Also, if you have any questions on the video or semiconductor fabrication, I'd be happy to answer them here. This video took an incredible amount of work to make. Me (Teddy T.) and a few other animators (Mike R., Prakash K., Adrei D., and Parvesh K.) have been working non-stop on this video for the past 4.5 months. If you want more videos like this one support our Patreon: www.patreon.com/brancheducation Q: Why do we use older components e.g. i9-13900K, or the 3090GPU, or Iphone 13 Pro. A: We purchase broken (typically 1 generation old) components from EBay and tear them open to model them. Q: Is binning done with all the chips? A: Well GPUs are also binned, for example the 3090ti, 3080ti, 3090 and 3080 are all the same chip design called GA102. Whereas DRAM chips are not typically binned, but rather due to the redundancy of DRAM, there are typically extra array structures beyond the capacity of the chip. If cells in an array fail, then they are replaced with the redundant cells. When a chip runs out of redundancy it's considered defective and thrown out. Beyond that chips are binned based on quality and interface speed capability. Thank you @JoeLion55 for the correction. Q: Marcel151 asked: The transistor layer, sits it more at the bottom or at the top of the CPU? A: JoeLion55 answered: During construction on the wafer, the transistors are built first, directly on the surface of the silicon wafer. Then all of the metal interconnect layers are built on top. This all happens on the original wafer, with hundreds of dies on the wafer. So when in wafer form, the transistors are on the bottom, and the metal is on the top. However, during the packaging process, after the dies are cut apart from the wafer, the die is flipped over and mounted upside-down onto the package substrate. This is because the pins are on the bottom of the package (the pins that go into the socket on the motherboard). The pins on the package need to connect to the top metal layer on the die, which is what allows external signals to enter and exit the die. So, the die is flipped over so the top metal layer is now facing down, and is soldered to the package substrate. So technically, when you have a final "chip" that you install in a motherboard, when you're looking at the top of the chip where the heatspreader is, if you had X-ray vision and could see through the top of the chip, you would be looking at the backside of the die. The backside of the die is pure silicon. Then, if you keep looking through, you would find the transistor layers next. Then keep digging and you'd go through all of the metal layers, then finally you'd reach the interposed and package board. Q: elektronikk-service asked: How do you align the different layers in a chip? They cannot be off by more than a few nm. A: Joe Lion55 responds: they layers have alignment makes built in. Those are little cross or X-shaped structures that are non functional (they’re not part of any live circuit). But when the lithography machine is putting down a new layer, it will find the alignment marks from the previous layer and adjust the wafer position and/or the scanner optics until the alignment marks are in the right place. Q: Someone asked about low die yield for small nanometer transistors, and was it just particles that resulted in low die yield? A: For new technology nodes, which are the smallest nanometer names for the transistors- Typically low die yield is due to getting exact parameters for the process steps correct. For example, when FinFets were first being developed, a etching pillars of silicon was incredibly difficult and designing / engineering / and then fine tuning the etchers to perfectly etch billions of fins in perfect fin structures is wildly difficult and is what contributed to low die yield. This is just one of the processes but the example applies to practically all other processes for the a new node. For example, when you do ion implantation, you need to evenly implant about 5-10 atoms of boron / phos to a specific region of the fin. Well, what happens if there are just 2 dopant atoms? Or what about 50?
I've been considering concepts of mobile fabrication plants, meaning making logic chips in a plant that can fit inside something that can be moved in several parts if needed; optimally, in a single trailer which was a stretch even with what I did already know. Most of what I know about these procedures comes from free publicly available information that doesn't cover all these steps. If there is no better way to make logic chips (APUs and more), then I'm not sure it would be possible to improve upon this. That said, I still don't know why the water and possibly some solvents used in cleaning processes can not be recycled (even though I understand purification would take extra energy no matter what method is used). This idea was on the back-burner, so I didn't put in this type of careful research into actually making mobile fabrication plants a reality. Maybe certain types of chips could still be made with mobile chip fabrication plants?
@@VariantAEC One machine, such as the ion implanter is the size of a 2 car garage. It is shipped in shipping containers and takes a weeks to install, test and get up and running. Then it also needs to be in a cleanroom which takes billions of dollars to build in itself.
So how to relate this video with samsung 5 nanometer failure low yield in 2021-2022, or low yield in general, is it simply because of dust or mistake in photolayering?
@@BranchEducation I understand the size and scope of these machines currently. My question is why they need to be that big in the first place? I also understand the layouts of some of thess facilities... lots of empty space. Could that all be reduced greatly to make one type of chip? Could we use one pint of pure water to clean on wafer at a time - for certain cleaning steps - and recycle that same pint almost indefinitely?
Tak. Jest szalone. Ale to co tutaj widzimy to jest i tak zbyt mało aby udowodnić co jest poza naszym układem słonecznym i czy gdzieś jest inna forma cywilizacji. Jeszcze jesteśmy zbyt mało rozwinięci technologicznie. Brzmi wręcz nieprawdopodobnie w porównaniu z tym co tutaj oglądamy. Jesteśmy tylko mało istotnym pionkiem w całej tej materii.
I work at a semiconductor company , and have taught this lesson to many junior engineers , but never with this kind of amazing visual aids. This video is top notch! 👏👏👏👏👏 Bravo!
this fake video manifests the degradation of society. quantum laws apply below 5 nanometers.... rly? bravo! except under any microscope the tiniest part of the most advanced microchip is several hundred nanometers and the surface of those discs cannot be polished at 1nanometer accuracy, thats blatant lie. purpose of this video is to show how difficult it is to produce advanced chips so others do not ever try... low marketing trick. sad if not tragic.
I'm a quartz glassblower based in the UK. I fabricate various parts for the semiconductor industry... Furnace liners, wafer carriers, injectors to name a few. I asked the boss that I'd love to see how all of the fabricated parts I make are used, so he managed to arrange a visit to a semiconductor factory who we supply parts for and they were kind enough to give us a tour of their factory. A few of us spent the day there in our space suits and I was simply blown away by all the processes involved.. plus it was cool to see the quartz parts in use. Such an awesome industry, it was a great day out!
Yeah this is just insane, the level of research, the level of skill for the animation, the level of skill for explaining it and the great narrating voice. I wish I had the power to even get these animations played in school
Consider the view count the number of people intelligent enough to understand and curious enough to stay engaged for half an hour of dense, complex material. People like you.
I have worked with 2 of the only 3 remaining experts at the most advanced nodes (TSMC & Intel) and I am pretty sure there cannot be a better depiction of how these chips are made. This content is absolutely amazing to the point that even TSMC & Intel would want to use it to train their fresh-hire engineers. Hats off to your hard-work! Hope we keep getting more of these 😎
This is a literal week of 2 hour classes in ee engineering in university and boy is it hard. This video is the best visualization of CPU production. Thank you for teaching millions.
@@ShegerBusiness At least at the fab I'm at, an associates in engineering (mechanical or electrical) is enough to be a technician maintaining the tools. Honestly, just apply and see if they accept. At worst they say no.
Guys, so the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts? So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
@@FallenLight0 You are partially correct, generally during the design stage itself they have some hard switches(kind of shutdown switches/logic) added to each block in the design to disable them(doesn't matter if the ic is faulty or not), the advantage of this method is that they don't have to redesign the whole circuit for different lineup(That's why you will see their Idle power/base power to be in close neighbourhood like for example all 14th gen i7, i5, i9 have same base power). Coming to the detective part point, it is also one of the best method to save cost instead of scraping. But defects are not very common generally during the design stage the chips are designed in such a way that yield is more than 95%, preferably 99%.
I am a chemist who has heard many talks on research regarding chemical processing of chips like these, and I never knew how that work was implemented into the products. This video has clarified more research talks than I could count on many hands. Thank you for this!
I am speechless about this immensely clear and yet overwhelming graphical representation and the yet understandable explanations. You are doing a fantastic job!!
What humans have accomplished is beyond words. Also one man does not know how the whole process works. It is a collaboration of different companies that bring it all together. One mines the commodities to make the machines and buildings. Others design and builds the buildings, whilst another builds the machines. Then you have the programmers and designers of the chips. Also the maintenance guys for when the machines break down etc etc.
i knew how micro processors were made, but watching this video was still interesting. the level of detail is quite good, however what i was really hoping to see on this video, when clicking on it, is not the concept of CPU, but how the machines actually work. i mean seeing the real machines work.
In NO WAY, am I an Expert in how Chips are made in a Fab. However, I HAVE Worked at Companies that make the Wafers, and a couple of Companies that make Tools used a Fab. Before those Companies, I Worked at Intel at a Time that the i386 Processor was Introduced. This Video is absolutely Amazing in its clarity and Explanations of the Myrid of Steps needed to make a Chip. Thank you SO MUCH for your Hard Work needed to Produce this Video.
I've worked in Semiconductor and semiconductor equipment manufacturing for over 40 years, ultimately supporting every area in and outside of the fab. I was fortunate enough to lead great teams in building a semiconductor factory. This video is very well done and educational for everyone wanting to know what a 'chip' is and how it is made. I highly recommend watching this video whether you work in the industry or not-it is very much worth your time. The team that made and produced this is awesome-thank you!
@@OAK-808 TH-cam takes 45% from the ad revenue and 30% from channel membership and anyone with internet can watch this video so it's technically free you just paid for the internet connection not this channel specifically so I supported it
Thank you for helping out! I appreciate it! And yes, our goal will be to always make free content. Any amount of $$ that needs to be paid to watch something immediately makes it so ~90%+ of the world can't access it.
I work at a small electronics manufacturing company at the PCBA and box build level. Some of the equipment we produce is involved in IC development. I find this video really helpful in explaining the chip manufacturing process and the importance of our work to our operators. Will send a link to everyone in my team :) Btw, this video was what finally made me sign up for Brilliant, after many years of nagging from youtubers.
This is easily the most impressive animation/education video I have seen in terms of time and research invested and quality. I watched the video not only in awe of the way we manage to perfect nano science, but also the amount of time it must have taken to put this together. Thank you so much
I just cannot comprehend how clearly you have explained one of the most complex manufacturing process ever and making an even more complex video with all the models and stuff too...Thanks to the team...
I believe it could be AI, that could explain its extraordinary ability to synthesize and organize so much information so clearly, with very little drops in information quality. That's my supposition, but I could be wrong. It sort of reminds me of ChatGBT's amazing ability to present very dense information in such easy-to-digest ways, making highly complex concepts a lot more accessible while still preserving the overall tenets.
I’m a carpenter, I know next to nothing about computers. But I do enjoy learning about all building processes large and small. Thanks for making a great video,
Well if this is great just wait until you start learning about the CPU architecture. Having 26 billion transistors means nothing, it's how they're connected that determines the logic and holy damn that logic is like a spaghetti factory, often using a single part for multiple things as well. And I don't even know that much yet.
And to think, quantum computers are even more powerful than the supercomputers of today , that house over 100,000 of these chips. Where some calculations would take our best supercomputers in the world over 10,000 years to figure out some equations, it takes quantum computers only a minute or 2. When something happens to a child of a mother and that mother suddenly gets a feeling, all while she's 2000 miles away, it's because of quantum entanglement. Albert Einstein called quantum entanglement "spooky action at a distance." Quantum entanglement is faster than the speed of light , think about that for a while. And even though this video shows some genius level innovations by humans, the most complex thing in the universe is our own brain 🧠. These lithography machines and chip making processes don't compare to our brain. It was, in fact, our brain that created these same processes in chip making, and every single other process that's out there. Check out the 'Brain of a fruitfly" video. It's somewhere on TH-cam.
I recently fell into a rabbit hole about fabs and found this video just in time. Absolutely mind blowing how humans are capable of this, and most of us are clueless about this incredible feat of engineering powering the phones and computers we use daily.
CPUs are so complex that not a single person can understand how a modern one even works. You cannot follow the logic chain because there are simply too many transistors; and the layering... .it is all insane to even think human can produce such a thing; THIS IS PURE SOCERY Yes, understanding this from 'first principles' is quite simple, and the concepts are also simple to understand, but the ACTUAL PROCESS OF HOW THIS WORKS ON A PHYSICAL ELVEL IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND. In essence, it is a pure black box; we give a billion transistor CPU inputs and expect certain outputs; if we get those outputs, we consider it 'working as intended.' But NOT A SINGLE PERSON UNDERTSANDS HOW A MODERN CPU ACTUALLY OWRKS IN IMPLEMENTATION. If someone does know how a CPU works they would be able to tell me what happens when transistor #432423 receives a single and how it will precisely output and affect the entire whole and how it affects those around it _exactly._ And no, running a program that simulates or tells you such things is not 'understanding' it
Hello from Armenia. I started working at Synopsys Armenia as an analog systems design engineer, and I am amazed by your work. There are no questions left. I watch the video and I feel like I am already a GOD and know everything about creating an IC 😃 . I myself was engaged in creating all sorts of videos about computers in Armenian, because such deep information, for example, as in your video, one can say, does not exist in Armenian at all. If you do not mind, I can make an Armenian translation and voiceover of your video. Thank you for such a wonderful video.
So the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts? So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
@@Oilstar Ah yes the AI that often gets dumb stuff wrong because it's unaware of what's it's saying. That stuff wouldn't even exist without cpus, making cpus is also much harder like it's so expensive getting all the insane machines to make them that new competitors can't even emerge, meanwhille some startups can compete in the AI race
@@Oilstar I'd say processors are more important considering they're used in all the technologies we are most reliant on nowadays.. including AI. If anything, companies are just hyping up AI for investors. It certainly will have more uses in the future, but we're not HEAVILY reliant on AI as we are with processors in general.
I was NOT expecting this when I clicked on this video. I was expecting a half-arsed documentary with some clueless journalist walking through the general areas of some old fab. This is INCREDIBLE. Having a background in embedded systems design, I knew a fair amount of how this stuff is done, but, good lord... the level of detail, the graphics, flow and animations in this video left me speechless! Whoever was involved in the research, scripting and production of this video - you've done an incredible job of it. I've turned on notifications for this channel. A first for me.
Wait till you look through some of the others they've made. Try the hard-drive one. It is so complex it's scary. How can humans be SO clever with technology, and so stupid at other times? We are very very clever, but not very wise at all.
I absolutely love this video! This is beyond amazing and incredibly thorough. I've been a computer geek my entire life and have read extensively about this process but to see it visualized is something amazing. Thank you guys so much for what you do.
I have been working with and repairing computers for almost 30 years. I've done a lot of study and have kept up with most facets of the industry. I have never come across a video series that explains, so clearly, the details of the chip manufacturing process. I will make sure to have all my colleagues watch your wonderful presentations.
this is mainly because its always a closely guarded secret in the industry. Specially, the details of the masks, circuit interconnections, chip module layouts, etc are never shared in public. Even the factory tour requires special high level permission/ clearance. Some people who work in the industry which provide tools for chip manufacturers, such as ASML lithography, vapor deposition, etc have some idea what they do and how they do. Apart from this, this is an active area of research, and is published in well known journals as well, but being hidden behind the paywalls, the published research also stay away from the reach of general public. Edit : for those who want to dive deeper into the subject, there are dedicated channels which i would recommend - Asianometry (you will thank me later)
Semiconductor manufacturing engineer here. Well done, folks. This is the best video of its kind that I've seen. I'm sharing it with a ton of people I work with and it's my new go-to for when people ask what I do. I'm especially impressed at the models of all of the processing tools. Spot on.
The dude literally made one of the best scientific pieces of Human history, it's literally the epitome of human technology, the most complex thing we have and probably will ever make. Despite being the best example of Human ingenuity, most people have no idea where the things powering their phones and laptops come from, not anymore with this video.
literally nobody explained this process in such detail, mainstream science channels always made it seem so simple, though in reality it is much more complex and interesting. I always wondered that they are not telling the full truth, that was true. I am so grateful to you for making this video. Animation and narration are as always, excellent.
Gosh this channel is nostalgic, this is like watching “How it’s made” as a kid again and be absorbed right into it learning the complex innards of our daily devices . Brings a whole new appreciation!
As an engineer in semiconductor manufacturing industry, I want to say this is by far the best and detailed video to explain the IC manufacturing process. I can even tell which tool is which by looking at the animated pictures. The video production team really did a great job in the details.
Would have been so easy to get a lot of this stuff wrong, too. Sounds like they probably double checked their info with some expert to be sure, cuz no way some amateur fumbles their way through all this jargon and machinery and whatnot without messing up.
this was amazing. I have an electronics engineering degree, and worked at AMD (chip maker) with the supply ops and substrate teams - so I likely had more knowledge about semicon fabs than 99.999% of the population. I even have a 2005 wafer chip without the substrate and packaging which one guy from the production floor gave me. But my knowledge was maybe 5% of what this video shows. This video blew my mind off. Wow!! Amazing work guys.
@@ethlanrete6736 you would be surprised how many times I have heard "whats AMD!". Intel really shadowed the 2nd runner in that industry. At least until 2015.
Everyone’s saying “omg the animations”.. but seriously holy sh*t! The hours and hours that it takes to pull off stuff like this. Things we’re enjoying in 10 seconds took 4 hours.
Semiconductor manufacturing is legitimately the most complex and crazy thing humans have ever engineered and produced. Like, even rocket science pales in comparison in most ways. There's other super complex fields like neurobiology and whatnot, but nothing in terms of what people are actually putting into practice and MAKING.
@@wade3owais819 have you seen quantum computers? I imagine they took a while to make but it's got like 1000 qubits and are about 20 feet across. Like you can see each of the tubes leading to where. Chips are unequivocally more complex. We make a big hoopla about quantum computers but they suck pretty bad for what they are. Like it's amazing what they could be, especially if we continue trying to make them better, but they're pretty shit. Calling them a computer is like calling a couple logic gates a calculator.
This is one of the most in depth videos I've seen that focuses on so many things. You people gave so much information that would normally be glossed over, yet somehow you managed to compact the video into just 28 minutes. That is insane!
I worked for a manufacturing company in the past and found a few of these processes relatable. On a higher level, the idea behind them is the same as shown in the video except we used different materials with much simpler steps. We also used different names for some of the similar processes. We also had the inspection computer machines to look at the finished product at the micro level , checking for cracks and imperfections in the process. If the imperfections were too many and quality wasnt up to par then it would repeat a few steps. One of those steps was me using deflash process to clean up the gasket rings before sending them back for close inspection. It obviously wasnt near the level that chips are made but the processes are somewhat similar. We made gaskets for cars, pipes and even for NASA rockets. The NASA gaskets were huge and nearly as thick as my wrist. This video is awesome and the whole process of making chips is phenomenal. Subed with the quickness. Facinating stuff and great channel.
Honestly I'm blown away by how much you've educated me on this subject in just 25 or so min. The fact that I can say "I sorta understand how they do it" in that amount of time is a testament to how well you've explained and visualized the process. Instant subscribe and like!
In a world where the internet is filled with absolute idiocy, this video exists as a testament to why it could possibly be the single greatest invention in human history. Thank you, you are doing the world a service.
As a dedicated and hardworking internet idiot, I object to your harsh attack on me and my people! And everybody knows that plastic is the greatest invention in human history! Where would civilization be without it?
Possibly the most sublime video I have ever watched that I can understand and appreciate as per the making of a CPU. Before viewing this I could not really imagine or contemplate the effort and work process, put into producing an item so commonplace today in use and conversation only . A really `Cracking Video` Thank you.
It's just insane how long it must have taken the researchers to figure out how to build all these different machines and what parameters they have to use to fabricate a functioning chip. What's also insane is how incredible the quality of these videos are. It is truly great to have such high-quality material to get a first insight into how different topics work.
As always they started big. Then made improvements in all aspects which qualitatively evolved it. The CPU in particular has an immensely wide array of applications so any manner of improvement on the CPU can probably improve a lot of other systems as well. And so the cycle continues until people forget they left the graphics cards and motherboards behind oops.
I've worked in the semiconductor industry for more than half of my life. I must say that this is the best video explaining how chips are made I ever watched. Excellent work!
MIND BLOWING!!! I don't understand why microchip imbedded devices such as cell phones and computers don't cost 1000x more, given the immensely specific conditions and compositions required for manufacturing microchips. The variability that must be overcome to manufacture is astounding. Another mind blowing thing is that I imagine that anyone who wants to engineer microchips must become a master of chemistry and physics and then study electronics engineering followed by microchip engineering to design and construct. Such an impressive and educating video. An honour to watch!!! A noble contribution to humanity.
Working in the industry (photolithography) for over a decade, watching this on a Friday night, after a very busy work week. And still enjoyed it tremendously! Truly, kudos to BranchEducation team!!
@@wilhelmbittrich88 a technical degree (masters or PhD), preferably in an area involving physical sciences or electrical engineering, a curious mind, and an ability to work in multinational/multidisciplinary teams :)
As a 20yr tech vet with a graduate degree in EE, who started his career in semiconductor process tech and chip reliability, this is the best most well done/informative video on this topic I’ve ever seen. This can be shown in a freshman semiconductor course to help folks visualize that’s actually happening without sacrificing details. The quality of the video really reflects your effort
This video left me speechless. Not only is the manufacturing process of a cpu so much more complex to the point where im surprised that one cpu doesnt cost 1 million dollars, im also speechless about the effort put into the making on this video.
I was lost about 3 nanoseconds into the intro! As absolutely MIND-BLOWING as the production process of these microscopic computer processors is, as with many other things is the process to design and then make all of the different tools and equipment required BEFORE the first on is even made!🤯🤯🤯
I'm a Computer Engineer and I remember us designing a very simple transistor logic gate chip back in the day in college and I loved every second of it. I also used to work in a semiconductor company with very similar processes so I completely understand the protocols and processes involved. Watching this video brings me back to those days. Thanks for creating this video!
I am about to cry because of how beautiful this video is, thank you so much for making it, and I am very excited for the video on transistors, can't wait
As someone who is working as IC designer, this is the best explanation and visuals of chip fabrication I have ever seen. And surprisingly accurate for a video intended for general audience. Keep up the good work!!
5 people working away for 4.5+ months of work, utterly spoiling us for almost 30 minutes, is way more than the 3 months for the build of the single wafer you highlighted! Your work deserves an Oscar (if there was such an equivalent) in this type of video production. Honestly I hope this channel will serve the next generation of EEs, Mech Eng, Comp Eng and CS majors graduating and enhance their knowledge. Absolutely phenomenal work. Thank you so much for your efforts and I can not wait to see what you have planned for us next. 😊
From French retired. I worked in these arena for years and was an FSE, field service engineer. I worked for different USA companies and on different machines, etching, deposition, copper, plasma and so on. This great video gives a good idea how are made CPUs, Memories and so on. The first day I started my job in a Fab, years ago, it was like a space ship, incredible. The machines had already touch screens, which came on laptop or comp around twenty years later in everyone world. It would be great to have some real videos of the Fab. If a day you have the opportunity to visit such Fab, just go and admire the technology. For engineers, it is a great job opportunity and well paid if you don't count your hours, your avaibility and being ready to learn so many. I enjoyed it.
What metals are used to connect the transistor? Is it copper only or are there other metals such as gold and what is their percentage of the total weight?😊
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Was not a process engineer. The interconnections inside the chip between transistors is not gold. Copper is used to interconnect layers of transistors but it is done by deposition, then anneal at high temp 400°C. The gold is used only to connect the chip I/O to the exterior contacts. Inside the chip itself, mainly silicon.
@@paillart527 My brother, people who work in electronics recycling say that the average percentage of gold in electronics is 0.04 percent Of his weight. I think the processor has gold inside and not just in the pins or what?
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Again, the connections between the chip and the ext contacts to other computer circuits are gold. Mainly, gold is found on all conatcs inside a computer (mother board, Ram, not only in the processor). Check on YT to get more information about gold in our modern computers.
as an engineer of one of the processes, this video is the best video explaining everything related to semiconductor manufacturing i have ever watched. excellent video, excellent modelling, excellent scripts
One of the greatest youtube videos ever created, comprehensively explaining the greatest feat of human engineering ever accomplished. It doesn't get any better.
Semiconductor Manufacturing is indeed the most complex and high precision job for any engineer, it is the work of 100s of scientists and engineers that made this world possible. One of the best videos I had ever seen on this complicated process. Love you man ❤
Leftios of system sheet right iOS of system sheet ramed copid window hard to hard wafer data and window copy files data games saved at rams pins a straight a straight.
Hi I am 60 years old electronics technician, I used many semiconductors in my life but never looked in to technology that makes them. Your video is incredible, thank you very much. 👍👍🇦🇺
I cannot even begin to explain how interesting this is for me. I never could've guessed in 1000 years that a single transistor could be made so small so accurately. Thank you for making this video.
My brain is having such a hard time processing how intricate and small scale this process is. The technology is more than I can comprehend and the people behind this are brilliant.
23:45 I wasn't expecting that CPUs are manufactured and labeled based on how many cores don't work. This was an incredible in depth video. Thank you for your efforts!
It is not always like that, sometimes you get an actual i7 or sometimes a defective i9, these companies Eg. Nvidia, Intel, AMD always launch their Higher end models first due to this reason - so that based on the yield & defects could accordingly launch the budget models
back in the day there were tools and ways of unlocking the disabled cores on CPUs at the possible cost of instability (most of the times there was a reason why they were disabled), these days they made that pretty much impossible though
Yeah imagine going for a i9 instead of i7 or i5 but telling your buddy at store you want one that works, and send him the link of the video with time stamp...
Yep, virtually all semiconductor chips are "binned" like this. I believe for Intel 13th gen, as used in the video, the entire desktop product stack is composed of 2 or 3 chip designs. This also feeds back into higher-level design of the chips - you need to be able to test for defects, you need to be able to disable parts of the chip based on defects, you need to account for defects when figuring out the actual chip configurations such that it doesn't change performance characteristics, etc. For performance characteristics there is the unfortunate case of the GeForce GTX 970, which had an L2 cache slice for one of its memory controllers disabled as part of binning, which lead to rather nasty performance issues and the later "3.5GB fiasco". Also for low-cost and mass-volume chips, such as DRAM and NAND ICs, this is accounted for in the design by having spare cells. So a 1GB memory chip is actually slightly more than 1GB so that defective memory cells can be substituted with spares.
This is the singular most helpful video on CPU design available. The quality of animation, the visuals, and the script really help boil down all of the mechanisms an processes involved in making a silicon die.
You have the ability to explain in 30 minutes what universities can't teach in a semester. This is by far the best 3D animation I've ever seen-better than Animagraffs. I'm in love with this channel. I'm a student today, but I'll definitely become a patron once I start earning. Thank you once again!
Dont feel guilty! Whomever wrote the script evidently has very exclusive training in silicone wafer semiconductor manufacture The fact this author-producer can write engineering text on this level, has a computer capable of such UHD CAD-CAM, model rendering, & animation, *PLUS* the exclusive skills & experience to create these animations says it all. They couldnt produce this video without already making a fortune themselves in the industry. And then there's corporate sponsorship & professional colleagues.... I sound ungrafeful, but I'm very glad this engineer (or group of engineers) produced these videos, & established this channel. Nothing like this is to be found on PBS, nor network TV, nor cable TV 💎💎💎
How is this free content. TV channels and Programs don’t even make videos this good and detailed, let alone 30 minute high quality animated videos. I’m blown away and I wish this channel gets the attention it deserves. Fantastic content
The amount of tech that has gone into this is insane. The devices that we use everyday are a testament to immense human capabilities. The fact that us humans can even conceive of making something like this which is so so complicated let alone actually manufacture it is mind blowing. Kudos to computer scientists and chip manufacturers! Seems way more intense than making a rocket.
a rocket engine actually is a super simple thing - you can basically build one in the backyard and even figure out best nozzle designs etc with trial and error. the hard part is to improve it to a point where it runs stable inside very tiny thresholds extremely close to the physical properties of the used materials without blowing itself to pieces...and then improve it even further.
@@luxaly9510yea bro I honestly hate when people say this, like people are entitled to their own beliefs and that but this is a human achievement not a god thing, it took thousands of human minds working together to create this thing that 99.9% of the word cannot even fathom. It’s the same with surgery’s, when they says thank god or pray to god for a safe surgery, it wasn’t god saving them it was the doctors and surgeons who put hundreds or even thousands of hours studying and mastering their craft
As a mechanical guy with background in aerospace manufacturing, this information was packaged so well that I hardly had to rewind to understand the concepts. Clear, concise, detailed illustrations with no nonsense to filter through. Astounding work. The internet can be so fruitful. How far we've come from refrigerator size memory units to consolidating generations worth of tools like cameras, typewriters and computers into a handheld ask-me-anything device. And to think it all comes from crushed rocks, conceptualized by people who couldn't fathom where we would be today or even stumbled upon certain properties by accident. Inquisitive souls loyal to the pursuit of truth, doing their diligence putting in years of their lives standing on the shoulders of giants to gift us even one of incalculable scientific advances that made the next one possible so that we could one day take what they discovered and produce this magnicifently capable and versatile tool that talks in 1s and 0s. A true marvel of engineering, and we use it to view images of kittens. The dichotomy of man.
Also, if you have any questions on the video or semiconductor fabrication, I'd be happy to answer them here.
This video took an incredible amount of work to make. Me (Teddy T.) and a few other animators (Mike R., Prakash K., Adrei D., and Parvesh K.) have been working non-stop on this video for the past 4.5 months. If you want more videos like this one support our Patreon: www.patreon.com/brancheducation
Q: Why do we use older components e.g. i9-13900K, or the 3090GPU, or Iphone 13 Pro. A: We purchase broken (typically 1 generation old) components from EBay and tear them open to model them.
Q: Is binning done with all the chips?
A: Well GPUs are also binned, for example the 3090ti, 3080ti, 3090 and 3080 are all the same chip design called GA102. Whereas DRAM chips are not typically binned, but rather due to the redundancy of DRAM, there are typically extra array structures beyond the capacity of the chip. If cells in an array fail, then they are replaced with the redundant cells. When a chip runs out of redundancy it's considered defective and thrown out. Beyond that chips are binned based on quality and interface speed capability. Thank you @JoeLion55 for the correction.
Q: Marcel151 asked: The transistor layer, sits it more at the bottom or at the top of the CPU?
A: JoeLion55 answered: During construction on the wafer, the transistors are built first, directly on the surface of the silicon wafer. Then all of the metal interconnect layers are built on top. This all happens on the original wafer, with hundreds of dies on the wafer. So when in wafer form, the transistors are on the bottom, and the metal is on the top. However, during the packaging process, after the dies are cut apart from the wafer, the die is flipped over and mounted upside-down onto the package substrate. This is because the pins are on the bottom of the package (the pins that go into the socket on the motherboard). The pins on the package need to connect to the top metal layer on the die, which is what allows external signals to enter and exit the die. So, the die is flipped over so the top metal layer is now facing down, and is soldered to the package substrate. So technically, when you have a final "chip" that you install in a motherboard, when you're looking at the top of the chip where the heatspreader is, if you had X-ray vision and could see through the top of the chip, you would be looking at the backside of the die. The backside of the die is pure silicon. Then, if you keep looking through, you would find the transistor layers next. Then keep digging and you'd go through all of the metal layers, then finally you'd reach the interposed and package board.
Q: elektronikk-service asked: How do you align the different layers in a chip? They cannot be off by more than a few nm.
A: Joe Lion55 responds: they layers have alignment makes built in. Those are little cross or X-shaped structures that are non functional (they’re not part of any live circuit). But when the lithography machine is putting down a new layer, it will find the alignment marks from the previous layer and adjust the wafer position and/or the scanner optics until the alignment marks are in the right place.
Q: Someone asked about low die yield for small nanometer transistors, and was it just particles that resulted in low die yield?
A: For new technology nodes, which are the smallest nanometer names for the transistors- Typically low die yield is due to getting exact parameters for the process steps correct. For example, when FinFets were first being developed, a etching pillars of silicon was incredibly difficult and designing / engineering / and then fine tuning the etchers to perfectly etch billions of fins in perfect fin structures is wildly difficult and is what contributed to low die yield. This is just one of the processes but the example applies to practically all other processes for the a new node. For example, when you do ion implantation, you need to evenly implant about 5-10 atoms of boron / phos to a specific region of the fin. Well, what happens if there are just 2 dopant atoms? Or what about 50?
I've been considering concepts of mobile fabrication plants, meaning making logic chips in a plant that can fit inside something that can be moved in several parts if needed; optimally, in a single trailer which was a stretch even with what I did already know. Most of what I know about these procedures comes from free publicly available information that doesn't cover all these steps. If there is no better way to make logic chips (APUs and more), then I'm not sure it would be possible to improve upon this. That said, I still don't know why the water and possibly some solvents used in cleaning processes can not be recycled (even though I understand purification would take extra energy no matter what method is used). This idea was on the back-burner, so I didn't put in this type of careful research into actually making mobile fabrication plants a reality. Maybe certain types of chips could still be made with mobile chip fabrication plants?
We know. And we thank you greatly.
@@VariantAEC One machine, such as the ion implanter is the size of a 2 car garage. It is shipped in shipping containers and takes a weeks to install, test and get up and running. Then it also needs to be in a cleanroom which takes billions of dollars to build in itself.
So how to relate this video with samsung 5 nanometer failure low yield in 2021-2022, or low yield in general, is it simply because of dust or mistake in photolayering?
@@BranchEducation
I understand the size and scope of these machines currently. My question is why they need to be that big in the first place? I also understand the layouts of some of thess facilities... lots of empty space. Could that all be reduced greatly to make one type of chip? Could we use one pint of pure water to clean on wafer at a time - for certain cleaning steps - and recycle that same pint almost indefinitely?
This is absolutely insane. Not just the quality of the video, but also the fact that people actually figured out how to create these chips.
That's exactly what I always think when wathch this incredible product and it's factory process!!! 🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌🙌
Actually used to educate new employees in the semi industry already.
Tak. Jest szalone. Ale to co tutaj widzimy to jest i tak zbyt mało aby udowodnić co jest poza naszym układem słonecznym i czy gdzieś jest inna forma cywilizacji. Jeszcze jesteśmy zbyt mało rozwinięci technologicznie. Brzmi wręcz nieprawdopodobnie w porównaniu z tym co tutaj oglądamy. Jesteśmy tylko mało istotnym pionkiem w całej tej materii.
Technology is so incredible sometimes I wonder if they reverse engineered it from an UFO to get it!!
Aliens
I work at a semiconductor company , and have taught this lesson to many junior engineers , but never with this kind of amazing visual aids. This video is top notch! 👏👏👏👏👏 Bravo!
this fake video manifests the degradation of society. quantum laws apply below 5 nanometers.... rly? bravo! except under any microscope the tiniest part of the most advanced microchip is several hundred nanometers and the surface of those discs cannot be polished at 1nanometer accuracy, thats blatant lie. purpose of this video is to show how difficult it is to produce advanced chips so others do not ever try... low marketing trick. sad if not tragic.
I'm a quartz glassblower based in the UK. I fabricate various parts for the semiconductor industry... Furnace liners, wafer carriers, injectors to name a few. I asked the boss that I'd love to see how all of the fabricated parts I make are used, so he managed to arrange a visit to a semiconductor factory who we supply parts for and they were kind enough to give us a tour of their factory.
A few of us spent the day there in our space suits and I was simply blown away by all the processes involved.. plus it was cool to see the quartz parts in use.
Such an awesome industry, it was a great day out!
50 dollas is the amount of money my grandma sends me for christmas, are you this guys gramma?
No thanks back 😂 💀💀💀
Thank you!! I appreciate it.
This channel deserves millions upon millions of views… the animations and graphics are better than anything I’ve seen ever.
But the narrator doesn't understand the subject matter and when he screws up, there's no take two.
True.
Yeah this is just insane, the level of research, the level of skill for the animation, the level of skill for explaining it and the great narrating voice. I wish I had the power to even get these animations played in school
It's just a matter of time until it does. Shockingly good quality videos always get the attention they deserve.
Consider the view count the number of people intelligent enough to understand and curious enough to stay engaged for half an hour of dense, complex material. People like you.
Thank you. What's funny is this describing itself through it's own medium.
My guy casually drops one of the most detailed TH-cam videos on HOW PROCESSORS ARE MADE and act like we wouldn't notice. This channel is incredible
u speaking skibidi language
@@неамериканец-н1в 😂
@@неамериканец-н1в skibidibapmdara
@@неамериканец-н1в True
Your guy?
I have worked with 2 of the only 3 remaining experts at the most advanced nodes (TSMC & Intel) and I am pretty sure there cannot be a better depiction of how these chips are made. This content is absolutely amazing to the point that even TSMC & Intel would want to use it to train their fresh-hire engineers. Hats off to your hard-work! Hope we keep getting more of these 😎
*Bhai apne IIT ya kisi top clg se specialized degree ki thi kya? What do one need to learn to get job like urs?*
@@ethlanrete6736Learn to speak English.. that’s a start
Cap 🧢
Unbelievable production. Very much looking forward to the successive videos.
Omg 75$ and only 5 likes and no replies, lemme fix that!
thanks
❤❤❤
❤❤
75 dollars 😮😮😮😮😮
This is a literal week of 2 hour classes in ee engineering in university and boy is it hard. This video is the best visualization of CPU production. Thank you for teaching millions.
Best video I've ever seen explaining CPU production.
Absolutely
Lol it's the only one
@@musicplus6306Lol true!
You must not watch many videos about it then. It's decent, but far from the best.
@@musicplus6306 Oh really? I must have dreamt watching many other videos years back. Thanks for letting me know I've been living a lie!
Highest "knowledge per second spent"
In my life
Thank you!
what currency is this??
It's the last 15 brain cell left after the video 😂@@ko2qx
As a retired technician, working with semiconductor fabrication line for 27 years. This the best and details explanation. Thank you.
What an endorsement!
Where to start to be a semiconductor technician?
@@ShegerBusiness At least at the fab I'm at, an associates in engineering (mechanical or electrical) is enough to be a technician maintaining the tools. Honestly, just apply and see if they accept. At worst they say no.
Guys, so the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts?
So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
@@FallenLight0 You are partially correct, generally during the design stage itself they have some hard switches(kind of shutdown switches/logic) added to each block in the design to disable them(doesn't matter if the ic is faulty or not), the advantage of this method is that they don't have to redesign the whole circuit for different lineup(That's why you will see their Idle power/base power to be in close neighbourhood like for example all 14th gen i7, i5, i9 have same base power). Coming to the detective part point, it is also one of the best method to save cost instead of scraping. But defects are not very common generally during the design stage the chips are designed in such a way that yield is more than 95%, preferably 99%.
I am a chemist who has heard many talks on research regarding chemical processing of chips like these, and I never knew how that work was implemented into the products. This video has clarified more research talks than I could count on many hands. Thank you for this!
Free education like this is invaluable and more important than ever. Thank you for your hard work.
I am speechless about this immensely clear and yet overwhelming graphical representation and the yet understandable explanations. You are doing a fantastic job!!
What humans have accomplished is beyond words. Also one man does not know how the whole process works. It is a collaboration of different companies that bring it all together. One mines the commodities to make the machines and buildings. Others design and builds the buildings, whilst another builds the machines. Then you have the programmers and designers of the chips. Also the maintenance guys for when the machines break down etc etc.
Greatly detailed video wow yes thank you. Wow yes. Yes.
Yep
i knew how micro processors were made, but watching this video was still interesting. the level of detail is quite good, however what i was really hoping to see on this video, when clicking on it, is not the concept of CPU, but how the machines actually work. i mean seeing the real machines work.
Feld
I think this is your best video yet. Well done everyone who worked on it
Thanks! I appreciate it!
@@BranchEducationwe understand you do this for us and For Our Unending Praise! Also known as FOUP.
In NO WAY, am I an Expert in how Chips are made in a Fab. However, I HAVE Worked at Companies that make the Wafers, and a couple of Companies that make Tools used a Fab.
Before those Companies, I Worked at Intel at a Time that the i386 Processor was Introduced.
This Video is absolutely Amazing in its clarity and Explanations of the Myrid of Steps needed to make a Chip.
Thank you SO MUCH for your Hard Work needed to Produce this Video.
I've worked in Semiconductor and semiconductor equipment manufacturing for over 40 years, ultimately supporting every area in and outside of the fab. I was fortunate enough to lead great teams in building a semiconductor factory. This video is very well done and educational for everyone wanting to know what a 'chip' is and how it is made. I highly recommend watching this video whether you work in the industry or not-it is very much worth your time. The team that made and produced this is awesome-thank you!
That's incredible... I wish we will be friends
Thank you! As the lead for 3D modeling and animation for this presentation, the team put in tons of effort! (I’m lying)
This knowledge with this animation is impossible without hefty money and you're giving it for free!! Thankyou!
Not really free ... see those viewing numbers at the top? That represents hard cash Google is paying the producers.
@@OAK-808 TH-cam takes 45% from the ad revenue and 30% from channel membership and anyone with internet can watch this video so it's technically free you just paid for the internet connection not this channel specifically so I supported it
Thank you for helping out! I appreciate it! And yes, our goal will be to always make free content. Any amount of $$ that needs to be paid to watch something immediately makes it so ~90%+ of the world can't access it.
I work at a small electronics manufacturing company at the PCBA and box build level. Some of the equipment we produce is involved in IC development.
I find this video really helpful in explaining the chip manufacturing process and the importance of our work to our operators. Will send a link to everyone in my team :)
Btw, this video was what finally made me sign up for Brilliant, after many years of nagging from youtubers.
What kind of background do you have to have to do that?
@@MarcoRobles2001 You just need to click on the "Thanks" button below the video and enter your Visa for payment.
Years of working at SemiCon yet this video thought me far more.
This is easily the most impressive animation/education video I have seen in terms of time and research invested and quality. I watched the video not only in awe of the way we manage to perfect nano science, but also the amount of time it must have taken to put this together. Thank you so much
same
I just cannot comprehend how clearly you have explained one of the most complex manufacturing process ever and making an even more complex video with all the models and stuff too...Thanks to the team...
I believe it could be AI, that could explain its extraordinary ability to synthesize and organize so much information so clearly, with very little drops in information quality. That's my supposition, but I could be wrong. It sort of reminds me of ChatGBT's amazing ability to present very dense information in such easy-to-digest ways, making highly complex concepts a lot more accessible while still preserving the overall tenets.
This is brilliant, I cant thank this channel enough for sharing such precious knowledge for free
Can U send me 10 USD too? for my family for thanks giving dinner. We still miss 10 USD for the turkey.. my poor family 😢
How exactly do you contribute that $10? I don't even know what the R means or where I would go to contribute as well. Thanks.
@@davealan5685 R$ is for brazilian reais, our currency here. it's something between 1,5 - 2 usd
I've been watching dozens of videos about chip fabrication and this is the first one that really explains it step by step from the beginning.
If you keep producing powerful videos about high-tech, I will keep supporting you.
He doesn't even like ur comment 😅
@@Skully0911 Yeah because they are getting so many donations mine just seems like a drop in a bucket. 💧🪣
@@Skully0911 haha so funny!
@@rishabharya3329😂😂good one
I’m a carpenter, I know next to nothing about computers. But I do enjoy learning about all building processes large and small. Thanks for making a great video,
Well if this is great just wait until you start learning about the CPU architecture. Having 26 billion transistors means nothing, it's how they're connected that determines the logic and holy damn that logic is like a spaghetti factory, often using a single part for multiple things as well. And I don't even know that much yet.
If my carpenter is watching videos on how semiconductors are made, I know you’re an amazing one, a lifelong learner
And to think, quantum computers are even more powerful than the supercomputers of today , that house over 100,000 of these chips. Where some calculations would take our best supercomputers in the world over 10,000 years to figure out some equations, it takes quantum computers only a minute or 2.
When something happens to a child of a mother and that mother suddenly gets a feeling, all while she's 2000 miles away, it's because of quantum entanglement. Albert Einstein called quantum entanglement "spooky action at a distance." Quantum entanglement is faster than the speed of light , think about that for a while. And even though this video shows some genius level innovations by humans, the most complex thing in the universe is our own brain 🧠. These lithography machines and chip making processes don't compare to our brain. It was, in fact, our brain that created these same processes in chip making, and every single other process that's out there.
Check out the 'Brain of a fruitfly" video. It's somewhere on TH-cam.
Microchip manufacturing is truly a marvel of engineering. Thank you so much for making this understandable for everyone, even dummies like me.
Thanks for helping out! I appreciate it!
Thank you ! I can wait for all the next videos !
I recently fell into a rabbit hole about fabs and found this video just in time. Absolutely mind blowing how humans are capable of this, and most of us are clueless about this incredible feat of engineering powering the phones and computers we use daily.
Honestly the only time I’ve ever considered reverse engineering. I feel very Neanderthal right now
CPUs are so complex that not a single person can understand how a modern one even works. You cannot follow the logic chain because there are simply too many transistors; and the layering... .it is all insane to even think human can produce such a thing; THIS IS PURE SOCERY
Yes, understanding this from 'first principles' is quite simple, and the concepts are also simple to understand, but the ACTUAL PROCESS OF HOW THIS WORKS ON A PHYSICAL ELVEL IS IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND.
In essence, it is a pure black box; we give a billion transistor CPU inputs and expect certain outputs; if we get those outputs, we consider it 'working as intended.' But NOT A SINGLE PERSON UNDERTSANDS HOW A MODERN CPU ACTUALLY OWRKS IN IMPLEMENTATION.
If someone does know how a CPU works they would be able to tell me what happens when transistor #432423 receives a single and how it will precisely output and affect the entire whole and how it affects those around it _exactly._
And no, running a program that simulates or tells you such things is not 'understanding' it
@@pyropulseIXXIum thats a big assumption
@@pyropulseIXXI alien sorcery that is….
Alien technology
The value that you are giving is just priceless! Deep thanks from my heart!
Thank you for helping out! I appreciate it!
The quality and clarity are unmatched on this platform. This channel's videos should be shown in schools.
Hello from Armenia. I started working at Synopsys Armenia as an analog systems design engineer, and I am amazed by your work. There are no questions left. I watch the video and I feel like I am already a GOD and know everything about creating an IC 😃 . I myself was engaged in creating all sorts of videos about computers in Armenian, because such deep information, for example, as in your video, one can say, does not exist in Armenian at all. If you do not mind, I can make an Armenian translation and voiceover of your video.
Thank you for such a wonderful video.
I am a Staff Engineer at Samsung Semiconductor. This is the best video I've ever seen, including all the educational content from Samsung.
Fix the heating and make better chips!
u sure?@@MombasaCry04
@@MombasaCry04😂
So the i9 i7 i5 i3 are all the same chip but the difference between them are the amount of defective parts?
So those Intel CPU without Integrated Graphics actually have integrated graphics but it just doesn't work due to the problems during production?
@@FallenLight0 that's what I understood as well. It's a broken egg sold at a cheaper price.
This may be the absolute peak of human ingenuity. Incredible.
artificial intelligence is the peak for the moment
@@Oilstar Ah yes the AI that often gets dumb stuff wrong because it's unaware of what's it's saying.
That stuff wouldn't even exist without cpus, making cpus is also much harder like it's so expensive getting all the insane machines to make them that new competitors can't even emerge, meanwhille some startups can compete in the AI race
@@someone-v1z interesting angle. But then basically it means the wheel is the biggest invention of humans. If we use your analogy
@@someone-v1z the startups that uses chatgpt
@@Oilstar I'd say processors are more important considering they're used in all the technologies we are most reliant on nowadays.. including AI. If anything, companies are just hyping up AI for investors. It certainly will have more uses in the future, but we're not HEAVILY reliant on AI as we are with processors in general.
Over the last 30-yrs working in this industry, this is the best video for anyone to watch and understand how chips were made! Absolutely perfect!
Asianometry is better.
@@ciCCapROSTithis channel is better for animation and general knowledge, asianometry more like insight news
The level of detail and accuracy in this video is astounding. Tremendous work!!
I was NOT expecting this when I clicked on this video. I was expecting a half-arsed documentary with some clueless journalist walking through the general areas of some old fab.
This is INCREDIBLE. Having a background in embedded systems design, I knew a fair amount of how this stuff is done, but, good lord... the level of detail, the graphics, flow and animations in this video left me speechless!
Whoever was involved in the research, scripting and production of this video - you've done an incredible job of it.
I've turned on notifications for this channel. A first for me.
Wait till you look through some of the others they've made. Try the hard-drive one. It is so complex it's scary. How can humans be SO clever with technology, and so stupid at other times? We are very very clever, but not very wise at all.
Incredible. Don’t know what to add except how amazed I am by the explanation and the video.
What you are doing is revolutionary. No one has ever made a video about microchip manufacturing this deep.
This video is so bad ass, the microchip breakdown is so incredibly detailed and awesome!
This channel is insane! Ever since the shader video I have been hooked. Keep up the work!
Glad you enjoy it!
I absolutely love this video! This is beyond amazing and incredibly thorough. I've been a computer geek my entire life and have read extensively about this process but to see it visualized is something amazing. Thank you guys so much for what you do.
❤️❤️
I have been working with and repairing computers for almost 30 years. I've done a lot of study and have kept up with most facets of the industry. I have never come across a video series that explains, so clearly, the details of the chip manufacturing process. I will make sure to have all my colleagues watch your wonderful presentations.
this is mainly because its always a closely guarded secret in the industry. Specially, the details of the masks, circuit interconnections, chip module layouts, etc are never shared in public. Even the factory tour requires special high level permission/ clearance. Some people who work in the industry which provide tools for chip manufacturers, such as ASML lithography, vapor deposition, etc have some idea what they do and how they do. Apart from this, this is an active area of research, and is published in well known journals as well, but being hidden behind the paywalls, the published research also stay away from the reach of general public.
Edit : for those who want to dive deeper into the subject, there are dedicated channels which i would recommend - Asianometry (you will thank me later)
Expressed clearly in a way that is easy to understand. I like it👍
Semiconductor manufacturing engineer here. Well done, folks. This is the best video of its kind that I've seen. I'm sharing it with a ton of people I work with and it's my new go-to for when people ask what I do.
I'm especially impressed at the models of all of the processing tools. Spot on.
The dude literally made one of the best scientific pieces of Human history, it's literally the epitome of human technology, the most complex thing we have and probably will ever make. Despite being the best example of Human ingenuity, most people have no idea where the things powering their phones and laptops come from, not anymore with this video.
@@maximusasauluk7359 I still have no clue what is being stenciled onto the thing
Would love it if you could briefly explain how the photomasks are created.
literally nobody explained this process in such detail, mainstream science channels always made it seem so simple, though in reality it is much more complex and interesting. I always wondered that they are not telling the full truth, that was true. I am so grateful to you for making this video. Animation and narration are as always, excellent.
Gosh this channel is nostalgic, this is like watching “How it’s made” as a kid again and be absorbed right into it learning the complex innards of our daily devices . Brings a whole new appreciation!
Even the voice is almost the same
Danke!
As an engineer in semiconductor manufacturing industry, I want to say this is by far the best and detailed video to explain the IC manufacturing process. I can even tell which tool is which by looking at the animated pictures. The video production team really did a great job in the details.
An amazingly accurate presentation, might be as close as the normi can get to getting inside a fab
@@michaelleahy7794 u need to apply for process engineer or Fabrication Engineer. Or also u can get into design part of it
Lol right, when they detail the LF generators on the producer GT's you know it's legit..hard to believe AMAT would have gave them the CAD's for those
so you are the guys causing chip shortage😂😂
Would have been so easy to get a lot of this stuff wrong, too. Sounds like they probably double checked their info with some expert to be sure, cuz no way some amateur fumbles their way through all this jargon and machinery and whatnot without messing up.
this was amazing. I have an electronics engineering degree, and worked at AMD (chip maker) with the supply ops and substrate teams - so I likely had more knowledge about semicon fabs than 99.999% of the population. I even have a 2005 wafer chip without the substrate and packaging which one guy from the production floor gave me. But my knowledge was maybe 5% of what this video shows.
This video blew my mind off. Wow!! Amazing work guys.
Only people living under the rock wouldn't know what AMD is. Working in such a company is just a fever dream to me.
@@ethlanrete6736 you would be surprised how many times I have heard "whats AMD!". Intel really shadowed the 2nd runner in that industry. At least until 2015.
@asitmohanty9662 Damn.
Masterclass video. Big thanks to the team behind this amazing video.
THANK U for This amazing Content
Just wanted to express my support for you guys. This channel deserves all the attention it gets and so much more.
🙌🏻
Everyone’s saying “omg the animations”.. but seriously holy sh*t! The hours and hours that it takes to pull off stuff like this. Things we’re enjoying in 10 seconds took 4 hours.
Semiconductor manufacturing is legitimately the most complex and crazy thing humans have ever engineered and produced. Like, even rocket science pales in comparison in most ways. There's other super complex fields like neurobiology and whatnot, but nothing in terms of what people are actually putting into practice and MAKING.
Especially the transistor holy fkc
3 Months
What about the quantum computers?
They are surely more complex than that@@maynardburger
@@wade3owais819 have you seen quantum computers? I imagine they took a while to make but it's got like 1000 qubits and are about 20 feet across. Like you can see each of the tubes leading to where. Chips are unequivocally more complex.
We make a big hoopla about quantum computers but they suck pretty bad for what they are. Like it's amazing what they could be, especially if we continue trying to make them better, but they're pretty shit. Calling them a computer is like calling a couple logic gates a calculator.
This is one of the most in depth videos I've seen that focuses on so many things. You people gave so much information that would normally be glossed over, yet somehow you managed to compact the video into just 28 minutes. That is insane!
I worked for a manufacturing company in the past and found a few of these processes relatable. On a higher level, the idea behind them is the same as shown in the video except we used different materials with much simpler steps. We also used different names for some of the similar processes. We also had the inspection computer machines to look at the finished product at the micro level , checking for cracks and imperfections in the process. If the imperfections were too many and quality wasnt up to par then it would repeat a few steps. One of those steps was me using deflash process to clean up the gasket rings before sending them back for close inspection. It obviously wasnt near the level that chips are made but the processes are somewhat similar. We made gaskets for cars, pipes and even for NASA rockets. The NASA gaskets were huge and nearly as thick as my wrist.
This video is awesome and the whole process of making chips is phenomenal. Subed with the quickness. Facinating stuff and great channel.
It's crazy how this video is free to everyone. Thank you.
Literally. The fact that i’m sleep deprived & still understood. Amazing stuff!
Honestly I'm blown away by how much you've educated me on this subject in just 25 or so min. The fact that I can say "I sorta understand how they do it" in that amount of time is a testament to how well you've explained and visualized the process. Instant subscribe and like!
In a world where the internet is filled with absolute idiocy, this video exists as a testament to why it could possibly be the single greatest invention in human history. Thank you, you are doing the world a service.
1% of the population upholds the survival of the 99%
As a dedicated and hardworking internet idiot, I object to your harsh attack on me and my people!
And everybody knows that plastic is the greatest invention in human history! Where would civilization be without it?
@@charliedoyle7824without internet, most people will still cope with primitive religion, information is more precious than one substance
Yeah but there is far two few of us that understand this stuff or even care about it
@@INTJ791 Hey bro, I'm religious and I'm currently studying systems engineering, my father is a physicist. Not cool bro.
Possibly the most sublime video I have ever watched that I can understand and appreciate as per the making of a CPU.
Before viewing this I could not really imagine or contemplate the effort and work process, put into producing an item so commonplace today in use and conversation only .
A really `Cracking Video` Thank you.
After more than 4 years working in a cleanroom, I've never seen such a clear and faithful explanation.
Simply unbelievable. Congrats!
You got to work in a cleanroom!! This seems so cool to me, I want to research what training/skills I need to work there
It's just insane how long it must have taken the researchers to figure out how to build all these different machines and what parameters they have to use to fabricate a functioning chip.
What's also insane is how incredible the quality of these videos are. It is truly great to have such high-quality material to get a first insight into how different topics work.
As always they started big. Then made improvements in all aspects which qualitatively evolved it. The CPU in particular has an immensely wide array of applications so any manner of improvement on the CPU can probably improve a lot of other systems as well. And so the cycle continues until people forget they left the graphics cards and motherboards behind oops.
I've worked in the semiconductor industry for more than half of my life. I must say that this is the best video explaining how chips are made I ever watched. Excellent work!
MIND BLOWING!!! I don't understand why microchip imbedded devices such as cell phones and computers don't cost 1000x more, given the immensely specific conditions and compositions required for manufacturing microchips. The variability that must be overcome to manufacture is astounding.
Another mind blowing thing is that I imagine that anyone who wants to engineer microchips must become a master of chemistry and physics and then study electronics engineering followed by microchip engineering to design and construct.
Such an impressive and educating video. An honour to watch!!!
A noble contribution to humanity.
Working in the industry (photolithography) for over a decade, watching this on a Friday night, after a very busy work week. And still enjoyed it tremendously! Truly, kudos to BranchEducation team!!
What a neat job you have. How does one get into your line of work?
@@wilhelmbittrich88 a technical degree (masters or PhD), preferably in an area involving physical sciences or electrical engineering, a curious mind, and an ability to work in multinational/multidisciplinary teams :)
so you are the guys causing chip shortage😂😂 we found one lads
As a 20yr tech vet with a graduate degree in EE, who started his career in semiconductor process tech and chip reliability, this is the best most well done/informative video on this topic I’ve ever seen. This can be shown in a freshman semiconductor course to help folks visualize that’s actually happening without sacrificing details. The quality of the video really reflects your effort
This video left me speechless.
Not only is the manufacturing process of a cpu so much more complex to the point where im surprised that one cpu doesnt cost 1 million dollars, im also speechless about the effort put into the making on this video.
Economies of scale
Economies of scale...
The truth is It should have cost a fortune, something is shady about all this
@@nataneley There is nothing shady. Because so many things needs microchips they can mass produce it and sell it cheaply.
I was lost about 3 nanoseconds into the intro!
As absolutely MIND-BLOWING as the production process of these microscopic computer processors is, as with many other things is the process to design and then make all of the different tools and equipment required BEFORE the first on is even made!🤯🤯🤯
This is what the internet was made for. What insane production quality. Very well done!
this video is incredibly detailed and produced. I can't believe it's free.
I'm a Computer Engineer and I remember us designing a very simple transistor logic gate chip back in the day in college and I loved every second of it. I also used to work in a semiconductor company with very similar processes so I completely understand the protocols and processes involved. Watching this video brings me back to those days. Thanks for creating this video!
Bro that's so cool 😮
I'm a computer engineering student at the moment 😁😁
I am about to cry because of how beautiful this video is, thank you so much for making it, and I am very excited for the video on transistors, can't wait
Its crazy how clear these explanations are, I've not found a single other source that 'dumbs down' this process enough for a layman to understand it.
As someone who is working as IC designer, this is the best explanation and visuals of chip fabrication I have ever seen. And surprisingly accurate for a video intended for general audience.
Keep up the good work!!
5 people working away for 4.5+ months of work, utterly spoiling us for almost 30 minutes, is way more than the 3 months for the build of the single wafer you highlighted! Your work deserves an Oscar (if there was such an equivalent) in this type of video production. Honestly I hope this channel will serve the next generation of EEs, Mech Eng, Comp Eng and CS majors graduating and enhance their knowledge. Absolutely phenomenal work. Thank you so much for your efforts and I can not wait to see what you have planned for us next. 😊
From French retired. I worked in these arena for years and was an FSE, field service engineer. I worked for different USA companies and on different machines, etching, deposition, copper, plasma and so on. This great video gives a good idea how are made CPUs, Memories and so on.
The first day I started my job in a Fab, years ago, it was like a space ship, incredible. The machines had already touch screens, which came on laptop or comp around twenty years later in everyone world. It would be great to have some real videos of the Fab. If a day you have the opportunity to visit such Fab, just go and admire the technology.
For engineers, it is a great job opportunity and well paid if you don't count your hours, your avaibility and being ready to learn so many. I enjoyed it.
Now I know who I want to be when I grow up
What metals are used to connect the transistor? Is it copper only or are there other metals such as gold and what is their percentage of the total weight?😊
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Was not a process engineer. The interconnections inside the chip between transistors is not gold. Copper is used to interconnect layers of transistors but it is done by deposition, then anneal at high temp 400°C. The gold is used only to connect the chip I/O to the exterior contacts. Inside the chip itself, mainly silicon.
@@paillart527 My brother, people who work in electronics recycling say that the average percentage of gold in electronics is 0.04 percent Of his weight. I think the processor has gold inside and not just in the pins or what?
@@عبدالمجيد-ك1د9ل Again, the connections between the chip and the ext contacts to other computer circuits are gold. Mainly, gold is found on all conatcs inside a computer (mother board, Ram, not only in the processor). Check on YT to get more information about gold in our modern computers.
as an engineer of one of the processes, this video is the best video explaining everything related to semiconductor manufacturing i have ever watched. excellent video, excellent modelling, excellent scripts
chill dude you guys are inane😮💨😮💨
@@USER1.01.01 yeah these guys are inane???🤔
so you guys got this technology from aliens right?
I was expecting some info on the PCM testing as well.
One of the greatest youtube videos ever created, comprehensively explaining the greatest feat of human engineering ever accomplished. It doesn't get any better.
Semiconductor Manufacturing is indeed the most complex and high precision job for any engineer, it is the work of 100s of scientists and engineers that made this world possible. One of the best videos I had ever seen on this complicated process. Love you man ❤
Even with there are details still left out. It's that complicated.
Leftios of system sheet right iOS of system sheet ramed copid window hard to hard wafer data and window copy files data games saved at rams pins a straight a straight.
8 second comp 24hp
100s? I'd say add 3 zeros, if not 4.
Hi
I am 60 years old electronics technician, I used many semiconductors in my life but never looked in to technology that makes them. Your video is incredible, thank you very much. 👍👍🇦🇺
How much is the salary?
Not your business young man @@helloitsamie6214
One of the rare videos that makes youtube the best free learning platform
Best semiconductor manufacturing animation video I saw on TH-cam
I cannot even begin to explain how interesting this is for me. I never could've guessed in 1000 years that a single transistor could be made so small so accurately. Thank you for making this video.
Thank you for making this amazing video free. We appreciate you Branch Education - one of the best educators on TH-cam. Keep up the great work!!
Thank you for helping out! I appreciate it!
The people behind these process are so intelligent and diligent! Full respect!
The people behind this are aliens
My brain is having such a hard time processing how intricate and small scale this process is. The technology is more than I can comprehend and the people behind this are brilliant.
Aliens maybe :-) not human
@@madmaxmad4221lol you’re ignorant
23:45 I wasn't expecting that CPUs are manufactured and labeled based on how many cores don't work.
This was an incredible in depth video. Thank you for your efforts!
New Fear unlocked. Was not expecting that also.
It is not always like that, sometimes you get an actual i7 or sometimes a defective i9, these companies Eg. Nvidia, Intel, AMD always launch their Higher end models first due to this reason - so that based on the yield & defects could accordingly launch the budget models
back in the day there were tools and ways of unlocking the disabled cores on CPUs at the possible cost of instability (most of the times there was a reason why they were disabled), these days they made that pretty much impossible though
Yeah imagine going for a i9 instead of i7 or i5 but telling your buddy at store you want one that works, and send him the link of the video with time stamp...
Yep, virtually all semiconductor chips are "binned" like this. I believe for Intel 13th gen, as used in the video, the entire desktop product stack is composed of 2 or 3 chip designs.
This also feeds back into higher-level design of the chips - you need to be able to test for defects, you need to be able to disable parts of the chip based on defects, you need to account for defects when figuring out the actual chip configurations such that it doesn't change performance characteristics, etc. For performance characteristics there is the unfortunate case of the GeForce GTX 970, which had an L2 cache slice for one of its memory controllers disabled as part of binning, which lead to rather nasty performance issues and the later "3.5GB fiasco".
Also for low-cost and mass-volume chips, such as DRAM and NAND ICs, this is accounted for in the design by having spare cells. So a 1GB memory chip is actually slightly more than 1GB so that defective memory cells can be substituted with spares.
This is the singular most helpful video on CPU design available. The quality of animation, the visuals, and the script really help boil down all of the mechanisms an processes involved in making a silicon die.
You have the ability to explain in 30 minutes what universities can't teach in a semester. This is by far the best 3D animation I've ever seen-better than Animagraffs. I'm in love with this channel. I'm a student today, but I'll definitely become a patron once I start earning. Thank you once again!
The problem is that animagrafs are generalized!
The information is not very precise.
How so? Precise in the sense of going deeper into the subject.
Feel guilty for watching this for free.
😆
well said
Me too, but I'll have to live with that
@@zekeiwa5837 😂😂 me too
Dont feel guilty! Whomever wrote the script evidently has very exclusive training in silicone wafer semiconductor manufacture
The fact this author-producer can write engineering text on this level, has a computer capable of such UHD CAD-CAM, model rendering, & animation, *PLUS* the exclusive skills & experience to create these animations says it all. They couldnt produce this video without already making a fortune themselves in the industry. And then there's corporate sponsorship & professional colleagues....
I sound ungrafeful, but I'm very glad this engineer (or group of engineers) produced these videos, & established this channel. Nothing like this is to be found on PBS, nor network TV, nor cable TV 💎💎💎
How is this free content. TV channels and Programs don’t even make videos this good and detailed, let alone 30 minute high quality animated videos. I’m blown away and I wish this channel gets the attention it deserves. Fantastic content
Amazing, keep up the great work!
University where take thousands of dollars to give education but this channel give increadible free knowledge with single click, hats of you🙏
only in america, this is basics 2nd year cs in CA
college is a scam.
University gives you the background context is truly understand the field.
The amount of tech that has gone into this is insane. The devices that we use everyday are a testament to immense human capabilities. The fact that us humans can even conceive of making something like this which is so so complicated let alone actually manufacture it is mind blowing. Kudos to computer scientists and chip manufacturers! Seems way more intense than making a rocket.
AND NERDS AND GEEKS AND
a rocket engine actually is a super simple thing - you can basically build one in the backyard and even figure out best nozzle designs etc with trial and error. the hard part is to improve it to a point where it runs stable inside very tiny thresholds extremely close to the physical properties of the used materials without blowing itself to pieces...and then improve it even further.
I will never ever complain about a processor being over priced again. This was just amazing.
When I see how this is made, I think how God created everything, big and small.
@@sootuckchoong7077But this was artificially made wasn’t it??
@@sootuckchoong7077 god didnt do this... it was engineers that design the cpus ...
I use to think the same thing.
For years I looked at AMD and Intel chips and thought how hard could it possibly be.
Then I see this.
lol.
@@luxaly9510yea bro I honestly hate when people say this, like people are entitled to their own beliefs and that but this is a human achievement not a god thing, it took thousands of human minds working together to create this thing that 99.9% of the word cannot even fathom. It’s the same with surgery’s, when they says thank god or pray to god for a safe surgery, it wasn’t god saving them it was the doctors and surgeons who put hundreds or even thousands of hours studying and mastering their craft
Hats off to everyone who worked on creating this wonderful video ❤👏
This kind of research, animation, correct content delivery deserves applause.
Incredible content! ⚛️ Will become a patron and use your videos for routine learning with my students! 🙌
As a mechanical guy with background in aerospace manufacturing, this information was packaged so well that I hardly had to rewind to understand the concepts. Clear, concise, detailed illustrations with no nonsense to filter through. Astounding work. The internet can be so fruitful.
How far we've come from refrigerator size memory units to consolidating generations worth of tools like cameras, typewriters and computers into a handheld ask-me-anything device. And to think it all comes from crushed rocks, conceptualized by people who couldn't fathom where we would be today or even stumbled upon certain properties by accident. Inquisitive souls loyal to the pursuit of truth, doing their diligence putting in years of their lives standing on the shoulders of giants to gift us even one of incalculable scientific advances that made the next one possible so that we could one day take what they discovered and produce this magnicifently capable and versatile tool that talks in 1s and 0s. A true marvel of engineering, and we use it to view images of kittens. The dichotomy of man.
I'm pretttttttty sure kittens is code for porn 👌
Haha well to be fair we do sometimes use it for other things too :P
Graphene chips are the future. Also, possibly Borophene.
Thanks for increasing our knowledge this way ❤