Meta-Materials: Invisibility Cloaks, Superlenses, And Earthquake Protection
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 16 มิ.ย. 2024
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Metamaterials are the next technological stage “after” materials. It’s a research area that has progressed incredibly quickly in the past decade, and that includes superlenses, invisibility cloaks, earthquake protection, and also chocolate. Yes, chocolate. What are metamaterials, and what are they good for? That’s what we’ll talk about today.
The 2000 PRL from Pendry is here
journals.aps.org/prl/abstract...
Aaron Danner's raytracing paper is here:
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc...
The paper from Lee et al about the first superlens is this:
link.springer.com/article/10....
The paper about the hyperlens is here:
www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
The infrared invisibility cloak that hides the mouse is here:
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/e...
The video from Hyperstealth Corp is here:
• Hyperstealth Invisibil...
The paper about magnetic metamaterials to improve wireless power transfer is here:
www.nature.com/articles/srep0...
The paper about the acoustic directional reflector is this:
journals.aps.org/prmaterials/...
The paper for hiding from ultrasound underwater is here:
arxiv.org/abs/1009.3310
The paper about the acoustic invisibility cloak is this:
www.nature.com/articles/nmat3901
The two papers about earthquake protection are those:
ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/...
www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
And the paper about meta-chocolate is here:
pubs.rsc.org/en/content/artic...
00:00 What are Metamaterials?
01:38 Negative Refraction and Superlenses
08:24 Invisibility Shields
11:58 Phononic Crystals
14:00 Earthquake Protection
16:25 Meta-Chocolate
17:12 Sponsor Message
#science #technology #metamaterials
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Many thanks to Jordi Busqué for helping with this video jordibusque.com/ - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
When you wrapped the foam around your face and suggested it as a way to "drastically improve your experience of the world". I can always count on you making me smile at least once throughout your videos. 👍 Thank you!
More subtle, the holes in the foam reminding her of cheese - as many things seem to do!
Ive tested it, it dramaticly Increases the experience of some youtube videos
I believe this is the only known way to avoid news about the Royal family at the moment
Its even better if you can just get everyone else to wear one
@@kasroa Why, what's happened....?
Not many people know this, but Sabine's sense of humour is actually made from a cutting-edge hyper-hydrophobic metamaterial.
Lol 😆
A Bond martini, stirred.
Her sense of humor is also oleophobic.
A rabid sense of humour?
I believe it
Sabine, Thank you for providing "humor in science" along with the education.
So true!
You are one of my favourite science communicators, full stop! No nonsense, serious business… with a sprinkle of joviality. Thank you Sabine, you rock! 🎉
Apart from that one video where she talks about how capitalism is good :D
I literally just finished the videos on wireless power and 5g, where Sabine asks if we wanted to know more about meta-materials, and thought to myself, "yes please."
This video was just in time. 😄
Thanks for sharing all this knowledge, it's greatly appreciated. ✌️💙
How soon will we have a video on meta-non-materials?
@@scoreprinceton It accompanied
@@garcoleuphrates4734 No wonder I missed it!!
I've only recently discovered your channel, but the way you combine interesting science with a great way of talking makes me really happy.
Thank you... I have tried to explain to friends where the word "metaphysics" came from, but they don't believe me. They want to believe it means something like "better than physics" or "more important" or "transcendent over". My undergrad metaphysics prof thought this idea was funny and treated the truth like an inside joke. What it means is "the book that came after we compiled the book on physics", because there wasn't a more formal name for the topic yet.
I once had a cat that had a litter of seven kittens. One of them ended up named "the other cat", or O.C. for short, just because we didn't know she existed until a few hours after the first six were born.
This is an incredibly naive and impoverished understanding of what we mean by metaphysics. It is shocking how many otherwise intelligent people are afflicted with a sort of cognitive scotoma with respect to categories such as the metaphysical. Naïve positivism at this stage of human intellectual development is an embarrassment, like the time Hawking committed 12 or so basic logical fallacies in the first few pages of one of his books.
@@csmac3144a The idea of metaphysics and the nature of existence is generally too esoteric for people outside of the interested communities to want to spend much time thinking about.
It's naive, but that's all it *could* be, because people are people.
An important application: I read that a metamaterial 'Lens ' for ultrasound could make ultrasound check images four times sharper, for the benefit of expectant mothers worrying about the fetus.
I imagine it would also make ultrasounds more useful for other diagnostic purposes as well. On several occasions I've been given an ultrasound which detects some mass is present, but can't get any clearer detail and needs additional imaging. So it'd be even more good news all around
I’m still waiting for the invisibility cloak I ordered from an advertisement at the back of a comic book in June of 1968.
Perhaps it will come in the same delivery as my Sea Monkey order.
I love your humor. Well timed and also very informative and insightful knowledge in between. I'm so glad I found your channel. Thank you for making science not only accessible but also entertaining.
I always enjoy your videos, the topics are typically interesting and well presented.
Dr. Hossenfelder, if you ever decide to give up on physics, I really think you'd have a great career as a stand up comic. You're very funny, and your ultra serious delivery makes it so much funnier!
German humor is no laughing matter!
That was a really great intro to Meta-Materials, perfect balance of digestible information and humor. It will be interesting to see what we get when and if some entrepreneur gets their eureka moment.
I love Sabine, her cute German sense of humor, her intelligence is up there with all the great minds, and her ability to entertain while teaching is so refreshing to watch;
".. it's not what a fish is supposed to do." Love it. Thank you.
❤️ you Sabine! Never lose your sense of humor!
A really cool presentation...there is so much going on in this world that we don't understand, it is fun to get a quick glimpse
LOVE you pr approach to humour in science. You’re perfect omg
Would it be possible to use an accoustic invisibility cloak to significantly reduce the sound of ships' motors without impacting the ships' ability to travel?
Because honestly that does sound like something incredibly useful: Since sounds travel far farther in water than in air, noisy ships have become a huge problem to marine life.
(I suspect it'd also be useful for covert military application, but honestly, if it's possible at all, it should kinda be a standard feature of boats in the future. This sound pollution is a rather big deal)
In fact, "hiding from dolphins" is exactly what this would be for: Whale songs have changed to far higher pitched just to be able to hear each other over the constant drone of large ships.
I love your videos and your sense of humor. I especially like that I believe that some folks don't even know when you are being funny. I watch and smile and enjoy that the world has people like you.
Love you! Keep it going, Thanks for your amazing perspective! I also like the script was written, so praise the writers. And the editing.
I always look forward to Sabine’s take on things.
Thank you so much for this beautiful video! Really eye opening !
Love this video. Thank you Sabine! This was very informative 👏. Earthquakes wow!
What an interesting theme. Thanks for the introduction.
Danke Sabine, your videos are always great!
Excellent video. Thank you for sharing!
I just came from your newest video. I must say I’m so excited for the future of meta material
I love Sabine's deadpan, snarky interjections.
Hello Sabine.Your videos really helped me during certain tough times in my life and one of your notifications saved me from suicide.Thank you.
@Arbane's Sword of Agility Your god and your religion are the things that made me depressed twice during childhood and I don't need them anymore.(Btw the notification thing was 6 months ago,I am doing a lot better now)
I'm sorry about your difficulties. I understand the situation well. Please take good care of yourself.
@@SabineHossenfelder Thank you.I will
@Arbane's Sword of Agility Orthodox christianity,gnosticism and new age religions.Tried all of them during my early childhood years and they didn't help me at all.
@Arbane's Sword of Agility I have.Things are slowly getting better for me.I still have social anxiety,body dysmorphia and rumination but it has been better than usual.
Metaphysics is, for all practical purposes, a branch of philosophy.
The study of metamaterials must therefore be the quest for the material a philosopher stone is built from.
A similar material with a negative refractive index was referred in a paper from Isaac Asimov, the thiotimoline. Thiotimoline had a negative solubility time...
Ah yes, "The Endochronic Properties of Resublimated Thiotimoline". After creating endochronic polymers, it became possible to use the endochronicity to counter the effects of relativistic time dilation in space flight. (Yes, THAT guy again.) cf "Thiotimoline to the Stars".
@@kensho123456
You do get that they are mostly just referencing a trope from a scifi book, don't you ?
@@kensho123456
No problems, but I strongly advise trying some book scifi, it usually takes interesting science concepts much more seriously than the likes of Star Trek and Star Wars.
I could listen to you explain the world around us for hundreds of years!
Grossartige Fähigkeit bei Sabine : Great ability to make science accessible to people ! That’s really wonderful ! Toll
You had me at meta-chocolate!
I've always had an idea for a large sculpture (not a sculptor, just an idea I have) where the sculpture is ringed by a series of transparent pillars with various angles of refraction across their surfaces. It would allow the figure to face you from different directions- sort of a more complex version of the Mona Lisa eyes, and then to appear different when you go inside the circle of pillars. (Some of the techniques from sculptures that only line up into an image from one direction might be involved too).
Sabine's dry humor never fails to tickle. Thank you!
New material science for the engineers to master. This was something I had never heard of. Many thanks for imparting this new bit of knowledge.
I love you Sabine! And I love listening to your videos. Even the old ones.
🔝🔝-ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀᴄᴛ ᴍᴀx ᴛʜᴏᴍᴘsᴏɴ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛʟʏ ғᴏʀ ᴀ ʙᴜsɪɴᴇss ғɪɴᴀɴᴄɪᴀʟ ɪɴᴠᴇsᴛᴍᴇɴᴛ☝️☝️**
A selfie camera permanently attached to one's face. What a brilliant idea.
This is my current field of research, electromagnetic metamaterials. Thank you!
thanks for another entertaining and educational video.
Thank you for an interesting video. Lot of progress being made in this and related areas, very difficult to keep up with it all.
Very interesting! Thanks for the video. And your comment about frequent zooming in TH-cam videos is spot on. Those folks should be fined for each instance.
Also, you make a very fine Egyptian hieroglyph, Frau Doktor! 😃
I loved the lens mini class
I appreciate your nerdy humor, along with solid scientific information. Keep having fun. Science is wonderful fun, not just serious business.
I cannot express how much I love the dry humour in these.
This was a particularly delightful episode, I can't adequately express my gratitude for the #meta joys you bring
hi sabine i was a school collapse teen once but each time i watch your videos i feel like i was successful in my studies thanks for that and bravo for your work
your videos are my prize sabine thanks
The metamaterial I'm most familiar with is a type of paint which absorbs virtually all of the light which impacts it. It does this by redirecting incoming light waves into a labyrinth of nanostructures, with the result of being close to the blackest black possible (96% absorption). It's actually really bizarre to see in action, as any object painted with it becomes an abyssal silhouette that lacks any defining features other than the outline.
Nighthawkinlight demonstrates a metamaterial with the exact opposite effect- extremely high reflectivity in visible light combined with high emissivity in IR.
th-cam.com/video/N3bJnKmeNJY/w-d-xo.html
12:15 I cannot even put into words how satisfying it is that there actually is a reference to cheese in the video! :-)
Kudos, Dr. Hossenfelder, well done!
Great video, Sabine! It will take me a little time to reflect on it though ...
Your humour is rare if not one of a kind 😂😁👍🏻 This video is amazing!!! A lot learnt ..
Nice job on meta materials its a massive subject and Sabine did a super job on super lenses. Pendry has some very interesting lectures on this and his sense of humor is meta funny. I highly recommend the ISS lectures with Pendry what a brilliant scientist!
My favorite Saturday morning class and teacher. I love the knee slappers. 'uhh yucka yucka yucka' Thanks Sabine
Well, this video is so well done that even I, a layman, understood it. Thanks Sabine!
Always very clear and scientific explanations, thank you. I.Cintora, MD.
🔝🔝ᴛᴇʟʟ ᴍᴀx ɪᴍᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇʟʏ, ғᴏʀ ғɪɴᴀɴᴄɪᴀʟ ʟɪғᴇ ᴄʜᴀɴɢɪɴɢ ʙᴜsɪɴᴇss ɪɴᴠᴇsᴛᴍᴇɴᴛ/sᴏᴍᴇᴛʜɪɴɢ ɴᴇᴡ ᴘʀᴏғɪᴛᴀʙʟᴇ..📈🔝.
Love your content. Thank you
Joey.... what did you win? JW ☺️
Our host "walked like an Egyptian"! This subject post was so well presented (and satisfying) that when I finished watching it, my brain lit a cigarette...
Well said.
Another interesting and amusing podcast!
Your humor is so excellent..........................
Gotta aim for an Ignobel Prize now, by developing a method to calculate the number of Sabine's eyebrows. I see this is becoming a running joke on the show… ;)
Or, something with dairy-based food materials.
Probably somebody not long ago mentioned her eyebrows for some reason and she’s getting back to that person.
A fairly easy calculation: 1 + 1 = 2
The number of *hairs* in the eyebrows is the question. I don’t think the answer 2 will get you the Ignobel prize.
Love your videos, Sabine. 🐿
Marvellous 🙂- Thank you for another fine video.
Could superlenses be used in microchip manufacturing to photographically etch even smaller chip features than currently possible?
Interesting question. The wavelengths for which superlenses have been manufactured so far don't lend themselves for this purpose. The ones I have read about were all below the visible range. However, it's possible that I have missed something, and in any case, I can't think of any reason why it shouldn't be possible.
In principle, yes, but it seems unlikely that it would work. Currently, we use EUV light at 13.5 nm for lithography. The problem with EUV is that pretty much everything is absorbant in this wavelength region. Therefore lithography optics in EUV don't use lenses but rely solely on parabolic mirrors to focus and redirect light, and even that becomes difficult. The superlens would need to transmit a sufficient amount of light and not be damaged by the intense EUV radiation, which doesn't seem likely.
I was about to ask the same question.
@@hzdvb usually the photonic metamaterials I read about use the electrons in conductors to interact with the light. The resulting interface having different properties than the bulk material, hence metamaterial. I don't know much about resilience to EUV, but it really comes down to the conductor efficiency; making the ultra tiny structures able to handle the energy. In EUV research they use gold; but in an industrial setting it would probably be prohibitively expensive.
@@SabineHossenfelder speaking about interesting properties of meta materials. Some researchers focus on mechanical response such as negative Poisson’s ratio. But, did you know that an fcc single crystal has negative Poisson’s ratio when pulled along [110] direction? The thing is that for some interesting mechanical response we don’t need to build metamaterials.
How can I get into a research study about the meta-chocolate?
Asking an important question here. 👍
I am willing to be a test subject.
Damn, there is so much jokes in this episode that this channel will soon become a comedy channel :D
Lovin' it Sabine, keep it up.
amazingly brilliant!!
I love these types of videos!
🔝🔝-ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀᴄᴛ ᴍᴀx ᴛʜᴏᴍᴘsᴏɴ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛʟʏ ғᴏʀ ᴀ ʙᴜsɪɴᴇss ғɪɴᴀɴᴄɪᴀʟ ɪɴᴠᴇsᴛᴍᴇɴᴛ☝️☝️**
Don't know if this is the same thing but if you buy a refactor telescope, the ones with the best lenses are the ones with the special coatings that help to make the star field uniform and eliminate lens distortions. It is very specific coating for the telescope. If that is it, thanks for explaining it to us. You rock!
@@thealienrobotanthropologist I re-reading about AR coatings now and it maybe more related than you're able to think.
Ah! This is so brilliant! So that is why the opaque observatory worked!
🤣Love it. Great show. This ep makes me wonder just how long it's going to take us to come up with all solutions though at the rate we're going.
Look up Edgar Fouche - Former Area 51 Employee who talked about metamaterials and invisibility research back in 1998. That's where I first learned about Metamaterials back in 2004... I have been researching them ever since!
Classic video. Thank you.
Thank you for this video.
Super cool video, let me add my own emphasis as to how incredible and broad the applications of this field are. Modern E&M is some crazy cool stuff
🔝🔝ᴛᴇʟʟ ᴍᴀx ɪᴍᴍᴇᴅɪᴀᴛᴇʟʏ, ғᴏʀ ғɪɴᴀɴᴄɪᴀʟ ʟɪғᴇ ᴄʜᴀɴɢɪɴɢ ʙᴜsɪɴᴇss ɪɴᴠᴇsᴛᴍᴇɴᴛ/sᴏᴍᴇᴛʜɪɴɢ ɴᴇᴡ ᴘʀᴏғɪᴛᴀʙʟᴇ..📈🔝.
Thanks for the video :)
Love you Sabine.
Interesting topic!
Thank you mam, Very informative. With little humor add ons. Very well done. I don't mind the video quality 😁👍
Great video, thanks.
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"well that does away with selfie-sticks”
Lmao 🤣🤣
Your brand of humor is pure gold
Now I have "Walk Like An Egyptian" stuck in my head!
That random Egyptian pose made me laugh out loud. This was a great video as always.
I love the use of comedy in this episode. It somehow makes it easier to understand now.
Okay - you got me. "It also ruins your makeup" hilarious. Your on-liners are killing me.
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I foresee and anticipate the meta-material development of composite alloys for fabricating wave channeling envelope skins of high speed vehicles/aircraft/submersibles/projectiles to drastically reduce friction with the air or water, reducing the heating effects while allowing increasing the rates of speeds through the medium, and possible stealth characteristics.
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Best sense of scientific humor online
My favorite topic! ❤️❤️❤️❤️
This is the video I needed for my homework. O.O :)
🔝🔝-ᴄᴏɴᴛᴀᴄᴛ ᴍᴀx ᴛʜᴏᴍᴘsᴏɴ ᴅɪʀᴇᴄᴛʟʏ ғᴏʀ ᴀ ʙᴜsɪɴᴇss ғɪɴᴀɴᴄɪᴀʟ ɪɴᴠᴇsᴛᴍᴇɴᴛ☝️☝️**
This is definitely in the personal horn tooting category, but in my Master's degree, I studied the use of microwave frequency metamaterials for use as strain sensors. Basically, metamaterial sheets (here called Frequency Selective Surfaces) act like notch filters at a certain RF frequencies, allowing certain frequencies of EM radiation through and reflecting others back, kinda like a colander. The trick of it is that the frequencies where this happens is dependant on the size of the metallic elements that make up the metamaterial.
Because the frequency response is dependant on geometry, if you stretch the material, the resonant frequency shifts. We used this as a fancy strain gauge, which could be useful, since you can embed it deep within an opaque object, and then determine strains occurring at that point by simply interrogating it with an external electromagnetic wave and seeing what frequencies come back.
That being said, the applications are still somewhat limited, but it's an interesting use.
It also suggests that metamaterials are weak against strain, and thus if they are deformed, it could cause a shift in its behavior, so something to look out for that I don't hear talked about too much.
I was going to create some meta-materials--but then things got really busy at work.
8:38 - The subtle Trolling is beautiful. ^.^
Happy birthday, Sabine! It is my birthday, also.
Sabine reminds me so much of my HS chemistry and German teacher.
Really interesting indeed! Thanks, Sabine! 😃
I think the "car detection" material would help blind people to hear electric cars better. Less accidents.
Anyway, stay safe there with your family! 🖖😊
I think a much better solution would be a device- an earpiece and some sort of detector for the car that could detect a signal. It would have to be extremely reliable, and probably have a failsafe mode so the person knew it wasn't working if it wasn't working. I know blind people have a particularly hard time with electric cars- but on the other hand, it's a pretty major quality of life issue to have quieter vehicles for other people outside.
Some system something like this- and earpiece that the blind person wears, and a radio signal all EVs emit. The blind person, when they want to cross a road, presses a button on their earpiece and it sends a signal. It chirps to let them know it's working (so dead batteries don't lead to dead pedestrians). EVs would emit this signal by default, and the earpiece would detect it and give an auditory warning- direction, speed, etc. to the blind person. At the same time the earpiece could send a signal out to the car. For self-driving cars it could let them know a blind pedestrian needs to cross. An audio tone could play in the car for drivers to warn them to be more cautious- something like that could actually be used in a wrist strap for kids too, when they get close to the road. At proper intersections with crosswalks the earpiece signal could also interact with the traffic signal, triggering the signals the same way the walk buttons do, and sending back a signal to the blind person that the signal was received. The best version could then track the blind person's location in the crosswalk to make sure they made it across safely, or at least give a blind person a little more time than the normal amount of time. You could probably also add some magnets or other trigger in the crosswalk so that the blind person could more easily navigate the crosswalk with a sensor in their cane. (Or you could make a wearable camera system kind of like a self-driving car has that could feed information to blind people as they walk.) It all has to be designed failsafe though. The earpiece needs to give some signal to let the person know it's working properly, so that if it's not working the person doesn't just start walking thinking everything is clear. By notifying the car you add an extra layer of safety to the process. You can have the crosswalk chirp to help (although I've seen a bird that lived near a crossing learn to mimic the crossing chirp). Another option would be for the signal from the blind person to activate something in the car so it would start making noise. That would be very directional. It would be harder to do that as a failsafe though.
/And, as with all adaptive technology, I think insurance should cover it.
@@nacoran Some pretty good ideas there indeed.
I am almost blind... But not really at the same time. I lost 75% of field of view because of a brain surgery when I was 13. (The other option would be dying, so... No doubts there.) I only see with the left half of my right eye. But I see pretty well with it, I use glasses but it's a pretty small amount... Degree... I don't know how to say it in English.
Either way, it's really curious, because if someone left something out of place at home I'm definitely going to collide with it. So I imagine how hard should it be to see nothing at all...
13:43 About sound. I spend enough time measuring, simulating, building and listening to hi-fi speakers to know that what really mattes: a good passive crossover design. Even with sub-standard material, you can get pretty decent overall sound. At the same time I am aware of the limitations of my approach, of all the short-cuts I took and I am very grateful for other enthusiasts who did the extra work for free (it takes lots of time and equipment) and shared schematics for really good passive cross-overs for what used to be cheap vintage speakers. Now they are only vintage. Not cheap anymore, because not abundant anymore.
I must say, that was excellent use of 🤔
Metamaterials were used in the Joo Janta ultra chromatic anti-peril sunglasses. At the first sight of trouble they turn completely black preventing you from seeing anything which might alarm you.
Of course , the glasses turning black is itself a warning of danger, which makes their usefulness somewhat limited.
Thank you
Whenever it almost starts to get a bit overwhelming, a lot of information to process at once, she slips a funny little line in, somehow stopping me from overthinking and I end up understanding better and having a good time while doing so. She’s funny and very sharp, I’d love to kick it with this chick!
I could be mistaken (and maybe I just missed it in the video because I was multitasking) but I think there may be more types of meta-materials than these. The changes in the materials can be more than just structural. Adding different materials in regular intervals can creat something with properties that a regular alloys or composites don’t have and these properties can be things much different than adapting the way waves propagate through the substance.
I imagine that using elements with mechanical abilities that we could change on command or which change in response to certain conditions could allow all sorts of applications beyond my ability to predict.
Yes, sorry, didn't mean to imply that those are the only possible meta-materials. Those are the ones on which there has been the most research.