Sudan's First Civil War
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 20 ก.ย. 2024
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Sources
Yasir Elhadi Hamid, The First Sudanese Civil War: Africans, Arabs, and Israelis in the Southern Sudan, 1955-1972 (2009)
Anthony Eden, Full Circle: The Memoirs of Anthony Eden (1960)
Harold Macmillan, Riding the Storm: 1956-1959 (1971)
Harold Wilson, The Labour Government 1964-1970: A Personal Record (1971)
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23:16 hehehehe im immature but im giggling at that
@@vardekpetrovic9716 where was it spelled wrong? i didnt notice
@@vardekpetrovic9716 oh so youd figure youd virtue signal about how a native English speaker isnt as good at English as you! super cool! youd hate where i live in Canada, we pronounce both G'Rilla! you should come to North America and teach us how to properly speak our native English!!!!!
When British Made border for you
@@beepboop204 its great if it was planned
@16:12 That is incredibly rich coming from modern N. Sudanese. Wasn't Ancient Nubia one of the first nations on the planet that made Christianity their state religion hundreds of years before Islam even existed? Now the Arabic newcomers call it a "foreign colonial religion"? WHAT?? Blatant rewriting of history at play.
Yup
When was that? Like 700 years ago? Get over it, we are Muslims now.
@@houta2773 look at you now
No it wasn't, the kingdom was founded in the 500's or 100 years before Islam
@@mkultraenjoyer So? It was still far older than islam itself.
I Don't think anyone has ever done such a well researched video on the Sudan wars including names, camps and such ...this is amazing
I cannot tell you enough how wonderful this is as a launching pad for concern and understanding, and hopefully, the tactful view of Historgraphy over their History. This certainly has done so for me, thank you!!
Sudanees.. NUTS
--- --- --- South Sudan 🤝 Northern Ireland --- --- ---
The DUP brutally cracking down on Catholics
As a South Sudanese who has watched numerous videos about Sudan Civil Wars, this is the closest to accurate here on TH-cam. So much misinformation on numerous other channels. Congs for the research you clearly made. Hoping there's a video for the Second Civil War too
There is no way this channel is at 107k. Your stuff is so quality, this channel should be in the millions - and I say that as someone who majored in history before law school.
Thank you so much as a South Sudanese. I was wondering if you would ever do the second Sudanese civil war? It would be greatly appreciated
I wonder how many people from Sudan know or have watched this. So informative and interesting to watch. Definitely going to watch it again as 1 casual watch is not nearly enough, Thank you.
I'm one
@@AishaElkhalifa you’re the exception not the rule hun.
@@AishaElkhalifawere you taught about this in Sudan?
@@Mohamed-Bokhary did I say anything? It's just meant to be a reply
@@Danheron2 Yeah surisingly. You'd think they'd be censoring it in Sudan due to you know, our history of authoritarian regimes.
Full support to South Sudan from Sudan!
Is this real?
I thought you guys disliked the South
@@thephoenix756 They do but now that they've lost the fight, they've changed tactics to maintaining their international PR.
@@thephoenix756 us southerners want nothing to do with them but you will often find these types of north sudanese under comments playing nice so you don't see them for the evil that they are
@@ikengaspirit3063 okay so, being sudanese or a citizen of sudan ≠ agreeing and sharing the same views and sentiments as the government of Sudan, nor are all sudanese working for the sudanese government.
The actions of a government do not define or represent what average people think, or at the least, doesn't mean that everyone in the country agrees with it. We need to stop lumping people into massive monolith collectives, its not good nor accurate.
@@soupycask The domestic policy(Domestic policy is exactly what people vote for) of a popular democratically elected government will reasonably express the resultant of the will of the people and this resultant the will of the Sudanese under the material and historic conditions of post colonization, was genocidal against south sudanese.
It is sad the world only focuses on the colonization that the Europeans carried while completely ignoring some of the worst colonialism carried by the Arabs.
Also Russia is only that big geographically today because they colonized the countries and peoples next to them. The west are not the only inventors of colonialism. South Sudan and East Africa in general suffered some of the worst colonialism from the Arabs
You forgot the colonialism of the Japanese empire
It’s the Dawah network at work
do you know the country of a million martyrs?
Algeria?
not killed by the arabs, no in the no no. But by the french and you still consider them being better than the arab colonialism?
Great video! You’re definitely not just a casual historian
This might be Nigeria soon with an all Islamic administration / military, nationalization of southern Christain resources but not the northern resources, Marginalization of Christains from key public positions all smells doom soon
Speaking of Sudan is there a video on the darfur genocide in the future ?
The devil road on horseback
When British Made border for you
What are you talking about, how Darfur stood by the Sudan government against the South Sudan?
@@rainboots8069 the janjaweed?
@@godfreylado9691no when darfur revolted in 2003
This is the in-depth look I've ever watched about the events.
❤️🇸🇸❤️ deaths after death and we're still standing
A south sudanese i know for a fact sudan wouldn't be separated if it wasn't coz of islam. And Christianity wasn't brought to sudan by Europeans coz we africans were the first Christians.
Sudan wouldnt be separated cuz of islamists , islam even with south sudan would still be the dominant religion
@@salihalash4111 in south sudan now Christianity is the main religion
Christianity was introduced by European missionaries in South Sudan so no Christianity in South Sudan is not the native religion but some Africans have had contact with Christianity before colonial times like Ethiopia, coptics in Egypt and also Sudan (Before it embraced Islam). Also Islam reached South Suidan before Christianity btw
@@bobbobby3085 u seem so oblivious of the real sudanese history! The people u see in south sudan were the first occupants of North sudan and Egypt
@@bolzechariah5155 Yes thats true but my comment did not touch on colonisers wether Arab/turkish or Europeans but I was talking about religion
You did a phenomenal work!! Hope you can do more videos on South & other parts of Sudan, such as West of the country. I love history, hope I can get the courage someday to do research myself. Thanks!
Great depth and insight as "Casual Historian" you know more history about where im from than me.
This just proves that the most important part of a group is it's name. From the moment I heard Anya-Nya I knew they'd stand the test of time.
Great job, I knew nothing of the Sudan backstory before this, thanks
There’s much much much more then this.
The land of Sudan has soo much history and it’s very intertwine with the Egyptians.
@@emptyhad2571 Ancient, Early Modern Medieval history aren't the focus of this so all that "intertwined with Egypt" doesn't matter to this story.
I've been very interested in South Sudan's history.Very informative.you put it together very well
Casually ignore the fact that the Mahdist revolt was pro slavery...
Quite common practice in Africa
He mentioned it in the first min of the video.
"But they(the Arabs) eventually started to capture the south Sudanese and selling them into the Arab slave trade. The oppression of the Sudanese by the Egyptians eventually sparked a Muslim uprising against them" that is what he said. He didn't say that the Muslims in Sudan revolted because they were under pressure to cease their trading in slaves. He infact made it sound like the opposite
@@maerocapone5664 if I am entirely honest he infact said the Egyptians and British presuring the Arabs to stop enslaving the nilotes was oppression
👶🍼
My Grandfather had to change his name from Joseph to Yousuf or loose chieftaincy in 60s
Same names
@@salihalash4111 then why prefer the Arabized version, stop being defensive and call it what it is, forced islamization and arabization.
@@salihalash4111Ait then call your son Joseph.
@@salihalash4111why should he???
It's incredibly amazing going back in the past to learn everything in just few minutes. So rich and eye opening
Ahh yes the colonial religion of Christianity. It’s not like northern Sudan had been Christians before their eventual islamification 😪
Fact
What the fuck is islamification
That's sad and true, they also forced us not learn our true history, I'm from Nubia, and the Arab Government often tried to manipulate history of certain questions like (When did Islam enter Sudan) they deliberately ignore the History of the Christian Kingdoms of Nubia, all in efforts to Arabize and Islamize the Nation.
@@houta2773What the fuck does it sound like?
Once you hear the name Mohammed or Abdullah apear, you know that problems are about to start.
I'm from Sudan, what you have said is by far a very good highlight of my country's sad history, although it seems to be a little biased toward the Southrens, it not like Aboud Regime didn't discriminate against the south only, they did this with the northerns, I'm from Nubia, Aboud allowed Aswan Dam to flood our towns and Halfa City, they baned the speak of our language in schools and this ban was hightend during Bashir era, all in the name of centralized power and Arabizing the nation, also many of the brutalities in the South were done by Armed Arab nomads from places like Darfur where the Umma Party held a historic representation since the Mahdist Wars (A prime example of Party first, country Second unfortunately) and not by the Army itself or the Army alone, it's also important to note that the South did also commit crimes against Arab marchants and traders and non armed civilians some did it in the name of Christianity, so the war itself could be seen as a religious war for both sides, but in reality it was all about control and power, at the current battle for controlling Khartoum, looting wasn't by the RSF alone, but also from many Southerners refugees which the country currently hosting about 1.5 milion of them.
But since no one is discussing Sudan enough on TH-cam, Thank You for your efforts man !! looking forward for future episodes... and btw I wish if you didn't ignore borders dispute like Hala'ib Triangle in the map, which was under Sudanese control at the time, and the Egyption tried to take contronl of it twice (during Aboud, and Nimeiri Regimes).... Again A Huge Thank you for your work !
I think the discriminations happening in the north being ignored was because of the focus of the war happening down south being the focus of the video. But still,they should have at least devoted a minute to the other bad shit Aboud's regime was doing.
It was Janjaweed that did the attacks on the south right?.
And again, the Hala'ib triangle is ignored because the focus of the video is the civil war not the other ongoing stuff.
The truth of your history doesn’t mean it’s biased just because your gov was on the aggressor side of it. I’m glad the south got independence ❤️ to them from Texas
What's your native language? Is it cushitic?
You ve been silent far too long
@@shueibdahir Nubians speak a group of _Ek_ Sudanic languages known as Nubian, related to Nara, Tama, Nyimang, and possibly Meroitic. There are Cushites in Sudan known as Beja, thought to be descendants of the Blemmyes
Dude your channel rocks. Love to see historians taking advantage of TH-cam and hopefully making some pretty good money from it, as just like musicians, it can be hard to make a good living from being a historian. You've got a brilliant career ahead of you man
Your Video is in complete without the bigger role played by Darfur region throughout since independence to this day and how Ethiopia acted as a middle man for supplying weapons to the South, Chad to Darfur. Nice presentation though, was very great
Agree.
@@dollarisinsanicus Not just Africa, I suggest; other people act the same, just in suits 😃
The best Chanel for me so far
That was my grandfather’s brother who walked out that meeting in 1956
It is unfortunate before 1400 AD all along the Nile the natives were Christian , they still have the ruins . The Europeans are not the one who brought Christianity to Sudan .
I believe Ethiopia was like a holy land after Jerusalem and Rome with a lot of churches and a Christian artifacts.
@@Football__Junkie Ethiopia and Armenia were the first Christian nations. Add to that that Egypt had been arguably the most pious Christian country with lots of influence on the countries around it.
The statement that South Sudan's Christianity is a European influence couldn't be further from the truth.
@@Intel-i7-9700k Christian Kingdoms* Many other peoplea adopted Christianity before these two, even if their government didn't
you need to note that'christian europe and the rest of the west' supported these arab atrocities at the time. its not about religion it was all about race, race trumps religion
Just a reminder that the man in the thumbnail photo is still alive and almost clocking 100 years his name is Joseph Lagu
An detailed episode about corruption in Palestinian authority and arab peace initiative would be great.
the palestinians are like the world's best grifters they have no desire for peace because eternal war means lots of free aide money for them to build mansions and jet set to conferences with
The very notion of the term ''palestinian'' is per se corrupted as it was literally invented about 50 years ago as a political instrument and to retain muslim control over jewish indigenous land.
Before that Jews were called palestinian and arabs called themselves as arabs.
Islamic Imperialism was basically just ended after the collapse of the Ottoma Empire, but pan-arabism is its natural successor since Islam is by definition an imperialistic religion. Muhammad himself and then his own trusted followers were busy all of their lives with conquering new lands to annex and to Islamize with all the rules that were also used in Sudan (religious discrimination, persecution, massacres etc.).
And the very people who came up with this corrupted notion of a ''palestinian people'' publicly declaired as much:
''There is no such thing as a separated palestinian people, there is no difference between jordanians, palestinians or syrians. The palestinian identity exists only for tactical reasons. The creation of a palestinian state is our new instrument in our ongoing war against the state of Israel.
Zoehair Mohsen, 1977.
Because indeed, those who are now called ''palestinian'' are a mix of people from all over the ex-Ottoman territories (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and even Turkey).
A quite too common surname among ''palestinians'' is Al-Masri, which LITERALLY means ''The Egyptian''.
In fact, it is estimated that approximately 50% of people living in the Gaza strip are egyptians.
And yet they are legitimized by the world in their demand of maintaining control over jewish indigenous lands because they were colonized by muslims.
If your whole identity is a lie and pure propaganda, how can you expect them not to be corrupted in every other possible way?
For example they committed archeological crimes by trying to destroy finings that will further prove (as if there isn't enough of it) that those are indeed indigenous jewish lands.
Hamas uses rockets of which approximately 15% fall back into Gaza itself, but it's all good because they can then blame Israel for the deaths that they themselves have caused.
So it's a literal form of human sacrifice in exchange for good propaganda.
Their leaders swim in piles of money (often more money than the israelis themselves have) but they still go to whine on the international stage about the suffering of their own ''people'' that they themselves cause by diverging aid money into their vacations in Paris and in the construction of their multiple villas with pools and then to put the remaining money in paying literal stipends to terrorists and their families.
Because of course, if you pay terrorists stipends you will always have new cannon fodder to throw at Israel's civilians, with which you can then once again blame Israel for taking out a mass murderer.
They never actually had a ''peace initiative''. It's just their way of practicing Jihad. The way they islamized various terrotiries and people was by establishing a long-term plan and rules that will eventually get them the cake they want.
Remember, the ''palestinian'' ''authority'' was just a branch of a known terrorist organization that has even caused problems and deaths even in Jordan, Lebanon and Egypt. Which is why Jordan kicked them out, why during the lebanese civil war the majority of christians sided with israel and why to this day Egypt keeps its border with Gaza even more closed than Israel (which lets thousands of Gazans come into israel to have a job).
The whole ''palestinian'' enterprise is the very definition of corruption.
@@magnumopus1628 Palestine is not jewish land.
Free Palestine from Israel
@@St-lan ok Nazi
I would recommend Richard Cockett’s Sudan: Darfur and the Failure of an African State, for a readable recent perspective on Sudan and South Sudan
Please, stop acting intellectual, did you know Darfur was part of the government until South Sudan separated? Stop mixing up information.
@@godfreylado9691 I’m not quite sure I understand what you mean, I simply recommend a book on the second Sudanese civil war.
I am curious: Did you go to school for history? If so, what was your focus/concentration?
Camps
Thanks for this! Comprehensive but so well explained
Crazy how much is going on behind the scenes we dont know about, and innocent people suffer as a result.
Can you make video on the 6 day war
He mentioned that he wants to go over the Six Day War in his Israeli nuclear program videos. I think it's on the way.
Seconded
There's so much content on that online, I'd rather one on the Suez crisis.
Thirded
There is to many of that online
WOW this was well made , excellent work
I hope you make an in depth video on the second Sudanese civil war too this was very informative 😃
South Sudanese participated in both the First and Second sovereignty councils. The "South Sudan Question" of South Sudan is not mainly about participation but tokenism and cultural suppression done by the North. South Sudanese politicians were not a monolith; Ruak Musahr,, for example,, is from a big tripe and was part of the North government. Also the videos snippets featured here mostly does not related to what you are talking about, like the video of Queen Elizabeth visit in 1965. but overall really excellent video
Thank you for another excellent video. My knowledge of the latter 20th century in terms of world events is unfortunately lacking. Thank you for educating me yet again.
God be with you out there, everybody. ✝️ :)
Thanks for making the video
very detailed,, i might need a more dumbed down version to take it all in though. have subscribed
This video just has me thinking about those people who switched from "slave names" to arabic names. Different part of the world, and a different context, but still.
Yep black nationalist who switch to Arab names to escape slave names
All love and support for the South Sudan from eritrea. 🇸🇸 💗🇪🇷
Yes, South Sudan as it exists now is still better than the above.
South sudan is doing nowhere better than sudan, sudan hosts most south sudanese diaspora and most southern dtill live in sudan, study , seek medicals in sudan. SS still relies on their pil export through sudan . Even infrastructure projects beforr succcesion is still maintained better then southern projects. South sudan govt cant control entire country unlike sudan. Lower living standard , less gdp and poor hdi then sudan. Ss is failed nation sudan is top 3 east africas giant .
@@salihalash4111 I did not say South Sudan is doing better than Sudan. I said independent South Sudan is doing better than South Sudan as part of Sudan. Simple as.
Also, Sudan Giant? Sudan's at best a lesser version of Giant that Nigeria is. One in a Coma.
@@salihalash4111, worried less about South Sudan 🇸🇸 now, many of South Sudanese are living in the West due to your so call Khartoum/government. I am very proud African, black, Christian South Sudanese, many South Sudanese are certain about their own identity & we”ll continue to improve. Unlike confused Sudanese who can’t even define their identity😢. Great luck!
These Arabs don’t know iz lam is foreign to Africa as well. As always; invaders will be invaders.
Islam was accepted by muslims my ancestors where some of the first Muslims before even the peoples of Syria, Iraq and north africa and they lived in Africa in the city of Zeila and they accepted Islam while the Prophet was still alive if you look there are plenty of examples of African leaders and monarchs embracing Islam without and Arab army standing in his land
@@bobbobby3085 tell that to those who encountered Uthman dan fodio and his entourage
@@Gadflyyy You can never have a unbiased opinion of him you will look at him as a scourge an example of barbarism while others will see him as a reformer and one who campaigns for his people, a renewer of the faith
This does not change the fact that many peoples, states and Kingdoms accepted Islam voluntarily and that the descendants of people who were “forced” to convert live with Islam happily otherwise they would’ve left
@@bobbobby3085apostasy is haraam in Islam. Stfu liar
This was just enthnic cleansing, nice they free now
The great Joseph Lagu in the thumbnail
The British truly annihilated every thing they touched
16:03
Islam is as colonialist (and probably even more) as Christianity.
like all religions it is used by people as an excuse.
As a Sudanese shut up Israeli or Indian bot.
“Islam is a colonialist(and probably even more as Christianity” What did the Christian do in the Americas, What did the Christians do in Africa, What did the Christian’s do in oceania.
@@emptyhad2571the Muslims fucked Africa up
@@emptyhad2571 Slavery and other shit.
If Islam and Christianity stay out of Africa we will be just fine
you'll still be throwing spears at each other not founding wakanda
Christianity wasn't brought to Africa but started here in Ethiopia and Egypt
@@bolzechariah5155 Kinda of true yes Christianity has an old history in Africa but Christianity was really spread en masse by Christian European missionaries in the 19th and 20th century
I see northern sudan implemented the colonial hejazi dhimmi system on South Sudan...
This is phenomenal research and presentation. I have watched hours of history programs and have never come across something so cutting edge on a topic. Most information on South Sudan focuses on John Garang and the SPLM, who knew the depth of history before that. I am currently researching North Sudan and looking for answers on why an African population became emasculated by a racist, Islamist elite representing a small proportion of the total population. Why did Muslim African tribes participate so willingly in a racial hierarchy where they formed the bulk of forces committing genocide against Christian/ animist tribes in the south? Will the Nuba, Hausa, Fur, Beja, Ingessana, Zaghawa, finally unite and demand respect and an equitable share of resources? I look forward to seeing more content from you....well done!
If journalism is the first draft of history, then wikipedia would be the cliffnotes of history.
Great video, really liked it
When British Made border for you
Amazing video
Damn that’s a nice book collection you have there.
Feel bad fpr the southern Christian's
Original there weren’t many Christians in the region until the British came.
The only Christian’s in the region followed Ethiopian othrodox.
@@emptyhad2571 the British are Christians that makes no sense and if you watch this video it's clear that extremist Islam and Arab nationalism is why there's not much Christians.
@@emptyhad2571 Ethiopian Christians deserve respect as they are OG and go back way way far back to Roman times.
@@emptyhad2571 And what does it matter that most of the South Sudanese Christians are Catholic or Protestant?.
Great subbed 😎
American Christians be aware: this is what actual persecution is like, not whatever the hell is going on here.
Another case of britain managing to cause conflict that could've easily been avoided but wasn't for their own interests, leading to conflicts that still happen to this day. Unbelievable
oh shit like every other nation doesn't do that
"but uhhh Britain cause bad thing duhh"
Without their help the Northern Arabs would have finished us the southerners
@@bolzechariah5155 Thats how they get everyone. Treat one group badly and treat the other with respect. Also it helps if both groups have different religions. They did this exact bullshit with "north" and "south" indians.
Can you do a video on the Ogaden war
This is fantastic work excellent job
there is no one have ever made research about the genesis of the conflicts in Sudan and the subsequent independent of SOUTH SUDAN like this researcher have done it
How about a video regarding civil wars in central america
When British Made border for you
I have to watch it 5 times.
3:00 Incidentally the same Winston Churchill had fought in the Anglo-Egyptian reconquest of Sudan & wrote a book about it. It argues that the Egyptians were such atrocious rulers that the Mahdi was justified, but that the Mahdi's successor was an aggressive tyrant whose rule sounds like that of a 20th century African dictator.
Fun fact: We don't really have a name for the civil war that happened between Iraq and the Kurds, and the Sunni-majority terry group dressed in black (that can't be named) from the years 2014-2017 either.
This comment serves no other purpose than to be sacrificed on the blood altar of the algorithm gods to help this awesome channel grow.
Have you ever had trouble with TH-cam AI about the swastika On the book on the shelf ?
Anyanya one was established by my grandfather, Kamilo Dhol Kuac ! ❤❤❤
Are you high?
The Quar'an tells us not to force people into Islam. Abood is not a Muslim, and has abused his power and blasphemed by representing this evil as Islam.
What a mess, so much infighting.
Tribalism is a global issue, but especially in Africa. They don't see themselves as fellow countrymen, but competing factions
@@scottanos9981 If you zoom out enough, you will have countries doing the same.
All of Sudan is a hell hole i would love to go there but visitors are keep getting shot
Visitors never got shot there idiot
What good non fiction books do yo recommend from your library?
Just a random clip of somali elders sneaked in at 6:47 lmao. Great video still
"Which resulted in a crackdown against communists. . ."
So this isn't all bad.
im a rapist and a murderer, but because at least one victim is a communist, im not all bad.
communists are the first line of defense against fascism. there isn’t an anti-communist so vitriolic as a fascist.
It always is, tho'; bc once the regime runs out of "communists", they look for who they don't like (who could be anyone, even you), and call them "communists" and "Crack down" on them too.
Nobody care about communism, too much meddling in Sudan 🇸🇩
Average Historytube fascist
FYI a descendant of the el mahdi gut played the doctor on stark trek DS9
17:58
Was that even enforceable?
I forgot that Rolf Steiner fought for Anyanya.
He was a hell of a fighter
Historical uncivilized savagery
World wars intensify.
First, but certainly not their last war
1:31 Uhm - is that not the Turkish flag 🇹🇷 used instead of the Egyptian? 🇪🇬
Egypt had a different flag at the time.
back 2008 or 9, I think. I had the South Sudans Presidents wife in my cab. From Rochester MN to Austin, MN. She said she had a pretend job at Hormel and that is where i dropped her off. idk I don't really have a point.. it was just unusual.
❤And they are so totally unaware of being manipulated,😢😮❤❤ It's a waste of time. It's a waste of money. It's a waste of human resources and nobody ever wins. This is backwards and perverse. A blind person can see through this without their glasses on.
❤This is the most foolish thing that I have ever seen. I disapprove 😢. ❤This is hideous.😢😮❤All of this energy and time an resources 💗 could and should have been applied to employment development in creating industry and to learning technology which can advance this country, instead of putting it farther back and into the Dark Ages 😔😮😢❤ It just makes me so angry for people to do harm to themselves.😮😢 And to their own people whose lives we are fighting to o save. It's very disappointing indeed.❤
You have to start explaining the economic motivations and how that affected people decisions. And how economics lead people to take which sides.
Do the Northern Sudanese view themselves as Arabs? Call themselves Arabs? I keep hearing the term Arab used throughout this film in that regard.
Yes. The north Sudanese see themselves as Arab.
Not related to the video, but good job on your weight loss man!
hey is your shoulder ok?
سبحان الله العالم كله عارف من هم اصل السودان
Was this neo-Madhist regime the one that produced the "league of decency" clip from Africa Addio?
*Critical Drinker voice:* Nahh, it’ll be fine
So... it was basically Brits and Seppos... and religions. A classic.
16:15 wow those Sunni supremist were dumb
Eum.... an,ja,ja???
Sounds a bit off innit
Saying the conflict has its roots before the colonial period then immediately bringing up colonial borders is funny asl