Synthetic Polymers | Introduction to Polymer Chemistry | Organic Chemistry by Janice Smith

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In this video, we will study Synthetic Polymers (Introduction to Polymer Chemistry) from Chapter 30 of the book: Organic Chemistry by Janice Smith.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a synthetic polymer formed by the reaction of ethylene
glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) and terephthalic acid. Because PET is lightweight and impervious to
air and moisture, it is commonly used for transparent soft drink containers. PET is also used to
produce synthetic fi bers, sold under the trade name of Dacron. Of the six most common synthetic polymers, PET is the most easily recycled, in part because beverage bottles that bear the
recycling code “1” are composed almost entirely of PET. Recycled polyethylene terephthalate
is used for fl eece clothing and carpeting. In Chapter 30, we learn about the preparation and
properties of synthetic polymers like polyethylene terephthalate.
Chapter 30 discusses polymers, large organic molecules composed of repeating units-
called monomers-that are covalently bonded together. Polymers occur naturally, as in the polysaccharides and proteins of Chapters 27 and 28, respectively, or they are synthesized in the laboratory.
This chapter concentrates on synthetic polymers, and expands on the material already presented in Chapters 15 and 22. Thousands of synthetic polymers have now been prepared. While
some exhibit properties that mimic naturally occurring compounds, many others have unique
properties. Although all polymers are large molecules, the size and branching of the polymer
chain and the identity of the functional groups all contribute to determining an individual polymer’s properties, thus making it suited for a particular product.
30.1 Introduction
Synthetic polymers are perhaps more vital to the fabric of modern society than any other group
of compounds prepared in the laboratory. Nylon backpacks and polyester clothing, car bumpers
and CD cases, milk jugs and grocery bags, artifi cial heart valves and condoms-all these products and innumerable others are made of synthetic polymers. Since 1976, the U.S. production of synthetic polymers has exceeded its steel production. Figure 30.1 illustrates several consumer
products and the polymers from which they are made. Synthetic polymers can be classifi ed as chain-growth or step-growth polymers.
Chain-growth polymers, also called addition polymers, are prepared by chain reactions. These compounds are formed by adding monomers to the growing end of a polymer
chain. The conversion of vinyl chloride to poly(vinyl chloride) is an example of chaingrowth polymerization. These reactions were introduced in Section 15.14.
Step-growth polymers, also called condensation polymers, are formed when monomers containing two functional groups come together and lose a small molecule such
as H2O or HCl. In this method, any two reactive molecules can combine, so the monomer
is not necessarily added to the end of a growing chain. Step-growth polymerization is used
to prepare polyamides and polyesters, as discussed in Section 22.16.
A polymer is a large organic molecule composed of repeating units-called monomers-that are covalently bonded together. The word polymer is derived from the Greek words poly + meros meaning “many parts.” Polymerization is the joining together of monomers to make polymers.
30.2 Chain-Growth Polymers-Addition Polymers
Chain-growth polymerization is a chain reaction that converts an organic starting material,
usually an alkene, to a polymer via a reactive intermediate-a radical, cation, or anion.
30.2A Radical Polymerization
Radical polymerization of alkenes was fi rst discussed in Section 15.14, and is included here to
emphasize its relationship to other methods of chain-growth polymerization. The initiator is
often a peroxy radical (RO·), formed by cleavage of the weak O - O bond in an organic peroxide,
ROOR. Mechanism 30.1 is written with styrene (CH2 --CHPh) as the starting material.
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