Do Stimulants Help Those Without ADHD?

As doctors prescribe more stimulants, more people are sharing their doses, and more people without an ADHD diagnosis are taking these medications. These individuals say that they are taking stimulants to improve academic or cognitive performance not to get high or boost their mood. But most ADHD and mental health organizations claim that stimulants don't provide help to those without ADHD. A few recent studies build on those claims. What could these studies be missing????
References:
Not so smart? “Smart” drugs increase the level but decrease the quality of cognitive effort
(2023 "knapsack" study)
www.science.or...
Neurocognitive, Autonomic, and Mood Effects of Adderall: A Pilot Study of Healthy College Students
(2018 Brown University Study)
www.mdpi.com/2...
THE RELATION OF STRENGTH OF STIMULUS TO RAPIDITY OF HABIT-FORMATION
(1908 paper establishing the Yerkes-Dodson Law / U-Shaped Arousal-Performance Relationship)
psychclassics.y...
Efficacy of stimulants for cognitive enhancement in non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder youth: a systematic review
www.ncbi.nlm.n...
The effects of psychostimulants on cognitive functions in individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review
pubmed.ncbi.nl...
Mixed-amphetamine salts expectancies among college students: Is stimulant induced cognitive enhancement a placebo effect?
pubmed.ncbi.nl...
Psychiatrist, neuroscientist, and author John Kruse, MD, PhD presents practical, actionable, well-researched information about treatment options that scientists and clinicians recommend for adult ADHD and other mental health conditions. Subscribe if you're curious about how neuro-atypical brains can optimize their functioning in our shared, and somewhat strange, world.
Dr. Kruse has posted talks in both the "live" and the "video" sections of this channel. Thumbnails on ADHD topics have a pink background, and those on more general mental health topics have a purple background. A small collection of ADHD-Trump videos have an orange background.
You're welcome to email him with topics you want discussed, people you think he should interview, or if you would prefer a weekly TH-cam Live option other than Tuesdays at 3:00 pm Hawaii Time.
[e-mail]