Tabless Electrode Patent (Deep Dive)
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 พ.ค. 2020
- This video is a technical deep dive and walkthrough of Tesla's Tabless Electrode Patent. There is a lot about this Patent that isn't being dicussed, such as the trail of patents by Kunio Tsuruta, reduced heat generation, improved cooling, easier and cheaper manufacturing, and improved cold-weather performance.
The video begins by talking about the three inventors and Kunio's patent history, then talks about the negatives of a tabbed electrode and the positives of a tabless electrode, explains in depth the benefits of the tabless electrode, and then talks in depth about Durr systems and double sided electrode coatings.
#BatteryInvestorDay #NotSellingAShareBefore10000
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Intro Music by Dyalla: Homer Said - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
Hey folks! Corrections:
Minor error in the visuals: That 'µ' symbol is called 'mu' and it stands for 'micro'. Mu was the incorrect symbol, it should have been an m for milli! Also, ohm figure at 10:14 should be milliohms.
Large error with the double sided: All the information is correct - except for the fact that most electrodes ARE double-sided.
The symbol for micro is a mu (a greek letter) tho
@@michielwesselingh661 Thanks! I didn't know that is what it was called! I'll edit this pinned comment.
@@thelimitingfactor most keyboards have lowercase mu directly accessible, too: µ. press ALT GR + M
@@w0ttheh3ll µ SIIIIIICK!
The Limiting You might want to actually pin this comment. It isn’t at this moment
This might be your best Video yet.. clear and concise, easy to follow and packed with information!
That means a lot thanks!
Agreed. Great work.
It was pretty good, but no need to spin that electrode like a windmill, that was annoying.
Your content is fantastic. It's truly generous of you to share.
🙏 It's this kind of response that keeps me going!
for me also ... great content. no fuzz just data. easy to follow and digest. keep it up.
The Limiting Factor thank you for your content man! Very impressive! Highly highly appreciate it!
@@thelimitingfactor I thought I had already subscribed, but I decided to double-check after seeing so many positive and insightful comments from both you and your viewers. Another new sub. Great work!
Thank you so much for the detailed explanation of the tabless design. Looks like several improvements rolled into one, sorry for the pun.
haha!
Anyone else here who always swears to themselves they're gonna understand the video at the first time watching, everything is nice and easy for the first few minutes, and then they completely lose it at some point? 😅
This is a great way to make people watch your content multiple times Jordan ^^
My sinister plan has been exposed, lol
Huh had me at battery somethiklng or other patent. Not enough coffee for me today
When I find amazing but complex videos that are worth watching again - I try to find a friend to watch them with. That second time I learn more than the first!
Jordan: As a TSLA stockholder, I watch EVERYthing about Telsa. Your Tesla videos on are absolutely the best bar none! Nobody else comes close to matching your content, clarity, preparation, detail and coherence. Truly a pleasure to behold. When you get tired of this subject, perhaps you can apply your world class expository skills to building distance learning courses for whatever fascinates/rewards you.
Thanks! Much appreciated. I make the content I would want to see 😃
Watching this after BatteryDay : You just hit the nail!
Now that battery day has happened, I'm super impressed with this analysis.
Props for use of the technical term "Teensy Weensy"!
😁
LOL, I was wondering if anyone would pick that up.
@@thelimitingfactor
You doubted me?
Feelings hurt 😁
The all seeing eye! lol
@@thelimitingfactor
I'm sitting on that!
@@thelimitingfactor you are cool. Never thought I would say it to a guy with am mustache. So, again: you're cool.
Everyone simply says Elon has did this; elon is great , but you have said the names of those three scientist behind this patent - respect for that
Elon’s talent is finding talented people.
Capacitor manufacturers have been using tabless for decades. It is good to see that the daylight has finally broken through to battery technology.
There are plenty of videos around labeled "deep dive" or "in-depth". Here is finally one that truly qualifies.
I knew about this patent but didn't think of at least half of less obvious advantages, other than just lower internal resistance and better cooling.
Revisiting - after many .. weeks? - forgot if I commented - this is an in depth serious exposition that we all really appreciate - thanks!
You're most welcome!
Awesome deep dive into the physics, chemistry and mechanics of a new battery. Thank you for your efforts. I'm sure this video took a HUGE amount of work to produce.
I'm a simple man: I see a new video on this channel, I click, everything else can wait. :) :)
ha! Thanks Ethan
@@thelimitingfactor Had to do a deep dive into a long video conferencing session just after finishing this video. Let me add that it was, once again, awesome!
Learning so much and ohh.. waiting for that battery day is soooo "Arghhhh". ;-O
I have decided to try and take the (next) day of though. So I can fully feast on everything that we will have learned by then. 8-)
Loads of facts and insight in each video. Thanks for keeping it simple, whilst going into greater depth than anyone else on TH-cam. Kudos!
My pleasure!
Another great video. Thanks, Jordan! I love the in depth technical explanations. Battery Day can't come soon enough!
Always makes my week to see a video from you pop up on my feed! Thanks so much for your deep dive and accurate analysis you rock!
My pleasure!
Another brilliant explanation.
The deeper you get with these the more I feel we are missing something simple. I can’t put my finger on what it is as I’m not a battery engineer or an engineer of any sort but that “intuition” is kicking.
Started watching your stuff a few days ago for a chemistry project, you explain everything so well! I was able to understand what you were talking about and I am now quite interested in this type of thing. You're videos are awesome, you earned a new sub, keep up the good work :D
Thanks man! There will be correction to this video. Everything I said about double-sided electrodes being difficult is true. However, Tesla already uses double-sided electrodes, along with the rest of the industry. I'm working on a quick corrections video.
Your effort in researching this content is greatly appreciated. Thank you.
My pleasure!
Brilliant! Well researched, clearly summarised and you include your own well reasoned thoughts.
Great Video!
I can’t think like you do, but you break things down to where I can understand the things you do!
You perform
a tremendous service for thousands of people.
Hats off to you!
You're most welcome guy!
Simply amazing Jordan, it's so great to see this Channel growing.
Thanks Tim! We're getting there. There will be a couple corrections on this video. Hard to believe it's been 5 months. So much learned, and so much more to learn.
Excellent reporting, well-researched and well-presented. Yesterday's future is here today. I appreciate these significant practical design improvements much more than pie-in-sky battery-breakthrough horizon stuff that will never happen.
Thank you so much for your clear explanations. I hope you keep making content, because this is the only channel I’ve ever seen that matches this level of clarity, understanding, and articulation. Keep it up! Subbed.
🔥🙏
Ditto. It is amazing how watchable you make such deep technical content.
Jordan - so much freaking amazing new information in this vid. Had to watch twice for it to all sink in properly. Uncovering some great gems here. Awesome work!
Glad you enjoyed it! Thanks for your support Andrew 🔥
@@thelimitingfactor One small request, it'd be ace if you could leave links in your video description to some of the key patents / documents and research you dig up and refer to in the video. Saves taking notes on the references and looking for them later. Cheers
Amazing video. Thank you for the huge amount of work you must put into doing this.
Wow i learn so much about batteries listening to your videos. I can't find any better on TH-cam.
btw- great video- There are tons of people online who have completely the wrong idea about the basics of a battery, esp regarding the tabless patent. I am a mere beginner, but your videos help. Cheers
Man, I racked my brain for a few days on this one, lol. Glad it resonated. The toilet paper livestream was fun, but it was just a hot take and there is so much more to it. I'll be interested to see if someone can cook up a better heat estimate!
Another video I can like in advance.
Always a pleasure, thanks for your work.
You're most welcome!
@@thelimitingfactor Agreed, love your work. A unique perspective and deep dive in a flurry of surface level Tesla analysis. Thank you sir.
@@brettmangel36 🔥🔥🔥 Thanks Brett!
Great info and insight! Thank you. I'm excited for Battery Day!!!
WOW, What concept. Fantastic & keep that innovation going ahead of every other auto makers.
Fantastic video. Super interesting and educational. Many thanks
Amazing video. Very informative. Thank you so much!!
Wow, fabulous thoughts. Yep, I too am getting itchy feet for the battery day true reveal. I think I may be able to follow the tech revealed this time and comprehend it, due in no small way to your way of simply explaining complex new concepts. Kudos. Hope you can get home soon (if you are not planning to stay permanently in Aotearoa)
I'll be here for a while I think :D. I have citizenship. I feel like I have two homes now. Thanks man!
The Limiting Factor cool, safe place to hang out, and pretty laid back. I left nearly 30 years ago to travel the world and ended up settling recently in middle of the west coast of Oz - not too hot, not too cold or wet. NZ seems chilly to me now
@@kdkd693 Nice! Things have just kind of worked out for me here. I don't know if I'll stay forever, but it will always be my alma mater (literal Latin translation 'other mother'). The US is calling me. It would be good to be closer to all these experts for interviews.
The Limiting Factor hehe, in the last couple of months you wouldn’t have had any face to face meetings with experts anyway,they would have been just exactly as close on the webcam. But yes, nice to be /feel closer
Thank you for the concise briefing on battery technology. Awesome!
This is brilliant. Great reporting and analysis. These are the kinds of incremental advances that will bring the truly affordable EV closer step by step.
thank you. straight to the point and back to the future
Wow incredibly informative and straight to the point, thanks.
Great work Jordan! You really make the information understandable- thanks for bring back the toilet paper roll!
Thanks for this hard Work, i really appreciate it. Batterie day will be mind blowing for shure!
I'm very curious to see how things play out 😀
Great analysis!
Jordan excellent video It was very well done thanks for the education
Hey Ronald! No problem, my pleasure
Great video budd, keep it up
this is amazing. these are HUGE implications!
Fantastic depth, thanks!
I like this from a Yield Rate point of view. I have seen reviews claiming one of the challenged Panasonic had with Giga Nevada was to be able to achieve what Tesla expected in terms of yield rate for their production lines.
I can be wrong but raise the yield rate maybe one of the reasons the differences betwn Tesla & Pana and the non-completion of the Giga Nevada. Tesla must have learnt from these Panasonic challenges on the current battery types and sort changes by building the cylindrical battery ground up using the first principles. (Applying and testing these patents).
The new batteries could be integrated into the changes Panasonic carried out and included in their achievement of 35GW for the existing lines. More efficient use of existing footprint production lines, to pilot higher speed, efficient, least cost production lines defines the Terafactories to be proposed at battery day.
Great Research!
Thanks Joel and I appreciate your thoughts. Glad you picked up on the Yield rate! As an investor, this is where it's at for me.
You are correct on Panasonic's yield rate. It took them a good long while before it was acceptable - a year/year and a half.
Nils Frederking agree that it would Be hard for Panasonic to change their production lines significantly. Personally think that the only thing they are likely to do is change chemistry of the electrolyte.
Nils Frederking me too!
You put out top notch videos regarding Tesla. I follow the company on a daily basis and nobody comes close to reporting the new battery technology that’s around the corner. I can’t wait for battery day 2020. The larger “Jelly Roll” batteries are going to be awesome!
Thanks man 🤜🤛 Me too!
I came here after watching the Battery Day live feed. Because "Tabless Battery" combined with that mandala pattern image was super-confusing. (I actually thought he was saying some magical foreign word, like "mandala".)
Anyway, now I totally get it. Thanks!
(Expect an up-tick in views on this video starting today. :) )
Great vid dude. This is a really fascinating topic. The battery investor day will be amazing. Also it will be cool to see what they are holding back. Modern product cycle meaning there is always a 3 steps instead of 1 to make more money lol
Damn, I thought I was hyped for BID before this! On one hand, I can't wait for the big reveal; on the other hand, I hope they keep putting it off long enough for me to load up on more shares before it really hits the stratosphere. I think people calling TSLA a bubble now have no effing clue! This is still just the beginning...
Thanks for all your hard work! I know this kind of research and video editing must take a colossal amount of time and mental energy.
🤜🤛🙏 You're most welcome!
Excellent! Loved it. Thanks 🙏🏻
This was great thanks - the best information I've seen so far(and I search for it too).
It seems to me that by concentrating the thermal-pathway at the tab that this will allow a much simpler(cost/time) array of heat management schemes, compared to the current use of coolant pumped through ribbon wrapped around cells with thermo-conductive 'goo'.
Great stuff 👌
Ref Tandem Coater ~ coat both surfaces and run the oven vertically. That is how PTFE is 'sintered' onto electrical conductors without damaging the insulator..
Wow, deep dive, thanks 😊
Makes my brain hurt, but I love your stuff. Thank you.
Thanks for your work on this channel. It pulled a good insight somewhere along your video. What I found as a future investor of Tesla is that their CEO has a secret to success that is on the right path. I like Elon's insight into how he "properly" rewards inventors/ geeks, with a place in history. "The Patent" with their "Name" on it. We all know that history classes use patents to explain the great ones. Our present will be our great grandchild History Class with some inventors as required reading. I tell my kids about Elon already, because he invented "Respect" Over money. He wasn't interested in going down in history as another Thomas Edison. He genuinely respects the inventors that are given the chance to realize the dreams that were just in their minds. Elon's companies provide "Full Funding". The Inventors achievement can not be stolen from history by other wealthy individuals down the link that have less scruples. Thanks again for the work you do.
He is the mythic hero. Constantly returning to battle the dragon.
Awesome content, thanks!
One thing about the example you showed was both the positive and negative sheets showed on the bottom of the example. It would seem in the design the positive foil would stick out the top of the sheet and the negative would stick out the bottom, then you can just crush them into the can and get lots of contact on both ends.
LOL, I love it. Compression contact all around.
well explained
Great video
what a great and informative video! awesome
Thanks Matthias!
Letting the outer end of the anode current collector directly touch the can is another genius move. So simple and effective. It would make cooling much more effective even if the cathode still had a tab.
I wonder if there would be an issue with contact corrosion. Engineers normally avoid having dissimilar metals touch directly, especially if there is electric current flowing through the system. Not sure how the situation is in a controlled chemical environment inside a sealed cell. Also, I guess the same issue must already be mitigated in conventional cells anyway at the tab welding spot.
It was a thinker, lol. It took me about two days before the thought erupted in my mind. I was wondering about corrosion as well.
@@thelimitingfactor Instead of putting the copper foil to the can, could they put the aluminium foil to the (aluminium I think?) can? If both are aluminium they shouldn't get dissimilar metal corrosion. If they have to switch polarity convention on their own stuff, that shouldn't matter right? Or is there some additional factor that I'm missing?
@@RFjellstroem I've heard that they are putting more additional aluminum contact in the can! Maybe this is it!? :o
@@RFjellstroem the cans are steel.
@@w0ttheh3ll Haha, then scratch my thought! They probably have a better solution anyway than what I imagined.
Great video! Would also be great to see you cover the compeditors technologies!
Working on a script for Samsung's solid state now. I have a dislike of vaporware, my review is 5/10 if it were a movie review.
@@thelimitingfactor Awesome! Looking forward to it, and thanks for the response!
Monster video , thanks
You bet! 🤜🤛
You should be hired by Tesla on their research team asap
That would be cool 🙏😃
@@thelimitingfactor -- I've heard that Musk is a hard taskmaster. He expects everyone to keep up with him and he doesn't have another life. That could be rumor, I've never worked for him.
@@augustmohr9821 That's pretty much how my life is now. Literally working before sun up to after sun down every day, 7 days a week for the past 9 months.
Thanks good explanation
Thanks for excellent videos and particularly the deep dives. Concerning the tabless electrode, I can see this having massive implications for cell to pack design, in terms of lower resistance, alllowing for faster charging and much simpler manufacture.
Thanks for watching!
Shame... Too less views on this overwhelmingly informative video...
Thank You!
Love your videos! One correction: I have broken down many cells (both cylindrical and pouch) as an academic battery researcher and have never come across one that is not already double-side coated. This includes the Panasonic NCR18650B, which was Tesla's cell of choice several years ago. As you mention, double-sided coatings significantly increase energy density, homogenize current distribution, and reduce the weight ratio of inactive to active components in the cell!
That's weird! I'm trying to circle that square. I've never seen a breakdown video with double-sided. I've taken apart a battery and it was single-sided.
I just watched a bunch of videos and they were all double-sided. Thanks for pointing this out! Apparently I'm blind.
If current deviation is less of an issue with tabless cells, manufacturers might be able to get away with slightly thinner current collector foils (that sustain more deformation damage on the production line, thus have more current deviation). This would increase energy density.
Great info/ video. Cadenza, a battery technology startup, use ceramic housings to store their cells. This makes them lighter, more compact and offers better fire resistance. This might also eliminate the requirement for an outer cell separator, as noted in your video.
Ha! Very cool, great information
Love all the info. I'm a retired electronic engineer but had never had much reason to consider battery tech. I feel like I just had a semester worth of battery tech!!! The tabless idea seems such a first principals idea yet no one came up with it till now??? Must be because of the early designs for portable electronics. I once ran into such thinking when trying to find a solution for a work problem till someone pointed out that someone had solved the problem a long time ago but no one had applied it to my problem. @The Limiting Factor
Yeah! Totally! Like wheels on luggage, lol. And also, I agree, often an engineering challenge has been resolved - sometimes it's a matter of doing or a matter of too many MBAs running businesses that should be engineering led. America needs to rebuild its relationship with engineering and manufacturing.
Hopefully soon I'll be able to start developing my batteries.. And then getting my batts in the market..
Excellent....!!!
You should definitely do a video that wraps up all the steps we've seen so far into a range of possible outcomes. Only needs a quick wrap on every step and then some speculative numbers. Run it as a competition to guess which range of maybe's are right for community props.
I love it!
You have the same cadence and deep base sound of the narrator of "how its made" good stuff.
Thanks man!
In addition to possibility of thinner current collecters, this actually improve the cell balancing. As of now, the balance is handled between rolls through the various concentration of avaible li ions in the electrolyte, which is not fast enough to migrate to rolls, this solves this by insuring all layers have the same voltage as they are connected in parralel, so small variations are eliminated
Thanks for the great video 👍🏻!
I didn't know that there was such a difference in battery's internal resistance between "a real use case" DC measurement and an AC impedance measurement - good to know. Like for example 17 mOhm listed for 18650 Sony VTC5A sounds good but it really is quite a lot more with DC then (I guess).
Yeah man, it varies hugely with the testing method. AC frequency, type of DC testing, etc. It's a slippery number.
@@thelimitingfactor Yeah, I'm glad your video bring me that info!
In my view they will have to ultrasonic weld cells edges. Getting a weld along the whole edge sounds very difficult and complex. I have done ultrasonic welding of packs and getting consistent results isn't as easy as you would think. I can inspect my welds visually but they can't see any thing. You can detect a bad weld reading the cells internal resistance but finding where the bad weld or welds would be very difficult. This is an aggressive project that would require massive life tests. They are basically trying to make the cell and the pack in one process from two processes. I think people under appreciate the amount of design work that went in the lead acid car battery. Tesla is making the same type of design but using lithium.
Thanks for the insights Steve, that's greatly appreciated.
Hi, absolutely love this. Could you tell me what report from Argonne you quoted for the cost breakdown?
publications.anl.gov/anlpubs/2011/10/71302.pdf
Would the tabless electrode(s) also decrease the internal resistance, making faster charging/discharging possible? Of course the better cooling will also help with this.
I'm also assuming longer cycle lifetimes, as there is less stress on the battery.
Bring on battery day!
It all depends on how the cell is engineered. Regardless, the tabless electrode should help with cooling which in turn helps with charge and discharge rates.
I believe its directly improves charge and discharge rate.. but as
per TLF above: They will trade off any large performance gains for other improvements too
Solid state batteries need no cooling!
The charge rate is fundamentally limited by heat loss from movement of electrons through the material.... so Yes, it could be dramatically increased.... however, they already increased the size of the battery taking advantage of part of that benefit. Any residual benefit could go into improved charge rate.
My guess is that it will significantly benefit regardless. This would be expressed in the "power density". They mention power at a couple of points but no direct reference.
Intelligence! Good to meet you at last!
Lol!
Good work. Some great inovation on its way . I feel confident that weight can be halved with similar mileage specs with all this combined and it fair to say that 90 % of customers dont wish for or need a reduction in the 0-60 mph times so maybe even less cells would be still something to consider for the average joe soccer mum ! Cheaper and lighter and still better than an ice car !
Thanks! Always informative! Would not better thermal control allow Tesla to push the charging curve further to delay the taper?
I would think so!
Your content is really a testament to that the best content for learning might just be independent (smart) people online, that look at the raw facts. What one would learn at University, although also useful, is often 3-5 years old. If it's in a fast moving field anyway. Keep it up 🔋😃😃
Thanks man!
09:50 the Watts are result of the amperage squared times the resistance. Driving a car is not a constant discharge, which makes the heat problem far worse, specially when driven "hard", as its the current squared. This also explains why Jack Rickard didn't find any heating as in his experiment he was discharging constantly at 1.25Amps, when it will be significantly more when accelerating hard.
On the other hand the 100m Ohms you assumed are a bit generous when compared with the graph @ 09:40
Agree on all points. The graph at 9:40 didn't specify the testing type. The testing type can vary the result by an order of magnitude.
Cheers for the shout out ☺️ great video!
Hey no problem man! This is a community effort.
The Limiting Factor if you have any future questions on wet and vacuum coatings on R2R substrates. Let me know 😉 looking forward to your next video
@@RobsRepairs I'll keep that in mind! Any thoughts on forgenano flame spraying or electrostatic coating? Would love to see something that could really 10X the DBE coatings.
The Limiting Factor I have worked with Beneq who supply ALD tools. th-cam.com/video/dlk4iRgnfvs/w-d-xo.html. ALD on roll to roll could allow for good application of protective layers or particles ALD similar to forge nano. Deposition rates of ALD is very poor compared to CVD, sputtering or thermal evaporation vacuum sources. There is movement towards vacuum coatings in the solid state battery world as this allow for high quality thin layers / better resistivity but throughout of line is a bottleneck compared to atmospheric lines so this is a big trade off. Would love to have a tour of giga-factory 😎 I don’t know of flame spray / electrostatic but heat load on substrates can cause big issues with winding.
@@RobsRepairs This is great information man. Are you on twitter? There is a chance that Tesla will unveil a coating process. If they do, I'll be in a mad scramble to explain this to people and its significance. I'll need a good mind to bounce this off of. The ALD has got me thinking about potential applications.
I've tried searching, but haven't found any new information yet on this,
can you tell me since we now know it is a tabless design with a dry electrode,
this is then a solid state battery?
I feel like all of the improvements they made, was what solid state was promising.
I think they're also thinking about form factors other than cylindrical. This could improve packing density, while I guess also needing changes in cooling methods.
Prior to this video my simple estimation was:
-2” x 40” active sandwiched layer size.
- I assumed tabs were on the end.
-so average current flow distance in tabbed battery = 40”/2 .
- average current flow distance in no tab battery = 2”/2.
That’s a 20 times reduction in distance, which is the same as resistance in the cell.
-Note: only 10 fold improvement if tab is in middle. And the additional resistance of the tab to shell bottleneck, was never factored..
Going a step further: I heard a rumour of going from 21mm to 50 mm diameter battery. Using circle surface area and assuming they keep the same cell length and chemistry: I believe that’s 5.6 times the capacity per cell. (a 2”x 224” unrolled strip)
and 5.6 times the internal resistance - which is well within the improvement ‘ No Tabs’ brings
Do you think this is what they are gonna talk about on Battery Day?
My view is: Hell yes 😀
The Limiting Factor okay i’ll have my Calls ready💪
LOVE
Tab welding is done directly before winding of the Jelly Roll, included in same machine.
Thanks Paul!
They might be able to patent it for batteries, but i have seen identical construction used for HV and HC capacitors. In the first they used for extreme high energy flash tube capacitors, the one that is closest are the super capacitor electrodes. This allows an even discharge at maximum current. Lots of possible current 😮
I'm sure someone's mentioned already but that was the symbol for microohms not miliohms at 8:42
I was wondering if this tables design can be applied to batteries in other products like mobile devices or laptops
Great analysis. I think the breakthrough might come from thicker cathodes with fewer rolls, as current sheets thickness is a big factor in increasing the energy density (thicker is more kwh/kg), but the trade off is power density. With a tabeless design, it might allow for thicker more dense sheets. Combine that with DBE improvement of 20-30% in kwh/kg, cell to pack improvement of 10%, double coated sheets, and you might have a 40% improvement in energy density, with reduced cost per kwh. Apply that to the LFP cathode based battery with input from CATL, with its inherent lower cost and higher cycling life, and we have our selves the cheaper lighter million miles battery breakthrough. One simple method to manufacture a tabeless battery could be using an over hanging copper/aluminum sheet ends, that have no electrode material on them. An extra millimeter on each sides of the cell could touch the cylinder end caps to conduct the electron flow.
Alternatively, we can reduce the thickness of the copper/aluminum current collecter due to improved electrical conductivity, which will benifit improved energy density at reduced cost of material, and improved material weight fraction of the total weight of the cell
Totally!