💰Gold ETF vs Gold Funds | Which is More profitable investment? LLA GOLD Ep#3 Financial Advice

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 6 ก.ย. 2024

ความคิดเห็น • 335

  • @LabourLawAdvisor
    @LabourLawAdvisor  3 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    COURSES: labourlawadvisor.in/link/LPTI
    DEMAT ACCOUNT: link.labourlawadvisor.in/demat
    Kuvera App [code: LLAYT]: bit.ly/2Yeuhy2

  • @NicholasBall130
    @NicholasBall130 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +325

    Considering the current market uncertainty, it appears prudent to consider investing in gold or a gold ETF. I'm contemplating allocating over $300k for retirement purposes. While the potential for short-term gains in a bullish market is enticing, I recognize the importance of maintaining a long-term investment strategy.

    • @cowell621
      @cowell621 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Gold is seen as a safe bet during economic ups and downs. But investing in it can be tricky. Some people lose money because they don't understand how it works. So, it's wise to be careful. I suggest talking to a financial advisor who can help you figure out when to buy and sell.

    • @StacieBMui
      @StacieBMui 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Accurate asset allocation is crucial. Some use hedging or defensive assets in their portfolio for market downturns. Seeking financial advice is vital. This approach has kept me financially secure for over five years, with a return on investment of nearly $1 million.

    • @StocksWolf752
      @StocksWolf752 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      How can I participate in this? I sincerely aspire to establish a secure financial future and am eager to participate. Who is the driving force behind your success?

    • @StacieBMui
      @StacieBMui 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Sharon Lee Peoples is the licensed advisor I use. Just search the name. You’d find necessary details to work with to set up an appointment.

    • @lolitashaniel2342
      @lolitashaniel2342 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I just looked her up on the web and I would say she really has an impressive background in investing. I will write her an email shortly.

  • @thuylamson-z7t
    @thuylamson-z7t 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +109

    We Are in Unchartered Financial Waters! every day we encounter challenges that have become the new standard. Although we previously perceived it as a crisis, we now acknowledge it as the new normal and must adapt accordingly. Given the current economic difficulties that the country is experiencing in 2024, how can we enhance our earnings during this period of adjustment? I cannot let my $680,000 savings vanish after putting in so much effort to accumulate them.

    • @myrle-v4g
      @myrle-v4g 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Keeping some gold is usually a wise decision. You would be better off keeping away from equities for a bit or, even better, seeking advice from an expert given the current market conditions and everything that is at risk with the current economy.

    • @Daneilchirs
      @Daneilchirs 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You have a very valid point, I started investing on my own and for a long time, the market was really ripping me off. I decided to hire a CFA, even though I was skeptical at first, and I beat the market by more than 9%. I thought it was a fluke until it happened two years in a row, and so I’ve been sticking to investing via an analyst.

    • @mertie-l2f
      @mertie-l2f 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Could you possibly recommend a CFA you've consulted with?

    • @Daneilchirs
      @Daneilchirs 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      My CFA ’ANGELA LYNN SCHILLING’ , a renowned figure in her line of work. I recommend researching her credentials further. She has many years of experience and is a valuable resource for anyone looking to navigate the financial market.

    • @mertie-l2f
      @mertie-l2f 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      My CFA ’ANGELA LYNN SCHILLING’ , a renowned figure in her line of work. I recommend researching her credentials further. She has many years of experience and is a valuable resource for anyone looking to navigate the financial market.

  • @shubhamsarin9630
    @shubhamsarin9630 4 ปีที่แล้ว +159

    Buy gold when everyone is rushing to stocks

  • @saurabhgupta3550
    @saurabhgupta3550 4 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    I would go with Sovereign gold bond it's tax efficient and better return

  • @shivam00668
    @shivam00668 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    भाई etf मे लिक्विडिटी बिलकुल नहीं होती , टाइम पर बायर नहीं मिलते , इस कारण etf चाहे गोल्ड का हो या फंड का दूर ही रहना चाहिए , मैंने झेला हैंं तो बता रहा

  • @ashwatraja9692
    @ashwatraja9692 4 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    As per my experience would always recommend Gold funds!

  • @rahul4024
    @rahul4024 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Now you have ETF units of 0.01 gm.
    Meaning the minimum you can now buy is just 0.01gm which makes it a low cost option to invest as you can get 1 unit(0.01gm) for just 40 rupees(as of today)

  • @dhananjaymalhotra7854
    @dhananjaymalhotra7854 4 ปีที่แล้ว +29

    Sir, price of 1 gram gold today is over 5500, but almost all gold ETF's are trading between 4700 to 4800 rupees. What is the reason behind this price difference?

    • @ronnbhattacharya206
      @ronnbhattacharya206 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      If you are purchasing physically..then making charges + G.S.T charges also included with that price

    • @ArunKumar-jh4qe
      @ArunKumar-jh4qe 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Same question

    • @ArunKumar-jh4qe
      @ArunKumar-jh4qe 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@ronnbhattacharya206 thanks sir

    • @ronnbhattacharya206
      @ronnbhattacharya206 3 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@ArunKumar-jh4qe Welcome Mr. Arun.

    • @investments_360
      @investments_360 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Goldbees at just 44 rupees

  • @91kunalm
    @91kunalm 3 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Thanks Mandeep. This was a gold mine of information.
    One question: When we say that the expense ratio of HDFC Gold MF if 0.29%, it is over and above the ETF which the MF invests in right? So the overall cost of buying gold would be ~1.29% (~1% ETF expense ratio plus 0.29% MF expense ratio)

    • @anoopsolanki
      @anoopsolanki 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Yes, you end up paying more. It is better to invest directly in ETF to avoid the MF expense ration.

  • @koushikbhowmick8215
    @koushikbhowmick8215 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Future me Gold kharidne ke liye gold fund or ETF me nibes kar ke Long term capital gain me 24% tax dene se Accha,, Ek Accha midcap mutual fund me same amount sip karo, capital gain hone ke bad redeem karke gold kharidlo,,

  • @SharingMemoriesofLife
    @SharingMemoriesofLife 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Excellent and very comprehensive explanation within such a short period. Thanks a lot.

  • @amritaman8357
    @amritaman8357 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Doubt:
    Nam Gold fund invests 100% in GoldBees Nam Gold etf.
    Expanse Ratio:
    Nam GoldBees : 0.79%
    Nam gold fund : 0.1% even though it invests 100% of AUM in GoldBees
    Hdfc Gold etf : 1%
    Hdfc gold MF : 0.1% Again hdfc gold MF invests 100% AUM in Hdfc gold etf.
    Ideally Gold fund should charge their expanses+expanse of etf as they are investing in etf.
    This is not making sense to me. On the internet also every article says that gold fund charge more expanse ratio.
    Please help to understand !!

  • @gauravmaheshwari7196
    @gauravmaheshwari7196 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    You didnt cover the tpoic in the end of the video. Why is gold fund more liquid than gold ETF ? Please explain. Thanks ! :)

  • @ankitsaxsena23
    @ankitsaxsena23 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Mandeep bhaiya aap se bahut kuchh sikhne ko mil raha hai, bahut bahut dhanyawaad aap ka, aap yese hi mehent krte reheye taaki humlog full knowledge k sath investment kr paye again aap ko dil se dhanyawaad 🙏

  • @happy_sole3274
    @happy_sole3274 3 ปีที่แล้ว +13

    great content~ however you should have explain that per gram price of etf differs than market price per gram

  • @sounaksur8061
    @sounaksur8061 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Plz kuch achee gold fund ke nam boliyen jisme hum invest kar sake..aur is sal ka top 5 gold fund konse hain..is ke upar ek video banai e plz..

  • @pavan88061
    @pavan88061 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Hey sir I'm fan and viewer of your Channel. I have a request please help me, that how to invest or utilise actual gold which we keep at home or bank loacker (not asking about digital gold) how to make use of it?

  • @GagandeepSingh-op8mb
    @GagandeepSingh-op8mb หลายเดือนก่อน

    Buy gold etf and use any free smallcase to invest as SIP.

  • @100881anil
    @100881anil 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Digital gold is charged 6% together when bought and sold. But expense ratio is calculated per day generally. Are these two options comparable in that manner?

  • @vsnarkar
    @vsnarkar 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    It was nice video helpful to me. Value added video you and your team doing the work. According to me Gold mutual fund will be better now since gold price was on higher side...in order to minimise the burden of high price investment that will be reduce in Mutual fund through SIP.

  • @omdentalclinicanjar4291
    @omdentalclinicanjar4291 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    First of all it was a very good video sir indeed.. my question is about the whole mutual fund industry the question is... when we buy shares through any medium they charge us all the types of charges but when we see in some index or even gold etf the expense ratio is just .05-.25% so arent they charged with the type of chrges we pay??

  • @Yash-fz7kw
    @Yash-fz7kw 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Please explain more about tax 20% + 4%

  • @user-tk4hp4ob2n
    @user-tk4hp4ob2n ปีที่แล้ว

    Love love love LLA.....
    bahut videos dekhi pr samaj nahi aaya,,, ab jakar sahi video mila,,,, subscribed...thanks❤❤❤❤❤

  • @tusharmondal7671
    @tusharmondal7671 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir , one thing that i did not under stand is why nippon gold etf has expense ratio 0.82% but nippon gold savings fund has 0.1%

  • @abdulshaikh3465
    @abdulshaikh3465 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Goldbees aaj buy karke 15 din baad becha to expense ratio charge Kitna lagega ?

  • @prakashsamal7138
    @prakashsamal7138 4 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    Hii mandeep, I watch all ur video through ur channel, as a NRI I want to know various investment options for NRI .. could you please make some video on that..thank u

  • @kadar5694
    @kadar5694 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Only this One Vedio was enough to understand and take decision. Thnk U

  • @nagavarun
    @nagavarun 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very good explanation. Got clarity why Gold ETFs are better than online gold. Thank you.

  • @harshithamarathe6792
    @harshithamarathe6792 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very informative and concise. Even gave me directions regarding finding the right ETF/Gold fund.

  • @vjc8353
    @vjc8353 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Really very informative videos Mandeep! have shared this video with multiple folks and being a non native Hindi speaker , english sub titles really helped!

  • @anubratverma
    @anubratverma 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    You are not considering Sharpe ratio which us 1.50% for all & if u add with expense ratio....overall expense will be 2%+

  • @bm2627
    @bm2627 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir speed of speech is very good, don't take it negative.

  • @user-sk4gj3ji3o
    @user-sk4gj3ji3o 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I wonder if some have physical gold he is eligible for loan but if some one have 1 lakh gold etf or gold fund he is not eligible why? point number 2 brokerage charges ?

  • @chandninagar
    @chandninagar หลายเดือนก่อน

    LLA as always transforming how India invests ❤

  • @kishan_kp97
    @kishan_kp97 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Hello sir,
    Thank you for good advisable videos.
    I want to know, what if one wants to buy gold for future needs but don't want to spend whole amount of money at that perticular time. What are the different ways to save money/gold periodically for future bug gold needs, also want some tips about that.

  • @akshayme1850
    @akshayme1850 4 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Hum Ghar layenge Gold... through ETF😄

  • @avinashrai4448
    @avinashrai4448 4 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    What about Tata gold

  • @daksheshtalaviya
    @daksheshtalaviya 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Why Gold ETF price is cheaper than actual Gold price?

  • @upendramahajan7427
    @upendramahajan7427 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    👌👌good 1...but i ve majot Qn plz tell me- if etf volume kam ho ya buyer na mile to kya krey ' profit hone pr?????

  • @anandmehta6226
    @anandmehta6226 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Can u make one comprehensive video on ETF, Bond and SGB. Everything together then people will get wide range of options and their prons and cons....its a request

  • @rishavgupta2048
    @rishavgupta2048 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir Icici direct se gold bond lene ka tareeka bataiye saath mai negative points b bataiyega Icici demate se lene ka

  • @shankarbheema1168
    @shankarbheema1168 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    why nippon gold etf and axis gold etf prices are very low when compared with their peers, please explain is it good to start with these ETFs ?

  • @shrikantbadge3978
    @shrikantbadge3978 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    An honest and selfless channel. Two gentlemen. I support you. I will check the link.

  • @VishalSingh-dv2vg
    @VishalSingh-dv2vg 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Gold ETF is better.Telling by experience In emergency There is No exit load.and very easy To sell.

  • @PardeepRojla
    @PardeepRojla 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Me aapke channel pe 1st time aaya hu. Aapka video kafi helpful hai. Bhut achi knowledge hai aapki video me. Thx

  • @saurabhgoswami7396
    @saurabhgoswami7396 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Can u pls make a video regarding what % should be invest of the income and also what % should be invest in different different investments (types of investment like ppf/ssy/stock/mf/fd/gold) as u sd 10% we should invest in gold of our total investment. Thanks

  • @csshankar408
    @csshankar408 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Very nice and timely video. Thanks bhai.

  • @newmoviez4569
    @newmoviez4569 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Thank you sir for giving us suggest

  • @ankitchanpuria7176
    @ankitchanpuria7176 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Please compare difference in returns between the two modes of investment (gold etf, gold funds)

  • @pratik1523
    @pratik1523 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Sir Nippon India gold Mf Vs ICICI gold Mf
    Konasa achha hai ?

  • @BARIKNETWORK
    @BARIKNETWORK 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Gold funds vs SGB gold which is best for investing ?

    • @aparichitambi9251
      @aparichitambi9251 8 หลายเดือนก่อน

      SGB are for 8yr period however you can exit after 5yrs unlike gold funds where there is no lock-in period

  • @patilrahulr11
    @patilrahulr11 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thanks for vide for ETF vs GOLD Fund, just need opinion about SGB

  • @shaikhfiroz9967
    @shaikhfiroz9967 11 หลายเดือนก่อน

    एक ही समय मे
    Nipponsilver, axisilver,icici,me rateअलग अलग क्यो होते,जैसे Nipponsilver me 70, axisilver72, icici 72.
    Kiya Kam volume wale silver etf me पैसा सेफ है,या बेचने मे कोई परेशानी हो सकती है।

  • @therudra999
    @therudra999 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    By using Smallcase U can use sip

  • @jyotishukla5824
    @jyotishukla5824 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    How to order physical gold from gold etf. Kindly explain LLA

  • @aparnakulkarni2596
    @aparnakulkarni2596 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thanks for the useful information sir 🙏🙏🙏😊

  • @sandeepaggarwal8491
    @sandeepaggarwal8491 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    hello sir....great informative video.....Daily Equity Mutual fund NAV is decided by closing price at 3:30 pm. Request to please highlight the method of calculation of NAVs of Silver and Gold mutual funds whether these are calculated at days closing price of Indian commodity market OR something else....Thanks and Regards

  • @andryvu2490
    @andryvu2490 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    What happens with the sovereign gold bond if I close the bank account through which it was issued?

  • @inasciofernandes6485
    @inasciofernandes6485 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very well explained Mandeep!!!
    Gold etf ka confusion clear ho gaya.
    I have an account with zerodha but my father has an account with angel broking, will angel broking charge brokerage if my father purchases gold etf from them ?

  • @nifty_ath6105
    @nifty_ath6105 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Please make a detailed video on SGB's available in zerodha, Why different SGB's are available at discounted price? also when they are available why anyone will buy the newly issued SGB's by RBI?

  • @Aaryan_gamefan
    @Aaryan_gamefan 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am investing in Quantum gold saving fund where expenses ratio is just 0.16 and no exit load

  • @nandlalshah2211
    @nandlalshah2211 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    VERY Good 👍 investment Guidelines. Growth is GOOD IDENTITY of GOOD development.
    Thank you Sir 👍.

  • @sourabhshrivas2925
    @sourabhshrivas2925 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Mandeep dadu golden boy really good.

  • @sumankundu405
    @sumankundu405 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Sir good bees me liquidity kaisa rehta hai? I m 32 yrs old,,, should I invest in gold bees?

  • @navneetsaini6698
    @navneetsaini6698 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks alot sir I just love your videos they are short and to the point good job paaji 👍👍👍👍👌👌

  • @ramkshetty
    @ramkshetty หลายเดือนก่อน

    thr is GOLDETF and GOLDBEES in Zerodha. What is the difference ?

  • @FawadZakai
    @FawadZakai 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thank you sir!

  • @shubhamsrivastava5630
    @shubhamsrivastava5630 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Gold mutual fund me investment and withdrawal ka sahi time kaise decide kare?

  • @GurmeetSingh-os4ir
    @GurmeetSingh-os4ir 4 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very Informative as compared to other videos.

  • @ferocious383
    @ferocious383 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Nice & Valuable Info Thanx

  • @SAMBHOG_SE_SAMADHI_KI_OOR
    @SAMBHOG_SE_SAMADHI_KI_OOR 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    dear mandeep thanks itni achi information dene ke liye,

  • @sumitagarwal2335
    @sumitagarwal2335 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Hi Mandeep, Thank you for such informative video. I have one doubt. we learned that ETF charges expense ratio. however mutual fund scheme also invest in ETF so did they also get charged for ETF expense ratios as well?? and on top of that are we also get charged for mutual fund expense ratios?? if yes then we are getting double charges right?

    • @kamalajar5075
      @kamalajar5075 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yes. Like when we invest in international mutual funds called fund of funds - we pay 2 expense rations, one for the local mutual fund, another one for the foreign fund. It is generally perceived that ETFs will have much less expense rations than mutual funds.

  • @rajroy5764
    @rajroy5764 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Waiting for Franchise analysis episodes 🤗🤗

  • @abinashtalukdar2008
    @abinashtalukdar2008 7 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Mandip Sir can u please give some info about TATA Gold & Silver ETF ! WHY Tata silver and gold ETF prices are so low ?? Why sir

  • @ranvirphilips4306
    @ranvirphilips4306 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hello bro ur video is very use full gor bigeners like me but video is very informative and good.
    But till now I am confused to take etf and gidi gold and really I couldn't under stand of these products actually. But good video.

  • @chandanisaruparia6410
    @chandanisaruparia6410 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Suggest best gold mutual fund. Can we invest directly as we do in mutual fund without any mutual funds app

  • @tinzinsaha8138
    @tinzinsaha8138 ปีที่แล้ว

    Hi,
    Please share taxation angle when buying from secondary market. for example. if we buy an SGB which is maturing in 2 years. As per understanding, it should be 0% capital gains tax as am holding till maturity (8 years of the bond). However my actual holding period is 2 years (less than 36 months so will it trigger short term tax).

  • @surendrachoudhary6580
    @surendrachoudhary6580 ปีที่แล้ว

    hello sir, please make a video on silver investment through what is better physical or silver etf. and which is best silver etf

  • @songoku-jx3cb
    @songoku-jx3cb 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sip can be done in etf through smallcase

  • @anitarawat36
    @anitarawat36 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Really good sir....ur vidios verY helpful

  • @kamrankaifi6707
    @kamrankaifi6707 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Don't you think LTCG tax rates are high for etfs and funds. What is the tax rate for gains in digital gold? Does it fall in our income tax bracket?

  • @shaiksiraj9902
    @shaiksiraj9902 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Please add subtitles bro...

  • @kcl1277
    @kcl1277 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Agar ETF me 3 saal tek itna invest karke tex lagega to fir munafa kya hoga?

  • @zees9669
    @zees9669 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    *THANKS BHAI.*

  • @aky97
    @aky97 ปีที่แล้ว

    You can do SIP in gold etf via smallcase

  • @harneetkour4534
    @harneetkour4534 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir digital gold n gold ETF n gold bonds mei kya difference h n kaise in gold ki value ko calculate kr skte h 🤔🤔plz btaye
    Mein new hu n kis gold mei invest Krna shi h ja kistra value ko calculate kr profit n loss or return ki expectation kr skte h 🤔🤔 aur kya hum jeh dono way se grow app ke dwara investment kr skte h agr hn toh kaise tell hw to invest or buy n sell gold ETF n gold bonds in grow app 🙏

  • @harikeval8484
    @harikeval8484 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Sir Thanks a ton for sharing awesome gyaan... But 1 question hai... Agar (paytm)digital gold ko main 10 ya 15 baad sell ki wajah delivery karvayunga kya tab bhi 20+4% tax lagega... Plz plz guide me...

  • @samkale8226
    @samkale8226 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Sahi yai sir

  • @rjyvcollections6288
    @rjyvcollections6288 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your information is valuable like gold

  • @jbktechn2735
    @jbktechn2735 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Best ever knowledge wala channel 👍🙏

  • @user-nw7kv6hi4y
    @user-nw7kv6hi4y 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    जानकारी देने के लिए धन्यवाद 🙏

  • @hpisonlin
    @hpisonlin 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Superb Information AS LiKe Always...

  • @tapsperfection2700
    @tapsperfection2700 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Ab to btado
    How to buy amazon shares
    ?????🙏🙏🙏🙏

  • @QGINDIA
    @QGINDIA 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    thank you for your valuable information ❤

  • @versatilevasant2071
    @versatilevasant2071 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thank you Sir very well explained

  • @mayankbansal6086
    @mayankbansal6086 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What is the delivery chages of physical gold

  • @ashishtp2201
    @ashishtp2201 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Pls make a video about investing in bonds directly

  • @quaser15
    @quaser15 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Thanks clarified my doubts.

  • @A-Random-Person-Alive
    @A-Random-Person-Alive 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    Please make video illustrating disadvantages of copy trading.