Crawl control is just software ensuring that you have optimum locking depending on the terrain. You talk about it as though it takes away from the driving experience when in fact it lends to your ability to concentrate on a line rather than worrying about which wheel is spinning. My GX has no crawl control but digs itself out of sand and snow with ease but more slip. Crawl control also mitigates component damage from being too aggressive in certain situations given how hard it is on the CV's. So the reason why you have only one side being active for the KDSS sway bar is based on how sway bars themselves operate. Its meant to create a connection between the left and right independent suspension arm. When you disconnect one side you are delinking any connection between the two sides. KDSS mitigates body roll depending on the setting you use so only one side needs to provide any sort of articulation. If it needs to be stiff it stays in a certain position to prevent the wheel from articulating. When it needs to articulate off road and increase wheel travel it moves with the suspension arm changing its effective anchoring point in relation to the frame. So basically it moves around to either provide a solid mounting point meaning you have limited travel, or it compresses or expands itself moving the swaybar's mounting surface effectively delinking both sides. If I need more articulation on my GX i disconnect the sway bar end link on one side and then I get way more travel.
Good point, especially when in a climbing situation. Personally I have not had to use it yet but also haven't been in a situation that would call for it. Thanks for sharing the knowledge/experience!
I know this is an old video, but I loved it! I've never seen the KDSS in action or really know what it is. I'm thinking about finally selling my old F150 and downsizing to a 4runner. This video helped!
Right on glad it inspired you to get a 4R! It is an older video but the truck hasn’t changed much so it still applies with the current models and I highly suggest trying to buy one with KDSS which only comes as an option on the 2010-2016 Trail Edition and 2017-2021 TRD OFF-ROAD. They’re the same truck, Toyota just renamed them in 2017
Best KDSS video so far. Until swing the video, I had a hard time figure out what it actually does. Great video. Awesome 4Runner. Hoping to trade in my 4th Gen in a couple years after I see what the 2018 looks like.
Awesome video! I traded in my 2016 4Runner SR5 4X2 in December for the 2018 4Runner TRD Off Road Premium 4X4 with KDSS. I can't be happier with it. One thing I want to do is get new tires and a lift. Soon.
George Street The 4Runner has the same 4.0 as the last gen Tacomas. The new Tacomas have the 3.5 that comes in a lot of Lexus'. The main difference is the torque and gearing. In order to stay competitive the new Tacomas are a little slow of the line and power comes in high in the rpms. All of this is to get better fuel mileage.
he said "long bed" like tacomas actually have such a feature... I had an '05 Chevy 2500 HD 4 door crew with an 8ft bed. That was long AF. I wish i could put that 6.6 Duramax and 5spd Allison in my '07 GX470. if one could dream...
Someone is finally talking about how underpowered the Tacoma is. I actually walked into a dealership, intent on buying a Tacoma, last year and decided after I drove it that I just could not cope with how weak the engine is. I want to feel like the vehicle is reacting when I put my foot down. I think the new Tacomas are cool - they're just not for me. :/
Tj C the interesting thing is the new Tacoma has more HP but less torque with those numbers being achieved at higher RPMs than its predecessor engines. The Tacoma "feels" sluggish because you basically have to floor it
FREEDOMEDIA I understand that. I knew right away that power didn't get delivered until higher in the RPM range, but it was honestly so sluggish that I'd feel unsafe when I needed to speed up to avoid oncoming traffic. An example would be when taking a U-turn. I understand that you can just simply account for a wider berth to get up to speed, but that's not the correct answer to me. I will always want a vehicle with enough power off the line to actually move when I need it. People who have driven motorcycles will understand that more speed is not always dangerous - it can be used for safety when avoiding hairy situations. Not everyone will agree, but that's my two cents.
Nice. Looks just like my 2019. Do you have a body lift as well? I agree with your comments on the Tacoma. I had to trade up and get the 4Runner and glad I did.
We haven't (yet). Will probably go with the Borla after all the research I've done. best performance gain, throaty sound but not too loud interior wise
Hey man, great channel. I just got a 2017 TRD Off Road Prem with KDSS and I definitely want to lift the front 2 to 3 and the back 1 or 2. Right now the front is lower so it looks kinda off (stock) . Is there a recommendation on a mild lift kit that'll keep the ride quality the same? I love how the stock kdss feels. Thanks in advance!
It's a daily driver with a few off road events throughout the year so comfort > off road capability in my case. I'm so confused with all the forums haha
Are there any issues with rubbing? I like that set up but so many people say you need to do body chops with 17x9 wheels Thanks in advance for a response.
Brady McBride no spacers. Here is the direct link to the wheel specs: www.procompusa.com/wheels-product-details.aspx?pt=101508&lc=PXA&pqq=2336-1558&pqa=14099-14288
FREEDOMEDIA what lift is on your Rig brother!? BEAUTIFUL setup.... Just picked up 2018 4RUNNER TRD OFFROAD PREMIUM.... LOVING IT! Tires? 285 70R 17's? Rims? 7" wide or the 8's" version? North shore odds beautiful@ Aloha from Kona! Bob and Mandi
I've looked at pictures and then compared the underside of my 2018 TRD Off Road Premium, but I can't tell if I have KDSS. Is the component with the boot running down to the bar the KDSS part of it?
It's a 1750 upgrade check your sticker. It was just as expensive as the premium for me to get the base trd offroad with KDSS but I figured it was worth it
I have a 4runner trd off road 2019 I want to put a lift kit spacer! but the kit says it is not recommended for models with KDSS but I see that your truck is up and has KDSS !!! Will I have a problem in my case? please
Won't have a problem but better to do it right and replace the stock suspension with new coils/shocks. Better to do it right the 1st time, especially with KDSS since the install is longer
It's connected to the suspension and is engaged at all times with no driver controls. Check this article and video from Australia 4x4 Magazine about KDSS: www.4x4australia.com.au/reviews/road-tests/1606/toyota-prado-kdss-test
No KDSS lean at all. All info is below and in the description box on the build video here: th-cam.com/video/bLOa-Pi4W1I/w-d-xo.html 3" Front lift: Eibach/Toytec 521600 Coils with 1/2" top plate spacer Eibach Pro Truck Shocks set at 0", Front shocks: EIB E60-82-008-02-10 1.75" Rear lift: Old Man Emu 2895E Coils with Eibach Pro Truck Shocks: EIB E60-82-008-02-01 x2
Ok cool thanks. Did the guys that installed them use any of the hub centric rings or anything or just bolt em on? I think I'm going to get a set but want to direct the shop if they have no idea. Better safe than sorry.
I have a third gen Tacoma. Love the truck but I use it more for work. Once it's paid off, I was going to go jeep wrangler but I'm really considering a 4runner. I just hate the front bumper. The
Of one were intending to lift, would the PRO be a better option even though it's more expensive? I heard the kdss is difficult to deal with when lifting. Can anyone comment on this?
The 3rd gen Tacoma has 8HP more and 13 lbs less of torque than the 4R but those numbers are only achieved at higher RPM so theoretically you have to floor the Taco in order to get it up to speed which seams to be the chief complaint. I'll get another Tacoma once they finally put more comfortable height adjustable seats in it like the 4Runner has.
Depends on which Wrangler, Rubicon and a stock Unlimited? Debating the capabilities between vehicles is incredibly subjective but BOTH are very off-road worthy. I'd say 50% of a vehicle's capability is the experience of the driver.
FREEDOMEDIA I live in Europe and we have tons of snow here sometimes, so this would be my main obstacle. I also drive through a lot of muddy terrain, no rocks here though. I did some off road sessions in a suzuki samurai and I like it a lot, this is why I want to get into off roading :). Thanks for the reply!
You very recently lifted this vehicle, so results of lift on parts of vehicle are not yet seen, but after years of usage I would hope to hear what the effects of changing the geometry of the factory parts on your vehicle have been. From what I hear, advice from experienced mechanics, I have been warned not to mess with Toyota factory specs and lift, especially with KDSS. Been told this is opening a can of worms that down the road will cost $$$ to fix as a result of realignment of vehicle. effects on it's parts and original warranty will be voided as a result of these add ons.
That must of been driver error with the 4R 🤣 I have both (2019 TRD Taco and 2016 TRD 4R) and the 4R hands down has more power. Both are awesome trucks so can’t lose either way 🍻
I Work for Toyota. I know exactly how all of the models you mentioned drive. I am Just saying your comparisons to other models are exaggerated. Your right engine specs do not lie. Tell me what has more HP your 4runner or "lack of power" 3rd gen tacoma. I get it you spent alot of money on your rig and its nice but it is not "night and day" better.
4Runner has 270HP @ 5600 rpm & 278 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm Tacoma has 278 hp @ 6000rpm & 265 lb-ft @ 4600 rpm. Most guys agree the 3rd gen Tacoma "feels" underpowered due to it's need to rev it high in order to get it up to speed. The 4Runner does not even despite it being heavier. You're right it isn't "night and day" and I did exaggerate a bit but the 4R does feel more throttle responsive compared. I didn't exaggerate on the ride quality & interior comfort/space though. It Toyota had put the 4R motor, seats & interior layout in the Tacoma, I may have bought one. To each his own
Crawl control is just software ensuring that you have optimum locking depending on the terrain. You talk about it as though it takes away from the driving experience when in fact it lends to your ability to concentrate on a line rather than worrying about which wheel is spinning. My GX has no crawl control but digs itself out of sand and snow with ease but more slip. Crawl control also mitigates component damage from being too aggressive in certain situations given how hard it is on the CV's.
So the reason why you have only one side being active for the KDSS sway bar is based on how sway bars themselves operate.
Its meant to create a connection between the left and right independent suspension arm. When you disconnect one side you are delinking any connection between the two sides. KDSS mitigates body roll depending on the setting you use so only one side needs to provide any sort of articulation. If it needs to be stiff it stays in a certain position to prevent the wheel from articulating. When it needs to articulate off road and increase wheel travel it moves with the suspension arm changing its effective anchoring point in relation to the frame. So basically it moves around to either provide a solid mounting point meaning you have limited travel, or it compresses or expands itself moving the swaybar's mounting surface effectively delinking both sides.
If I need more articulation on my GX i disconnect the sway bar end link on one side and then I get way more travel.
Good point, especially when in a climbing situation. Personally I have not had to use it yet but also haven't been in a situation that would call for it. Thanks for sharing the knowledge/experience!
I know this is an old video, but I loved it! I've never seen the KDSS in action or really know what it is. I'm thinking about finally selling my old F150 and downsizing to a 4runner. This video helped!
Right on glad it inspired you to get a 4R! It is an older video but the truck hasn’t changed much so it still applies with the current models and I highly suggest trying to buy one with KDSS which only comes as an option on the 2010-2016 Trail Edition and 2017-2021 TRD OFF-ROAD. They’re the same truck, Toyota just renamed them in 2017
Best KDSS video so far. Until swing the video, I had a hard time figure out what it actually does. Great video. Awesome 4Runner. Hoping to trade in my 4th Gen in a couple years after I see what the 2018 looks like.
Thanks man. The KDSS video shows how it adjusts with the shocks/coils as it articulates
Definitely enjoy seeing the KDSS in action and up close! I like those Pro Comp rims!
Thanks b
One day i will have one , i promise myself that 🙏🏻👍👍👍👍
great video, been driving a 2nd gen tacoma for 6 years too, been looking at 4Runners, this helped!
Awesome video! I traded in my 2016 4Runner SR5 4X2 in December for the 2018 4Runner TRD Off Road Premium 4X4 with KDSS. I can't be happier with it. One thing I want to do is get new tires and a lift. Soon.
Great video, thanks! I had no idea that the 4Runner had more power than the Tacoma, I thought they had the same engine.
Thanks George. Toyota should have put the V6 from the 4Runner and FJ into the Tacoma.
George Street The 4Runner has the same 4.0 as the last gen Tacomas. The new Tacomas have the 3.5 that comes in a lot of Lexus'. The main difference is the torque and gearing. In order to stay competitive the new Tacomas are a little slow of the line and power comes in high in the rpms. All of this is to get better fuel mileage.
George Street the 2nd gen Tacoma has a less HP/torque version of the 4.0 V6. The FJ & 4R engine is dual VVTi and the Tacoma is single
Good explanation bro I am convinced now
he said "long bed" like tacomas actually have such a feature... I had an '05 Chevy 2500 HD 4 door crew with an 8ft bed. That was long AF. I wish i could put that 6.6 Duramax and 5spd Allison in my '07 GX470. if one could dream...
Awesome Brother!!!
Rick Henning right on thanks Rick!
Someone is finally talking about how underpowered the Tacoma is. I actually walked into a dealership, intent on buying a Tacoma, last year and decided after I drove it that I just could not cope with how weak the engine is. I want to feel like the vehicle is reacting when I put my foot down. I think the new Tacomas are cool - they're just not for me. :/
Same. I walked in for a Taco, but left with a 4runner TP after testing both. The Taco had a dull throttle response compared to the 4runner
Tj C the interesting thing is the new Tacoma has more HP but less torque with those numbers being achieved at higher RPMs than its predecessor engines. The Tacoma "feels" sluggish because you basically have to floor it
FREEDOMEDIA I understand that. I knew right away that power didn't get delivered until higher in the RPM range, but it was honestly so sluggish that I'd feel unsafe when I needed to speed up to avoid oncoming traffic. An example would be when taking a U-turn. I understand that you can just simply account for a wider berth to get up to speed, but that's not the correct answer to me. I will always want a vehicle with enough power off the line to actually move when I need it. People who have driven motorcycles will understand that more speed is not always dangerous - it can be used for safety when avoiding hairy situations. Not everyone will agree, but that's my two cents.
I understand what you're saying.
Nice. Looks just like my 2019. Do you have a body lift as well? I agree with your comments on the Tacoma. I had to trade up and get the 4Runner and glad I did.
Thanks! I did the 1" BL after this video was made
The manual Tacomas feel a lot better than the autos but I still went with a runner too
Agreed. It's the new transmission on the 3rd gen Tacoma which many complain about
Is kdss an option on 2wd versions of the trail?
Unfortunately no
Nice one brah 👌🤙🏽
Nice, Ill be taking delivery of a 2017 4runner trd pro will do a review on it.
North shore Oahu yeee!!!
Nice! I agree that 4runner has more power than the tacoma. May I know how much mpg do you get with that setup? Im planning to build mine soon.
15-18mpg now
Have you added a cat-back exhaust, if yes which one, if no, why not? I can't find much info about cat-backs on TRD's with KDSS.
We haven't (yet). Will probably go with the Borla after all the research I've done. best performance gain, throaty sound but not too loud interior wise
Man I love this 4R. how much of a decrease in MPGs did you notice with the beautiful wheel set up?
Thanks CT! Went from 20 to 17MPG
Hey man, great channel. I just got a 2017 TRD Off Road Prem with KDSS and I definitely want to lift the front 2 to 3 and the back 1 or 2. Right now the front is lower so it looks kinda off (stock) . Is there a recommendation on a mild lift kit that'll keep the ride quality the same? I love how the stock kdss feels. Thanks in advance!
It's a daily driver with a few off road events throughout the year so comfort > off road capability in my case. I'm so confused with all the forums haha
Sorry for the delay. You can't go wrong with either Bilstien or Eibach as both are height adjustable
Are there any issues with rubbing? I like that set up but so many people say you need to do body chops with 17x9 wheels Thanks in advance for a response.
No need body chop with this setup
Hi .my question is it necessary to change clamshell bushing for the driver side cv axle?
How much lift? and did you have a problem with the lift install with KDSS. I've heard it's problematic.
Does your tires & wheel setup pass Hawaii vehicle safety inspection? Just wondering how far it sticks out pass the fender.
Yes passes completely without needing extra fender flares or mud flaps
Asked on the build video but are you running spacers on this truck or no? Love the wheels hope they give that wider stance from offset alone.
Brady McBride no spacers. Here is the direct link to the wheel specs: www.procompusa.com/wheels-product-details.aspx?pt=101508&lc=PXA&pqq=2336-1558&pqa=14099-14288
I love those wheels and thinking of getting the same for my TRD Trail. Where did you get the TRD center caps?
@@ngespiritu sorry just saw your question. It's actually just a set of stickers we found on eBay that fit directly on the Pro Comp center cap
Cool video. How high is the lift and what kit? Thanks
Eibach lift 2.75" front 1.75" rear
Nice ride! What trail is this? Looks like lots of fun!
Thanks! It's Kaena Point
Great looking 4Runner! How is the power when running the 285's?
Thanks! Lose a little bit of power but gain ground clearance and a better stance. The Eibach shocks along with the KDSS gives an amazing ride quality.
FREEDOMEDIA Awesome, thanks for the feedback!
FREEDOMEDIA what lift is on your Rig brother!?
BEAUTIFUL setup....
Just picked up 2018 4RUNNER TRD OFFROAD PREMIUM.... LOVING IT!
Tires?
285 70R 17's?
Rims?
7" wide or the 8's" version?
North shore odds beautiful@
Aloha from Kona!
Bob and Mandi
Looks like it has been well over a year, have the toytec springs sagged any?
Maybe 1/4"
I've looked at pictures and then compared the underside of my 2018 TRD Off Road Premium, but I can't tell if I have KDSS. Is the component with the boot running down to the bar the KDSS part of it?
It's a 1750 upgrade check your sticker. It was just as expensive as the premium for me to get the base trd offroad with KDSS but I figured it was worth it
Hi, why did you go with the OME rear coils instead of toytec or Eibach?
Eibach hadn't made them yet back then and the Toytec HD coils gave too much lift IMO
I have a 4runner trd off road 2019 I want to put a lift kit spacer! but the kit says it is not recommended for models with KDSS but I see that your truck is up and has KDSS !!! Will I have a problem in my case? please
Won't have a problem but better to do it right and replace the stock suspension with new coils/shocks. Better to do it right the 1st time, especially with KDSS since the install is longer
Does the KDSS engage and will the light turn on automatically when engaged or is it something the driver controls?
It's connected to the suspension and is engaged at all times with no driver controls. Check this article and video from Australia 4x4 Magazine about KDSS: www.4x4australia.com.au/reviews/road-tests/1606/toyota-prado-kdss-test
What lift kit did you use? Great video btw!
Thanks Rob, the build vid is here: th-cam.com/video/bLOa-Pi4W1I/w-d-xo.html
What are the part numbers for the springs and shocks? Any KDSS lean with this lift?
No KDSS lean at all. All info is below and in the description box on the build video here: th-cam.com/video/bLOa-Pi4W1I/w-d-xo.html
3" Front lift:
Eibach/Toytec 521600 Coils with 1/2" top plate spacer
Eibach Pro Truck Shocks set at 0",
Front shocks: EIB E60-82-008-02-10
1.75" Rear lift:
Old Man Emu 2895E Coils with
Eibach Pro Truck Shocks: EIB E60-82-008-02-01 x2
Did you have any issues with the lift process given the KDSS? Who did the actual lift for you?
No issues just takes a bit longer to do versus non-KDSS. Shop called Maui Off-Road did the install: th-cam.com/video/bLOa-Pi4W1I/w-d-xo.html
Ok cool thanks. Did the guys that installed them use any of the hub centric rings or anything or just bolt em on? I think I'm going to get a set but want to direct the shop if they have no idea. Better safe than sorry.
Bolt on ready to go, no hub centric rings. I'd just buy them directly from 4WheelParts if I was you since they own Pro Comp.
I have a third gen Tacoma. Love the truck but I use it more for work. Once it's paid off, I was going to go jeep wrangler but I'm really considering a 4runner. I just hate the front bumper. The
Of one were intending to lift, would the PRO be a better option even though it's more expensive? I heard the kdss is difficult to deal with when lifting. Can anyone comment on this?
Where did you acquire the TRAIL side badges my dude?
www.shapeways.com/product/R33EXWH6U/trail-emblem-revision-02
What suspension/lift kit did you go with?
any rubbing issues ? fire wall or uca ?
What is the difference between the SR5 4x4 / trail / TRD Pro. Thank you so much. great vid btw and clean 4runner build!
Lots of variances in the options and too much to list here. Best bet is to compare directly: www.toyota.com/4runner/
thank you! what's your next mod?
j burggg I'd like solid rock sliders and a hideaway subwoofer 😎
Ohhh so wait......TRD Pro 4R doesn't get KDSS??
Where was this video shot?
Kaena Point, Oahu
how do you feel about the body roll at corner ?
I havent noticed any roll?
Cool 4Runner! Where was this recorded?
Kaena Point and Sandy Beach, Oahu
Would these wheels fit on 2018 SR5 premium with out any lifting?
Yes they'll fit no problem
Solid!! Any rubbing with the 285's?
Had to trim a little bit of the plastic in the front fender liner and remove the mud flap. Minor
nice truck, what kind of camera did you use to film the video?
Thanks, Canon 80D with Sigma 18-35mm f1.8 for the talking footage and GoPro Hero 3+ for the under chasis stuff
FREEDOMEDIA thanks for replying. keep up the great work. 😁
bro, that power youre feeling is the gearing difference.
Hi, do you think the 2017 Toyota Tacoma is sluggish compared with the 2015 or 2016 4Runner.
Between good video.
Yes definitely a difference in the power
Doesn't the Taco have like 80 more horses?
The 3rd gen Tacoma has 8HP more and 13 lbs less of torque than the 4R but those numbers are only achieved at higher RPM so theoretically you have to floor the Taco in order to get it up to speed which seams to be the chief complaint. I'll get another Tacoma once they finally put more comfortable height adjustable seats in it like the 4Runner has.
is this as capable as a wrangler? im not an off road guy but Im thinking of getting into it. Can someone help :)?
Depends on which Wrangler, Rubicon and a stock Unlimited? Debating the capabilities between vehicles is incredibly subjective but BOTH are very off-road worthy. I'd say 50% of a vehicle's capability is the experience of the driver.
FREEDOMEDIA I live in Europe and we have tons of snow here sometimes, so this would be my main obstacle. I also drive through a lot of muddy terrain, no rocks here though. I did some off road sessions in a suzuki samurai and I like it a lot, this is why I want to get into off roading :). Thanks for the reply!
Yes off-roading is heaps of fun! Enjoy
ho howd u get from west side to sandys that fast??? lolol
Yewwww you know it my braddah
You very recently lifted this vehicle, so results of lift on parts of vehicle are not yet seen, but after years of usage I would hope to hear what the effects of changing the geometry of the factory parts on your vehicle have been. From what I hear, advice from experienced mechanics, I have been warned not to mess with Toyota factory specs and lift, especially with KDSS. Been told this is opening a can of worms that down the road will cost $$$ to fix as a result of realignment of vehicle. effects on it's parts and original warranty will be voided as a result of these add ons.
I hate to tell you but you've been misinformed. I've been driving lifted Toyota 4x4s for the past 20+ years and NEVER had any issues with any of them
I just traded in my 16 trd taco for a 2017 Trail 4Runner..
Good call
why not 2017 TRD 4runner?
The Trail Edition is now called the TRD Off-Road
Trail Edition "less" capable off-roading the TRD.
They are the same model just renamed
Kdss goes neutral in this off-road demo. It only activates on a smooth pavement
Actually KDSS only activates when the suspension is flexed
Awesome video! But stop shaming my 3rd gen taco hahah. (artesho on TW)
Haha I know brother! I do like the 3rd gen but was a bit disappointed overall
Those are some aggressive tires
Lol 3rd gen taco’s waay more powerful. Low end kind of gutless but ive raced a 2020 trd taco vs a 2020 4 runner and the taco always wins that race.
That must of been driver error with the 4R 🤣 I have both (2019 TRD Taco and 2016 TRD 4R) and the 4R hands down has more power. Both are awesome trucks so can’t lose either way 🍻
You should have bought a Tundra. It's super comfortable & roomy.
Would love a Tundra but not here on Oahu. Parking it would be a nightmare in Honolulu
Looks like you need some lockers.
Tony Vickers it has the factory rear locker but wasn't engaged in the video
This guy has no idea what hes talking about. night and day lol
Bubba Shaw go test drive them all and see for yourself. Engine specs don't lie
I Work for Toyota. I know exactly how all of the models you mentioned drive. I am Just saying your comparisons to other models are exaggerated. Your right engine specs do not lie. Tell me what has more HP your 4runner or "lack of power" 3rd gen tacoma. I get it you spent alot of money on your rig and its nice but it is not "night and day" better.
4Runner has 270HP @ 5600 rpm & 278 lb-ft @ 4400 rpm
Tacoma has 278 hp @ 6000rpm & 265 lb-ft @ 4600 rpm.
Most guys agree the 3rd gen Tacoma "feels" underpowered due to it's need to rev it high in order to get it up to speed. The 4Runner does not even despite it being heavier. You're right it isn't "night and day" and I did exaggerate a bit but the 4R does feel more throttle responsive compared. I didn't exaggerate on the ride quality & interior comfort/space though. It Toyota had put the 4R motor, seats & interior layout in the Tacoma, I may have bought one. To each his own