I just love these videos u make!!! Everything makes sense. It shows the reasons behind what cells do and why they do it. This has being so helpful in my courses! Thank you so much!
I legit made a TH-cam account so i could comment on this. Im watching this video for my Biology 115 exam. You are saving my grade and I thank you very much!!!! Sooooooo helpful
I'm not in a class or anything. I'm just trying to learn more about Epigenetics because I think it's a fascinating subject. Your video is very helpful and easy to follow. Thanks.
Between your visuals and the way you simplify your teachings, it makes it very simple and easy to understand concepts that I was previously struggling to understand, Thank you.
Thank you for taking something as complex as epigenetics and making it easy to digest, especially for those who do not have a strong grasp on biology or physiology...my undergrad psych students thank you as well :)
I am so glad I found you! The way you describe each lesson is so easily understood. I wish you were my teacher instead of the condescending one I have now.
Hi Paul, I can't thank you enough for the brilliant content you put up here for free. I'm a Genetics major and every time I face a problem I know I can rely on you and Shomu's Biology for explanations. I was pretty stressed out looking through my lecture notes, and this really helped clear things up. Thank you, and much love from Malaysia
There's one thing I am confused about. So if the histones are wrapped around our genes, and say you become a smoker (but no one in your family tree extending hundreds of years smoked) and the chemical tag is added to the histones to make that gene become 'expressed', does that mean that the 'smoker gene' is predetermined? In other words, will I have a 'smoking gene' by default that is turned off, but will only be turned on if I smoke?
I don't think we've got enough data to answer those question yet. "Molecular Signals of Epigenetic States" is a good paper on this. If a mark is there, we know how it is maintained. How it's established is less known. Double stranded RNA (often from repetitive sequences that fold back on themselves) directs proteins to silence sequences complimentary to the dsRNA by marking histones and methylating the DNA. Proteins or RNA inherited in the cytoplasm can also direct the initial silencing.
Hey Mr Anderson, Thanks a Lot for the Awesome videos... very simple and precise.. The videos are nicely illustrated and clear.. Great work..!!!! Time saving and easy to understand.. Keep up the good work..!!!! :)
Ok, so the answer to my question boils down to "it's an area of current research". that's both slightly frustrating and exciting. Thanks for the paper. I'll read that as soon as possible and see whether it's on my level and answers some of my questions. Epigenetics is such an interesting topic.
Thank you soooo much for all the video you posted. You have helped me and my classmates in ways you may not understand. Please continue to post these video....Can you do one on inheritance patterns,the Molecule of Heredity and the Gene Expression and Regulation?
I see. So basically, the chance is slimmer but it's there. I really hope to hear more about Epigenetics on a level that can be taken by non-experts. - All I found on it were either fairly basic explanations around the level of this video or super technical papers way beyond my scope.
methylation can activate and also deactivate genes depending on place of methylation and degree of methylation. H3 K4 methylation is activation mark . H3 K9 is deactivation mark of genes.
How do cells make sure that only the right bits are switched on or off? - in both systems. Also, how do you inherit such switches from your parents? Last time I heard this, you could have a transfer of some such traits by your mother easily but father-side epigenetic traits don't transfer. Is this incorrect?
I didn't get how can you pass epigenetic modification you chromosome to kids. Especially on the context of diabetes. Shouldn't spermato and oogenesis be separated from all the epigenetic modifications?
The histones are removed and replaced by protamines in sperm development, so it's unlikely modified histones would be inherited from the father. Genome-wide DNA demethylation occurs twice in early development so it would seem inheritance of these states isn't possible. However, some marks clearly survive demethylation and histone replacement; imprinted genes are expressed differently depending on weather they were inherited from mum or dad and such marks can be inherited from the father.
i realize epigenetics deals mostly with proteins and RNAs, but i always thought it should be portrayed as more of an extension of genetics it just seems to be talked about as this separate thing from the genome, rather than just how the environment (and ultimately DNA based regulation) influence the genome
These proteins don't last long though so the positional info they give is temporary. The proteins direct epigenetic mechanisms to turn genes off in a more permanent way. The proteins from the gradient bind specific DNA sequences (found in the promoters of genes that need to be turned off in that cell type) and also bind enzymes that methylate DNA or modify histones. (I think that's what the "zone of polaring activity" comment was getting at)
It's hard to simplify this issue the way you do to something as understandable as this video. The heritability (through meiosis) of epigenetic marks isn't well established. New methods will give us a lot more info on epigenetics soon enough. I like how so many disparate mechanisms work together to regulate so many different processes. Differences in epigenetics between species make it hard to teach. Maybe some general principles (like a histone code) will come out of further research?
Can someone explain further how epigenetics are inherited? There seems to be no histone acetylation or methylation of the first cells of an embryo because they have no expression of any particular genes yet. How is something like diabetes passed on if gametes, sex cells, and stem cells are undifferentiated and basically a blank slate?
Research has shown that sometimes epigenomes are imprinted within the gametes, yes it is often for the epigenomes to be erased while the gamete is created, but there are some imprints that get passed on. Go search Ted ed
Very good quick video, thank you! Just one queston, can anyone please explain the mechanism by which certain cells determine which portions of the DNA to methylate and which lysine amino acids are acetylated. I find it very interesting how different cell type can identify which portion of the DNA gets unreadable. For example, in a heart cell, how is it determined which portion of the DNA gets methylated and which portion of the histones get acetylated so that only heart cell DNA is expresed? Thank you!!!
In epigenetics, Ipso Facto, you are more related to your grandparents than your parents. This is because while your grandparents carry an "on" gene (let's say), it will be turned "off" in the next generation, then back "on" when you are born. That's why if you want to know more about yourself, ask your grandparents what kind of lives they lived when they were younger.
I'd tend to agree with you. If environment influences how genes are expressed, it's only because the genome encodes the proteins and DNA elements that mediate epigenetics. It's worth treating seperate until more is known about how it works and it can be more incorporated with genetics, we must be careful not to make it sound like woo. A lot of this is due to the history - a lot of the guys who first pushed epigenetics seem to have been opposed to 'the central dogma.'
Methyl groups are hydrophobic, so don't interact very well with water. As the environment of a cell is very aqueous (watery), addition of methyl groups to the DNA induces tighter wrapping of the DNA around the histone proteins. If you like, the methyl groups on the DNA "hide" from the external environment. tighter packaging of the DNA thus decreases the chances of successful transcription... :)
Thank you! Great help to explain it to others. My MS kicks in when I eat gluten etc. I need no gluten/dairy/soy/sugar/GMO/food with a label/heated oils...take vitamins/good oils/minerals..probiotic...LDN..detoxing to be alright.
I have a question that I'm hoping someone can answer for me: If you have a gene for, say, Schizophrenia in your body but that gene is dormant (and it would have been dormant in your kid’s body), and you do a certain drug (like cocaine) that expresses that gene, does your child have a higher chance of expressing that gene because of the drugs you did? Basically, does doing drugs (which falls under the "nurture" part of epigenetics) change the genes that your children will EXPRESS, rather than simply have? Hope that made sense haha
Hi Mr. Anderson, Thank you so much for making these videos! They are very helpful. One question here: the addition of a methyl group to cytosine causes the DNA to lose its affinity to its DNA binding proteins such as transcription factors at that site. Since transcription initiation requires two types of transcription factors (one bind to the TATA box and the other bind to the various regulatory sites of particular genes) to bind to a gene, the transcription factors can no longer bind to the methylated region, which means no mRNA can be formed, hence no polypeptides will be translated? Thank you in advance!
Great video ... now here's a man who understands epi enough to explain the genetics ... any "gut" thoughts on how to reverse epigenetic damage? Are there any suspected or known mediators? Thanks for the intelligence.
I never understood this: If you block a gene from being expressed, what gene is expressed in it's place? Wouldn't it be a wrong one, for example heart cell instead of skin cell? Is there an alternative healthier gene? It can't be nothing. If i have, let's say, a mutated finger and i block that gene off, what would be in it's place? I think is absurd that there would be no finger.
an example of the epigenetic markers (tags) is the methyl group which can be added to DNA or histone and mainly turns off genes and may turn on other genes
I thought Dna Methylation would lead to increased transcription as it forms areas of " Z DNA". With Z-DNA being more loosely packed wouldn't transcription increase i.e.: euchromatinized genes? any explanation would be helpful
If this is Correct how is it that a fear of falling in dreams is so prominent and irrational fear of spiders, I assume that these fears are connected to our ancestors but only when they die and do not pass on any genetic material ...?
It all made sense at about 8:30 for me. I got here by way of a study that showed that induced behavioural traits in mice can be passed on to next generation mice - even when artificial insemination is used along with strict isolational environmental controls - a bit like Pavlov's dogs having puppies which salivate when they hear a bell - despite the puppies having been produced by artificial insemination in a different country. Nearly as weird as cannibal worms who inherit memory from worms they have eaten. I only found out about epigenetics today. Weird Science!
You're fantastic at teaching. I'm studying for the MCAT-this was very helpful!
What did you get?
you successfully explained this topic in under 10 minutes while my lecture couldn't do it in an hour! ... love your videos thank you!
I just love these videos u make!!! Everything makes sense. It shows the reasons behind what cells do and why they do it. This has being so helpful in my courses! Thank you so much!
In med school right now, rewatching some of these vids for my biochem exam :D
I legit made a TH-cam account so i could comment on this. Im watching this video for my Biology 115 exam. You are saving my grade and I thank you very much!!!! Sooooooo helpful
I'm not in a class or anything. I'm just trying to learn more about Epigenetics because I think it's a fascinating subject. Your video is very helpful and easy to follow. Thanks.
Between your visuals and the way you simplify your teachings, it makes it very simple and easy to understand concepts that I was previously struggling to understand, Thank you.
you provided the basic informtation in a simple way, that was very helpful. Thanks,
you're like my favourite lecturer ever!
Awesome, thank you. I'm studying for exams and our teachers have to make this stuff impossible. This really helps a lot
Waw, what an explanation, what a presentation! Astonishing!
The fact that these are still helpful 7 years 😂🤯👌
I am hoping to get a 5 on my AP Bio test and trying to cover every lurking detail and gain conceptual understanding; your videos do the job!
I gotta say, this video is awesome. I have final exam tomorrow, and this is super, duper helpful!
you are making my life so much easier
Thank you for taking something as complex as epigenetics and making it easy to digest, especially for those who do not have a strong grasp on biology or physiology...my undergrad psych students thank you as well :)
I am so glad I found you! The way you describe each lesson is so easily understood. I wish you were my teacher instead of the condescending one I have now.
Best of all other videos. The host is super clear ! Thank you
This man is excellent at explaining relatively complicated topic.brilliant stuff
Hi Paul, I can't thank you enough for the brilliant content you put up here for free. I'm a Genetics major and every time I face a problem I know I can rely on you and Shomu's Biology for explanations. I was pretty stressed out looking through my lecture notes, and this really helped clear things up. Thank you, and much love from Malaysia
I hope you were the teacher of the year in Montana! Awesome presentation of material. Thanks for your efforts.
There's one thing I am confused about. So if the histones are wrapped around our genes, and say you become a smoker (but no one in your family tree extending hundreds of years smoked) and the chemical tag is added to the histones to make that gene become 'expressed', does that mean that the 'smoker gene' is predetermined? In other words, will I have a 'smoking gene' by default that is turned off, but will only be turned on if I smoke?
You are awesome. Your lecture videos has been very helpful
This was AWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWsome. Nice refresher. Now I can check out Dr. Lipton's video on Epigenetics. Thanks Bozeman!!!
OMG you are the best. You make everything sound so easy.
So.... lamark was right but he just got it wrong ? :P
You are an AMAZING present!!!!! LOVE all of your analogies!
my favourite biology lessons are urs..thank you so much
Love this dude. Helped me in school now helps with curiosity. I am a college dropout
thanksss please will continue to increase! Biological explanations for things even more complicated
I don't think we've got enough data to answer those question yet. "Molecular Signals of Epigenetic States" is a good paper on this. If a mark is there, we know how it is maintained. How it's established is less known. Double stranded RNA (often from repetitive sequences that fold back on themselves) directs proteins to silence sequences complimentary to the dsRNA by marking histones and methylating the DNA. Proteins or RNA inherited in the cytoplasm can also direct the initial silencing.
I have a test in eight hours and this was incredibly helpful. Thanks!
Hey Mr Anderson, Thanks a Lot for the Awesome videos... very simple and precise.. The videos are nicely illustrated and clear.. Great work..!!!! Time saving and easy to understand.. Keep up the good work..!!!! :)
Can you please do a podcast on plasmid mapping and protein synthesis? I'm struggling with those in AP bio and your podcasts always help me a lot!
Ok, so the answer to my question boils down to "it's an area of current research". that's both slightly frustrating and exciting.
Thanks for the paper. I'll read that as soon as possible and see whether it's on my level and answers some of my questions. Epigenetics is such an interesting topic.
Great explanation
Hope it's helpful.It is so helpful that i can't even describe it.Thank you so much for all of your videos.
Thank you soooo much for all the video you posted. You have helped me and my classmates in ways you may not understand. Please continue to post these video....Can you do one on inheritance patterns,the Molecule of Heredity and the Gene Expression and Regulation?
remember ur comment from 8 years ago?
What's the difference between gene regulation (enhancers, promotor region, etc) and epigenetics (methylation, aceytalation, microRNA)?
clear & very simple ,,, thanks very much (Y) :D
Sweet. I've been waiting for this video to come out since last year's AP exam.
Love your videos, I just have a question: How is the epigenome inherited if all the acetyl groups are removed from the gamete DNA?
I see. So basically, the chance is slimmer but it's there.
I really hope to hear more about Epigenetics on a level that can be taken by non-experts. - All I found on it were either fairly basic explanations around the level of this video or super technical papers way beyond my scope.
Excellent video! Thanks
thank you so much this was very helpful in piecing together what my teacher says in class!!!!
Very interesting and informative. 🌞
Awesome video, uploaded just as i needed it
methylation can activate and also deactivate genes depending on place of methylation and degree of methylation. H3 K4 methylation is activation mark . H3 K9 is deactivation mark of genes.
I have a bio midterm tomorrow, and epigenetics is on it... So THANKS :D I am glad you posted this video!
remember ur comment from 8 years ago?
U r so good at explaining.
How do cells make sure that only the right bits are switched on or off? - in both systems.
Also, how do you inherit such switches from your parents? Last time I heard this, you could have a transfer of some such traits by your mother easily but father-side epigenetic traits don't transfer. Is this incorrect?
I didn't get how can you pass epigenetic modification you chromosome to kids. Especially on the context of diabetes. Shouldn't spermato and oogenesis be separated from all the epigenetic modifications?
The histones are removed and replaced by protamines in sperm development, so it's unlikely modified histones would be inherited from the father. Genome-wide DNA demethylation occurs twice in early development so it would seem inheritance of these states isn't possible.
However, some marks clearly survive demethylation and histone replacement; imprinted genes are expressed differently depending on weather they were inherited from mum or dad and such marks can be inherited from the father.
Great vídeo! How a dominant allele is selected (ignoring the recesive)? Si it an epigenetic process? Muchas gracias!
Thank you. Very good explanation!
OH Thanks so much! Yes! So helpful. You just made this super clear!
i realize epigenetics deals mostly with proteins and RNAs, but i always thought it should be portrayed as more of an extension of genetics
it just seems to be talked about as this separate thing from the genome, rather than just how the environment (and ultimately DNA based regulation) influence the genome
These proteins don't last long though so the positional info they give is temporary. The proteins direct epigenetic mechanisms to turn genes off in a more permanent way. The proteins from the gradient bind specific DNA sequences (found in the promoters of genes that need to be turned off in that cell type) and also bind enzymes that methylate DNA or modify histones.
(I think that's what the "zone of polaring activity" comment was getting at)
It's hard to simplify this issue the way you do to something as understandable as this video. The heritability (through meiosis) of epigenetic marks isn't well established.
New methods will give us a lot more info on epigenetics soon enough. I like how so many disparate mechanisms work together to regulate so many different processes. Differences in epigenetics between species make it hard to teach. Maybe some general principles (like a histone code) will come out of further research?
Very well explained. Thanks so much!
Cool stuff brother, I explain things very well. I get it better now
Very well explained, thanks!
Can someone explain further how epigenetics are inherited? There seems to be no histone acetylation or methylation of the first cells of an embryo because they have no expression of any particular genes yet. How is something like diabetes passed on if gametes, sex cells, and stem cells are undifferentiated and basically a blank slate?
Research has shown that sometimes epigenomes are imprinted within the gametes, yes it is often for the epigenomes to be erased while the gamete is created, but there are some imprints that get passed on. Go search Ted ed
This is Very very helpful. Thank you so much!
Yeah, he really did a great explanation. Thanks a lot, I'll look into that. :)
Fantastic lecture!
this is really cool and made clear. thanks for the explanation!
SOOOO awesome!!! LOVE this one!
Very good quick video, thank you! Just one queston, can anyone please explain the mechanism by which certain cells determine which portions of the DNA to methylate and which lysine amino acids are acetylated. I find it very interesting how different cell type can identify which portion of the DNA gets unreadable. For example, in a heart cell, how is it determined which portion of the DNA gets methylated and which portion of the histones get acetylated so that only heart cell DNA is expresed? Thank you!!!
Facts Mr Anderson 💯
In epigenetics, Ipso Facto, you are more related to your grandparents than your parents. This is because while your grandparents carry an "on" gene (let's say), it will be turned "off" in the next generation, then back "on" when you are born. That's why if you want to know more about yourself, ask your grandparents what kind of lives they lived when they were younger.
Great content! Thank you so much!
Great!
I'd tend to agree with you. If environment influences how genes are expressed, it's only because the genome encodes the proteins and DNA elements that mediate epigenetics.
It's worth treating seperate until more is known about how it works and it can be more incorporated with genetics, we must be careful not to make it sound like woo. A lot of this is due to the history - a lot of the guys who first pushed epigenetics seem to have been opposed to 'the central dogma.'
Methyl groups are hydrophobic, so don't interact very well with water. As the environment of a cell is very aqueous (watery), addition of methyl groups to the DNA induces tighter wrapping of the DNA around the histone proteins. If you like, the methyl groups on the DNA "hide" from the external environment. tighter packaging of the DNA thus decreases the chances of successful transcription... :)
Thank you! Great help to explain it to others. My MS kicks in when I eat gluten etc. I need no gluten/dairy/soy/sugar/GMO/food with a label/heated oils...take vitamins/good oils/minerals..probiotic...LDN..detoxing to be alright.
This really helped! Thank you!
This is really interesting stuff! Thank you for the detailed explanation!
remember ur comment from 8 years ago?
@@sondosmakhlouf1334 this particular one? No, lol - I occasionally remember ancient comments of mine tho
I have a question that I'm hoping someone can answer for me:
If you have a gene for, say, Schizophrenia in your body but that gene is dormant (and it would have been dormant in your kid’s body), and you do a certain drug (like cocaine) that expresses that gene, does your child have a higher chance of expressing that gene because of the drugs you did? Basically, does doing drugs (which falls under the "nurture" part of epigenetics) change the genes that your children will EXPRESS, rather than simply have? Hope that made sense haha
Hi Mr. Anderson,
Thank you so much for making these videos! They are very helpful. One question here: the addition of a methyl group to cytosine causes the DNA to lose its affinity to its DNA binding proteins such as transcription factors at that site. Since transcription initiation requires two types of transcription factors (one bind to the TATA box and the other bind to the various regulatory sites of particular genes) to bind to a gene, the transcription factors can no longer bind to the methylated region, which means no mRNA can be formed, hence no polypeptides will be translated? Thank you in advance!
thank you so much;
Great video ... now here's a man who understands epi enough to explain the genetics ... any "gut" thoughts on how to reverse epigenetic damage? Are there any suspected or known mediators? Thanks for the intelligence.
thank you so much for all of your videos! They are concise, informative and very easy to understand
BEST TEACHERR
so helpful , thank you !
You’re awesome!
You are amazing thank you!
I never understood this: If you block a gene from being expressed, what gene is expressed in it's place? Wouldn't it be a wrong one, for example heart cell instead of skin cell? Is there an alternative healthier gene? It can't be nothing. If i have, let's say, a mutated finger and i block that gene off, what would be in it's place? I think is absurd that there would be no finger.
can someone tell me what an epigenetic "marker" or "tag" is and how they work?
an example of the epigenetic markers (tags) is the methyl group which can be added to DNA or histone and mainly turns off genes and may turn on other genes
thank you so much
I thought Dna Methylation would lead to increased transcription as it forms areas of " Z DNA". With Z-DNA being more loosely packed wouldn't transcription increase i.e.: euchromatinized genes? any explanation would be helpful
You're the best!!
If this is Correct how is it that a fear of falling in dreams is so prominent and irrational fear of spiders, I assume that these fears are connected to our ancestors but only when they die and do not pass on any genetic material ...?
Terrific lecture video and format. Keep them coming!
(Can I upload my syllabus to you?)
remember ur comment from 8 years ago?
I love u man!! , you make my life easy
thank you for the effort ;)
awsm sir amazing explanation
Brilliant, just brilliant.
It all made sense at about 8:30 for me. I got here by way of a study that showed that induced behavioural traits in mice can be passed on to next generation mice - even when artificial insemination is used along with strict isolational environmental controls - a bit like Pavlov's dogs having puppies which salivate when they hear a bell - despite the puppies having been produced by artificial insemination in a different country. Nearly as weird as cannibal worms who inherit memory from worms they have eaten. I only found out about epigenetics today. Weird Science!
I love this dude