DNA Sequencing - 3D
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 ก.ย. 2016
- This 3D animation shows the basic steps in the method of DNA sequencing that was used during the Human Genome Project.
For more information, please view the video and explore related resources on our site: www.yourgenome.org/video/dna-s...
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Animated by Polymime Animation Company Ltd.
www.polymime.com
/ polymimestudio - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
For those who didn't understand: Even though the terminator bases are added randomly, the process is repeated enough times that there are multiple copies of each length strands and all possible length of strands are produced enough times. As a result, when the electrophoresis is finally done the strands get arranged in short to long order, the last/terminator base of each strand marking the end of each strand. Thus when you put together the end base of each strand, you get the original sequence of that original piece of dna. (Remember the beginning portion of each length strand here is always the same because the primer binds to a specific location only, so the produced strands will look like this hypothetically: ATT< ATTC< ATTCG< ATTCGT etc.)
HeartThisRush *how do you know that all possible lengths are copied where is the double blind study proofing this* *and i read the margin of error of using this technique to read dna is 23%*
Just tried to explain how it is supposed to work. I actually didn't know about the margin of error, thank you :)
That actually helped - thank you!
THANK YOU SO MUCH !!!!
Maybe correlating the rate of travelling during electrophoresis with the bases weight/number would determine how many bases are there in each length?
Whoever came through and made this vid is a g straight up
Do you know how long I've been looking for this explanation? 3 hours!
🤕
faux vous mentez donna
No wonder you will not excel at your job. I'm not even into biology and yet I typed "dna sequencing explained" in the search bar and it showed up near the top of the results. Sure as hell didn't take me 3 hours. More like 10 seconds.
@@SnoopyDoofie eAT POOP
Biology would be a lot easier if we didn't have DNA.
Mats Reinderink yeah... wait what?
This is theoretically correct since without DNA there wouldn't be biology at all
Correct - biology then would practicaly be non-existent :P
I agree
But less interesting
Damn, that's the best explanation I've seen of this.
I agree
This is my first time to know how to DNA Sequencing. A really smart idea
It was so amazing and interesting. Every time I hesitate about choosing med/bio for my future studies I watch these kinds of videos and get reminded what an amazingly beautiful world this field is.
That’s dope. Did u end up pursuing it in the end? And if so what are your thoughts on it? I’m experiencing the exact same thing as u bro
أنا مهتم جدًا بعلم الوراثة ولكني أجد صعوبة في دراسة الحمض النووي. لقد جعلت مقاطع الفيديو الخاصة بك الأمر سهلاً للغاية بالنسبة لي. شكرًا. يرجى الاستمرار في إنشاء المحتوى الخاص بك 💫
Very nice explanation. Very smart techniques and learnt a lot about DNA sequencing process. Thanks! Looking forward for more of your video.
OMG, thank you!! You simplified it in the best way🙏🏼
Very proper 3D presentation an Very nice explanation of Sequencing DNA looking for more Nice videos of Genitics..
Awesome presentation👍.
These terminator bases are dideoxynucleotides, which lack both hydroxyl groups at 3' and 2' carbons of sugar, and hence can't make phophodiester bond i.e terminate dna synthesis.
Thanks for the clarification. :)
Hero!
thanks
How do you all know any of this when you all can't even see any of this take place?
@@SheikhN-bible-syndrome school
Thanks a lot...I never understood DNA sequencing in my study life...now, Alhamdulillah, I got it...
পিপঁড়া মিয়া😂
@@wafialfiaraf9636 what the helk are you laughing about?
PLEASE MAKE MORE VIDEOS THIS JUST SAVED ME ON MY EXAM
What are you studying?
@@alejandrorodriguez9088 your mom
@@joshuaroney 😂
This process is absolutely brilliant!
PLEASE MAKE MORE OF THESE THEY ARE REALLY HELPFUL.
Perfect explanation of DNA sequence by far
This is beautiful!
It helped me a lot 😍this type of animation take a very short time,and preventing us from learning....so many books...in less time I understand more things😊
Ok this just saved me for my exam thank u💕
this is god level work. Its mind boggling how scientists have come thus far and developed the tools to discover AND manipulate DNA.
Scientists always say they can't control nor create science but they can only manipulate it.
This is explained so well, thank you
THANK YOU! Your channel has probably the best videos explaining these things. Please make more
Thanks - any subjects in particular?
Yes! Mutations, stem cells, cancer cells, transposons, genomic libraries, marker genes, antibiotics, HIV.. to name a few
Oh also: Mendel's laws!
This video is actually a fucking godsend thank you yourgenome for making this video, and I will give thanks for future bio students, God speed.
very nice explanation about DNA sequencing
Waiting for more videos....nicely explained👍👍👍
THIS IS WHAT SMART STUDY ACTUALLY LOOKS LIKE.
THANKS BUDDY😊
WHEREVER YOU ARE I HOPE YOU WILL BE ALRIGHT.
AGAIN, THANKS FOR THIS WONDERFUL MASTERPIECE.
THIS IS WHAT TH-cam WAS ACTUALLY MEANT FOR.
Wow! Great explanation!
Beautiful video... 👏👏👏👏Excellent !!!!!BRAVO!!!!💯💯💯
wow wow wow that is just amazing
Love it. Well explained
Thank you so much 💓 for this vdo it's so easy and interesting way of teaching thank you ❤️
Excellent video! Keep it up!
Nice and very effective presentation
this is just so freaking cool
Very useful information. Thanks.
this video saved my life
3:26 they look like they are so excited to go out on a walk through the capillary tube!
this is very informative but i am still looking for a much longer and more detailed version of this video. but thanks.
this was very clear and helpful thank you so much.
wow very nice explanation.
Well, that was so clever technique.
Well, then it would still read as a single base. The gel differentiates the fragments by size. And since we have already fixed the starting point, each fragment would have the same starting base. But the the terminating base has a very small chance of occurring at the same spot(probability or something). The result will be something like this: the shortest fragment will be the one having a terminating base pair adjacent to the primer. The second shortest will have a terminator base second next to the primer and so on.
and do scientists know the sequence of the primer?
fantastic video
Also, how are the phosphate-ATCG pairs targeted? Is it broken randomly? The video makes it appear as though specific sections are targeted. What chemical breaks these DNA strands into sections, that can be removed completely from the chemical solution and won't adulterate the sample?
Nice video... good job guys
well explained........good job
Thank you. this was really really good animation. i learned a lot, thank you :)
excelent presentation and very didactic
Can you tell me which specific sequence you have used for animation?
thanks ......good job.......
God bless you
great vid.
Helped me a lot
Admirable
Really genius!!!!!! WOOOOOOOOW
May you continue to add Arabic translation to these amazing videos . Thank you very much .
But in the sequencing part, they also take the plasmid sequence according to the video. Wouldn't that affect the genome data that you want to sequence?
To the interested student, the following statement is misleading: "Inserted into plasmid, and then put into bacterial cells". While Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes [1] have been used in many large-scale sequencing projects, including the Human Genome Project, they certainly aren't mandatory. A small chunk of DNA can be directly sequenced via the Sanger method, and a whole genome can be sequenced via a shotgun method ("next gen sequencing"); in either of these cases, no plastid is used.
[1] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_artificial_chromosome
This method is called sanger method
But nanopore method is much easier to understand and does not require fragmenting or replication.
I have never studied biology, but this vid is so awesome that even i understand it.
It amazes me the huge waste of resources needed to get this task done.
They are only bacteria. They work for minimum wage.
Good video lady. Thanks
Cool video brother
Thank you ❤
This is so nostalgic.
awesome video.
quick question: if the terminator bases are added randomly by the polymerase enzyme, how does lining up the DNA by length (using electrophoresis) with the terminator bases on the end get the DNA to be arranged in the original sequence?
I wonder this too.
thats what i dont understand! how does knowing the sequences of the terminating nucleotide give us the original sequence?
arielle aiken the terminator bases are complimentary to the original dna bases meaning u can work out the order of original bases by using the length of the molecule. For example if the shortest molecule has an adenine terminator base then you can deduce that the first base on the original is thymine.
arielle aiken btw Im a gcse student and this is the only vid Ive watched on this so sorry if Im wrong thats just my understanding of it
The primer is always the same (10 bases) but the count of free basis is always different. In this video, one string has 11 bases added to it, another has 12... etc. and it goes up and up. By that technique you can read part of the original sequence because of the terminator bases.
Very nice 👍 explanation
Why does temperature stimulate the dna to act as such? And how did they figure that out?
For anyone who wants to know the chemical modification of the terminator bases they're modified by removing the 3'OH group so it cant bond with the 5' phosphate group. These are also known as Di-deoxynucleotides (DDNTs)
What is the purpose of dna sequencing?
wait, how do you get the whole piece of DNA, if it only reads the terminators color, not the rest of the chunk
Are the fragments amplified using PCR? She talks only about heating and cooling, but does not mention if it's the PCR technique or some other.
Well done
By this way didn't we sequence the placmid and the fragment of DNA together because I see the DNA polymerase putting the nucleotides away from the fragment of DNA?
راقي شرحج حجيه 😚😙
FINALLLLLY I UNDERSTOOD THE SHIT!! THANKS ALOT
Well that was a more complicated process than I was expecting...
Good jobe❤❤
Good animation
Sweetly narrated. But please, is it true that the Terminators are positioned at 10, 6, 5, 6 strand ends?
much more clear than my biochem professor
Why are only the terminal bases read by the detector? What happens to the rest of the fragment? Doesn't somehow make sense to me. Isn't every nucleotide supposed to be detected by fluorescence and then joined to be read as a whole sequence?
Well explained
Also how are the primers chosen?
Apologies for the naive question, but this way won't you just get the base of the terminators, rather than the full sequence of each fragment? what about the unlabelled bases?
how do they produce spesific primers?
This vedio really very useful
We get sequence of terminal base only of each fragment!!
What about the reminder of the fragment?
So, If I understand correctly.
1. Cut DNA by pieces and add each piece to a sample of DNA (plasmid)
2. Pass each piece that was added with plasmid DNA to a bacteria that would multiply. (How do we not get repeated copies that we don't need where?)
3. Add free DNA bases (A,C,T,G), DNA Polimerase, DNA primer and modified DNA bases that will act as terminator basis
4. Then we raise the temperature to 90 for the spiral to spilt in two (like PCR) and then low again we split so that DNA primer can connect and the free DNA basis connect, until it finds a stop sequence in which it adds the modified terminator basis. (How are we keeping the sequence here? Aren't we combining two things that we created, the DNA primer and the plasmid DNA?)
5. Then we raise the temperature again so that we can split the sequence that we just found. And then repeat process 4, 5 for many times.(Again... Aren't we getting repeated sequences?)
6. Apply electroforesis in order to split these sequences by size.
7. Then we get all the sequences and use a laser to light up the terminating base. And save all the basis that light up, this way we get the sequence. ( Why do we only save the terminating base and not the sequence? And how are we sequencing a person DNA if we are keeping one terminating for each gene sequence found?)
Added some questions for each phase in brackets. Hope that might be also other people questions.
Best Regards,
1. Repeated copies don't matter so much. Same sized fragments travel through the electrophoresis at roughly the same time, so duplicates will be ignored by the scanner. Even so, the process will be repeated multiple times to ensure no errors.
2. I'm not sure what you mean by your second question. The DNA fragment that we're looking to sequence is first added to a plasmid in order to get multiple copies, and then the DNA fragment is removed from the plasmids, as the plasmid is unnecessary. We only wanted multiple of the original fragment. That DNA is then mixed with bases, primers, and flourophore (colour) terminals to get multiple complementary copies of the original DNA fragment.
3. See 1.
4. Because the DNA fragments are all different sizes (varying from one base + terminal, to three bases + terminal, to n number of bases + terminal) we can determine the sequence of the DNA by measuring the fragments as they pass through the scanner. The coloured terminal that attaches to the end of the bases will be complementary to the base on the DNA strand. So, e.g the DNA strand has a C base. The complementary coloured terminal will be a G base - this will be read by the scanner. This tells us that at that point of the sequence, the base was a C.
Imagine you have the sequence
ATCGATCG (random sequence)
The process of adding free bases, primer, and coloured terminals will result in fragments such as:
*T*. T*A*. or TA*G*. or TAG*C*. or TAGC*T*. or TAGCT*A*. or TAGCTA*G*. or TAGCTAG*C*.
where the starred base is the coloured terminal. The scanner will read only the terminals, in order of smallest fragment to largest, thus the scanner would read:
TAGCTAGC
we could then figure out the original sequence was:
ATCGATCG
whether there were a hundred T*A*. fragments, or only one, they're the same mass, two bases big, so will be read by the scanner at the same time and will only be counted once.
Hope this helps!
Very nice
From where we get DNA polymerase? What does it consist of? Whatever fragment, A-C and G-C alone must pair, if so, which specific sequence held responsible for specific trait in a species (size, colour, position of organ, feeling, emotions, IQ,....)?
Very helpful, just adding, some experiment lab tend to use PCR first instead of bacteria transport. Just another method, mentioned in my textbook but doesn't matter anyway.
Wow!
So if we record the colors of the fluorescing terminator, how then do we know the previous unlabelled nucleotides?
If the laser is detecting only the terminator nucleotide, then how we can get the information of other nucleotides of the same primer?
Yes, but why do we want to know sequences of last terminator base in the order of shortest to longest dna fragments? Isn't that random?
How do you know the size of each strand?
Say there's a small code - AGGCT
The machine reads 1-strand (A), 2-strand (G), 2-strand (G), 2-strand (G), 2-strand (G), 3-strand (G), 4-strand (C)... Would the machine say that the genetic code is AGGGGGC? Or do strands of the same length cross the laser at around the same time compared to the other strands so you would tell by the speed that the blocks were being produced (e.g. A *long pause* GGGG *long pause* G *long pause* C)?
Weldone😍
thx for this video
great .. nice ,, awesome
thank you
Why are the primary dna sounds like an exact sync with the blood type?