The Nervous System
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 29 ก.ย. 2024
- 041 - Animal Nervous System
Paul Andersen begins this podcast with a discussion of brain lateralization and gives a brief demonstration of tests that were performed on split-brain individuals. He then discusses the major parts of a neuron and explains how action potentials are generated using voltage-gated ion channels. He explains how neurotransmitters transmit messages across a synapse and how these messages can be either inhibitory or excitatory.
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Intro Music Atribution
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Creative Commons Atribution License
All of the images are licensed under creative commons and public domain licensing:
Bananas, n.d. openclipart.org....
"File:Action Potential Vert.png." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 9, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Butyric-Acid-3D-Balls.png." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 9, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Hemispheres.png." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 9, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Neuron Hand-Tuned.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 9, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
"File:Synapse diag1.svg." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Accessed December 9, 2013. en.wikipedia.or....
Flower 7 Colors, n.d. all-free-downlo....
Saltcellar, n.d. openclipart.org....
Sun, n.d. openclipart.org....
If all teachers and professors taught like you, our world would be completely different. Thank you
"you're forming memories right now" Oh god i hope so
@Ashking01 lol
Tamar Grey
wooooow i like that
Not me. Ill have to watch this a million times
E
Keep in mind:
In the PNS, myelin sheaths are made out of Schwann cells.
In the CNS, myelin sheaths are made out of oligodendrocytes.
Took A&P and gained a rough understanding of the Na+/K pump, action potential, and nerve synapses, but now everything is suddenly clear after watching this video. Thank you so much for this.
Salty banana. Great analogy, really helped me understand where the concentration gradients began and changed. Thanks!
salticrax
Just wanted to say that i've watched this video probably four times and each time I've been confused about action potentials and the potassium pump - but finally I got it! I feel so proud of myself but also so thankful to you for explaining this process so well. Thank you so much for all the hard work you do!!
I took anatomy and physiology over 5 years ago, and I kinda forgot a little and your videos are serving as a refresher to my dimmed memory. I'm going to pass the Teas Test with ease.
Your voice is so soothing!
You are awesome. I would never be able to pass A&P without your videos. I got over 100 on my last exam, when the class average was only 80, because of these videos. Thank you so much!!
You are a GENIUS, Mr. Anderson! Thank You!
Good sir, you make biology interesting. Got an A on my test thanks to you :3
You dont know how much your videos help me
Wow, thank you so much for this video. I could not, for the life of me, understand what an action potential was and you completely cleared that up for me.
Thanks so much for all the videos!!!!!! I couldn't have passed my anatomy and physiology class without them!!!
"you shall not pass" LOL
YOU SHALL NOW PASS your class
@@DJcMugaba that was me like 3 days ago but im barely passing lol
Midterms tomorrow. I am gonna spend all night watching these.
The Na+ and K+ channels are voltage-gated, meaning that they open and close in response to voltage thresholds which are governed by ion concentrations. So Na+ diffuses in through a channel, and the more it diffuses, the more it spreads inside the axon, causing that local voltage change to spread to adjacent voltage-gated channels. Imagine this like a domino effect where one channel after another opens in response to Na+ diffusing in upstream and then diffusing downstream with the conc. gradient.
It's insanely fascinating how the brain works
I am loving the way you explain things, Thank you !!!!!!
Thank you so much. I've been trying to understand neeons and how action potentials work for my bio class. This really helped.
Many thanks for these informative, easy to understand videos, am studying neuroscience at the moment and these straightforward explanations are exquisite. I have I hope (thanks to my neurons) kept most of the info imparted.
It has already happened upstream. Since the action potential is directional, the impulse originates at one end of the cell and propogates to the other end.
Love this ! I understood all about the nervous system from this video even if I'm romanian and I don't speak english very good
I have to say you really have helped there. I couldn't get my head around it and its been driving me mad but thank you so much exams soon and I appreciate you doing the video has helped me so much :)
Every time I watch one of these videos, I can't help but think of the matrix.
Well Hello Mr.Anderson...
Awesome explanation !!!!!!!!!!!!!! Thanks so much and I think your videos are really helpful for my final exams coming a later couple of week
you've been a blessing to us... thank you... thank you...
mr anderson,
thank u so much! you are awsome!!!
you helped us a lot!
great teacher thank you for your videos
Hi Mr. Anderson. It has come to my attention that Na-K pumps pump 3 Na+ ions out, and 2 K+ ions in, as opposed to the 3 out and 3 in as illustrated in your animation.
That's not the pump that's the gradient
very good thankyou, but there wasn't any mention on the hyper-polarisation so why in the graph theres a dip after the action potential. If anyone's wondering, its to stop the action potential happening again.
my brain hurts... its too late for this
Thank you for the clear explanation
Always helpful
If talking about mathematics yes...but talking about physics or sciences, we always take the magnitude or absolute value to compare two quantities.... the negative sign only denotes direction.
It can be pronounced either way. He actually pronounces it the way British (and Irish) people pronouce it strangely enough. The other way of pronouncing it is the North American way. It's like the way 'tomato' is pronounced differently depending on what side of the Atlantic you come from.
Amazing Video! Thanks for posting!
Ha! You teach way better than my Biology teacher :D. BTW, thanks for the video, it really helps me a lot! :D
thanks for this vid. This helped me tremendously
This statement is incorrect: "In all animals, it is -55 mV". Many neurons in other species have different resting membrane potentials and thresholds. Some species have neurons that don't even have sodium-based action potentials (C. elegans, e.g.).
Interesting, staring straight at the plus I had better luck identifying the sun but I didnt see the earth/plant very well at all.
PeerlessAnaconda Same here.
-50 mV is technically greater than -70 mV. But amazing video, as always. Pretty much the reason I have any sort of decent grade in AP Bio. Thanks!
Thank You for this awesome video ♥
Since the voltage is -10mV, the sum of the charges should be negative... so why would it be more + charges tan -???
Yo my man, that video was so long but felt short, how do you do it? How do you make me enjoy a subject I have no interest in??
9:25 "When this goes to negative 70.." You mean negative 50? You drew the line from 50 and said 70. You also said that the voltage of a neuron was 70 prior to this error.
amazing thank you so much!!
What kind of software r u using?
Eyyy thanks man your videos are helping me a lot with my biology revision for a levels
that was helpful
omg I love your profile pic who drew it?
YOU SHALL NOT PASS!!!
What does it mean to be a negative neurotransmitter ?
inhibitory neurotransmitter?
Is it just me or did you think that the earth was a blue raisin when he flashed it at the screen?
nothing like a little Bozeman and chill
+Iman Zarrinkoub that is an amazing sentence.
*no other sentence can be taken so many different ways*
Mr. Anderson you are literally the lifeline of my whole bio class. You can explain more in 5 minutes than my teacher can in 5 weeks
I definatly didn't say it was a flower I thought it was the color weel
Me too bro!
you are an excellent teacher, so clear, you make it simple and I can't thank you enough for all your videos, they are helping me gain the understanding I do not get in class. you are a true gift from spirit.
rainbow
That moment when you finally realize what the lines on a heart monitor are
You mean the action potential? It's actually a bit different. The heart trace is a composite from the electrical activities from the various ventricles and valves of the heart. The heart trace looks quite different, but is similar in that it has an excitatory and refactory stage. The different peaks can tell you a lot about the different fuctions of the heart, like long QT. The peaks are named QRST in respective order and a heart with the long QT will take longer to go through the 4 peaks making it less efficient at distributing oxgyen to the body. Someone more qualified may explain this better, but I don't think the action potential is the same as the heart trace.
You have such a knack for making a complex subject understandable. Salty banana is exactly the type of easy to remember memory prompt which is so useful in an exam. Thank you
I hate this topic but you make it seem so easy. But we have a lot more information regarding this like different types of channels, etc. I wish we just had this much :(
Haha 'salty banana', that's the best analogy ever, cheers!
Glad I'm not the only bio student coming here with a jumble of confusing notes about action potentials and Na/K pumps, looking for a better explanation. 🥴 You actually make sense. But I'll still need to watch this one a few more times haha
The explanation of the split brain thing reminds me of that episode of House with the guy whose left hand hated everyone.
Bailey Edwards The human brain is a interesting machine . Who know to what extend a person can manipulate the human body with the right conditioning and training or access the subconscious mind. I know some people who been training for years in such disciplines and technique's. They can control their heart beat and body temperatures and reset their sense of smell. When people get used to a smell they stop noticing it , They can also boost up the sense of smell and even able to push aside external distraction to more easily focus on sound and this makes them better at detecting lies. When people lie theirs a small shift in sound or variation for some people it is very slight almost unnoticeable for others it more bold and easier to detect. They keep trying to develop new disciplines and techniques to manipulate their own body and minds. I understand they are currently trying to mimic the effect of channeling electrical power through them without killing them. They heard about a man who is able to do it and are trying to mimic the effect. People sense accurate things about people all the time on a instinctual level. I wonder if its genetic or trainable. They do look very much alike.
+Bailey Edwards yeah, I did a research project on alien hand syndrome (inspired by that episode of house), the corpus callosum surgery is actually one of its main causes too.
I've watched a lot of your videos now and this is the the best one so far IMO. Very well presented.
OMG I TOATS AGREE BAE
I am so glad that I found your videos. They have made a huge difference in my gpa for Human Biology! Thank you so much for taking all this time....
tfw you don't know whether what your drawing is a flower or not until yuo draw a smiley face on it and you immediately recognise that it's the sun lmao
The sodium potassium pump does not reset the membrane to resting potential! This is 100% wrong. I'm a neurobio professor, and this is one of the biggest misconceptions in neuroscience. The pump plays no *direct* role in returning to resting potential. The pump simply maintains the concentrations gradients over a long time period.
But: When an action potential occurs, only a tiny, tiny amount of ions (
So informative and simplified! I've been watching your videos since Grade 12 and they've continued to help me through first year university science courses. Thank you so much for your help!
Salty Banana, Love that.
My AP Bio teacher assigns these to us for HW and it's honestly so helpful!! You explain everything so simply so I can understand but it gets the lesson through really well!
7:34 lord of the rings reference? :D
I’m serious...why couldn’t I see any of the images... I hit my head really hard a year ago and my reading has deteriorated, but I’m wondering if something is really wrong now 😂😂😂😂
Just wondering, don't Calcium ions have to be wrote as Ca2+?
I love society
"written" ;)
That was very helpful!
You are better than what my science teacher has ever explained in his class. Very specific and useful for science dummies like me! Love you and thank you sooo much!!
So the stuff about whether youre left brained or right brained is a bunch of foowy?
TYSM! I'm understanding this for the first time!
This guy should be my biology professor!! short lessons that summarize a whole chapter.
The salty banana is the first time I was able to get the ions correct. Each other explanation is confusing about what flows where-when. Brilliant, as simple as anything but explains it perfectly.
Few minutes study before AP bio....
Thank you so much for saving me from the book. Mr.A you got yourself an admirer. A question: are the inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter forming a new action potential curve by leveling at the receptor neuron (or whatever it is called) or are they literally voting and the winners' message is transferred? (If you can understand what I'm taking about....) Thanks to anyone reading this
Oh my God I am so grateful for this man. he is the best explaining this subject. I can say i have learnt more with him than with my teacher. She only read ppt at class. Thanks Mr. Anderson, you are the best.
May I know where is thoughts created, and how is it created ?
HOW DOES THIS GUY NOT HAVE AT LEAST A MILL SUBS, EVERYBODY SUBSCRIBE NOW!!!!!
oh look he has a mill subs. wow
your voice is so relaxing but not the bad relaxing so i don't fall asleep like i usually do in class
What is that electrical storm from, when it is inside?
you just taught me what my teacher couldn't for 2 classes, I swear I almost gave up studying for this test. god bless you!
Hehe....salty banana......dats a good one.....
This is incorrect. I think that a disclosure should be made to correct the perpetuating neuromyth of "brain dominance". Healthy individuals use both hemispheres evenly. Secondly, although it is true that the majority of people have a language processing area located in the left hemisphere (Wernicke's area), in some individuals, this is reversed and occurs in the right hemisphere.
i love you, can you be my college professor? Seriously, we need more of you!!!
Your use of "+" and "-" signs as shorthand for "excitatory" and "inhibitory" is highly misleading. You have also used these symbols to refer to the charge of particles, so you may be leading students to believe that negatively charged neurotransmitters are inhibitory while positively charged neurotransmitters are excitatory.
Do i have split brain because Im seeing the earth and flower on my right side, but i cant tell what they are. I see them, but cant make them out if im staring at the plus sign with both eyes. Also, i write with my left hand and am right handed for everything els. Plz help! I have very good peripheral vision, though. Same thing with the sun on the left. I just see an orange blob. Whats wrong with me?
Your example for rate-coding (while maintaining action potential size) leads to a misconception that the same neurons responding to pain would also respond to light touch. And that pain is simply more action potentials from the same sensory neuron. Both are wrong. Sensory fields are the more traditional example to use when introducing rate coding.
So how is someone able to overwhelm someone else senses by making lots of noises such as coughing and also one time this person was shaking their head vigorously or in a complex way in a conversation, it was like she did it on purpose to disturb my composure and it worked! It made me feel overwhelmed and anxious. How was this possible just by seeing and hearing?
these videos are literally the reason i'm doing well in bio. Thank you so much! So reliable as well !!
Congrats bae
I would like to add this subject to Pinterest may you update .....Thank you greatly appreciate it
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This Video helped me a lot! Watched it 2 times and took some notes and I understand it now. Thank you so much :)
"The action potential is going to go down this neuron, and then it's going to go down this neuron" is wrong. Action potential -> synaptic transmission -> graded potential which may or may not lead to an action potential.
You state that the "reason" for the after-hyperpolarization is to maintain directionality of the action potential. this is not really true - the real culprit is the inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels earlier.