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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 มิ.ย. 2018
- Opioid drugs are a well-known class of drug due to both their ability to kill pain and kill people. Watch part 1 of this two-part series to learn how opioid drugs can manipulate our brain and body into no longer feeling pain and discomfort.
Special thanks to Geoffrey Brown for helping research background information for this video!
Watch Part 2 here: • Opioid Drugs, Part 2: ...
Additional information:
Diversity of Opioid Drugs
The variety of opioid drugs available differ in aspects such as duration, rate of onset, potency (strength), risk of side effects, and metabolism. The video already addressed lipid solubility as a determinant for rate of onset and duration. Potency is determined by how well an opioid can bind to and stimulate the opioid receptor. For example, fentanyl can bind to and activate the opioid receptor much better than morphine, which is why fentanyl is 100 times more potent than morphine. Essentially, this means that you would need to use 100 times more morphine than fentanyl to get the same painkilling effect (which is also why it is so easy to overdose on fentanyl!) This website has some nice tables describing classic opioids and a variety of their pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties: basicmedicalkey.com/opioids/#...
Vesicle Release
Vesicle release from calcium influx is quite a complex process and crucial to neurotransmitter release and neuron function. Calcium ions bind to a protein called synaptotagmin on the visicle, which cause a variety of structural changes in SNARE proteins on both the vesicle and the membrane. The SNARE proteins intertwine and pull the vesicle closer to the membrane, eventually fusing the two. I may make a video about this sometime in the future, but for now, here is a decent animation on the process: • Synaptic Vesicle Traff...
G Protein-Coupled Receptors
GPCRs are a crucial target for many drugs. In fact, 34% of drugs work on GPCRs, and even more drugs are being developed to target this large diverse family of receptors. When an agonist binds to a GPCR, a structural change occurs that causes the Gα subunit to kick out GDP and bind GTP. This activates the G protein and the subunits separate to perform their respective roles. When GTP is eventually hydrolyzed back to GDP, the subunits reassemble and the receptor is no longer activated. The video hinted at multiple functions of G proteins - what makes the story more interesting and complex is that two or more GPCRs can combine (dimerize or oligomerize), meaning that they now have access to each others’ different G protein. This likely allows for different signalling pathways to cross-communicate and achieve an even more powerful mechanism of regulation. Here is a good paper from Nature discussing this important class of receptors: www.nature.com/scitable/topic...
Ascending and Descending Pain Pathways
Within the brainstem, there are multiple neurons and synapses (unlike the single synapse displayed in the video). Two important brainstem areas to know about are the periaqueductal gray area and the raphe nucleus, which are activated as part of the descending pathway. These areas receive innervation from the cortex, hypothalamus, and amygdala, which allows pain to be modulated according to conscious thought, stress, and fear, respectively. Here is a good website with animations discussing the pain pathways in more detail: nba.uth.tmc.edu/neuroscience/...
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This is just the right amount of complexity I'm looking for in an educational video.
Not too simple that I learn too little.
And not too hard that it just becomes academical and too technical.
I really like your videos , keep up the great work.
Omg this is so good. Allows us to visualize what’s going on rather than just memorizing text
This video blows my mind. Just seeing how complex one neuron is blows my mind when I realize how many of those little dudes do all that stuff when I stub my toe
I’m high af and this is tripping me out lol 😆
@TheGlamourNazi if you read your comment again, theres only one conclusion i.e. Intelligent Design
@@complicational no way bro, I just can't accept something so nonscientific (not a real word).
It's way more believable that all these systematic organic structures made themselves over billions of years and in direct conflict with the most basic concepts of classic physics.
But really I'll believe anything so long as I don't have to be held accountable for my decisions.
@@complicational or millions of years of trial and error
No.
You did really well describing those complex mechanism. I'm excited to see part 2
This is a fantastic channel. It's always so interesting to learn both how redundant and convoluted processes inside our bodies are. So many twists and turns to activate a single type of receptor or inhibitor.
It is tragic that this video has so few views. This video has the perfect level of complexity, and is surprisingly comprehensive. The superb animations are almost equally as impressive as the succinct explanations of the main concepts in the video. Your videos would be beneficial to anyone who is even slightly interested in biochemistry. Your channel deserves many more viewers than it currently has. I really can't praise your channel enough. Please continue to make content.
you have taken the whole topic piece by piece and explained it in a microscopic level. thank you!
WOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOW!!!! I HAD NO IDEA THAT OUR CELLS AND NEURONS CAN BE SO COMPLICATED! THANKS VERY MUCH!!!! YOU DESERVE BILLIONS OF SUBS!
I found this channel yesterday and i am totally in love with it! I love you man and your effort in making these videos. Please do not stop making these kind of videos and i hope you sponsor your channel to become more popular on TH-cam! ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
This is amazing. You saved me, I really needed this to study for my medicinal chemistry exam 💙
EXACTLY what i need! This has simplified things a lot, thank you I feel way more confident for my presentation now!
Fantastic video as always. Super glad to have found this channel!
This is the best video I've ever found on opioid drugs. Thank you for helping me through nursing! This is amazing!
It sounded so clear, to the point and visually easy to understand. Great job ! Best video on you tube for this topic!!!
Another excellent video! Your channel is severely underrated. Well done!
Just found your channel and I'm already impressed! I was wondering, do you think you would be able to do a video explaining depression and the medicine behind antidepressants some time in the future?
Better than ANY text, pain board review book or course I’ve taken as a pain doc!! Outstanding work!! Superb explanation!!!
This presentation is amazingly simplified !! You just saved my year, thank you so much !!
So thrilled to have found this channel. Great stuff!
This is a really comprehensive video! I could not understand my lecture for it being too complex and I am glad I stumbled upon your video. The animation helps in getting a clearer picture on the mechanism of opioids at micro level. On top of that, the simplicity in the way you explain makes everything much easier. Thank you so much 🙌💫 You just earned a new subscriber and you deserve wayyy more 💪
O, man!! Such a great video!! Was looking for some source to refresh my knowledge, but most of youtube videos are so superficial, or opposite to detailed in a harm way, or just full of trash talking. Your submission of the information is amazing! Thank you so much.
I've been looking for a detailed information on this subject... and not the mainstream simplification.
Thanks for the info.
I found your channel a few days ago and I'm glad to see you're still creating content :D Good stuff!
What a perfect birthday present to me! Thanks for the video!
Great to see you back! Love your videos and hope you get a whole lot more subscribers
I found this channel because of tier zoo and I love how thoroughly explained each topic is. Would be cool if you could cover some genetic / inherited diseases or even something like patau syndrome or cyclopia
best presentation on this I have seen
The most effective explanation I have ever seen about Opioid. Thank you so much for your videos. Everything is actually clear and easy to understand. It helps me too much in my study. Love and appreciate your work ❤❤❤
This video is perfect, please keep enlighting us with your knowledge!
Excellent high level explanation of the mechanisms behind opioids. These videos make it easier to delve deeper into the subjects.
This made my brain hurt. I need some pain relief. Time to get some opioids!
You have such an amazing medicine channel. I wish you can keep making more of these high quality education videos! Your animation and graphics are so clean and thorough. These are videos I would want to learn from as a primary source of information for diseases, medications.
An amazing video. Complicated enough to be interesting, but not too simple to be lacking. Awesome
This is the best video about this topic that I came across. I hardly comment on videos but this was amazing.
Great job on this video and all your work! Really informative and detailed. Keep up the great work!
So incredibly helpful and well put together. Thank you so much
Great video! You explained it very clearly!
I just started my own medical youtube channel, and I also made a video on Morphine.
However I still find it hard to find the balance between informational content and a fun way to explain it.
You do this in a very natural way, which inspired me to make my videos more visual.
Keep it up!
Excellent video! Well done, very simplified and easy to follow...
Pharmacy student here, learning about opioids and this video is much better than what my professor taught in class, hits all the points he also taught but it a much more condensed but informative way. Great video.
this was awesome! Thank you for making this video! 4 hours in my therapeutics class and it wasn't even close to being this clear!
that's literally what I've been looking for thank u ❤
I can't stress how good this video is, so good. Thanks!
This video is nothing short of amazing, especially for visual learners like me. Thank you!
Well done! You're really making quality content. I wish this channel well!! 👍
SUBSCRIBED!
Your explanation helped me to finally understand this. Thanks!!
Thank you for this video and cant wait for part 2!
This is a video I've been wanting to see for a while, can't wait for part 2! Would you consider making one on hair loss as well? I've yet to see something on a molecular level like this and it's another video I've been wanting to see.
You explained it so well .... really appreciated .
Very interesting. needs to pay attention and listen step by step
Brilliant ! Please continue making such videos !!
Thanks !
Very detailed and informative; thanks so much.
OMG this is so well made, well researched! These are kinds of video I want to see! This is the epitome of educational video, not the abounding dull videos that basically repeat "heroin relieves pain, but heroin is bad" for the entire duration.
before watching this video I was confused a lot about opiod , now I got the point, thank you sir
Expecting more videos from you
This was really amazing video...thanks for great help
Great video and highly understandable for the common person to learn thank you.
this is the best explanation I've ever seen
MIND BLOWING! This video explains its clearly form the endogenous mechanism of norciceptive and antinorciceptive pathways and also the MOA of opiod 🤯🤯🤯🤯🤯 thanks
Tks a lot. This makes pharmacology become insteresting
Subscribed! You're a lifesaver. Please come back and continue making videos.
Amazing video with great quality! i dont understand why this channel doesnt have millions of views,,,,,,
The Graphics in this video and the colour choices are superb .
Great explanation.
Thank you for making simplified
An excellent presentation on this subject!
Thanks man! Got an essay on this tomorrow and your vids are a godsend
wow........this is the most perfect video that i hav ever seen
it cleared all my doubts in various topics and subjects
thank you so much sir❤❤
wow, just wow. Amazing work!
Amazing video. Thank you!
It's just mind blowing!!!! Awesome video
this is such a genius explanation, thank you!
Good lecture...structured and clearly delivered
This is such a good Video! Thank you so much!!!
Such a brilliant explanation, thank you so much!!
Thank you for this wonderful infographics
Very intense but well done
This video is extremely helpful thank u ❤️
This is the best ed video that i watched in my life ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
The best explanation ever ..thank you so much
Wow Man!!!!! Thankyou very much. You are saving lives out there ❤❤
Very Informative video. Its been very long i m in search of such kind of videos. Thankyou so much for detailed explaination.👍
This video is amazing and very helpful thank you so much for making such kind of helpful and easy videos.❤
Excellent video
Great video!
Superb video... great job!!
Spot on ! Everything you said was correct, you should be a med teacher like my self. I work at cambridge university England! Keep up the outstanding work ♡
This is very useful !
Thanks
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very informative video well done
Best explanation ever. Thank you very much.
thank you. this lesson more understanding than others.
far better than university pharmacology lecture !! thanks a lot !
Wow what a clear full explanation 💯👌
Very well done, honestly. Don't give up
Great breakdown! You're the GOAT
Amazing!! Thank you so much!!
I got an exam at Pharmacology including opioid drugs and this video helped me a lot to understand the mechanism of action. Thanks, you're doing a great job!
How can I "superlike" this?
this is so great thank you so much
Great stuff! You deserve a lot, you'll be remarkable.
Well all parts covered.
Love this video thanks a lot for this video