etc could be an essay)there's much more surviving info then people realize, down to the specific reign of different kings and military campaigns, surviving Nahuatl poetry, etc. But the last thing I'll say before moving on is that Tenochtitlan is one of the coolest cities in human history (much like Teotihuacan before it), being built out of a grid of artificial islands (also acting as hydroponic farms) with canals running between them, with ~200,000 denizens, as populated as the largest in Europe, and with hundreds of temples, palaces, botanical garden and zoo compounds, etc. Scott and Stuart Gentling's paintings will give good visualizations, It's basically Venice meets the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Though cool royal palace-botanical garden estates were common in other Nahua sites. (EX Texcotzinco had 5 mile long, 150 foot tall aqueduct, terraced gardens with different sections to emulate different ecosystems, etc).
THE PUREPECHA EMPIRE:
But the Aztec were not unrivaled: to their west in what's now Michoacan, the Purepecha Empire was not merely a tough to swallow holdout like Tututepec or Tlaxcala, but was true existential threat to the Aztec. It had similar origins, with migrants arriving in a valley lake basin, a triple alliance of city-states coming to power, being Parzcuaro, Ihuatzio, and Tzintzuntzan. However, in the 1450s, Tzitzipandáquare takes over, possibly via a coup, turns Tzintzuntzan into a formal capital and institutes hands on imperial rule, with governors he directly installs who he fully administers (a rarity in Mesoamerica), alongside an expansion push, which leads the Purepecha and Aztec Empires having a spat over the Toluca valley which escalates into a large scale Aztec invasion... which the Purepecha Empire absolutely crushes, giving the Aztec their only real large scale military defeat. The Aztec-Purepecha border militarizes, with forts being built, towns being set up as spying outposts, etc.
The two continue to have skirmishes, but it largely becomes a Cold War. By the time the Spanish, Tlaxcalteca and Aztec armies arrive at the Purepecha's doorstep following the Siege of Tenochtitlan, Tangaxuan II only just reclaimed power after smallpox killed his father and caused a succession dispute, so he decides to submit to the Spanish rather then fight back, though the Spanish would later send Nuno de Guzman to ransack all over West Mexico when they find out Tangaxuan II continued to collect taxes for himself rather then just the Spanish crown.
The Purepecha Empire is THE state I've gone over which truly deserves to be in the videos the most: As I said, it had a true imperial model, and was also the third largest state in the Americas at the time of Spanish contact after the Inca and Aztec, a size tier above Monte Alban etc if still one below the Aztec. Purepecha is unrelated to other Mesoamerican languages, by extension they also have many unique cultural traits, deities, etc. Michoacan was also Mesoamerica's largest center of copper and bronze production, though even for them copper/bronze was mostly used for ceremonial goods rather then tools/weapons (though they, and other Mesoamericans, did use some metal tool and weapons, though how much is a subject of some debate)
TO BE CONTINUED IN A REPLY BELOW!s origins in m
CONTINUED FROM ABOVE: THE LEAGUE OF MAYAPAN
While the so called "Classic Maya Collapse" did lead to the decline of a lot of the major cities in the Central and Southern Maya lowlands between 750-1000AD, many Maya cities to the North actually grew (though non reached the size of the largest Classic Maya centers), like Uxmal and Chichen Itza (itself a major political center and maybe the head of a large kingdom? Not quite informed on it though). Mayapan was one of these large northern Maya cities during the Postclassic period, and eventually grew to become the head of large league of allied and subject Maya states, covering large portion of the northern half Yucatán Peninsula and a bit beyond (but not the ENTIRE Peninsula like Wikipedia shows). This is the closest thing we ever get to a true "Maya Empire", and would have rivaled the Purepecha Empire in size.
The political specifics escape me, as does the in depth information about the history of the alliance, but I know it deals with conflicts, marriages, etc primarily between Cocom and Xiu Maya dynasties with the Itza and other groups involved too. There's a whole account called the Chilam Balam which details these various wars and political alliances and key kings involved, but it's heavily mixed with myths and is also filtered through 16th century Spanish priests who helped right it down, leading to a lot of the same issues I talked about with the Toltec (who also get mixed into the events of the Chilam Balam) in the comment on the last video. In any case, the league dissolves around the same time the Aztec Empire really starts to get going (though the two had little to do with one another), though there are plenty of more fragmented small to medium sized Maya city-states and kingdoms in Tabasco, Yucatan etc when the Spanish arrive, and in fact the last independent Maya state only falls in 1697.
THE CHIMU EMPIRE/KINGDOM OF CHIMOR:
Finally, down in the Andes, the Kingdom of Chimor or the Chimu empire probably deserves some consideration: Again, my area is more Mesoamerica then the Andes, but as I understand it this was a major state along Peru's Northern coast which starting around 900-1000AD conquered or grew out of the Sican civilization, itself in turn arising from the Moche civilization (who are really cool, with some mind blowing ceramics and temples, but were more a bunch of competing city-states that as far as I know didn't ever form a particular large single kingdom/empire or state network). Over the next few centuries, Chimor grew into the largest state in the Andes (and it's capital city, Chan Chan, may have been the largest city in Andean history, with 40,000 to 60,000 people, and some palaces over 200,000 sqare meters in area!), seems to have actually built a variety of forts, walls, and road networks, and are also renowned for some of the finest metal artwork in the Precolumbian Americas (like the Moche before them). If anything, the Inca Empire sort of misses the date cutoff for the video a bit and should be in the next one, since the Kingdom of Cusco only really just starts to expand on a large scale in the 1430s, and only manages to subdue Chimor in the 1470s, by which point no other state in the Andes was really capable of stopping them and they swallowed up all of Andean civilization into what we now know as the Inca Empire.
Also, Cahokia exists in the Eastern US! But I really don't know enough about Mississipian politics or society to talk about that more, other then that Cahokia itself was relatively impressive, with ~20,000 people, maybe more.
holy moly that’s a lot
Askhistorians level of content@@MajoraZ
I ain't readin allat
@@kilometer_immoralesfrdo you have an attention span
I'd make a claim for the Qara Khitai however the Chagatai Khanate part convinced me not to, but the Aqqoyunlu Sultanate definitely is an empire that could make it into the list
in the other video he also didn't say anything Greco Bactrians and yanavana Greeks( the first ones that actually invaded India not the Scythians)
14:24 You've forgotten about the Silk Road revenues. The conflict with Timurats began precisely because of this, the flow of goods along the Great Silk Road decreased by almost 2 times, therefore, in order to increase revenues, Timur burned all the trading cities of the Golden Horde (except Astrakhan), thereby closing the entire Great Silk Road over himself
I'm loving this series so far!
A similar view was held by the 11th century Arab historian Sa'ed Al-Andalusi. In his book "Category of the nations" he said the following about the Turks: "And their virtue which they skilled in is warfare and its means/tools, they are the best nation when it comes to chivalry, archery and swordsmanship"
In another part of the book he says that the Chinese used to refer to the king of the Turks as "The king of the lions".
Thanks for adding Bengal and Suri empire ❤️❤️
Your work is fantastic! Suggestion: What if the assasin that almost killed Franz Joseph succeded and his brother maximilian became Emperor?
Could even have it happen when he's the emperor of Mexico which would be very interesting
You've forgotten about the Second Bulgarian Empire. While it was not as large as the Byzantine one for most of the time, it was still a regional powerhouse in the Balkans. Yes, it was not as impressive as the First Empire, but it was still very important politically and culturally.
Dang medude. That music really fits well. Especially 3:08 is really soothing. Really feels like some sort of ASMR, but actually enjoyable.
By the way, I predict (nearly, some islands and stuff not included) every piece of land will be part of an empire at some point. Either empirering or being empired.
But lastly I must admit this is perhaps the saddest video in the series for the Romeaboos, as we have both the fourth crusade AND the fall of Constantinople. I know the next couple videos have kolonisatie and that is definitely worse, but it isn't covered nearly as well in the history books. It kinda goes: "We did a lot of bad things. For example, here is Britain so you can have an example of colonialism and imperialism. No, we will not be talking about our effect on Indonesia, Suriname or our other colonies. Figure that out yourself." So it just doesn't have the same impact as the fourth crusade and the fall of Constantinople. Two events which can also neatly be split into a before and after.
Anyway, looking forward to the next video. In this series and in general. And also the viewers doing the treaty of versailles one.
Fijne dag verder!
Love your content! This series is great 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
YOOO I AM SO EXCITED THIS SERIES HAS BEEN AMAZING AND I WAS WAITING ALL WEEK FOR THE NEXT EPISODE
LET'S GO I'VE BEEN SO EXCITED FOR THIS VIDEO TO COME OUT
so happy the mongols finally filled in the line in the caucasus
Only cost a mere 10% of the world population
@@Heres_Fatih A small price for aesthetic salvation.
I think that the North Sea Empire should'be been included, it controlled Denmark, Norway and England, absolutely controlling... well, the North Sea. They were also backed up by thr vikings who were powerful worriors so yeah, a Northern European giant.
A realm that was neither dominant nor lasting, 60 years of existence tops
@@BobiGazda12345 it was never established that it needed to be lasting. Why wasn't it dominant tho?
Altho it wouldn’t have been in this time period.
@@loubaxo9339literally nothing in that region, only snow lmao.
@@rizkyadiyanto7922 I wouldn't say England and Denmark are just a bunch of snow but ok
I have been waiting for this video about time
i wonder in the next episode you gonna mention or consider eastern indonesia sultanate as empire,state like gowa-tallo,ternate and tidore when people talk about sultanate in nusantara region/maritime southeast they always talk about the western sultanate like aceh,malaka,mataram,demak,banjar and brunei
Can you please do a “What if everything went PERFECT for Japan”?
I have no idea how that would go
I Remember that was in the "next 10 upcoming videos" section once
Idk what happened to it
That sounds top tier
@@rehanakhund2578Yeah that’s where I got the idea to start asking for it
I love that you mentioned eu4 I didn’t think you would know what it was but so many of the countries In this video are in it
Maybe do a "what is everything went perfect for Norway" scenario next. (Please)
Yes that actually be pretty epic. Only problem is when to start?
'Twould, 'twould indeed be interesting to see a what if everything went perfect for Norway, (or in my opinion, any of the scandanavian/norse countries across history)
... isnt it already?
Video idea: What if Mansa Musa's father(Mali Empire) got to America
He did it but unlisted it for some reason
Good video but i would also add the jagieollonian empire. Technically as much as an empire after the HRE after the 1200's. I mean i know you mentioned them in you video on varna but still.
Btw good job on being one of the few that pronounced Nicaea correctly. Btw Yuan is pronounced more like Yuen.
The most said phrase talked was: We will discuss in the next episode/week
You have forgotten the Wari and Tiahanaku empires in Peru, at their time they were the two hegemons of the andes compiting in a cold war similar to the one of the USSRR-USA.
They were in the last episode
Best video. Finally one that didn’t focus on Europe 24/7
Probably my favorite TH-camr please keep making theese vids forever
The golden horde was a semi settled state, with massive (for its time) cities on the silk road. The golden hordes taxes hurt the Rus principalities more than it helped the horde, with the taxes mostly being a way for no Rus principality to rival the horde. The idea of the golden horde being a state built off the backs of the rus principalities was an idea created by soviet thinkers who viewed the turkics and their lifestyle as inferior to the russians. The book Russia and the Golden Horde by Charles Halpern is a good book on the Rus principalities under the Tatar yoke.
I love your videos, and please keep this series going, just pointing out an inaccuracy
"Almost empires" of the Late Medieval period : Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish Kingdom, Western Liao, Qaraqoyunlu
I mean technically every kingdom is an almost empire lmao
i feel like lithuania should of been included it was the biggest country by land area at one point and had an interesting multi cultural multi religious open border policy
@@mr.weirdman1013 problem is, that most of Lithuania was pretty much empty, or low popullated, so i dont think they count.
@andriiserdiuk1145 what is the point? Golden horde his half of the population of France in the same time and still is one impire
@andriiserdiuk1145 This affirmation is Just not true
Empires missing here -
1-🇳🇴 North Sea Empire (1013-1046 AD)
2-🇮🇳 Mighty Chola Empire (peak under 907-1279 AD)
3-🇮🇳 Kingdom of Mewar (despite its name its an Empire for 3 Centuries ,Peak Under MahaRana Sanga 720-1528 AD and beyond )
4 -🇧🇬Second Bulgarian Empire (1182-1432 AD)
5-🇩🇰 Kalmar Union (1397-1528 AD)
6-🇮🇳 Western Chalukya Empire (975-1184 AD)
7-🇮🇳 Hoysala Empire (1050-1355 AD)
8-🇮🇳 Sena Empire (1070-1230 AD)
9-🇮🇳 Gajapati Empire (1434-1541 AD)
10-🇷🇸 Serbian Empire (1346-1371 AD)
Add more...
*Note- Kingdoms or nearly an Empire States does not be included here.
You missed many Indian Empires in this video😐
He already mentioned the cholas last video and tbf only the chalukyas, kalmar union and the Serbian empire seems to be worth mentioning.
The North Sea empire was Danish and the Kalmar Union was a Kingdom not an Empire
Had been waiting for this video for two weeks
Love this series, keep it up
:25 Wow, thats hilarious. I wasnt paying super close qttention at first, and so i thought you were talking about the hittites, new kingdom egypt and the assyrians for a second. Whats so funny is that not only do the byzantines, the fatimids, the buyids, have similar borders and relations to those ancient powers, but the system theyre part of gets btfod by horsemen from the east (perso-medes for the ancient world, the seljuk turks for late medieval)
“But we will discuss this next week” brother it’s been like 6 months
Again a great video.
I love this series
Wow, your ability to avoid talking about the Caucasus is almost impressive. Sad that my boi Unified Georgia didn't get counted as an Empire, even though it had all the rights to, especially compared some other ones you've mentioned that were MUCH tinier.
I love this series!
Can you do “What if everything went terrible for Britain”, starting in 1750?
video idea how could we save the Austrian empire example during the Crimean War Austria was able to occupy Romania and was hoping that because they'd been occupying it Romania would just kinda be given to them so what if it was or in 1905 Austria had something like a tank but because it was load Franz joseph ordered it off or because it looked expansive and Austria didn't want to spend money on something that might not look plus Austria had a plan of modern blitzkrieg of keep the line moving don't let Serbia recover but it failed due to logistics and mis understanding with the scouts who were supposed to scout ahead. anyway great vid
You should do a deep dive into all Chinese dynasties and empires with an end that shows all area conquered by china at some point
I hope you include the Purepecha empire next episode.
Its crazy. I always thought that all these things happened back in the day not now. But i bet thats why they thought too. Considering most empires lasted over 100 years
5:56 What are the two enclaves in Mali supposed to be here? I know of the Jolof Empire (though that was established in 1350), but I have no clue what the more southern one could be.
watching the mongol conquest while listening to a classical music is a classic itself
The timurids fall and the start of the ottoman civil war. The battle of Ankara. It would have been a quick trivia for the last part of the video.
can i ask Possible History what about the last poll you did on the versailles peace treaty it's a was month already?
He was no idea which peacedeal to do after. There pretty much isnt a big peace deal besides the seven years war left.
he can do the treaty of westphalia @@EviMjau
i hope you mention the second Bulgarian empire next video, and btw this one is still good even without Bulgaria
What about the teutonic order and the jagielons?
Insanely good video
You should talk in the next chapter about the Tu'i Tonga empire.
don't know if this should qualify but the grand duchy of Lithuania during Vytautas the great.
Plss do a what if everything went great for crusaders
should have included the North sea Empire & the Kalmar Union
The Kalmar Union might appear in the next video, tho it was kind of more disfunctional than an empire. The North Sea Empire should've been included tho
@@loubaxo9339 i agree on Kalmar union i thought more of North Sea empire as it was a really strong state in Northern Europe in 1016
Yess the series continues
8:35
horses go brrrrrr
9:42
i didnt know that had that much of eastern Europe
Eu4 mentioned, I exploded and it’s everywhere
Second Bulgarian Empire?
also in your other video you didnt mention Old Great Bulgaria, there is also black Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria and even one fictional Bulgaria with fictional khan called khan Motun
Anyone else still waiting for the next part?
U forgot to cover on the Swahili in the east African coast and how they where a major trading hub in the Indian Ocean
Forgot Mongols sack of Baghdad ending Abbisids 1258, Maluks beat Mongols 1259, Mongols split in 4 states 1260, 2 civil
wars, especially Golden Horde v Ilkanate.
Chagatai didn't do squat
The byzantine Empire after a Constantinople fell was just Sparta but in 1573 it completely disappeared because of the Ottoman Empire
I would argue that the Kingdom of Georgia in the 12th and 13th centuries was an Empire.
It was. Kingdom of Georgia was just a name.
HOLY CRAP DONALD TRUMP?! Hello Peter, welcome to Fortnite
Omg!!!
can’t wait for Donald and Hilary in Fortnite
🍞🍞🍞
yall need to touch some grass
Fartnite
Shouldn't the Granc Duchy of Lithuania have been in this video?
Video idea: what if the ottomans won the great turkish war
Thats kinda impossible if they won the second siege of viena would be more realistic
@@Sharow987 so is the central powers winning the great war its just a what if scenario ottomans winning the second siege of vienna wouldnt be as big as beating an entire coalition for contents sake it would be a better video if its against the Holy League
@@TheTurkwithaPerk ottomans cant beat the whole europe after losing such important battle with very high casualties
@@Sharow987 thats exactly why i want the what if video
I did not know about Mali's expedition west. Why isn't that succeeding a more common alternate history point of divergence?
I believe a TH-camr called whatifaltist
can you do "what if mohamed ali defeted the ottomans" scenario
Who is Muhammed Ali.
@@yusufardagures5490 the de faco ruler of egypt between 1805 and 1848
industrilizd egypt (specifically the milltiary) and expaned egypt into a big impire and was close to make the ottomans collapse but he often oppressed the peopltion of his empire and prisoned or killed anyone who disagreed with him (like in the mamluk massacre)
this is his wekipeidia page en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt
the governor of egypt
The kingdom of Hungary was quite influential as well
Baby wake up possible history made new video
I'm going to like this video solely because of Congo looking as a thumbs up. 6:40
I don‘t even know what to comment cause it‘s so damn good
Suggestion: what If Austria Anschlussed germany
Btw it was the catholic church that separated from the Orthodox Church. Of the 5 patriarchates, one was not in communion with the others…the bishop of Rome aka the pope.
What about the North Sea Empire? It was short-lived, but still...
Idea for video: what idmf the kwarasmids didn't go to war whith the Mongols
What if the Belguim revolution was a revolution to overthrow the monarchy turn the Nederlands into a Republic restoring the United provinces of the Nederlands
Instead of seeking Independence from the Nederlands
Why did you not include kingdom of georgia? It was strongest in the caucasus and it had puppets in the region
Because of the persians
my eu4 brain rot loves this video
Real
What if the HOLY Roman Empire centralized
He did what if germany unified in 1600
The hohenstaufens were close under all 3 of their great emperors
wake up a new possible history video came out!!!
Please make a video what if everything went perfect for Nepal.
Long Nepal. Extending from Uttarakhand to bhutan. Still would struggle to maintain relevancy in the world stage.
could you pretty-please-with-a-sugar-on-top continue the warlord era of China? it's a shame that this part of history is not that covered on the Internet !!!
The north sea empire? it was really strong imo
Nice 😊
Asking for what if everything went perfect for the ottomans day 9
Wouldn’t Poland And Lithuania have been Considered Empires? Same question for Denmark which at 1444 de facto controlled all of Scandinavia
Poland and Lithuania might be in the next episode.
@@EviMjau i also kinda mean as separate entities plus he touched up on nations like Ethiopia which lasted into 1900s so i feel like same could’ve or maybe even should’ve been done for the Nations i mentioned but i do digress as he is entering a period where empires didn’t rise and fall every 10 years
@@derwillhelm3778 Maby the comenwelth will be couted from 1569 becose before it was just a union becose whith out hinesite for how long it lasted it woud be the same as couting Habsburg spain and austria as one nation
He talked about empires in the late medieval ages. Poland-lithuania have been created in 1569 which is considered early modern era
Kalmar Union?
Можеше да напишеш някоя дума ,за първата загубена битка от Монголите с Волжка България ?!
Everyone in asia: Why am i hearing boss music? Why am i hearing horses?
Imagine if the Mali ACTUALLY succeeded in their transatlantic expedition, like they didn't to be enslaved to go there in the first place. That should be a video
its so cursed seeing the thumbnails without eyes
What about the North Sea Empire?
Just realized the seal sea still there
im hoping 1 of these nights you or someone in your group picks this up so ima keep persisting
what if crassus took over persia an the civil war went 3 ways with publius "parthicus" being crassus heir
What about the second Bulgarian empire?
When the Black Death kills you (the emperor) and all your immediate successors - 17:26
- PossibleHistory.
What about the north sea empire?
Same with the Kalmar union
@@EviMjau you are right! I forgot about that for a sec
9:40 why you mapped Kola peninsula as Mongol? That is definitely wrong
What about the North Sea Empire?
12:03 does anyone else see that red dot in the top right?
Nice
I understand compilong all empires is quite hard to do.
But I still want to say that you forgot the Ife empire in southern Nigeria, they dominated trade and were the only unified state in all of Western West Africa.
If the "West Africa every year" video is your source then it isn't your fault though, they forgot it too.
Look up Ife Empire and specifically their most famous king Oduduwa
Seljuk Empire: I'm boutta Ruin this man's whole career