True my friend but this was more eastwards where China, Iran, Russia, most of slav nations and Germany are the decedent's of this Khan which had nothing to do with islam by the way. The main or the original migration of enlightened humans were from INDIA to Egypt(Arica) before the ancient Egyption pyramids were built. Ancient Indian Tamils did some amazing journey's around the world and taught all things what makes us advanced humans today. We can clearly see why India and China will rule the world for a while.
@@ancientruins2856 only rich people rule dumbass no land mass can rule is like saying banana boat. shit dont mean literal and doesnt make total sense its just a man made word ur in the matrix kid
History is amazing, a breathe of fresh air to see all the amazing territorial gains of impressive people. The greatest conquerors in human history are the Mongols.
@@ancientruins2856 I guess Asia may rise next to replace the western dominated world if the progress doesn't stop or if collapse doesn't happen, it just sucks that some people are sore winners, history is written by the winners, the current champs are the west so history is in their hands at the moment, people build pyramids and those pyramids are just a symbol of a long dead and forgotten culture, history is cruel it waits for no man, just imagine the aftermath wrath that always follows after conquered peoples recover from their dark age. human history is filled with sore winners, people who will go out of their way to stamp out the old regime.
Let's keep in mind that the second Mongol invasion of Hungary (1285-86) was a total failure. The Hungarians won repeated victories over the Mongols, and their improved fortifications successfully resisted Mongol attacks.
By 1240, Kiev had been sacked and the mongol army was rapidly advancing west. Mongol cavalry and siege tactics were laying waste to the cities of Europe, and, perhaps more importantly, they brought along Chinese gunpowder. Series of unqualified successes brought the vast Mongol army to Hungary in March 1241. King Bela IV fled his palace in Pest (now Budapest), and Ogodei’s armies slaughtered an estimated 1 million Hungarians: Troops, clerics, nobles, knights, and peasants. It was one of the bloodiest defeats of the medieval period...it was the weather that saved Europe
You're talking about the first Mongol invasion of Hungary. The second Mongol invasion of Hungary was a total failure. The Hungarians defeated the Mongols in several battles and the Mongols had to retreat. So no, it was European victories over the later Mongol attacks that saved Europe, not the weather.
Agreed. Everyone talks about the first Mongol attacks, and rarely do we hear about what happened toward the end of the 13th century when the Mongols tried again. That time, the West defeated them, and the Mongols couldn't achieve anything. And you make a great point, almost achieving something counts for nothing. The Mongols didn't even come close.
When a Khan dies, the Mongols return to karakoram to have a Kuraltai, which is basically choosing a new Khan. The Mongols could have taken Europe easily. Europe was still recovering from the crusades. They still to this day strike a bell in Budapest the exact time they saw the Mongols advancing towards them.
@George Nathanael the polish were defeated in a day. Hungary within a week. The night Templars smashed to pieces, I don't know for certain because I don't know Mongolian, but I doubt the word, "chivalry " would have a Mongol counterpart. And agreed in the beginning the Mongols weren't very good at siege warfare, but Subotai was a military genius and was the first person to use siege weapons in open warfare. And if you have a map at hand you will find that they didn't need any ships. Even if a siege was to take 2 years, it didn't matter, there were no more armies left to come to the rescue. The death of the Khan was their Achilles heel and Europe's salvation.
@George Nathanael how did they conquer Korea, China, India, Russia, Persia and Afghanistan then. The last time I looked they are all mountainous and have large strongholds?
Ian Kelly. You know something about Karakorum (pronounced Karacoroom) and Kurialtai, but you have them misspelled. It is not your fault. I studied the original books and that is the only reason I know a little more. My point is that the word KURI-ALTAI meant "Gathering of the Mongols at Altai Mountains". The Romans had the same word KURIATA/CURIATA which meant "gathering of the tribes". KURE/CURE means "run" in Romanian even today. CURGE means "a river running", hence the English word "COURSE". I am getting into etymology, because I try to prove that Mongols were White Race. I know for sure they were White Race, but proving it is another matter. All the scholars and historians are against me.
@@staffattorney not my i dont live un Hungary but there is evidence that the winter of 1241 was a wet one The Mongols ans their figthing style are not suited for wet climates as the composite bow becomes almost useless The marshes made sieges more costly eviednce by the Mongol attack on Croatia and it would make the pastures. Disappear under thick mud causing starvation to the horses and animals the Mongols need it
@Wulfnod Saxon A lot of northern European ethnic groups are also similar because they probably share the similar amount of body fat, bone structure, etc. but most of it has to do with the lifestyle in which people like the mongols grew up in.
What stopped the Mongols from actually conquering Europe was internal disunity between the various Royal Mongol Houses and Logistics. If the Mongols were able to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty after 30+ years then they could do the same to Europe with maybe a higher timeframe. Southern China was close to Mongolia and the Mongols who ruled Northern China basically used the resources and people of that land to conquer the South. The point being is that the Mongols could conquer Europe if they were not restricted by logistics and internal disunity. By the time the Hungarians and Poles were winning battles against the Mongols, the Mongols could not muster all of their forces and resources as a united front. And also the various Royal Houses simply promoted incompetent lackeys to lead their armies.
@@hia5235 Middle east (especially the crown jewel, Iraq) and China (look at the great wall of china, gunpowder etc etc) was a lot richer than Europe, so I doubt that. Mongols have been breaching through castles before invading europe.
@@Hugulubugulu The mongols couldnt defeat Hungary. This was a great mistake many times. The Hungarians have 2 army, one is (the smaller) went again the mongols, the other deal with the rebellious Cumans (who also exterminated the entire south Hungary), but when the Mongols defeat the Kings army, the another army hold, and later defeat the mongols in many smaller battle, and then the Croat army crushing defeated the Mongols, so, they no have many chance left.
@@xerxen100 At their peak with Subutai around, they can defeat it. Mongols had superior tech, strategies etc etc compared to europe at the time. Most of europe just got lucky when the empire got destroyed within and after Subutai died
Yes, I totally agree with you. And thankfully not trying to be a fucking comedian like a lot of TH-camrs do. He just gives the history to you in a pretty normal way but with a bit of enthusiasm.
All flatlanders As noted in this video the could cut through targa woods, but mountains and diminishing pasture land for their large herds slowed them significantly. Khorosan, no problem, Iranian highlands=> problem.
@@dota2playersenjehang703 Bro, no one ever could conquer all europe. It's an inhuman feat. As for the hungarians: Imagine an army who never saw a war before facing the deadliest warriors at that time who happened to be nomads in plain terrain 😂😂 Laughable right? But we had to try save our lands and peoples, we didn't run away like others... Also after the first invasion, the hungarian army replaced it's fully light cavalry to heavy cavalry(westernized) and after that the Hungarian army didn't lose a single battle until 1330
But mountainous terrain did not stop the Mongols in Korea. They were very capable of taking down fortified cities given time as we saw in China. The reason is the power struggle after Ogedei's death.
They did take down fortified cities. And they hated it. The Mongols really hated sieges, and when they encountered European castles? It was like everything they hated about city walls times a thousand. Clearly wasn't the only reason, or even the main reason, but Mongols preference for open fields that benefited their cavalry is pretty well established.
@@girlbuu9403 + Mongols when they encountered sieges either patiently waited them out (ravaged the countryside, starved them out), hired Chinese and Arab siege experts or simply used the Chinese tactic of flooding the besieged. Worst thing about Mongols is their rapid mobility and ease of logistics. Against a well-trained, well-armed army, Mongols don't charge head forward. It's frustrating to fight the Mongols. With the advent of gunpowder armies, that began to change as well-equipped sendentary armies could afford the extra resources to put up rapid wagon formations which greatly minimised the effect of Mongol hit and run luring tactics and charges.
Girl Buu The mongols had damn near perfected the science of siege warfare. Mongol campaigns against the Tanguts, the Jin, the Song, the Khawaremian, etc were all prime examples of siege warfare. The Mongols recruited the finest engineers, builders and architects to craft the finest siege engines to gain the upper hand. They displayed an extreme ruthlessness and savagery often using local people (residing outside the capital) against the pain of death, as “cannon fodder”. This is also psychological warfare at is extreme, as the men defending the forts often faced the prospect of mowing down their family and friends as a cost of protecting their city.
They hated being ambushed, they had internal political problems, they have to play by the book no insubordination which means that no expansion without a new leader. They were stretched out to far and preferred plains to make their tactics effective. Europe was well defended and the Mongols were the best conquerors, the best have to know when to quit while you are ahead. the cost was too high it seemed given that as you do battle people leak information which hurts your tactics, information is always leaked.
It was most likely weather That winter had been cold but for some reason very humid The Mongols could not take some forts do To heavy mud and marshes This humidity and mud made crops failed killing the Hungarian survivors of the mongols ounslaugth but also made their grazing and feeding grounds usless So the Mongols and their horses would beging the starve Not only that but this weather and conditions made sieges worse fot the mongols The situation got worse in the spring of 1242 as the Danube unfroze And the snow melted making more mud to torment the Mongols This is why they failed at croaitia And the sieges they won where expensive and horrible Example the capital of Hungry most of that city was destroyed but batu lost the siege he lost many men For nothing since the didn't loot it and could not even take it
came to know about ur channel about just a month ago...watched all ur episodes....as a history buff myself I have found ur lectures to be erudite, enlightening and illuminating ....tnk u very very much professor...keep 'em coming.....
The Mongols got as far as just offshore the island of Trogir on the Dalmatian coast, now Croatia. The Hungarian king had taken refuge on an island further out in the Adriatic - still known as King's Island. Before the Mongols could proceed, news arrived of the Khan's death and the Mongols turned back.
@@xerxen100 The news actually took ages to arrive by horse from Mongolia. I've not read anything about a 'crushing defeat'. Remember the king was on the run .
@@dennismurphy9957 Ok, but those was not the king. Even most of the hungarians didn't know that the king fled to the opposite side. The mongols pursued a fake king, who lure them into a trap.
Holy Shit, is this a natural anglophone actually doing the research on how to pronounce polish names?! Now, that's a sign of respect for the subject matter, thank you!
Indeed, thank you. Nothing worse than watch national TV in the U.S., and listening to a TV journalist have no idea how to pronounce a pundit or city name. And instead of apologizing for not doing their homework, they roll off of it as if giggling with friends at a happy hour pub.
But try to understand that many of us Americans have Eastern European dna and, like me 4 generations ago come from these areas so it is still our history too. It is very important to us and we want to learn and know why our people left. Of course our pronuciations will change how can they not?
@@xanaduxanadu3605 What's that got to do with anything? It's like with any other foreign language, you shouldn't just push through words with english pronounciations of letters.
Excellent as usual - am always keen to see your take, and regularly impressed by the analytical methodology you employ, leading as it usually does to a complex exposition of events, more probability than absolute certainty , leading to a a nuanced and deeper understanding of the past. Thank you
No place in the entire world has a rougher environment, steep mountains, shifting climates and deep valleys than Afghanistan. Yet, only a thousand Mongol soldiers would daily conquer/advance approximately 60-80 km a day. When that is said. Well done! Great content! Sub follows.
8:43 "Their campain in Croatia..." - they were ambushed in hills and forests but that did not stopped them just slowed them down / they were chasing the Hungarian-Croatian king (kings brother died in Croatia )
Dražen Mesar I have been to Grobnik. The Valley of Grobnik is the perfect place to swarm an incoming invasion and finish them off. Very interesting place at night especially.
Very interesting the history of the Mongol invasion. I agree that climate and terrain and the death of the great Khan had much to do about not invading the whole of Europe.
Weak idea. The Mongols could not stop the Tien-san Mountains, the Caucasus, the monsoon in China, Korea or the enormous cold and huge forests on the Russian territories.
Mongols took down one of the strongest Kingdoms in Europe, Hungary in 1 to 2 days, they had 130,000+ soldiers total in the invasion. Western Europe would've fell one by one because they were all separated kingdoms unlike the united Mongol Empire. Without having to go back, the prince and general Subutai would've conquered all Europe on the first invasion.
HavocCorgi mongols were far superior than the European of those time both in weapons and tactics... crusaders wouldn’t have achieved anything... Entire Europe would have fallen if it wasn’t for the death of the Khan...
Not True.... Hunagarians were not "strong". The Hungarians were weak and apathetic as they had not suffered warfare for 100's of years.... The Mongols suffered huge Losses when they encountered "real armies" in central Europe where the Knight were heavily armered and they had forts... In one battle alone Austrian Knights killed nearly 700 mongols and only losing 3 of their own.... The Secret was that The mongols were bullies that couldn;t stand up to real armies... ie: medieval armies that had crossbows and armoured knights and forts.....
I highly doubt they would get pass Hamburg The weather would have stopped them this not a terrian suited for them and it's wet Also unlike the song there is no 300k Chinese soldiers to help them
About the Mongols' withdrawal from Hungary, we just need to know that Guyuk was recalled by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk ended the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
I COULDN'T BELIEVE IT! A video with no irritant and distracting "music" in the background! I could hear every word distinctly and it was a joy to watch! And its content educational! All video makers should learn from this video maker!
in turkey you have people with the name cengiz which is from Chinggis Khan. you have people in Russia with the name Batu and Timur which is from Batu Khan and Tumurlane Khan. in afghanistan you have people with the name khan which is also from Chinggis Khan etc...
As an indigenous person...I recall second year in primary school being taught about Land Mass connection so this was their answer to where we had relocated from...I was so upset! My grandmother explained that it was all immigrants “🔥Theories that I would have to shake this off” for my entire lifetime. 55+ years later...Christopher Columbus still leaves a Nasty 🤢 Taste in my Mouth.
Guto Füchs what achievements, white haven’t achieved anything. Taking ideas from other races, whites have only been good to commercialize others races ideas. How are you a pure race when mongoloid people evolved to whites. It’s why your race is called the Caucasian, in the Caucasus mountains is when central Asians became whites. So much for a pure race🤣
Guto Füchs what European ethnic background are you? Your name looks like Eastern European. That’s like me saying, go hug a Russian and you have a nice day. Seems like you and the Jews are the only ones who have a right to complaint genocide.
SleepingGiant77 non Polish men pronouncing Polish words correctly usually have an ulterior motive. I’ve seen Polish women and think I have connected the dots.
The only real reason the Mongols failed to conquer Europe is their own, internal, political infighting and/or structural political weaknesses. All other supposed reasons are attempts by Europeans to salvage some pride in the face of the crushing and humiliating defeats they suffered at the hands of Mongol armies which were often smaller than their's. In other words, Europe got lucky.
It's 2019. You're not allowed to say anything nice about Europeans. Don't you know they're all immigrants anyway? The only unique people who aren't immigrants and you should (well, must) say nice things about, are the wonderful people of Wakanda. I'm sure THEY could have kicked some Mongol ass! :-)
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
I am Mongol. Well done! Thanks! (Just 4 info:: It is Subeidei. Not as it was in the clip) We have been periodically traveling between Mongolia and Britain since 20 thousand years ago just after the total tsunami / global flooding. Greece and Mosul, Jews, Mediterranean were first age of the travels. Russia, Poland & Checo were 2nd travel. Celtics were 3rd. Most recent one were the HUN. Hun means human in our language. Celtin means common language of the country. Gaelic means galig. It has the same meaning. Northampton, Southampton, Canton are Mongol names based on shamanic education. Bavaria, Bayaria, Munich, Torgou, Druid / Derwydd are still Mongol names. We fight each other. Because, the period of travel is a multi centuries. Our duty were to build up diplomatic global system. It was done by Chingis khan. (It is not Genghis). That is why Embessy, Ambassador are still Mongol words. Usually, it use to be done before Chingis khan by diplomacy of Roman & Mongols. But, it was failed. Therefore, Chingis khan reset the system. It was just a link from Mongol into Rom. The link was successfully made. That is why we come back home. 1) Bat khan was not able to be a candidate for the next king after Ugudei khan. Because, He is father, Zuch khan, was recognised as illegitimate child of Chingis khan by Mongolian parliament. Therefore, his family never come back home and stayed in Russia as Altan Ord. 2) Mongolian weather is freezing as -45 degree cold. That is what we enjoy. Europe too nice in terms of weather. 3) It was aimed to reset the system. Actually, in 1920, it was gonna be reset by German leader, Baron Roman Fyodorovich Von Ungern-Sternberg. He wanted restore the HUN / Mongol global diplomatic system with no illicit financial system. He went to Mongolia. Mongolian king, Bogd khan, made him governor of Mongolia in 1920. He failed due to the Soviet Union. If it was done as Sternberg desire, we would not have the present illicit global financial system. We always tend to build up true democracy in the world. It inherits from shamanic education. That is what we have been enjoying in Mongolia and upto Celtics as Druids as the last Druid Ben McBrady sain in 1996. It was our Golden Age as he said. Britain lost the Golden Age in terms of shamanic education at all. However, we still keep them in western Mongolian nomads as a rule of game. It overrules the governmental laws / regulations. Because, it takes care of sustainable economic development in terms of climate balance. 4) We expect the next Restorer or Chingis khan or the German leader, Baron Roman Fyodorovich Von Ungern-Sternberg, is the Celtic Queen the 2nd. 5) Our history is unwritten due to the shamanic culture advantage. The shaman gets whole informs from previous life via the shamanic ritual. It took Chingis khan 7 years to be educated. That is why he used all his enemies as the 9 top his military generals as Subeidei, Zeb, Muhlai .. so on. Also the histories are mixed with traditional songs, drams & tails. For more inform in terms of common language reveals please email me nanyam22@gmail.com
Thanks for the video. The worst part was where you tried to credit the idea that mountains would slow down Mongols. You should do a video on the Mongol invasion of Persia. Subutai took part in that one also, though it was Jochi and Jebe who lead the smaller force through the mountains of Tibet in the middle of winter in order to surprise their opponents on an unexpected flank and completely destroy the enemy battle plan. Dense forests were probably more of an impediment - if they were relying on crews to fell troops and make them a path that could definitely have taken considerable time. Much of the continent was still thickly forested aside from relatively small roads and paths making for slower travel. But they would have been quite capable of taking port cities and ships and traversing the Mediterranean and Baltic seas just as they did in the east to reach Japan and Indonesia, as well as cutting permanent paths and moving fairly quickly along the already developed trade roads - not as quickly as they moved on the plains but still at least as quickly as everyone else. Ögedei's death and the subsequent decline of the Mongol Empire is clearly the bulk of the answer. Cheers!
Some bullshits here: 1. "The Croatians did the same..".... no mate, Croatia was part of Hungary so the King, the same King ordered the same order to build fortresses all over his kingdom. 2. The Mongols attacked later twice on Hungary, the second attack was in 1285 and ended up in a devastating loss ofor them. THey lost 4 big battles one after the other and their leader Talabuga was escaping on his feet... They never ever tried to attack again on Hungary, only as Turkish auxuliaries. 3. In fact the new Khan 'election' happened in 1246 and Batu wasn't even there. The Mongols left the area rather because of their extreme losses after years of fighting and so far from their reencforcements. Hungarians kept more that 150 fortresses in their hands and the Mongols with their light cavalry was impotent against them. Hungarian counterattacks simply made them too weak to stay any longer. 4. the claim that Hungary and its army was distroyed is utter nonsense. The King indeed gaged some territorries to western kings for their help which never arrived. In 1246 the King and his army simply annihilated the Austrian army, killing Friedrich the second and the whole Babbenberg-dynasty. How could have this happened if the whole country would have been devastated and left without soldiers?
@@ruslanurss Honestly it is hard to get proper information as nowadays everything is just full of narratives. You need to go to the local information and not rely on second hand assumptions, simplifications. Try Mongolian sources, Russian sources, Polish sources and Hungarian sources. If you will ask a Mongolian history teacher or look into their history books, you will see that they certainly claim the Hungarian campaign as a blunder, so will they consider the Polish actions as they used the Hungarian tactics. Mongolians were great warriors as long as they could manuver on the battlefield and they could use the terror as their main weapon.
@@kully1995 Sorry if it offends you, but the non-existent Hungarian army took back all the lost territorries still in 1242 and also killed Friedrich II. in 1246.
@sneksnekitsasnek 1/3 as per the official number, not 2/3 but no one made precise calculations 800 years ago. Also they easily prepared for the next Mongolian attack and easily spanked them.
my friend makes horn composite bows and im apprenticing to learn the craft. humid weather affects the strength of bows due to the bow’s natural collagen fish glue and tendon uptaking water in the air decreasing draw weight and speed of the bow.I really believe this warming period was a key factor and a very interesting one as well!
They still reached Germany, eastern part of Germany. Which is the heart Of Western Europe. Due to civil wars amongst mongol royals has a lot to do with their destruction.
@@grrrbrrr9053 I am not European, my nose is just as long as the European average, and I didn't even feel slightly cold during the 2018 Europe cold wave when wearing a thin T-shirt and a thin jacket
@Arya Mongolian winter nights have RECORD temperatures of -55 C, with -40 being COMMON. And I wore very few clothing in Europe during the 2018 coldwave which actually froze many people to death but I felt mild at best.
@@dakedakinson64 Not really. There is a reason why you have goats and sheep in hilly terrains. Furthermore 13th century Europe was still full of forests and natural plains were rare. The Mongols were not the first
The Momgols took over mamy fortresses during their campaigns in China, Kwaresom Empire and Russian principalities so that was not the reason that stoped them.They waged war in the stepp, mountains-crossing the Caucasus under Subutai and Jebbe to attack the Georgians, so desserts did not stoped thel to overran their enemies...Europe simply got lucky !
Very good video! Much better than most of this type because it was a real person talking to us and not a hidden narrator, and best of all, NO STUPID MUSIC all the way through the talking like most others think they need to put in. Just the natural sounds of walking on the ground and the environment etc. Only criticism is the silly sound effects when the maps or dates are put on but thankfully they are unobtrusive.
Yes, the Huns were all over Europe. But the Mongols did in a handful of years what it took the Huns several generations to do. The Huns were also based in Europe, while the Mongols were based...on the other side of Eurasia!
@@TheNomadicProfessor Who the Huns actually were is still subject to debate isn't it? But whether they were Slavs, Central Asian Turks, or even relatives of the Mongols they still did less in a larger time frame than what the Mongols would do in a much smaller one a thousand years later.
@@girlbuu9403 Huns , Mongols, Chinese ,Korean and Japanese all placed their family name before first name. Huns were not Slavs but relatives of Mongols.
Very interesting, thank you very much. I have travelled to many places mentioned in your piece and the ebb and flow of history there is evident in the very fabric of the faces and architecture.
I have watched a few videos on Great Tartary/Tartaria and read a few passages regarding Tartary/Tartaria's once great kingdom. Some folks have claimed Ghenghis Khan was a Tartar and his ilk were part of the Tartarian Kingdom of old. Is there any truth to anything I have researched, watched and read. It is all very weird that there are many old books that mention Tartary/Tartaria but you never learn about it in school and not many people have heard of Tartary/Tartaria
@@al8731 He was turko-mongol that,s how he convinced trukic and mongol tribes to combine force and take over the world. Turkic and mongol are both Altaic people
@Adab Doost yeah very true. it was the beauty of Mongol empire to be such a multicultural society that why central asia Afghanistan tataristan east turkistan etc have such a mixed blood beauty and culture.
No written artifact dated 13th century talks about the mongol devastation in Hungary including Muhi battle. It was first mentioned 100s of years later. No archaeological proof of a large battle either. True that Austrian sources describe these events a few hundred years later. But far east historians disagree. The Mongols disagree. Why do they not take credit for their supposed victory and why is there no evidence of mass graves from the time? Why is it that the only evidence is Austrian writers who were interested in breaking the Hungarian spirit so they can keep occupying Hungary for centuries to come?
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals, that were not tainted, would be: About the Mongols' withdrawal from Hungary, we just need to know that Guyuk was recalled by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
Mongols entered to Europe, chasing the Kipchaks and destroyed every kingdoms on their way, who protected them. They returned back after completely destroying the Kipchaks... The main reason why they returned back is: During this period the European kingdoms were too POOR in compare with China, Bukhara, Persia, even Russia ...there was nothing to take, but empty, cold, stone castles.
XIIIth century Europe was poor ? Really ? Large stone castles and huge cathedrals are not something poor countries can afford. Poorer than XIIIth century Russia ?
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
Nice job on this video. Well laid out and clearly explained. I was in Budapest last year and his description of it being a flat plain on one side of the Danube and steep hills on the other is right on. However the river isn’t overly wide and I would think that that Mongolia general could have had troops cross miles upstream and fight their way back.
Although the mongol army won the battle of Mohi but it lost the war against Hungary. They were not able to take any big fortress in Transdanubia. And hungarians fought guerilla fight against them.
@Búlcsú Vezér: I know that's how you'd like to explain it away in typical european fashion. Read the actual contemporary historical accounts - Hungary got reamed by what was nothing more than a large scouting party of mongols.
Acording to contemporary historical accounts the Mongol army had huge losses in Hungary. They had a separate cemetery for ones who died in Hungary. (and a cemetery for ones who died on other foreign lands)
@@bulcsuvezer9378 is a typical butthurt hungarian lol, true they beat the mongols back in the second invasion but that's because it was led by the mongol's most incompetent general. If it had been subotai or literally any other mongol commander, hungary would be speaking mongolian and living in fuckin yerts LOL
Didn't the Mongols almost take Egypt but a comparatively small group of Mameluke special elite forces repulsed the entire Mongol army? I think it was the battle of Ain Juit. Didn't that battle save Western Eurasia as well?
@Anthony Qintiliani Because they died of old age. Since Ogedei died they had to return to Mongolia to elect a new Khan at the Kurutai. They died not long after. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai#Mongol_subjugation_of_Hungary There have not be equals to them since.
@Shem Naga Appreciate the historical information. You're correct in stating the Mongol returning army was defeated by the Mongol Berke of the Mongol Golden Horde. However, the Mamluke victory over the Mongols at Ain Juit previously became the inspiration for Berke and the Golden Horde to subsequently convert to Islam.
@@TonyqTNT at that time Hulegu had more than 300k troops but was preparing a big war against Berkhe khan of the golden horde who was defending muslims from Hulegu! In ain jalut Hulegu only left 20k men against whole mamluk army of Egypt! I read somewhere "mamluk army of egypt was marching like stars in the sky it says alot how much outnumbered mongols were in ain jalut but still fought to death!
Professor, I am very impressed with your deliberation, Your condensed and practical lay-out of Mongol history left me with a clear picture of the situation. Thank you Sir.
hmmmmmm.... not sure the native populations of many of the places the British conquered would entirely agree that they were ruled "successfully". India, for example, was home to many great civilizations before the British took over: it was no backwater that needed to be "civilized". The Australian natives were largely displaced and marginalized by the Brits, and the people of New Zealand were almost wiped off the map!! British rule and occupation was often quite brutal, as events in many places show clearly.... the "commonwealth" that ultimately resulted is not so much a commonwealth of diverse peoples, as a colonial empire, with British descendants being the dominant forces in each colony. India was different however: it was never colonized very much - just conquered and ruled.... many would say quite successfully, but there WAS a high cost in terms of rebellions, brutal repression and subjugation of the local peoples.
BRITISH EMPIRE WAS A PUSSY EMPIRE THEIR 90% LAND WAS DEADLAND. THEY CONQUERED ONLY WEAK COUNTRIES OF STONE AGE TRIBES MONGOLS ON THE OTHER HAND DESTROYED THE MOST POWERFUL EMPIRES OF THAT TIME
@@warhammer8403 Empty land? The British housed over 400 million people, spread their language everywhere, and was the biggest empire in history. Was India weak? Was China weak when they took Hong kong? I smell salt.
About the Mongols' withdrawal from Hungary, we just need to know that Guyuk was recalled by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk ended the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube. From this perspective, the Mongols ended the war because they received an order to this effect. The pullout started three months after the khan's death. The withdrawal was not necessarily to do with the khan's death. It could be related to the khan's death. I gave an example of some Tang empress' receiving lichee from Canton in days to a Mongol youtuber. We just need to assume that there was a non-stop message that was relayed by different couriers and different horses to Batu and Guyuk. Batu's stopping at the Caspian and Guyuk's slow return to Mongolia could be related to more Mongol couriers' delivering the message of the dowager empress's assumption of regency. This further shows how fast the postal relay could deliver a message. Never use the Pope's emissary as an example to underestimate the speed of couriers. The lichee could be sent across China from Canton in mere days. To send a message to Hungary probably just needed a few weeks.
They had these sharpened snow shoes for the horses and trained them how to do a kind of sliding, skating sprint , If you've ever seen someone ice skating ? that's what the horses were doing , you can look it up there are videos online of people training thei horses to do it , it looks very strange seeing a horse kind of skate across the snow . But they can go up to 40mph while doing it ... so ... yeah
In 1235 a dominican friar (Julian friar) was sent by the hungarian king to bring information about the emerging Mongolian Empire. Julian friar came back in 1236 with the threateaning and unfriendly letter of the Khan. The Khan envoys also threatened the hungarian king and claimed submission or die. After the mongols threatening moves and their eastern european conquests the hungarian king asks for help from the pope, the Holy Roman Empire and from the French King. But of course every time in our history they never helped us. The only main help was the templars who helped the hungarian army. The hungarian nobility also doesn't supported Bela's efforts. In 1239 the Hungarian Kingdom let in a huge number of cuman archers into Hungary (10 000 soldiers). These soldiers take important role in the hungarian army. The mongolian army also contained a lot of cumaninan soldier and therefore they became suspicious in the eye of the hungarians and two leaders of them were charged with espionage and executed in Buda. The news of the execution spread across the cumanians and they left the country and Hungary before the decisive battle. The battle : Althoug the mongols won the battle they suffered a pyrrhic victory. The mongols suffered very heavy casualities and they never met kind of resistance before. The khan guard commander Bakatu and his 30 man also died. According to a chinese almanac the khan considered the withraw but the emergeing of Subutai and the found swallows on the Sajo river saved the situation. Despite the mongols encircled the hungarian army the battle hold for a complete day. According to the persian histographer Ata-Malek Juvayni the mongols burned the wagons and captured the king’s wagon but the battle still hold to next day evening. The templars also fight for the last man. It was a bloody battle for the mongolians not an easy one as historians used to refering it. Juvayni said: „ that was their gratest achievments and their toughest battle”. The khan main goal to capture the hungarian king was also ruled out. After the battle the mongols acrossed the Danube but they couldn’t captured none of where stone walls standing like Pannonhalma, Győr..etc. many palces remained untouchable and the resistance of the hungarians were everywhere in the country. Ögödej's death wasn't the main reason of the pullout of the mongolian army. The main reason was the mongolian army suffered heavy casualities during the hungarian campaign. The hungarian army doesn’t completely destroyed because soon the hungarians beat Friedrick II. army and take back 3 counties from Austria. Hungary soon recovered. The news of the death of Ögödej could only arrive from the Far East only several months late, and on the other hand, the mongolian assembly only five years later choosed a new kahn. Just only one year after the Mohi battle in 1242 Friderick II army attacked Hungary next to Bratislava (Pozsony), the hungarians beat them and take back 3 counties which belonged to Hungary before the mongolian invasion. The Kőszeg castle also taken back from Austria. In 1246 Friedrick army attacked again and they won, but Friedrick died on the battlefield... As I mentioned the hungarian king could have set up bigger army if the nobility would support the king. Despite many died but Hungary soon recovered, the second mongolian invasion was in 1285 (44 years later) when Hungary destroyed the mongolian army (The Golden Horde). This mongolian army was bigger then the first one. But King Laszlo could stabilize the country before the invasion not like King Bela did. (Nobody doubted the mongolian credit in the first invasion they were great warriors and strategists. They reached a famous victory. But they suffered heavy casualities it wasn't an easy battle for them as used mention that, and this affected the further mongolian plans not the death of the Kahn) + John of Plano Carpini, History of the Mongols - The exact losses the Mongols took at Mohi are unknown, though were known to be considerable; Carpini witnessed a large cemetery in Russia exclusively for the Mongol troops killed in the campaign against Hungary, as he was told "many lost their lives there"
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
57 years after Genghis Khan’s death the Mongol force attacking Hungary in 1285 was annihilated. a year later the Mongols were routed in Poland. the Mongols Never posed a serious threat to those countries or Europe again. what happened to the vaunted Mongol war machine? in 1368 after less than 100 years of occupation the Chinese were able to drive the Mongols out of their country. had the Mongols forgotten how to fight in that century? i believe the Mongol war machine is vastly overrated. when face with competent opponents they didn't fare that well. it seldom seems acknowledge that the Mongol hordes were more like the Einsatzgruppen Nazi death squads than a regular army. most of their victims were unarmed men. women and children not elite military units. the Mongols weren't fighting opposition forces across 100 mile fronts. there were a number of engagements with enemy troops but most the Mongol attacks were like the Rape of Nanking not Passchendaele or the Battle of Kursk. Subutai for being such a SUPER General was never able to conquer India or China! maybe because they had competent militaries?
we have to consider profound territorial over-reach as well. if centrally-planned governments/economies can rarely succeed for long periods of time in the past few centuries it sure seems that the Khanates set themselves up for a massive eventual headache.
"To progress into Europe, we must first defeat Hungary. Hungary possesses one of the most formidable cavlaries in all of Eastern Europe. Not only are they clad in full European armor, but their horses are cousins of our own, having been imported along the trade routes." -Age Of Empires II: The Age Of Kings, Final Mission in the Genghis Khan campaign.
First time I hear this part of the history in detail. Thank you Professor. What about some history of Slavic people move, in the 6-th century (?), into Central Europe and the Balkans. Also arrival of Magyars into Panonian (Hungarian) Plains. Thank you. A Slavic Canadian.
Genetics tell us that part of the hun were Mongol in origin the so called Mongol spot exist in random villages in France and Switzerland were stragglers from Attila's army are believed to have found refuge after his defeat at chalons! A famous birthmark all the way on the other side of the planet from it just imagine that !
Very cool video. I have seen many documentaries on this subject, yet I learned some new stuff...very cool. I lived in Mongolia in 2014 for three months, my ex-wife (we are still good friends) if from there and moved back. Proud people, good heart'd people....very cold...Ulaanbaatar is the coldest capital in the world.
Standard division was 7000 men. Most armies never numbered more than 5 divisions. They did use a lot of auxillaries though. Chinese in China. Georgians and Armenians in the Middle East. Tartars in Central Asia
This is first time I heard that an army which conquered Russian winter has been stopped by central European winter ?? What saved Europe and by the way also China and Muslim states was simply the fact Mongols have lost focus and command of situation due to their inner quarrels over who inherits what after successions pf power.
Looking back when the Huns first road into Europe under Attila the Hun, Europe was being conquered by the Roman's, all of Europe would have been conquered, if the Celtic and Slavic and Nordic tribe's of Northern Europe didn't fight back from time to time, you see all the southern European Slavic and Celtic people were all conquered already by the Roman's for four hundred years, until the huns came, Spartacus was a tracian from Bulgaria and he was blonde haired, samotracia, and Alexander the great was a blonde, from Macedonia, and their were also the Ilyrians, Dalmatians, and the Gauls of the northern part of Italy, Celtics even lived in Poland with Slavic tribe's and in Germany with Slavic tribe's and Nordic tribe's and in France as well, Legnica, a city in Poland long ago was all Celtic, besides other parts of Poland, here lived, Celtic, Slavic, Nordic, tribe's and through out all of Northern Europe to France, Holand, England, Scotland, Ireland, and when Attila the Hun came to Europe he tried to Unit the Celtic and Slavic and Nordic tribe's as Vikings, cause he was the Vikings forefather, and persuaded the people of Europe to fight back for their freedom!
I COULDN'T BELIEVE IT! A video with no irritant and distracting "music" in the background! I could hear every word distinctly and it was a joy to watch! And its content educational! All video makers should learn from this video maker!
@@stephallan2543 No you're not. you are White. Real indigenous people of america looked like Mongols.siberians. Not the mixed Children of white invaders from 1500s
I can't find any record of what the combat was like as the Mongols proceeded deeper into the old growth forests and riverine/mountainous regions of Europe. My guess is that they suffered some pretty horrendous casualties as they came up against stiffening resistance, more castles and fortressess, primitive tracks and dwindling grazing land for their horse based armies. Plus, the winter. I know they were used to winter, but on the open plains, rather than in the above mentioned conditions. At this time, Europe was very heavily defended against its own various warlords. Any outside force would have had a difficult time of it. Perhaps they left for the election, but planned to return, but never did due to the cost?
The mongols were never pushed out of Europe, as is erroneously thought by many. Nor did they ever invade Northern Italy but their soldiers could be seen on its borders. Their Khan died back home (according to the Secret History of the Mongols, angry Chinese spirits caused illness in the Khan, and a member of the royal household had to be sacrificed) so the Mongol war machine pulled back. They actually obliterated any European armies sent against it (the largest fielded since Roman times-perhaps as many as 150,000), as the Europeans were great individual warriors, but a disorganized motley crew when trying to fight as a unit, unlike the highly organized and disciplined Mongols (with incredible riding/shooting skills-massive strength being required to pull those bows and fire so many arrows; maybe 12 a minute). They would have probably rolled over all opposition all the way to the Atlantic. Their rapid attack strategies from multiple directions would be studied by European strategists and would not be seen used in such a large scale until the blitzkriegs of the 20th century. Mongols fought on multiple simultaneous fronts; they fought Teutonic Knights at one end of their empire, and Samurai on another, both of whom knew nothing of the other's existence. The Mamelukes of Egypt were able to defeat a token Mongol army, but again the mongol khan died and infighting between the mongol ruler of Bagdad and that of the Golden Horn began (one favoring Christianity, the other Islam). Had that not been the case and the mongols brought their full force there is not much question they would have been able to blow through Egypt and North Africa all the way to the Straits of Gibraltar. The empire of Genghis may have lasted a couple of generations, but it's surrogates lasted centuries, from Persia, Northern India, and China, to Eastern Europe/Russia and Central Asia. Hare Krishna
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
Thank you for that content very concise and informative and put a lot of perspective , I had heard that it could of been the changing climate but if the Huns were anything to go by politcal intrigue can destroy an empire and if the right time and right person make an empire flourish.
If Genghis can't do it then no one Khan!
True my friend but this was more eastwards where China, Iran, Russia, most of slav nations and Germany are the decedent's of this Khan which had nothing to do with islam by the way. The main or the original migration of enlightened humans were from INDIA to Egypt(Arica) before the ancient Egyption pyramids were built. Ancient Indian Tamils did some amazing journey's around the world and taught all things what makes us advanced humans today. We can clearly see why India and China will rule the world for a while.
@@ancientruins2856 only rich people rule dumbass no land mass can rule is like saying banana boat. shit dont mean literal and doesnt make total sense its just a man made word ur in the matrix kid
+Ancient Ruins hahaha☺☺☺☺☺☺☺☺ a banana historist find here☺☺☺☺☺
History is amazing, a breathe of fresh air to see all the amazing territorial gains of impressive people.
The greatest conquerors in human history are the Mongols.
@@ancientruins2856 I guess Asia may rise next to replace the western dominated world if the progress doesn't stop or if collapse doesn't happen, it just sucks that some people are sore winners, history is written by the winners, the current champs are the west so history is in their hands at the moment, people build pyramids and those pyramids are just a symbol of a long dead and forgotten culture, history is cruel it waits for no man, just imagine the aftermath wrath that always follows after conquered peoples recover from their dark age. human history is filled with sore winners, people who will go out of their way to stamp out the old regime.
Let's keep in mind that the second Mongol invasion of Hungary (1285-86) was a total failure. The Hungarians won repeated victories over the Mongols, and their improved fortifications successfully resisted Mongol attacks.
Thank God. Hungary saved the west!
@Alexander Best and if they had the world would have been a sad place indeed.
By 1240, Kiev had been sacked and the mongol army was rapidly advancing west. Mongol cavalry and siege tactics were laying waste to the cities of Europe, and, perhaps more importantly, they brought along Chinese gunpowder.
Series of unqualified successes brought the vast Mongol army to Hungary in March 1241. King Bela IV fled his palace in Pest (now Budapest), and Ogodei’s armies slaughtered an estimated 1 million Hungarians: Troops, clerics, nobles, knights, and peasants. It was one of the bloodiest defeats of the medieval period...it was the weather that saved Europe
You're talking about the first Mongol invasion of Hungary. The second Mongol invasion of Hungary was a total failure. The Hungarians defeated the Mongols in several battles and the Mongols had to retreat. So no, it was European victories over the later Mongol attacks that saved Europe, not the weather.
Agreed. Everyone talks about the first Mongol attacks, and rarely do we hear about what happened toward the end of the 13th century when the Mongols tried again. That time, the West defeated them, and the Mongols couldn't achieve anything. And you make a great point, almost achieving something counts for nothing. The Mongols didn't even come close.
When a Khan dies, the Mongols return to karakoram to have a Kuraltai, which is basically choosing a new Khan. The Mongols could have taken Europe easily. Europe was still recovering from the crusades. They still to this day strike a bell in Budapest the exact time they saw the Mongols advancing towards them.
@George Nathanael the polish were defeated in a day. Hungary within a week. The night Templars smashed to pieces, I don't know for certain because I don't know Mongolian, but I doubt the word, "chivalry " would have a Mongol counterpart. And agreed in the beginning the Mongols weren't very good at siege warfare, but Subotai was a military genius and was the first person to use siege weapons in open warfare. And if you have a map at hand you will find that they didn't need any ships. Even if a siege was to take 2 years, it didn't matter, there were no more armies left to come to the rescue.
The death of the Khan was their Achilles heel and Europe's salvation.
@George Nathanael how did they conquer Korea, China, India, Russia, Persia and Afghanistan then. The last time I looked they are all mountainous and have large strongholds?
@@iankelly5797 Right on brother!
Ian Kelly.
You know something about Karakorum (pronounced Karacoroom) and Kurialtai, but you have them misspelled. It is not your fault. I studied the original books and that is the only reason I know a little more. My point is that the word KURI-ALTAI meant "Gathering of the Mongols at Altai Mountains". The Romans had the same word KURIATA/CURIATA which meant "gathering of the tribes". KURE/CURE means "run" in Romanian even today. CURGE means "a river running", hence the English word "COURSE". I am getting into etymology, because I try to prove that Mongols were White Race. I know for sure they were White Race, but proving it is another matter. All the scholars and historians are against me.
@lajczi66
Because they started fighting among themselves.
European winter didn’t stop Mongols. Cos they don’t scare cold! Weather in Mongolia -50 Celsius
But unlike the mongolian winter the Hungarian one is wet
So it would turn the steppe in to marshes
@@El-Silver so, your winter is like early spring.
@@staffattorney not my i dont live un Hungary but there is evidence that the winter of 1241 was a wet one
The Mongols ans their figthing style are not suited for wet climates as the composite bow becomes almost useless
The marshes made sieges more costly eviednce by the Mongol attack on Croatia and it would make the pastures. Disappear under thick mud causing starvation to the horses and animals the Mongols need it
@Alex Mongolian winter is colder. They invaded Russia in winter ! They used frozen rivers as highways.
@Wulfnod Saxon A lot of northern European ethnic groups are also similar because they probably share the similar amount of body fat, bone structure, etc. but most of it has to do with the lifestyle in which people like the mongols grew up in.
What stopped the Mongols from actually conquering Europe was internal disunity between the various Royal Mongol Houses and Logistics. If the Mongols were able to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty after 30+ years then they could do the same to Europe with maybe a higher timeframe. Southern China was close to Mongolia and the Mongols who ruled Northern China basically used the resources and people of that land to conquer the South.
The point being is that the Mongols could conquer Europe if they were not restricted by logistics and internal disunity.
By the time the Hungarians and Poles were winning battles against the Mongols, the Mongols could not muster all of their forces and resources as a united front. And also the various Royal Houses simply promoted incompetent lackeys to lead their armies.
THE HUNGARIANS AND POLISH WERE WINNING AGAINST MONGOLS ??? LMAO
European castles were hundreds if not a thousand years more advanced than Chinese castles.
@@hia5235 Middle east (especially the crown jewel, Iraq) and China (look at the great wall of china, gunpowder etc etc) was a lot richer than Europe, so I doubt that. Mongols have been breaching through castles before invading europe.
@@Hugulubugulu The mongols couldnt defeat Hungary. This was a great mistake many times. The Hungarians have 2 army, one is (the smaller) went again the mongols, the other deal with the rebellious Cumans (who also exterminated the entire south Hungary), but when the Mongols defeat the Kings army, the another army hold, and later defeat the mongols in many smaller battle, and then the Croat army crushing defeated the Mongols, so, they no have many chance left.
@@xerxen100 At their peak with Subutai around, they can defeat it. Mongols had superior tech, strategies etc etc compared to europe at the time. Most of europe just got lucky when the empire got destroyed within and after Subutai died
Thank you for not rambling like a fool on cocaine like so many youtubers nowadays. You present it well.
Yes, I totally agree with you. And thankfully not trying to be a fucking comedian like a lot of TH-camrs do. He just gives the history to you in a pretty normal way but with a bit of enthusiasm.
Gotta act sober if you're going to lie about history and be believed.
The only one thing can stop Mongol army in that time, was their Khan's short live time.
No, the Mongs failed in the Caucasus, their second invasions of Hungary and Poland and the resounding defeat in Croatia and Austria
@@azzlaird5541 bull shit ...they defeated the islamic , chinese, russian empire....you think they couldnt take down tiny western europe ?
All flatlanders As noted in this video the could cut through targa woods, but mountains and diminishing pasture land for their large herds slowed them significantly. Khorosan, no problem, Iranian highlands=> problem.
@@dota2playersenjehang703 Bro, no one ever could conquer all europe. It's an inhuman feat.
As for the hungarians:
Imagine an army who never saw a war before facing the deadliest warriors at that time who happened to be nomads in plain terrain 😂😂
Laughable right?
But we had to try save our lands and peoples, we didn't run away like others...
Also after the first invasion, the hungarian army replaced it's fully light cavalry to heavy cavalry(westernized) and after that the Hungarian army didn't lose a single battle until 1330
@@karobahuz3344 Arab about to conquer EU
But mountainous terrain did not stop the Mongols in Korea. They were very capable of taking down fortified cities given time as we saw in China. The reason is the power struggle after Ogedei's death.
They did take down fortified cities. And they hated it. The Mongols really hated sieges, and when they encountered European castles? It was like everything they hated about city walls times a thousand. Clearly wasn't the only reason, or even the main reason, but Mongols preference for open fields that benefited their cavalry is pretty well established.
@@girlbuu9403 + Mongols when they encountered sieges either patiently waited them out (ravaged the countryside, starved them out), hired Chinese and Arab siege experts or simply used the Chinese tactic of flooding the besieged.
Worst thing about Mongols is their rapid mobility and ease of logistics. Against a well-trained, well-armed army, Mongols don't charge head forward. It's frustrating to fight the Mongols.
With the advent of gunpowder armies, that began to change as well-equipped sendentary armies could afford the extra resources to put up rapid wagon formations which greatly minimised the effect of Mongol hit and run luring tactics and charges.
Girl Buu The mongols had damn near perfected the science of siege warfare. Mongol campaigns against the Tanguts, the Jin, the Song, the Khawaremian, etc were all prime examples of siege warfare.
The Mongols recruited the finest engineers, builders and architects to craft the finest siege engines to gain the upper hand. They displayed an extreme ruthlessness and savagery often using local people (residing outside the capital) against the pain of death, as “cannon fodder”. This is also psychological warfare at is extreme, as the men defending the forts often faced the prospect of mowing down their family and friends as a cost of protecting their city.
They hated being ambushed, they had internal political problems, they have to play by the book no insubordination which means that no expansion without a new leader. They were stretched out to far and preferred plains to make their tactics effective. Europe was well defended and the Mongols were the best conquerors, the best have to know when to quit while you are ahead. the cost was too high it seemed given that as you do battle people leak information which hurts your tactics, information is always leaked.
It was most likely weather
That winter had been cold but for some reason very humid
The Mongols could not take some forts do To heavy mud and marshes
This humidity and mud made crops failed killing the Hungarian survivors of the mongols ounslaugth but also made their grazing and feeding grounds usless
So the Mongols and their horses would beging the starve
Not only that but this weather and conditions made sieges worse fot the mongols
The situation got worse in the spring of 1242 as the Danube unfroze
And the snow melted making more mud to torment the Mongols
This is why they failed at croaitia
And the sieges they won where expensive and horrible
Example the capital of Hungry most of that city was destroyed but batu lost the siege he lost many men
For nothing since the didn't loot it and could not even take it
came to know about ur channel about just a month ago...watched all ur episodes....as a history buff myself I have found ur lectures to be erudite, enlightening and illuminating ....tnk u very very much professor...keep 'em coming.....
Learn to write properly.
Very informative and awesome pace; thanks for producing and sharing!!
You are NO KHAN!
The Mongols got as far as just offshore the island of Trogir on the Dalmatian coast, now Croatia. The Hungarian king had taken refuge on an island further out in the Adriatic - still known as King's Island. Before the Mongols could proceed, news arrived of the Khan's death and the Mongols turned back.
News not arrived in that short period of time. Mongols suffered a crushing defeat in croatia, this is why they left.
@@xerxen100 The news actually took ages to arrive by horse from Mongolia. I've not read anything about a 'crushing defeat'. Remember the king was on the run .
@@dennismurphy9957 Ok, but those was not the king. Even most of the hungarians didn't know that the king fled to the opposite side. The mongols pursued a fake king, who lure them into a trap.
@@xerxen100 Interesting. What is your source?
@@dennismurphy9957 he is smoking blunt, on the other comment he wrote how subutai lost at mohi
Holy Shit, is this a natural anglophone actually doing the research on how to pronounce polish names?! Now, that's a sign of respect for the subject matter, thank you!
Most would just use German names like Breslau for Wrocław.
Indeed, thank you. Nothing worse than watch national TV in the U.S., and listening to a TV journalist have no idea how to pronounce a pundit or city name. And instead of apologizing for not doing their homework, they roll off of it as if giggling with friends at a happy hour pub.
But try to understand that many of us Americans have Eastern European dna and, like me 4 generations ago come from these areas so it is still our history too. It is very important to us and we want to learn and know why our people left. Of course our pronuciations will change how can they not?
@@xanaduxanadu3605 What's that got to do with anything? It's like with any other foreign language, you shouldn't just push through words with english pronounciations of letters.
Please reduce the volume of your intro music. It is too loud compared to the remaining video's audio. I enjoy all your videos. Thanks!
Exactly! It is nuisance!
Excellent as usual - am always keen to see your take, and regularly impressed by the analytical methodology you employ, leading as it usually does to a complex exposition of events, more probability than absolute certainty , leading to a a nuanced and deeper understanding of the past. Thank you
No place in the entire world has a rougher environment, steep mountains, shifting climates and deep valleys than Afghanistan. Yet, only a thousand Mongol soldiers would daily conquer/advance approximately 60-80 km a day.
When that is said. Well done! Great content! Sub follows.
8:43 "Their campain in Croatia..." - they were ambushed in hills and forests but that did not stopped them just slowed them down / they were chasing the Hungarian-Croatian king (kings brother died in Croatia )
Dražen Mesar I have been to Grobnik. The Valley of Grobnik is the perfect place to swarm an incoming invasion and finish them off. Very interesting place at night especially.
Great narrative, thanks. Love the Mongol dog in the background at 6.20!
You could be like Leonardo DiCaprio’s half brother or 3-4th cousin🤣
Leonardo in The Revenant. 🤣
He kinda talks like him too. Just more calm.
@@NaYangKo1M exactly! 😅😅😅
Very interesting the history of the Mongol invasion. I agree that climate and terrain and the death of the great Khan had much to do about not invading the whole of Europe.
Weak idea. The Mongols could not stop the Tien-san Mountains, the Caucasus, the monsoon in China, Korea or the enormous cold and huge forests on the Russian territories.
Mongols took down one of the strongest Kingdoms in Europe, Hungary in 1 to 2 days, they had 130,000+ soldiers total in the invasion. Western Europe would've fell one by one because they were all separated kingdoms unlike the united Mongol Empire. Without having to go back, the prince and general Subutai would've conquered all Europe on the first invasion.
HavocCorgi mongols were far superior than the European of those time both in weapons and tactics... crusaders wouldn’t have achieved anything...
Entire Europe would have fallen if it wasn’t for the death of the Khan...
Not True.... Hunagarians were not "strong". The Hungarians were weak and apathetic as they had not suffered warfare for 100's of years.... The Mongols suffered huge Losses when they encountered "real armies" in central Europe where the Knight were heavily armered and they had forts... In one battle alone Austrian Knights killed nearly 700 mongols and only losing 3 of their own.... The Secret was that The mongols were bullies that couldn;t stand up to real armies... ie: medieval armies that had crossbows and armoured knights and forts.....
I highly doubt they would get pass Hamburg
The weather would have stopped them this not a terrian suited for them and it's wet
Also unlike the song there is no 300k Chinese soldiers to help them
About the Mongols' withdrawal from Hungary, we just need to know that Guyuk was recalled by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk ended the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
I COULDN'T BELIEVE IT!
A video with no irritant and distracting "music" in the background!
I could hear every word distinctly and it was a joy to watch!
And its content educational!
All video makers should learn from this video maker!
in turkey you have people with the name cengiz which is from Chinggis Khan. you have people in Russia with the name Batu and Timur which is from Batu Khan and Tumurlane Khan. in afghanistan you have people with the name khan which is also from Chinggis Khan etc...
Ahhhhhh climate change saved the world ? AOC should be notified immediately that sometimes it is a good thing. Seriously , very good channel.
I am officially impressed with your faultless pronounciation in Polish.
Faultless! That's high praise. :)
A good pronunciation does not validate the content. His story is not true.
@@TheNomadicProfessor Привет и Скажи мне Был Крестовый поход на Монголию🇲🇳⚔🇵🇹✝️🇭🇺⚔🇱🇹✝️
I wonder why they don’t teach this in schools, but only teach Christopher Columbus. It’s still part of history!
As an indigenous person...I recall second year in primary school being taught about Land Mass connection so this was their answer to where we had relocated from...I was so upset! My grandmother explained that it was all immigrants “🔥Theories that I would have to shake this off” for my entire lifetime. 55+ years later...Christopher Columbus still leaves a Nasty 🤢 Taste in my Mouth.
Guto Füchs what achievements, white haven’t achieved anything. Taking ideas from other races, whites have only been good to commercialize others races ideas. How are you a pure race when mongoloid people evolved to whites. It’s why your race is called the Caucasian, in the Caucasus mountains is when central Asians became whites. So much for a pure race🤣
Guto Füchs fuck you and your god! You serve the Jews!
Guto Füchs what European ethnic background are you? Your name looks like Eastern European. That’s like me saying, go hug a Russian and you have a nice day. Seems like you and the Jews are the only ones who have a right to complaint genocide.
@@yoban360 "white haven’t achieved anything"
You are officially an idiot.
Someone pronouncing Polish words correctly? I think i might faint
SleepingGiant77 non Polish men pronouncing Polish words correctly usually have an ulterior motive. I’ve seen Polish women and think I have connected the dots.
Unity is the key.
Great video & thank you for not placing music over your narration.
The only real reason the Mongols failed to conquer Europe is their own, internal, political infighting and/or structural political weaknesses. All other supposed reasons are attempts by Europeans to salvage some pride in the face of the crushing and humiliating defeats they suffered at the hands of Mongol armies which were often smaller than their's.
In other words, Europe got lucky.
It's 2019. You're not allowed to say anything nice about Europeans. Don't you know they're all immigrants anyway? The only unique people who aren't immigrants and you should (well, must) say nice things about, are the wonderful people of Wakanda. I'm sure THEY could have kicked some Mongol ass! :-)
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
I am Mongol. Well done! Thanks! (Just 4 info:: It is Subeidei. Not as it was in the clip)
We have been periodically traveling between Mongolia and Britain since 20 thousand years ago just after the total tsunami / global flooding. Greece and Mosul, Jews, Mediterranean were first age of the travels. Russia, Poland & Checo were 2nd travel. Celtics were 3rd. Most recent one were the HUN. Hun means human in our language. Celtin means common language of the country. Gaelic means galig. It has the same meaning. Northampton, Southampton, Canton are Mongol names based on shamanic education. Bavaria, Bayaria, Munich, Torgou, Druid / Derwydd are still Mongol names. We fight each other. Because, the period of travel is a multi centuries. Our duty were to build up diplomatic global system. It was done by Chingis khan. (It is not Genghis).
That is why Embessy, Ambassador are still Mongol words. Usually, it use to be done before Chingis khan by diplomacy of Roman & Mongols. But, it was failed. Therefore, Chingis khan reset the system. It was just a link from Mongol into Rom. The link was successfully made. That is why we come back home.
1) Bat khan was not able to be a candidate for the next king after Ugudei khan. Because, He is father, Zuch khan, was recognised as illegitimate child of Chingis khan by Mongolian parliament. Therefore, his family never come back home and stayed in Russia as Altan Ord.
2) Mongolian weather is freezing as -45 degree cold. That is what we enjoy. Europe too nice in terms of weather.
3) It was aimed to reset the system. Actually, in 1920, it was gonna be reset by German leader, Baron Roman Fyodorovich Von Ungern-Sternberg. He wanted restore the HUN / Mongol global diplomatic system with no illicit financial system. He went to Mongolia. Mongolian king, Bogd khan, made him governor of Mongolia in 1920. He failed due to the Soviet Union.
If it was done as Sternberg desire, we would not have the present illicit global financial system. We always tend to build up true democracy in the world. It inherits from shamanic education. That is what we have been enjoying in Mongolia and upto Celtics as Druids as the last Druid Ben McBrady sain in 1996. It was our Golden Age as he said. Britain lost the Golden Age in terms of shamanic education at all. However, we still keep them in western Mongolian nomads as a rule of game. It overrules the governmental laws / regulations. Because, it takes care of sustainable economic development in terms of climate balance.
4) We expect the next Restorer or Chingis khan or the German leader, Baron Roman Fyodorovich Von Ungern-Sternberg, is the Celtic Queen the 2nd.
5) Our history is unwritten due to the shamanic culture advantage. The shaman gets whole informs from previous life via the shamanic ritual. It took Chingis khan 7 years to be educated. That is why he used all his enemies as the 9 top his military generals as Subeidei, Zeb, Muhlai .. so on.
Also the histories are mixed with traditional songs, drams & tails.
For more inform in terms of common language reveals please email me
nanyam22@gmail.com
I thought it was because the Hells Angels stole their motorcycles.
What a phenomenal presentation, Had goose bumps watching this. Thank you for the History lesson. Def subbed. Keep up the great work.
Thanks for the video. The worst part was where you tried to credit the idea that mountains would slow down Mongols. You should do a video on the Mongol invasion of Persia. Subutai took part in that one also, though it was Jochi and Jebe who lead the smaller force through the mountains of Tibet in the middle of winter in order to surprise their opponents on an unexpected flank and completely destroy the enemy battle plan. Dense forests were probably more of an impediment - if they were relying on crews to fell troops and make them a path that could definitely have taken considerable time. Much of the continent was still thickly forested aside from relatively small roads and paths making for slower travel. But they would have been quite capable of taking port cities and ships and traversing the Mediterranean and Baltic seas just as they did in the east to reach Japan and Indonesia, as well as cutting permanent paths and moving fairly quickly along the already developed trade roads - not as quickly as they moved on the plains but still at least as quickly as everyone else. Ögedei's death and the subsequent decline of the Mongol Empire is clearly the bulk of the answer. Cheers!
Ogedei death news don't reach batu during his retreat
Awesome job! Loved it. You are such a good story teller. Great back drop too.
I have a question though. Can it be argued that Mongols were also distracted or depleted by fighting muslim armies at the same time?
Some bullshits here:
1. "The Croatians did the same..".... no mate, Croatia was part of Hungary so the King, the same King ordered the same order to build fortresses all over his kingdom.
2. The Mongols attacked later twice on Hungary, the second attack was in 1285 and ended up in a devastating loss ofor them. THey lost 4 big battles one after the other and their leader Talabuga was escaping on his feet... They never ever tried to attack again on Hungary, only as Turkish auxuliaries.
3. In fact the new Khan 'election' happened in 1246 and Batu wasn't even there. The Mongols left the area rather because of their extreme losses after years of fighting and so far from their reencforcements. Hungarians kept more that 150 fortresses in their hands and the Mongols with their light cavalry was impotent against them. Hungarian counterattacks simply made them too weak to stay any longer.
4. the claim that Hungary and its army was distroyed is utter nonsense. The King indeed gaged some territorries to western kings for their help which never arrived. In 1246 the King and his army simply annihilated the Austrian army, killing Friedrich the second and the whole Babbenberg-dynasty. How could have this happened if the whole country would have been devastated and left without soldiers?
@@ruslanurss Honestly it is hard to get proper information as nowadays everything is just full of narratives.
You need to go to the local information and not rely on second hand assumptions, simplifications. Try Mongolian sources, Russian sources, Polish sources and Hungarian sources.
If you will ask a Mongolian history teacher or look into their history books, you will see that they certainly claim the Hungarian campaign as a blunder, so will they consider the Polish actions as they used the Hungarian tactics.
Mongolians were great warriors as long as they could manuver on the battlefield and they could use the terror as their main weapon.
Sources? Or i call bullshit on this post.
And YES.The hungarian army had been wiped out by the mongols. Sorry if this offends you...
@@kully1995 Sorry if it offends you, but the non-existent Hungarian army took back all the lost territorries still in 1242 and also killed Friedrich II. in 1246.
@sneksnekitsasnek 1/3 as per the official number, not 2/3 but no one made precise calculations 800 years ago.
Also they easily prepared for the next Mongolian attack and easily spanked them.
my friend makes horn composite bows and im apprenticing to learn the craft. humid weather affects the strength of bows due to the bow’s natural collagen fish glue and tendon uptaking water in the air decreasing draw weight and speed of the bow.I really believe this warming period was a key factor and a very interesting one as well!
They might have been able to reach Western Europe if they played there cards right
They still reached Germany, eastern part of Germany. Which is the heart Of Western Europe. Due to civil wars amongst mongol royals has a lot to do with their destruction.
Extremely interesting video. But can you do an in-depth video of the Mongol weaponry and fighting tactics?
Glorious! Great work always wanted to know these details very clearly explained THANK YOU
Astoundingly informative content 👍
Seriously cold weather stopped the Mongols? Mongolian winter is like -40 C, way colder than any corner of Europe
@@grrrbrrr9053 I am not European, my nose is just as long as the European average, and I didn't even feel slightly cold during the 2018 Europe cold wave when wearing a thin T-shirt and a thin jacket
@Arya Mongolian winter nights have RECORD temperatures of -55 C, with -40 being COMMON.
And I wore very few clothing in Europe during the 2018 coldwave which actually froze many people to death but I felt mild at best.
The Mongols never returned actually. The Mongol army after 1250 or so was similar in composition to the Mongol army defeated by the Mamelukes.
Never thought I'd see Leonardo DiCaprio talk about the Mongols :P
Very good presentation
The lack of the steppes meant the lack of food supply for the army (one warrior had actually multiple horses).
Plenty on grass even on Croatian rocky terrain.
@@dakedakinson64 Not really. There is a reason why you have goats and sheep in hilly terrains. Furthermore 13th century Europe was still full of forests and natural plains were rare. The Mongols were not the first
@@pepenp no, even in Dalmatia we used to have few horses, donkeys and oxes, even small breed of cows.
Fantastic. Fascinating. So well presented. Thank you.
The Momgols took over mamy fortresses during their campaigns in China, Kwaresom Empire and Russian principalities so that was not the reason that stoped them.They waged war in the stepp, mountains-crossing the Caucasus under Subutai and Jebbe to attack the Georgians, so desserts did not stoped thel to overran their enemies...Europe simply got lucky !
You have really good pronunciation of polish towns. Well done..
Subotai: "I'm Hungary for more."
Very good video! Much better than most of this type because it was a real person talking to us and not a hidden narrator, and best of all, NO STUPID MUSIC all the way through the talking like most others think they need to put in. Just the natural sounds of walking on the ground and the environment etc. Only criticism is the silly sound effects when the maps or dates are put on but thankfully they are unobtrusive.
The Huns had reached till France right? Correct me if I'm wrong. The Mongols could not go past the Bohemians
Yes, the Huns were all over Europe. But the Mongols did in a handful of years what it took the Huns several generations to do. The Huns were also based in Europe, while the Mongols were based...on the other side of Eurasia!
@@TheNomadicProfessor
Who the Huns actually were is still subject to debate isn't it? But whether they were Slavs, Central Asian Turks, or even relatives of the Mongols they still did less in a larger time frame than what the Mongols would do in a much smaller one a thousand years later.
@@girlbuu9403 Huns , Mongols, Chinese ,Korean and Japanese all placed their family name before first name. Huns were not Slavs but relatives of Mongols.
And the Mameluks kicked our asses too...
Mongols still reached part of Eastern Europe.
I like your presentation style
Very nice lecture. I feel like I'm back in college.
Very interesting, thank you very much.
I have travelled to many places mentioned in your piece and the ebb and flow of history there is evident in the very fabric of the faces and architecture.
I have watched a few videos on Great Tartary/Tartaria and read a few passages regarding Tartary/Tartaria's once great kingdom. Some folks have claimed Ghenghis Khan was a Tartar and his ilk were part of the Tartarian Kingdom of old. Is there any truth to anything I have researched, watched and read. It is all very weird that there are many old books that mention Tartary/Tartaria but you never learn about it in school and not many people have heard of Tartary/Tartaria
There is a region in russia call tatarstan you can start from there.
@@al8731 He was turko-mongol that,s how he convinced trukic and mongol tribes to combine force and take over the world. Turkic and mongol are both Altaic people
@Adab Doost yeah very true. it was the beauty of Mongol empire to be such a multicultural society that why central asia Afghanistan tataristan east turkistan etc have such a mixed blood beauty and culture.
Nice to see you again!
No written artifact dated 13th century talks about the mongol devastation in Hungary including Muhi battle. It was first mentioned 100s of years later. No archaeological proof of a large battle either. True that Austrian sources describe these events a few hundred years later. But far east historians disagree. The Mongols disagree. Why do they not take credit for their supposed victory and why is there no evidence of mass graves from the time? Why is it that the only evidence is Austrian writers who were interested in breaking the Hungarian spirit so they can keep occupying Hungary for centuries to come?
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals, that were not tainted, would be: About the Mongols' withdrawal from Hungary, we just need to know that Guyuk was recalled by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
Excellent job. I very much appreciate what your doing. History needs to be preserved.
Mongols entered to Europe, chasing the Kipchaks and destroyed every kingdoms on their way, who protected them. They returned back after completely destroying the Kipchaks... The main reason why they returned back is: During this period the European kingdoms were too POOR in compare with China, Bukhara, Persia, even Russia ...there was nothing to take, but empty, cold, stone castles.
XIIIth century Europe was poor ? Really ? Large stone castles and huge cathedrals are not something poor countries can afford. Poorer than XIIIth century Russia ?
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
Nice job on this video. Well laid out and clearly explained. I was in Budapest last year and his description of it being a flat plain on one side of the Danube and steep hills on the other is right on. However the river isn’t overly wide and I would think that that Mongolia general could have had troops cross miles upstream and fight their way back.
Don't believe this made up story.
Although the mongol army won the battle of Mohi but it lost the war against Hungary. They were not able to take any big fortress in Transdanubia. And hungarians fought guerilla fight against them.
@Búlcsú Vezér: I know that's how you'd like to explain it away in typical european fashion. Read the actual contemporary historical accounts - Hungary got reamed by what was nothing more than a large scouting party of mongols.
Acording to contemporary historical accounts the Mongol army had huge losses in Hungary. They had a separate cemetery for ones who died in Hungary. (and a cemetery for ones who died on other foreign lands)
By the way what do you mean about typical european fashion? I respect the mongols (in the past and nowadays as well)
@@bulcsuvezer9378 is a typical butthurt hungarian lol, true they beat the mongols back in the second invasion but that's because it was led by the mongol's most incompetent general. If it had been subotai or literally any other mongol commander, hungary would be speaking mongolian and living in fuckin yerts LOL
@@tha1ne dude you should search after what Mongols teach in scool about Battle of Muhi.
This was like Barbarossa in reverse.
Interesting! Curious.. Where are you getting your sources? Just Subscribed.
You should do one about Vietnam's Mongolian Wars!
Didn't the Mongols almost take Egypt but a comparatively small group of Mameluke special elite forces repulsed the entire Mongol army?
I think it was the battle of Ain Juit.
Didn't that battle save Western Eurasia as well?
Not the main army under Geniuses Subutai and Jebe.
@@johnrockwell5834 Why didn't they send their best guys?
@Anthony Qintiliani
Because they died of old age. Since Ogedei died they had to return to Mongolia to elect a new Khan at the Kurutai. They died not long after.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subutai#Mongol_subjugation_of_Hungary
There have not be equals to them since.
@Shem Naga Appreciate the historical information. You're correct in stating the Mongol returning army was defeated by the Mongol Berke of the Mongol Golden Horde. However, the Mamluke victory over the Mongols at Ain Juit previously became the inspiration for Berke and the Golden Horde to subsequently convert to Islam.
@@TonyqTNT at that time Hulegu had more than 300k troops but was preparing a big war against Berkhe khan of the golden horde who was defending muslims from Hulegu! In ain jalut Hulegu only left 20k men against whole mamluk army of Egypt! I read somewhere "mamluk army of egypt was marching like stars in the sky it says alot how much outnumbered mongols were in ain jalut but still fought to death!
Professor, I am very impressed with your deliberation, Your condensed and practical lay-out of Mongol history left me with a clear picture of the situation. Thank you Sir.
Conquering is different and ruling is different.... Only British has done it successfully, and that too worldwide...
hmmmmmm.... not sure the native populations of many of the places the British conquered would entirely agree that they were ruled "successfully". India, for example, was home to many great civilizations before the British took over: it was no backwater that needed to be "civilized". The Australian natives were largely displaced and marginalized by the Brits, and the people of New Zealand were almost wiped off the map!! British rule and occupation was often quite brutal, as events in many places show clearly.... the "commonwealth" that ultimately resulted is not so much a commonwealth of diverse peoples, as a colonial empire, with British descendants being the dominant forces in each colony. India was different however: it was never colonized very much - just conquered and ruled.... many would say quite successfully, but there WAS a high cost in terms of rebellions, brutal repression and subjugation of the local peoples.
BRITISH EMPIRE WAS A PUSSY EMPIRE THEIR 90% LAND WAS DEADLAND. THEY CONQUERED ONLY WEAK COUNTRIES OF STONE AGE TRIBES MONGOLS ON THE OTHER HAND DESTROYED THE MOST POWERFUL EMPIRES OF THAT TIME
I was going to write the same thing but you're wrong on the second part. The country that were colonized are now taking england over at home.
@@warhammer8403 Empty land? The British housed over 400 million people, spread their language everywhere, and was the biggest empire in history. Was India weak? Was China weak when they took Hong kong? I smell salt.
@@1943rfagan YES ENDIA WAS WEAK AND CHINA ?? WHEN DID THEY CONQUERED CHINA ???
About the Mongols' withdrawal from Hungary, we just need to know that Guyuk was recalled by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk ended the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube. From this perspective, the Mongols ended the war because they received an order to this effect. The pullout started three months after the khan's death. The withdrawal was not necessarily to do with the khan's death. It could be related to the khan's death. I gave an example of some Tang empress' receiving lichee from Canton in days to a Mongol youtuber. We just need to assume that there was a non-stop message that was relayed by different couriers and different horses to Batu and Guyuk. Batu's stopping at the Caspian and Guyuk's slow return to Mongolia could be related to more Mongol couriers' delivering the message of the dowager empress's assumption of regency. This further shows how fast the postal relay could deliver a message. Never use the Pope's emissary as an example to underestimate the speed of couriers. The lichee could be sent across China from Canton in mere days. To send a message to Hungary probably just needed a few weeks.
60 miles a day on horseback in 7ft of snow.....highly unlikely. 🤨
They had these sharpened snow shoes for the horses and trained them how to do a kind of sliding, skating sprint , If you've ever seen someone ice skating ? that's what the horses were doing , you can look it up there are videos online of people training thei horses to do it , it looks very strange seeing a horse kind of skate across the snow . But they can go up to 40mph while doing it ... so ... yeah
Wait 7ft of snow? the horse would die LMAO. Theyd be buried in the snow as would the rider.
Mongols were ruthless. They didn't have to fight every single mile. Most of them surrendered when they heard that Mongols were coming .
Always thoroughly enjoyable.
They did not have the karma. Will of power and ruthlessness is not sufficient in the long run.
Are you a professor about nomadic peoples or a nomadically living professor?
In 1235 a dominican friar (Julian friar) was sent by the hungarian king to bring information about the emerging Mongolian Empire. Julian friar came back in 1236 with the threateaning and unfriendly letter of the Khan. The Khan envoys also threatened the hungarian king and claimed submission or die.
After the mongols threatening moves and their eastern european conquests the hungarian king asks for help from the pope, the Holy Roman Empire and from the French King. But of course every time in our history they never helped us. The only main help was the templars who helped the hungarian army.
The hungarian nobility also doesn't supported Bela's efforts.
In 1239 the Hungarian Kingdom let in a huge number of cuman archers into Hungary (10 000 soldiers). These soldiers take important role in the hungarian army. The mongolian army also contained a lot of cumaninan soldier and therefore they became suspicious in the eye of the hungarians and two leaders of them were charged with espionage and executed in Buda. The news of the execution spread across the cumanians and they left the country and Hungary before the decisive battle.
The battle :
Althoug the mongols won the battle they suffered a pyrrhic victory. The mongols suffered very heavy casualities and they never met kind of resistance before. The khan guard commander Bakatu and his 30 man also died. According to a chinese almanac the khan considered the withraw but the emergeing of Subutai and the found swallows on the Sajo river saved the situation. Despite the mongols encircled the hungarian army the battle hold for a complete day.
According to the persian histographer Ata-Malek Juvayni the mongols burned the wagons and captured the king’s wagon but the battle still hold to next day evening. The templars also fight for the last man. It was a bloody battle for the mongolians not an easy one as historians used to refering it. Juvayni said: „ that was their gratest achievments and their toughest battle”.
The khan main goal to capture the hungarian king was also ruled out. After the battle the mongols acrossed the Danube but they couldn’t captured none of where stone walls standing like Pannonhalma, Győr..etc. many palces remained untouchable and the resistance of the hungarians were everywhere in the country.
Ögödej's death wasn't the main reason of the pullout of the mongolian army. The main reason was the mongolian army suffered heavy casualities during the hungarian campaign.
The hungarian army doesn’t completely destroyed because soon the hungarians beat Friedrick II. army and take back 3 counties from Austria. Hungary soon recovered. The news of the death of Ögödej could only arrive from the Far East only several months late, and on the other hand, the mongolian assembly only five years later choosed a new kahn.
Just only one year after the Mohi battle in 1242 Friderick II army attacked Hungary next to Bratislava (Pozsony), the hungarians beat them and take back 3 counties which belonged to Hungary before the mongolian invasion. The Kőszeg castle also taken back from Austria. In 1246 Friedrick army attacked again and they won, but Friedrick died on the battlefield... As I mentioned the hungarian king could have set up bigger army if the nobility would support the king. Despite many died but Hungary soon recovered, the second mongolian invasion was in 1285 (44 years later) when Hungary destroyed the mongolian army (The Golden Horde). This mongolian army was bigger then the first one. But King Laszlo could stabilize the country before the invasion not like King Bela did.
(Nobody doubted the mongolian credit in the first invasion they were great warriors and strategists. They reached a famous victory. But they suffered heavy casualities it wasn't an easy battle for them as used mention that, and this affected the further mongolian plans not the death of the Kahn)
+ John of Plano Carpini, History of the Mongols - The exact losses the Mongols took at Mohi are unknown, though were known to be considerable; Carpini witnessed a large cemetery in Russia exclusively for the Mongol troops killed in the campaign against Hungary, as he was told "many lost their lives there"
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
Really excellently done, sir.
57 years after Genghis Khan’s death the Mongol force attacking Hungary in 1285 was annihilated. a year later the Mongols were routed in Poland. the Mongols Never posed a serious threat to those countries or Europe again. what happened to the vaunted Mongol war machine? in 1368 after less than 100 years of occupation the Chinese were able to drive the Mongols out of their country. had the Mongols forgotten how to fight in that century? i believe the Mongol war machine is vastly overrated. when face with competent opponents they didn't fare that well. it seldom seems acknowledge that the Mongol hordes were more like the Einsatzgruppen Nazi death squads than a regular army. most of their victims were unarmed men. women and children not elite military units. the Mongols weren't fighting opposition forces across 100 mile fronts. there were a number of engagements with enemy troops but most the Mongol attacks were like the Rape of Nanking not Passchendaele or the Battle of Kursk. Subutai for being such a SUPER General was never able to conquer India or China! maybe because they had competent militaries?
we have to consider profound territorial over-reach as well. if centrally-planned governments/economies can rarely succeed for long periods of time in the past few centuries it sure seems that the Khanates set themselves up for a massive eventual headache.
ACTUALLY THE ROMAN EMPIRE IS OVERRATED , ITS A SHIT PUSSY EMPIRE
MAN IN RED still here fool?
we forget that before genghis there was another terror called the Huns. they were the first eurasian nomads to invade europe.
They made it far enough into Europe to make my grandmothers eyes black.
So you have some Mongol ancestry?
Ofc, all mongols have black eyes
Those bastards! They beat up your poor old granny?
Great job on this video.
Watch out for The Hu band. They're coming your way today.
Love when historical takes aren’t black and white. There are always several reasons for major events happening or not happening.
"To progress into Europe, we must first defeat Hungary. Hungary possesses one of the most formidable cavlaries in all of Eastern Europe. Not only are they clad in full European armor, but their horses are cousins of our own, having been imported along the trade routes."
-Age Of Empires II: The Age Of Kings, Final Mission in the Genghis Khan campaign.
yes i too playedd it .
First time I hear this part of the history in detail. Thank you Professor. What about some history of Slavic people move, in the 6-th century (?), into Central Europe and the Balkans. Also arrival of Magyars into Panonian (Hungarian) Plains. Thank you. A Slavic Canadian.
Genetics tell us that part of the hun were Mongol in origin the so called Mongol spot exist in random villages in France and Switzerland were stragglers from Attila's army are believed to have found refuge after his defeat at chalons! A famous birthmark all the way on the other side of the planet from it just imagine that !
Very cool video. I have seen many documentaries on this subject, yet I learned some new stuff...very cool. I lived in Mongolia in 2014 for three months, my ex-wife (we are still good friends) if from there and moved back. Proud people, good heart'd people....very cold...Ulaanbaatar is the coldest capital in the world.
Why is it everyone suddenly claim that they defeated Mongols? 8 centuries later...
That is because the Mongols was not invincible.
Does anyone know how large the Mongol army was? Millions? Also, I envy your job. I wish I could travel historic places like you.
Millions? No bro. The enemies of mongolians were always outnumbered them. Mongolians were very few but conquered very many
Standard division was 7000 men. Most armies never numbered more than 5 divisions. They did use a lot of auxillaries though. Chinese in China. Georgians and Armenians in the Middle East. Tartars in Central Asia
Invasion is much easier then occupation
Are you talking about Iraq?
The Mongols were nomads :-)
Excellent account , well presented
When they came to EU, the found that there are nothing in EU worth to fight for. Oh wait, they forgot about the blond ladies existing there... Lol
Well they have Russian blondes in their bed
The Mongols were uninterested in Western Europe due to the then raging Bubonic plague.
This is first time I heard that an army which conquered Russian winter has been stopped by central European winter ?? What saved Europe and by the way also China and Muslim states was simply the fact Mongols have lost focus and command of situation due to their inner quarrels over who inherits what after successions pf power.
Looking back when the Huns first road into Europe under Attila the Hun, Europe was being conquered by the Roman's, all of Europe would have been conquered, if the Celtic and Slavic and Nordic tribe's of Northern Europe didn't fight back from time to time, you see all the southern European Slavic and Celtic people were all conquered already by the Roman's for four hundred years, until the huns came, Spartacus was a tracian from Bulgaria and he was blonde haired, samotracia, and Alexander the great was a blonde, from Macedonia, and their were also the Ilyrians, Dalmatians, and the Gauls of the northern part of Italy, Celtics even lived in Poland with Slavic tribe's and in Germany with Slavic tribe's and Nordic tribe's and in France as well, Legnica, a city in Poland long ago was all Celtic, besides other parts of Poland, here lived, Celtic, Slavic, Nordic, tribe's and through out all of Northern Europe to France, Holand, England, Scotland, Ireland, and when Attila the Hun came to Europe he tried to Unit the Celtic and Slavic and Nordic tribe's as Vikings, cause he was the Vikings forefather, and persuaded the people of Europe to fight back for their freedom!
Very nice of explanation man.
Why you call Moscovia as Russia? Russia was a name used since the rule of Peter 1
Ruthenia, Moscow was barely a city then
@@bogdanbogdanoff5164
Moscovia is not moscow, dear
Google more
I COULDN'T BELIEVE IT!
A video with no irritant and distracting "music" in the background!
I could hear every word distinctly and it was a joy to watch!
And its content educational!
All video makers should learn from this video maker!
Buddy Silver I recently became so enthralled in Ghangis Khans Strategic War Skills... I’m an indigenous Woman from the States.
@@stephallan2543 No you're not. you are White. Real indigenous people of america looked like Mongols.siberians. Not the mixed Children of white invaders from 1500s
@@porkycrap4195 that sounds a little racist labeling somebody as white
@@porkycrap4195 She literally said she is a Indeginous Woman from the Us , she is not White unless you count Indeginous Americans are White LOL
Great stuff. Feeding my Military History craving.👏
I always joked with my wife that she probably has mongal blood in her family (Hungarian).
Now I can show her !!!!
Super unlikely
😀
I can't find any record of what the combat was like as the Mongols proceeded deeper into the old growth forests and riverine/mountainous regions of Europe. My guess is that they suffered some pretty horrendous casualties as they came up against stiffening resistance, more castles and fortressess, primitive tracks and dwindling grazing land for their horse based armies. Plus, the winter. I know they were used to winter, but on the open plains, rather than in the above mentioned conditions. At this time, Europe was very heavily defended against its own various warlords. Any outside force would have had a difficult time of it. Perhaps they left for the election, but planned to return, but never did due to the cost?
The mongols were never pushed out of Europe, as is erroneously thought by many. Nor did they ever invade Northern Italy but their soldiers could be seen on its borders. Their Khan died back home (according to the Secret History of the Mongols, angry Chinese spirits caused illness in the Khan, and a member of the royal household had to be sacrificed) so the Mongol war machine pulled back. They actually obliterated any European armies sent against it (the largest fielded since Roman times-perhaps as many as 150,000), as the Europeans were great individual warriors, but a disorganized motley crew when trying to fight as a unit, unlike the highly organized and disciplined Mongols (with incredible riding/shooting skills-massive strength being required to pull those bows and fire so many arrows; maybe 12 a minute). They would have probably rolled over all opposition all the way to the Atlantic.
Their rapid attack strategies from multiple directions would be studied by European strategists and would not be seen used in such a large scale until the blitzkriegs of the 20th century. Mongols fought on multiple simultaneous fronts; they fought Teutonic Knights at one end of their empire, and Samurai on another, both of whom knew nothing of the other's existence.
The Mamelukes of Egypt were able to defeat a token Mongol army, but again the mongol khan died and infighting between the mongol ruler of Bagdad and that of the Golden Horn began (one favoring Christianity, the other Islam). Had that not been the case and the mongols brought their full force there is not much question they would have been able to blow through Egypt and North Africa all the way to the Straits of Gibraltar.
The empire of Genghis may have lasted a couple of generations, but it's surrogates lasted centuries, from Persia, Northern India, and China, to Eastern Europe/Russia and Central Asia.
Hare Krishna
What is recorded in the Mongols' annals would be: Guyuk was recalled to Mongolia by his father twice, the first time over dispute with Batu after the conquest of the Allans, and the second recall happened late 1240, which was an order specifically stating that Guyuk end the war in Europe and return. Ogodei was ill and that's why the order was issued. This order could be received by Guyuk any time in 1241 and before Batu crossed the Danube.
Wow really like your video
Golden horde convert to Islam, and at war with hulagu
Thank you for that content very concise and informative and put a lot of perspective , I had heard that it could of been the changing climate but if the Huns were anything to go by politcal intrigue can destroy an empire and if the right time and right person make an empire flourish.