i just like that you are drawing things out and explaining them, rather than pointing to an unmoving ppt presentation thats been molding around for years and years
Your teaching skills are AMAZING!! Very unlike my own professor... I seriously learn better from you than from sitting in class where a teacher reads slides! Step by Step drawings and words are an enormously effective technique!
This is absolutely amazing! you saved another medical student trying to connect the dots of the immune system! Good luck with everything, these videos are so so helpful :)
" I am a virus, I am a virus making maching, you better kill me!" This is great! If only my instructor made her lectures like this! Thanks for being a lifesaver!!
"So the big picture is, if you want to just take 20000 feet." HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA gotta love this guy! He always makes me day studying MCAT less shitty
i can finally understand! my group spent so many hours trying to understand what the heck was going on, this simplifies it so much that i can teach it to them now :D
Great audio presentation! Best I've watched. But, You should start with a page that already has the cells drawn. Then, as you describe or define, you can label that specific cell and draw the specific receptor involved.
I have a question...when you say the DNA gets shuffled around...do you refer to the post transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA (exon splicing combination's)? Because I don't think DNA can do that. THANKS Great video btw!!
I have been following your videos for a while, and omg every time I am in a topic, I am so amazed by you detailing and explaining skills. Khan academy is undoubtedly doing a great job of teaching people the basics of science.
Mr. Salman I wish if you were my teacher, i'm currently in basic immunity course at collage and the doc make it boring and not understandable I'm glad that i found your channel, you helped me a lot and made it more interesting to study :) Thank you so much for your efforts
In the case of HIV infection, where CD4 T helper cell is infected with virus, do the MHC I of CD4 present HIV fragments, and consequently get destroyed by CD8 cytotoxic effector cells?
@Zturn RBCs don't have nuclei nor any organelles like ER or mitochondria. So they don't have an MHC I. But they get degraded in the spleen every ~120 days
Thank you so so so much! I didn't understand a word of what they talked about at uni and now I get it. Well, at least the basics, but that's more than I ever thought I'd understand. (Especially with a teacher with a strong accent). Thank you! You're awesome! :)
7:29 Doesn't the T- cytotoxic cell need some kind of a second signal as the T-Helper cells do? The CD28 with B7? My point is: is it normal for T-cytotoxic cells to be activated from normal cells, or do they have to be activated from professional antigen presenting cells?
Im trying to find in your video a reference to APC licensing but can't :( Its where T helper cells bind to a dendritic cell via the mhc class 2 and cd4+, (as well as cd40-40L) and then allow the dendritic cell to express the processed peptides on the surface of their MHC 1, to allow the recruitment of cytotoxic cd8+ t cells?
You do an amazing job explaining this system! When I'm looking at my lecture notes it's harder to make these connections. Now I have a question... My professor has on his notes that the dendritic cells are the only cells that carry both MHC II and MHC I. You are also saying B cells have this quality?
+Kendra Martin All nucleated cells (essentially all cells minus erytrocites) have MHC I proteins; while only APCs have MHC II proteins, however since they are also nucleated cells they carry MHC I as well.
Thanks Kahn you do a great job and have a new sub here. I need a break after watching two of your videos, but I certainly look forward to coming back and learning more. Thanks again.
Thanks alot...This is great :) Although.. Neurons (Nerve cells) doesn't have MHC-I receptors on them. (?) Isn't that correct? But except for that one type of cells, all nucleated cells DO have MHC-I receptors..
@addycastro @addycastro B cells display both MHC 1 and MHC 2. the antigens are presented on MHC 2 because the antibodies coating the membrane of the Bcell have attached to a foreign particle. this particle is then engulfed, lysed and some of the protein debris is presented on the MHC2 on the outside of the cell so the Helper T cells can come and help produce antibodies. MHC1 complexes only have antigens presented on them when a foreign body enters the cell without being engulfed...
Thanks a lot , actually this is the only source I completely understood the process from .Thank you again . I have a question , please . Why Tc doesn't kill B or dintritic cells while B and dintitic cells have an MHC1 proteins , like other nucleated cells ?
Reason why Tcyto cell binds to MHC1 is beacuse Tcyto has cd8+ signal that has its complementary receptor on Mhc1 only, plus Cd8 cells binds only to the peptide having length 9-12 A.a, So the chances of binding Tcyto to Mhc2 is not possible, but Tcyto can recognize Mhc1 which is even present on the lympho cells as they are nucleated one ,and can kill them .
I really need to ask a question. Can your serum level of CD8 T cells be deficient in the blood but really high in the CNS at the same time? Or does the serum level reflect the general level in the body? Thanks!
Also, Thelper cell only recognize 12-18 peptide and has complemenatry receptor for Mhc2 only and they can't bind to Mhc 1 unless and untill there is a mutatio
thanks for all of your teaching but it is hard to know which is which and their orders it will be nice if u put numbers in so people knw which one to watch first it's like in the video when u say, ' ok following from the last video' I do not know which one u mean by 'LAST' thanks!
CD8 T cells have to be activated in the secondary lymph before migrating to the site of the infected cell. Correct? How are they activated-how would they know to move?? plz answer quickly, Ive watched so many of these videos and everyone skips this step. Do: *macrophages or other APC pick up antigens from the damaged/viral/cancerous host cell and present them to CD8 cytotoxic tcells? *or, are the antigens from damaged/viral/cancerous host cell and present them to CD4 teclls- which turn into CD4 helper - which activate CD8 cytotoxic tcells?
There is a nice review written by Jeffrey C. Nolz (2015) Molecular mechanisms of CD8+ T cell trafficking and localization. 72(13):2461-2473. This review tells you everything you need to know about T-cells movement.
Excuse me but how can Tc go through to the direction of the cancer or infected cell if it stay only in the lymphoid follicle or does it travel around the circulation?
i just like that you are drawing things out and explaining them, rather than pointing to an unmoving ppt presentation thats been molding around for years and years
THIS IS THE BEST WAY OF TEACHING AS MY HEART SAYS
Your teaching skills are AMAZING!! Very unlike my own professor... I seriously learn better from you than from sitting in class where a teacher reads slides! Step by Step drawings and words are an enormously effective technique!
This is absolutely amazing! you saved another medical student trying to connect the dots of the immune system! Good luck with everything, these videos are so so helpful :)
you doctor yet
" I am a virus, I am a virus making maching, you better kill me!" This is great! If only my instructor made her lectures like this! Thanks for being a lifesaver!!
Been 10 yrs since you commented
"So the big picture is, if you want to just take 20000 feet." HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA gotta love this guy! He always makes me day studying MCAT less shitty
Love your videos. great idea using different colors and breaking it down with imagines. So much easier than reading a definition. Thanks!
i think i learn better watching these videos at 2x the speed lol
Same
Keeps you focused.
How can someone possibly dislike this??
Awesome teacher!
i'm so slow at understanding processes like this, thank you ! it was so easy for me to connect with this .
Thank you so much!!!! You helped me to get ready for the exam,
keep the good work! Greetings from Serbia!! Pozdrav iz Srbije!
After 20 years into medicine.. I start understanding immunity after watching your videos
I feel sorry for your patients
@@mustafaal-ghezi1757 😳
TH-cam just started doing that. It should be off now.
i can finally understand! my group spent so many hours trying to understand what the heck was going on, this simplifies it so much that i can teach it to them now :D
Lesson learned: Shady characters need to die.
4:58 In my immunology test tomorrow.
so these are what i've been learning in my lectures all this while!!thank you! u make my revision more enjoyable :))
I just learned everything I need to know in an hour....than in 5 lectures...Thank you!
Now to answer the professors ridiculous reaching questions!
Extreamly helpful!!!! I'm in med school and he explains it better than the book and/or the professors!!!!
I second the grammar video!
I really really love these videos. they help me tremendously.
What this guy does can't be done better. Unbelievable videos. The best! Thank you so much!
I am SUCH a visual learner! Thank you thank you thank you!!!
Hi how are you dear
dude you have the best video about the lymphocytes on youtube! thanks!
Great audio presentation!
Best I've watched. But,
You should start with a page that already has the cells drawn. Then, as you describe or define, you can label that specific cell and draw the specific receptor involved.
I have a question...when you say the DNA gets shuffled around...do you refer to the post transcriptional modifications of pre-mRNA (exon splicing combination's)?
Because I don't think DNA can do that. THANKS
Great video btw!!
This is better then Science Fiction!!!! Amazing! Thank you so much!
This guy explains stuff SO well
Entire semester of microbiology and came nowhere close to grasping it like I just did. Thank you
lol
I have been following your videos for a while, and omg every time I am in a topic, I am so amazed by you detailing and explaining skills. Khan academy is undoubtedly doing a great job of teaching people the basics of science.
Thanks so much
sweet!!! this helped a lot for my microbiology class I wish all the teachers were like you !
Incredible videos on cytotoxic and helper t cells, B cells.... These helped me understand more than the college classroom! Thank you!!!
Mr. Salman I wish if you were my teacher, i'm currently in basic immunity course at collage and the doc make it boring and not understandable
I'm glad that i found your channel, you helped me a lot and made it more interesting to study :)
Thank you so much for your efforts
10 minutes before my test and I finally understand this material
Best life sciences videos on you tube. Great logic of sequence!
amazing video thank you so much!
this is extremely helpful for MCAT
was never so clear about this before... thank u osm videao to learn
I have exams coming up, You have saved my ass!! (a grateful medical student)
This guy knows everything, he's the voice for organic chemistry and differential equations
this is pretty basic undergrad stuff. almost everyone with a bachelor's degree knows as much..
yes probably really simple stuff. Studying it in yr 11
thank you so much Khan Academy
In the case of HIV infection, where CD4 T helper cell is infected with virus, do the MHC I of CD4 present HIV fragments, and consequently get destroyed by CD8 cytotoxic effector cells?
i dream of becoming a doctor one day this helps so much and also i just saw this video
@Zturn
RBCs don't have nuclei nor any organelles like ER or mitochondria. So they don't have an MHC I.
But they get degraded in the spleen every ~120 days
you have made my life so much easier.. thank you. You are a legend!
Thank u so much for such helpful content
Thank you so so so much! I didn't understand a word of what they talked about at uni and now I get it. Well, at least the basics, but that's more than I ever thought I'd understand. (Especially with a teacher with a strong accent). Thank you! You're awesome! :)
7:29
Doesn't the T- cytotoxic cell need some kind of a second signal as the T-Helper cells do? The CD28 with B7? My point is: is it normal for T-cytotoxic cells to be activated from normal cells, or do they have to be activated from professional antigen presenting cells?
great job khan sahad
WOW. Great explanation. Now to time to youtube other things completely not about my final tomorrow.
great job khan sahad
kindly expand u r area of teaching by including medical sciences
this is so brilliant! ty for the upload!
This Video helped me So So Much 💯💯🙏I love your Videos because I always learn so much!!! Thank You🤗❤
no cytokines to activate CD8 T cells? just the MHC I ?
This is an amazing video and exactly what i wanted to know regarding the T cells. so thanks a lot for the pleasent lecture.
You really solved my problem with mhc1 and mhc11. Thanks.
Thank you so much for these videos Sal, you made me just a little bit smarter today. And you didn't bore me in the process. Big ups for that!! :D
Thank you very much for your helpful lessons! God bless you!
You are a gifted and brilliant teacher. thank you so much!!
Your vids are truly great.
But i'd like to add that thrombocytes are also not nucleated
fantastic video, finally understand, you're a legend
Shot, this is on the MCAT, I have to study good, I might need it later.
You are the best thing that has ever happened to me! Maybe now I'll pas A+P II
Seriously, good stuff. Now i have more hope for my finals. :)
I've never seen ads on his videos.
excellent! thank you!
Im trying to find in your video a reference to APC licensing but can't :( Its where T helper cells bind to a dendritic cell via the mhc class 2 and cd4+, (as well as cd40-40L) and then allow the dendritic cell to express the processed peptides on the surface of their MHC 1, to allow the recruitment of cytotoxic cd8+ t cells?
You do an amazing job explaining this system! When I'm looking at my lecture notes it's harder to make these connections. Now I have a question... My professor has on his notes that the dendritic cells are the only cells that carry both MHC II and MHC I. You are also saying B cells have this quality?
+Kendra Martin All nucleated cells (essentially all cells minus erytrocites) have MHC I proteins; while only APCs have MHC II proteins, however since they are also nucleated cells they carry MHC I as well.
I totally agree, there needs to be a Khan-uni degree
Thanks Kahn you do a great job and have a new sub here. I need a break after watching two of your videos, but I certainly look forward to coming back and learning more.
Thanks again.
I love his enthusiasm on all subjects 😂 teaching is his calling
im actually gonna have to agree ngl
Along with MHC IIs, Dendritic cells also have MHC I
Same with macrophages and B cells
Sphere--XL or KL-- for cell. SIDZPHERO= Sip this, carried drink-- cells and receptors-- nodes-- arteries-- vents-- caps. Rapido-- shaped organelles.
ah thankyou so much, so helpful you explain things so well! you're amazing :)
Thanks alot...This is great :) Although.. Neurons (Nerve cells) doesn't have MHC-I receptors on them. (?) Isn't that correct? But except for that one type of cells, all nucleated cells DO have MHC-I receptors..
thank u so much u have made my problem in mhc1 simpler.
thank you very much man its really easy and important better than our books
Science legend .
@addycastro @addycastro B cells display both MHC 1 and MHC 2. the antigens are presented on MHC 2 because the antibodies coating the membrane of the Bcell have attached to a foreign particle. this particle is then engulfed, lysed and some of the protein debris is presented on the MHC2 on the outside of the cell so the Helper T cells can come and help produce antibodies. MHC1 complexes only have antigens presented on them when a foreign body enters the cell without being engulfed...
Thanks a lot , actually this is the only source I completely understood the process from .Thank you again . I have a question , please . Why Tc doesn't kill B or dintritic cells while B and dintitic cells have an MHC1 proteins , like other nucleated cells ?
I think B and Dendritic cells have MHC II
your the best!!
Reason why Tcyto cell binds to MHC1 is beacuse Tcyto has cd8+ signal that has its complementary receptor on Mhc1 only, plus Cd8 cells binds only to the peptide having length 9-12 A.a, So the chances of binding Tcyto to Mhc2 is not possible, but Tcyto can recognize Mhc1 which is even present on the lympho cells as they are nucleated one ,and can kill them .
the awkward moment when you realise youre paying uni loads of fees to educate you, but the place you learn the most are free videos on the internet...
I really need to ask a question. Can your serum level of CD8 T cells be deficient in the blood but really high in the CNS at the same time? Or does the serum level reflect the general level in the body? Thanks!
Is there anyway we can thank you enough?
LOVE IT! GOD BLESS YOU!
Also, Thelper cell only recognize 12-18 peptide and has complemenatry receptor for Mhc2 only and they can't bind to Mhc 1 unless and untill there is a mutatio
thank you so much～now I manage to understand the whole process~~
much nice visuals, many help. so thank you
Love the T cells!!!
thanks for all of your teaching
but it is hard to know which is which and their orders
it will be nice if u put numbers in so people knw which one to watch first
it's like in the video when u say, ' ok following from the last video' I do not know which one u mean by 'LAST'
thanks!
hey shady guy!!
love these videos so much!!
thanx a lot!! :D
Man !!!You are tha MAN!!!!
I thought the T-cell receptors are degenerative which means they are not entirely specific and can bind to many antigens?
thank you so much !!!!
really helpful! thanks :)
CD8 T cells have to be activated in the secondary lymph before migrating to the site of the infected cell. Correct?
How are they activated-how would they know to move?? plz answer quickly, Ive watched so many of these videos and everyone skips this step.
Do:
*macrophages or other APC pick up antigens from the damaged/viral/cancerous host cell and present them to CD8 cytotoxic tcells?
*or, are the antigens from damaged/viral/cancerous host cell and present them to CD4 teclls- which turn into CD4 helper - which activate CD8 cytotoxic tcells?
There is a nice review written by Jeffrey C. Nolz (2015) Molecular mechanisms of CD8+ T cell trafficking and localization. 72(13):2461-2473.
This review tells you everything you need to know about T-cells movement.
awesomeeeee...i learn alot.
Excuse me but how can Tc go through to the direction of the cancer or infected cell if it stay only in the lymphoid follicle or does it travel around the circulation?
พิษณุพงษ์ เตชะอาภรณ์กุล probably due to the DAMPs released by the infected/stressed cells
@in2ennui "...sitting in class where a teacher reads slides! ..." sounds like one of my classes :p