Electron transport chain
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 8 ต.ค. 2017
- From our free online course, “Cell Biology: Mitochondria”: www.edx.org/course/cell-biolo...
Harvard Professor Rob Lue explains how mitochondrial diseases are inherited and discusses the threshold effect and its implications for mitochondrial disease inheritance.
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HarvardX empowers the faculty of Harvard University to create high-quality online courses in subjects ranging from computer science to history, education, and religion.
Learn more in our free online course, “Cell Biology: Mitochondria”: harvardx.link/pwnt
I am from Australia ..
May i do this course .. and how hard is the exam. .I am not an educated person, I work as a Roadie (event set up for bands and other events) but would love an opportunity to learn some thing new.
Has the animator mistakenly shown Complex II as transmembrane instead of being part of the Citric Acid Cycle in the Matrix? I love the video. Just wondering if the mistake is on my part.
I would say that now, a key difference between biology and technology is stability at room temperature. You can turn off a computer and turn it on weeks later and it's still works. But you can't 'shut down' a living being, and restart them weeks later - their molecules break down and degrade, too fragile.
Outstanding work. Thank you for this magnificent legacy, Dr. Lue.
please remove the reality under the microscope. Show the real nature, not this fictional graphics.
I remember when I was studying biochemistry II in my bachelor's degree, desperately looking for a video on this on the night before the final exam, didn't find one and had to memorize it the old fashioned way, all I'm saying is that what you're doing is extremely valuable for a lot of students, best of luck.
Hello, I have a question for you. There is a news about a company called Solar foods, which apparently converts C02, h20 and electricity to make single celled proteins. I am a software engineer but very disturbed by the fact that I can't find anything about this. Wouldn't it be creating life out of soup or could the be just using microorganisms?
@@sortof3337 single-celled protein🙄
@@sortof3337 There's no such thing as a single celled protein. Proteins are macromolecules made of amino acids and they make up parts of cells, but they themselves aren't cells. Maybe you meant to say that they were designing a way to synthesize simple proteins?
Was thinking the same
There are single celled proteins which are being used by astronauts for their protein requirements. It is made by microbes like spirullina They have way more protein content than meat
Imagine a whole biochemistry book animated like this... I wish I'd be alive till then :'(
Not a whole book, but the ibook EO Wilson's Life on Earth comes very close. Same animators. More people should get to know of it. It is great.
@@vblaas246 thanks so much, I've got it now and installed itunes u so I can do all the assignments. I can't believe it's free
@@LouieAblett You're very welcome :) Check pdb101 (protein data base) if you're looking for more specific background information.
@Sakurako Hikari Yes, I'm thinking at the Cardboard Demo app by google by which you rotate objects (masks and vases) by rotating your head. Create the scene with mMaya plugin and use Unity to render the scene. Have been thinking about making a website for that, must be cheap though.
@@vblaas246 hey would you know any way to get it on android
I am amazed at the complexity of being alive.
(Psalms 139:1) "O Jehovah, you have searched through me, and you know me."
(Psalms 139:14) "I praise you because in an awe-inspiring way I am wonderfully made. Your works are wonderful, I know this very well."
🙂
@@kxmode ok and?
no really, do you seriously think quoeting some old book full of so many contradictions and compleatly ficticuous facts is going to make me belive in a being that doesn't need to even exist to explain the universe?
@@dr.cheeze5382 is there a reason why the redox centers are perfectly aligned clusters of different atoms?
Me too.
@@MegaBlack077 yes, the ones that weren't didn't survive :>
This is physics, chemistry and biology combined in one! And I love it!!
I wish there were more black, women and lgbt in science
I would add computer science / engineering here as well. It's functioning as a molecular machine, and starting to work with information at a computational level.
@@hugodaniel8975 they have first to define themselves.
@@Hexnilium lies
@@jacky9575 Cause life is better then machines and stuff, and has absolutely no correlation to it.
"and this is why we have to breath oxygen" was a mind blowing moment for me.
it's mind blowing how God made it friend :) He is like that... : D
Denislav Vladimirov dont claim god for this, it’s evolution that made us this way
@@javsw.1878 Sure, whatever
Perhaps God and evolution are not different. Billy
@@maryweprin which god? Vishnu? Thor? Ra?
the visual explanation really helps a lot.
0:29 inner mitochondrial membrane
0:47 key role is to separate protons, inner from outer protons
1:08 ATP synthase, makes ATP. Uses proton flow to work
2:24 Complexes 1, 3 and 4 pump protons out
2:49 complexes get energy from electrons
3:18 complex 1 uses NADH and reduces it
Thanks. Bruh no replies
Thanks
RIP prof lue, this video is just one of many thousands of wonderfully helpful, selfless things he contributed to the world during his too-short lifetime.
My god what a beautiful video. Very clear and well explained. I’m in love with this channel.
@arin saeedi HI DEAR!
You are nice
@@SachinSharma-id9kd f
why you say God?
@@grantfryer407 HOW CAN YOU NOT? If you can't see GODs desing on that you are blind
I'm a medical student at King's College London, and honestly this has helped me sooo much with actually being able to visualise how Oxidative Respiration actually occurs! Thanks!!!!!!!!
Medical student also study botany..?
@@prernakumari7273 this type of process is also what happens in human/animal cells, so it is something we cover in medical sciences.
This is just awesome. I'm 69 now and still doing paediatric nursing, but started my career in Pathology. I remember pawing through my Biochemistry text to sit exams and trying to memorise the Krebs Cycle, which is all part of this. But the process I did on a page that showed chemical energy utilised for cellular respiration has just blown right off the page. This visual takes me into a Mitochondria and starts to put the cycle into a visual sense. What a wonderful progression in knowledge we have.
Now lets not forget who we are and what a beautiful planet we have.
who are we
lol u may now at least something @@NewWesternFront
Learned all this stuff in grad school 40 years ago, but it was more like a concept, a chemical formula written on a page. To see it spring to life as an animated video is astounding. Thanks for posting.
i was simply struggling to get through it - and i hated it. but it was still something i wanted to learn later as it was a void. He found a way that i could visualize and understand it. This is teaching!
This happens a few Trillion times a second in our bodies. No big deal!
Nope, not for a loving intelligent creator - but people prefer to listen to the darkness of the enemy and deny the existence of the engineer of life. ridiculous.
@@mikkirefur what
@@mikkirefur how many shrooms did you ingest
@@mikkirefur u okay ? having visions ?
@@mikkirefur insane how you can see this and take it as proof of your god
Such a great, clear explanation! Videos like this remind me why I love biology so much. Life is amazing.
i was about to write the same thing!
This is amazing. It puts all these concepts we're inundated with and makes it more clear. As a visual learner, I wish there were more animated videos like this!
The animation was incredibly helpful in understanding the material. My mind tends to wander during lessons so the visual aspect was immensely helpful.
This is the best visual explanation of the ETS I have seen on youtube
Enfermedad de transmisión sexual.
Agree
@@mindyourbussines8698
why
@@mindyourbussines8698 SIII JAJAJ
We can thank Drew Berry for pioneering the animation of this invisible world, his ability to visualise these subatomic processes has made these animations possible.
I wish we could have had visualizations like this back when I was a pre-med student in the 1970's. All we had were acronyms, arrows, and line drawings. The best analogy I can come up with is a wrist watch - in my day we could look at the watch face but just read about what made the hands go around; this animation is like opening up the back of the watch and finally seeing all the gears and springs in action.
I studied this stuff in the 90s and the technology had barely progressed. I am in awe at what has been achieved since then. This is very, very important work.
5:19 The shark tooth ghosts show up, get their eyeballs, and leave.
I am not the only one thinking the same. The shark tooth ghost is my spirit animal! :D Its so little and cute
What 😂
nice one!!!!! :) :) :)
@@Biliana_Stanimirova don't get it
@@Biliana_Stanimirova * Pacman Will Remember This ( ? )
I remember seeing this in my first year bio class, it blew my mind when I first saw it and it still does. Thank you for this!
Just the opposite of what happens during photosynthesis in chloroplasts. What a wonderful balance!
we are the plants. the plants are we. forward backward with the trees. vroom skeet skloom dbbdhfjskkdf
Professor Lue’s microbiology course at Harvard was really easy to understand. The hallmark of a great teacher. I recommend taking his full online class for free!
How do I find this course? Do you have a link?
What makes this video stand out is not just the breaks, but the respect for the student, BY GIVING US 5-30 SECOND BREAKS TO JUST RELAX THE BRAIN!!!! (*Cough to all you other science videos/teachers out there cough cough*)
INSANE IN THE MEMBRANE! AND ALL OF THIS IS HELD TOGETHER BY DIFFERENCES IN ELECTRICAL CHARGES? JUST WOW…
We want animations like this really. They helps us to have a deep insight in the topics. Thanks
I watched this video 3 years ago for the First time, when I was studying biochemistry for the exam of the bacheloor degree. Now I've just re-watched it to review the topic at all for work, and it's gorgeous like ever. I think immagines and videos can teach better then thousand of a book's pages. Colours and animations are for me the best way to rember and put every feature in our brain.
This is incredibly amazing. It is also amazing that humans can figure this out -- very smart humans, that is.
Geo Fractal well it's more like 'The Apple doesn't fall far from the Tree ' . (of life) ... right ? if you get me .? 🤗
Compare to the nature, then we are still monkeys
That’s more amazing than the fact that human can figure this out.
Its impossible to build this for any human
this is the creation
Very smart God, that is!
Can figure it out but also immediatly forget all of it when talking about profitable things like cancer, diabetes, heart disease.
I was literally feeling so screwed over my biochem exam because i could NOT grasp this concept. This was so clear and easily explained and I feel way more confident going into my test, and better yet it was INTERESTING and easy to continue to watch. Thanks!!
Did you pass? lol
@@XFz2nLDWo73x95 Hope So 🙃
@@sunilnale we still waiting
Như trên 🤩
Wow. Amazing how much progress and knowledge we are starting to have access to. Never saw anything like this when I was growing up.
This is so beautiful. I've been looking at it for five hours.
I may not be fully aware of what it took to put this information together. Yet, I love learning in this way and the visuals are mesmerizing. Therefore I would willingly watch several days worth of videos like this. Excellent! Thank you.
Reading Brian Greene’s book, Until the End of Time. He does an admirable job explaining this. I appreciate this attempt to help us understand the situation in three dimensions!
I just clicked on this video. 10 seconds in and I am welcomed by a voice I recognize. The voice of a fellow Jamaican (RIP to Robert Lue). It's so surreal how just a voice can connect you to someone and now to a video I am wholly excited to watch and learn from.
Videos like this are the future of molecular biology education at all levels. Great video!!
I'm reading The Vital Question by Nick Lane and this video really helped me to understand respiration, particularly redox. Fantastic book, by the way.
Life is the ultimate Rube Goldberg machine, that in essence performs a task very similar to Maxwell's deamon. It's so beautiful!
ngc 4594 found paul davies youtube account
Nothing in humans violates the second law of thermodynamics.
No other video could convey the concept that this video has conveyed. Best video ever, I'll never forget ETC ever again.
I was searching for a perfect explanation for the ETC and couldn't find any. Came to TH-cam and saw your video and was blown away. Thank you so much. It shows that it has taken immense efforts to create this amazing video. Thank you once again..
Congratulations for this excellent video. Next up, please: The microscopic machinery of the outer mitochondrial membrane. This is the gatekeeper preventing a massive influx of H+ and other cations in the surrounding matrix from entering the inner mitochondrial matrix.
Great video. Haven't seen a better animation anywhere else. And very accurate too, with the exception of one small detail (which most text books also get wrong). FADH2 is not the electron donor to complex II, it is physically attached to the first protein of the complex (a flavoprotein). Succinate is the electron donor (CII is called succinate dehydrogenase) and CII oxidizes it to fumarate in the Krebs cycle, passing the electrons to it's FAD, and onward into the complex.
It's amazing you have such knowledge :D glad to know!
@@vitoria96634 Do You Difference between NADPH and NADH. Similarly between FADH and FADH2. my textbook is Using them alternatively... 😑
@@sunilnale Sorry this is 6 months late but to answer your question they are just two different electron carriers. For every NADH the electron transport chain can produce 2.5 ATP, whereas for every FADH2 the ETC can produce 1.5 ATP. Like @PheedPhil said, succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the reduction of FAD whereas isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase catalyze the reduction of NAD+ in the citric acid cycle.
@@AnuragTarmaster Thanks... I am Still Giving Same Exam... Thanks for Explaltion... Have a Good Day/ Night... ☺️
That was a lovely and descriptive review! Thanks for taking the time to make such a great video!
This is such a good visual explanation. Thanks!
Seeing this chemistry written out as reactions is impressive enough, but seeing it animated is just astonishing! And to think that this is going on effortlessly in every one of our cells all the time is downright religious.
This is one of the most informative videos I have ever seen. Excellent quality. Thank you!
I start off watching videos then I dig into the textbook so then I can imagine it. This allows me to memorize and understand it better.
The fact that this is constantly going on in our bodies is insane. The fact that people have somehow figured out all the details and intricacies of this tiny and complicated processes is on a whole other level!
That feeling when you read an offline paper book on Mitochondria and then TH-cam recommends you this.
It's okay, youtube just enjoys listening to you breathe at night.
Your household appliances hooked into the internet may have suggested it.
@@blazednlovinit that sounds oddly threatening im terrified
Endlessly fascinating. This self organizing system evolved from random chemical reactions into bizarre and complicated organic machines so small we hardly know they are even there.
I have my mother's eyes and my mother's mitochondria.
Moms share like that.
@Sumanoharam Jha "X has their mother's eyes" is a common expression. Ask before going on a pointless rant.
@Sumanoharam Jha Yes, it was; dumb comments need addressing.
Respect to the masterpiece of the Creator, and the marvelous job of the makers of this video.
That is what leaps out at me, that this degree of complexity, not to mention the homochirality of the sugars and amino-acids, points to Creation by means of technology far more advanced than that employed by humans.
@Hemlock Cocktail Archeology is based on Science.
Archaeology has proved more than 50 people from the bible to be real.
EVIDENCE IS THERE YOU JUST HAVEN'T LOOKED FOR IT.
@Hemlock Cocktail Xin Chen was indicating that the electron transfer chain is evidence of design. The video narrator himself remarks twice the similarity to power plants. Those are designed by engineers. A consistent interpretation of the mitochondrial process would be that it was engineered. That's the argument.
The jump from atomic particles make a thing that is deemed as a system that sustains itself had always fascinated me and ,as a lowly layman, found it hard to actually find where I could find that info. This is the perfect start. Amazing.
Dont have words to appreciate enough how beautifully this video has been made 🥰
This really amplifies the words of the Psalmist when he says "I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; Marvelous are Your works, and that my soul knows very well." Psalm 139:14
Sorry, my reply was removed. Check out Is Genesis History? I know you'll enjoy that since you're obviously a Young Earth Creationist.
It's more about Christian science and Biblical verification than radical defensive talks given all the time by AIG. I stopped watching them because they were getting repetitive.
That was amazing.thanku soo much
This was an amazing video, you didn’t skip info and make it confusing thank you
Very newly interested in biochemistry and it's amazing to see the similarity in the proton concentration gradient has with the mechanisms at play in silicon transistors!
This was beautiful. amazing music and lesson.
Yes Ming ning ding,ho chi new, ho Lee 🐮
@@saisasori1073 wtf
@@iwantafreetrial7611 ming ping chow pee lee✊🏼✊🏼
So I can actually harness quantum energy in each cell of my body, simply by breathing oxygen and my teacher said I'm no good at physics. That can't be right!
This was Amazing!!! The most distinct video of it's type. I was having so much trouble in ETC and here it is in such an easy way. Good Job.
É um dos melhores vídeos sobre o assunto que eu vi, muito didático. Excelente!
4:26 - "a small amount of energy is released each time an electron is passed between redux centers" -- in what form is the energy released and stored?
Complex 1?
Alex Miller photons. Notice he said high energy electrons. When electron changes energy states that energy is expressed as light. If I knew why that was I would tell you but this is why quantum physics is so insane.
as i understand, its a physical conformation change of the protein (depending on which point the electron currently is) which allows movement or "pumping" of the protons into the intermembrane space. So the energy is stored via in the pH (electrical) gradient difference on either side of the membrane.
I don't think Randy's answer of 'photons' is right, the electron isn't changing energy states, its just moving along different atoms on a transmembrane protein ending up on the other side of the membrane, changing pH
see en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiosmosis#In_mitochondria and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation#Electron_and_proton_transfer_molecules
Basically in kinetic energy in the protein complex, that then somehow pumps protons to the other size of the membrane. The energy is then stored essentially in the higher electron potential between the membrane and is harnessed by allowing the electrons to flow and create ATP. ATP is the final power storage that is essentially used everywhere in the body.
Look up the photoelectric effect first demonstrated by Einstein I believe.
4:26 A small amount of energy is released? Energy in what form? How the complex harnesses this energy?
I love how he stops occasionally, so the knowledge sinks in.
Thank you so much, helped alot.
This is extremely helpful for me !!!!!!! Super grateful for the master piece that you produced !
God's craftsmanship. A design of perfection.
Perfection
Literally fall apart by goin into water/ space / fire
😒
@@dear_imran Can you do better?
I got so lost watching this video, it was 20 minutes later until i realized i was staring at the wall. lol :)
The line between the three big scientific disciplines becomes blurred here, wonderful.
Beautiful. I wish I’d had this type of material from which to learn and review years ago.
oh my god, i praise the author, incredibly helpful
The author of course is the Lord God in heaven above. Clearly our current understanding of biology has proven life is designed.
Mikki Refur no
@@mikkirefur evolution, trial and error, chance mutations and adaptions, not gods
I praise everyone this is the most intellectually cognizant conversations ever on TH-cam comments maybe.
@@mikkirefur that's not what i take away from it. actually, the more i learn, the less i believe in an invisible magic wand-waver in the sky.
To be honest, this is the best animation I have seen on this subject.
fr fr
The most amazing thing about this is that all this came into being all by itself. Wow
Maybe the reason why it amazes you is because of how irrational that idea is
@@AbuQamari Yeah!
Don't be pulled into the Naturalistic worldview! You'll be decieved into ideas that are greatly irrational against Believers.
It takes blind faith to believe complex systems of complex systems of complex systems evolved from a blind purpose without a creator God!
This is the best animation I've seen so far....I just have no words to appreciate you❤
(صنع الله الذي أتقن كل شيء) سبحان الله Thank you for this very informative video!
What a beautiful little world, wish I could see it up close.
HowToGainTime Well you get to Experience it !! Which is even better . of course some would have to be done in Slow Mo !! 😜
Thats the weirdest part to me... because if you were to shrink enough too try too see it up close, you wouldnt see anything, because atoms and molecules are almost entirely empty and dont really emit or reflect photons at this scale (only emits photons when an electron loses energy). Add to that that we see by having photons reflecting on surfaces. We basically see our world only because of the scale at which we operate as an organism. In short, at this molecular scale, ''seeing'' means nothing.
Animations like this is basically just like seeing the real thing for us hoomans, as its the only way for us to be able to interpret it and see it as something we can make sens of... if that makes sens ?
Become antman
@@rafiqshah2022 I dont want to become mediocrity
I have recently been obsessed with animations of this theme, they are simply fascinating.
Dude this just blew my mind. Thanks, it really clears things up
Thank you for sharing this highly educational video.
Amazing, you tube is the biggest Libraru or best University/school.
Sad they will block or bann it. They try to make it payable.
@@kirschkern8260 seriously....... Why don't they want poor people to get educated for free
Science is the best mystery and greatest magic in the multiverse
Hands down, best video on the ETC on TH-cam.
Thank you so much for this video! I'm studying Biochemistry II and this is the very first time I understand completely how electron transport chain works. Thank you very much for your efforts.
For once I read it as "Electron transport chan" and I thought I'd meet a molecular biology waifu
HAAAHAHAHAHAHAH
You might’ve seen Cells at Work already, but this reminds me of that 😂
Please can you guys make a video on Photosynthesis as well...???
Exyst somewhere for sure.
Please can you guys make a video photosynthesis as well.........?
Since I've gotten Clean and Sober, this has become my all-time favorite video...feels like a Plato's mystery school subset....
I'm a physician with a bachelor's in biochemistry. Great images to transmit knowledge not just electrons.
When the gradient is insufficient and the mitochondria no longer produce ATP, the cell can become starved of energy and -- become cancerous? Are not small amounts (~5%) of ATP always produced elsewhere in the cell by fermentation?
Death occurs
Depends on the organism. Some organisms aren't facultative anaerobes.
I also though on cancer. But maybe it shows other results or symptoms.
I heared omega 3 fat or faty acids are importsnt to kerp the Membrane strong. Anf the industrial fats in cookies are destroyinh the Membrane. Making the Metochondria "leaking" Protond. So it produce less Energy ir get useless at all.
@@kirschkern8260 it is now thought that this weakening of the membrane is the root cause of diabetes
Where did the H+ íons come from?
Is it from the water?
If I remember correctly from NADH
Fat or Faty acids play a big role too. But they build the membrane i think.
I wish these resources were present when I was doing my graduation studies. Would have made my efforts so much more mindful and meaningful
This is one of the best animation video i have ever seen with such a great and clear explanation
1:40 thats actually just a theory.We still dont know how atp synthase works
MaşaAllah Ferid. I heard that we just know one percent of the human body maybe less
I think I've seen all this before when I got REALLY high.
When you go back there, maybe you bring some post-its and tag some of the molecules. To say you were there.
Stunning! Thank you so much for expanding my mind and understanding.
Absolutely fantastic educational video about the mechanisms of mitochondrial energy production!
Amazing this happens everyday
every nanosecond, trillions of times in just a single living being
@As It is
physics= assembler
chemistry/atomic and molecular level = c++
life = error doesnt compute
@As It is I would think, analogically speaking, both. low level super efficient machine language, and high level OO designs.
Thank God, literally, for that !
@As It is at old age there processes not ideal...
Who else just likes to see this animations.
These clever animations really make this whole fascinating process come alive. Thank you! I will take your free online course!
Thank you so much for this, you're saving lives out here
We see in The Perfection of The Creation of The Lord God.
ahh yes, the powerplant of the cell.
That's one of those sound bites that will always follow these little creatures/organelles around, like whenever I watch something talking about black holes, I'm waiting for the words "not even light" to crop up.