The Plankton Paradox
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 10 พ.ย. 2021
- The competitive exclusion principle predicts that there would just be a few species of plankton, but instead there are thousands.
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To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:
- Competitive Exclusion Principle: The idea that two similar species cannot inhabit the same ecological niche.
- Phytoplankton: Microscopic flora that drift with the ocean currents.
- Lotka-Volterra Competitive Equations: A simple model of the population dynamics of species competing for the same resources.
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CREDITS
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David Goldenberg | Script Writer, Narrator and Director
Arcadi Garcia i Rius | Illustration, Video Editing and Animation
Nathaniel Schroeder | Music
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REFERENCES
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Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S., Huisman, J. et al. (2003) Why plankton communities have no equilibrium: solutions to the paradox. Hydrobiologia 491, 9-18. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1023/A:1024404804748
Nicholas R. Record, Andrew J. Pershing, Frédéric Maps (2014) The paradox of the “paradox of the plankton”, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 71, Issue 2,Pages 236-240. Retrieved from: doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst049
Harden, Garrett. (1960). The Competitive Exclusion Principle. Science. 131. 3409 (1292-1297). Retrieved from: www.esf.edu/efb/schulz/semina...
Shovonlal Roy, J. Chattopadhyay, (2007) Towards a resolution of ‘the paradox of the plankton’: A brief overview of the proposed mechanisms. Ecological Complexity, Volume 4, Issues 1-2 (26-33). Retrieved from: www.sciencedirect.com/science...
Susan Harrison, Howard Cornell and Kara A. Moore (2010) Spatial niches and coexistence: testing theory with tarweeds. Ecology, Vol. 91, No. 7 pp. 2141-2150 Retrieved from: www.jstor.org/stable/25680467 - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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Lmao
@flopus floppa :'(
How did you message 20 hours ago?
E
I swear each time you guys make the pokemon- I mean creatures more detailed its eventually gonna get yall copyright striked lol
They're all competing for the same thing... The Krabby Patty Formula
Fax
Truer words haven't been said
The Krabby Patty formula is crab meat
Secret ingredient is brainwashing drug
Agreed
Oh yeah mr Krabs.
MinuteEarth: That plankton may have a minor advantage that allows them to win over their competitors
Plankton: “I WENT TO COLLEGE!”
N is for no survivors
That actually explains a lot of things
@@philipmeisterl negus ethiopia king
@@checcmac8693 where is your n-word pass?
YOU GO RANDOM PLANKTON!
YOU GO TINY SEA CREATURE!
YOU GO!
You betrayed me once more: that purple plankton was too suspicious.
plankmogus
yea u r right
Don't you mean *sus?*
@@enricobautista3844 Planktogus
pink*
2:37 "the model is right, but it occasionally spits out something weird"
Basically the explanation on how to science
Ngl that one plankton was looking pretty sus
Extremely Sus
I was looking for this comment
@@Lloyd_CK lol me too
AMOGUS
Vote pink.
Just gotta say, I love how Dr. Kujo keeps getting into the frames with any marine biologists at all
Yea
It seems strange that an expert on dolphins is so interested in Plankton. It might just be that they stand in the same kind of water
@@ireallyhatemakingupnamesfo1758 The dolphin thing is mostly a meme right ? Because of his character design and all.
In reality he's an expert of Starfish I think (Still doesn't make much sense with plankton I guess)
missed oppurtunity to put FF in the video
a character in jojo part 6, foo fighters, is a sentient mass of plankton
Including a marine biologist like Jotaro Kujo in the intro was a nice touch.
I love that flareon was the strongest eeveelution in this video when flareon has been competitively considered among the weakest due to it being a physical attacker while fire was, up until gen 4, a special type (also flareon having almost no good physical fire attacks even after that).
i wanted to comment that but i found another pokemon nerd
0:19 That awkward moment when Flareon is the most competitively unviable Eeveelution.
And its also completely outclassed by arcanine
Prophet of dome
he has to win SOMETHING yk
In terms of male humans and female pokemons-
@@Namerex so thats why... vaporeon survived
Krabs: you planted grass?
Plankton: GRASS?! HAHAHA!
I WENT TO COLLEGE!
dont look at 1:28, worst mistake of my life
@@sq.u ding ding ding ding ding ding ding- ding ding ding.
@@sq.u don't look at the thumbnail either
I think he needs to get off it lol
I expected better research, there’s no way Flareon would outcompete Jolteon.
In all seriousness great video!
Yea Flareon is the worse one out of all Eevees
Just burn em. Burned status does damage each turn
Flareon would want to use its giant attack stat to flare blitz something not go for a status move
I thought that vaporeon was the best with it’s water absorb
Your comment got liked 69 times.
Everyone talks about plankton
Me: *looks at pink plankton*
Also me: AMONGUS
haha amogos plesae lauf i said mogos sussy imposter amogus haha AAAAAAAAAA
If this is Plankton's new Plan Z to get us to say *"ALL HAIL PLANKTON"* , it's definitely working
Dude I see you in every comment section wtf
Y e s
*ALL HAIL PLANKTON*
that was such a strange leap in logic for the spongebob movie... Throughout most of the series all plankton wants is to run a successful resturaunt then all of a sudden he is trying to take over a country?
@@angrynoodletwentyfive6463 to be fair, Plankton has never been the one to escalate things slowly. Putting Spongebob's brain into a fry cook robot after failing to win him over to #TeamChumBucket being one example
I don't want the amongus plankton to win, you wont be able to rely on planckton anymore
o hel neaw plamktol gmt beted by pig plicton
i love that there's a jotaro with the other scientist
He IS a marine biologist.
@@OtakuUnitedStudio yes that is why i love the reference, it wouldnt be nearly as good if he isnt one
Interesting! I haven't thought of the Lotka-Volterra model in a decade. I'm glad to be reminded of it :)
That chaotic semi-stability can only exist long term if the populations are humongous, since smaller populations are statistically more likely to go extinct through random chance.
That makes sense though, Plankton number in the billions _of_ billions _of_ billions.
Hahahah Jotaro Kujo the marine biologist
time?
@@thatsmartkid at the start, on the left side of the group of the biologists
@@mythrilly oh i see, nice
Me after having the 3rd among us induced panic attack this week;
"Goodbye everyone, I'll see you all in therapy."
ok?
mogus
You wouln't get it.
when the imposter is a plankton
su monga ?
0:22 Vaporeon sure tried something “different” alright…
Did you know that Vaporeon
Me, visibly crying: *WHY IS EVERYTHING SUS???!!?!*
Ohhhhhh so that’s why Hillenburg’s company, that made spongebob, is named United Plankton.
This is personally one of the most interesting videos you've made! I love seeing the equations I learnt in my Ecology course present in one of my favourite TH-cam channels
Seems sad to me that we don't know more already.
@@ShortFuseNL About what?
1:25 sus
This multiple species complex (quasi) equilibrium was a result that came out of artificial life experiments (simulations) back in there early 2000s. Multiple resources are the key, but instead of getting a single species optimized for each particular resource, you get them optimizing for combinations.
Adding in randomness (eg a bit of stirring) is also pretty important as it selects for a degree of generalization.
1:22 do you see the plankton on the left? it looks a little s-
GET OUT OF MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD GET OUT OF MY HEAD
SUS
Among us
The red plankton 2:17 looks like he is about to steal a certain crabby patty recipie
and the other looks pretty SUS
SHELDON PLANKTON!
I really like the last interpretation
Instead of just saying the model is wrong it brings up this unique beautiful chaos that probably has some fascinating secrets to it
I wonder what could be derived from these chaotic, weird answers
I always thought it was due to viruses. If a species reached a critical density, they'd be vulnerable to a species-specific viral outbreak that would decimate their population.
1:30 plankton sus
The Pokémon featured in this video are Vaporeon, Jolteon, Flareon, Espeon, Leafeon; the Bubble Jet, Lightning, Flame, Sun, and Verdant Pokémon. All of them evolve from Eevee, the Evolution Pokémon.
For the second hypothesis could you put all the plankton types in a simulated environment and see if A) they separate into different areas to live or B) one plankton wins out and the rest don't survive.
now that's a good idea
One factor to consider though is that many plankton are just the larval form of other sea creatures, so what’ll happen when they reach maturity and no longer become plankton?
I always love to see the yeen in the intro, abd I also love to learn new things I even don't know they exist or stuff I would never had think about.
Jolteon: " Goes Extinct"
Me: "Noooooooooooo! It should have been Flareon!"
RIP Jolteon
amen
Flareon is the best Eeveelution.
@@bivcbmtgstgtssscqcrddgtrsm2257
That's not how you spell vaporeon
@@lgitsx9665 best in terms of human male compatibility
The tree at 0:44: In the colors of the Armenian flag
Turkey and Azerbaijan: *We don't do that here*
i edited this comment to confuse people
@@cardiepie9157 Off topic, wrong thread?
@@cardiepie9157 he said Armenian not American
Plankton: Now I finally have the plan to get the Krabby Patty and defeat Mr.Krabs!
When it comes to plankton, looks like we've barely scratched the surface
I gotta go with the last one. Multiple resources, ever-changing environment, fast reproductive cycles, and a huge area (I bet there are trillions of plankton in a 1m*3 volume of seawater) keeps one from dominating. I'm not sure how any microorganisms can go extinct in the ocean given the sizes involved.
how did Plankton manage to build Karen with a failing restaurant?
When you have no customers, you need someone to complain
He went to college
"don't say it don't say it don't say it doN'T SAY IT DON'T SAY IT DON'T SAY IT"
WHEN THE PLANKT-
WHEN THE PLANKTON IS SUS
WHEN THE PLANKTON WENT TO COLLEGE
Not gonna lie, that last line, "We have a plankTON more to learn" winked at me so hard I clicked the like button just to ask for its phone number.
So I guess for game design sometimes it may be good to have at least 5 characters and 3 resources. I wonder if this is similar to nontransitive dice.
I like how you used Jotaro’s stone ocean design in a video about an ocean
He's a marine biologist, after all.
I noticed something about the planktons, one is sus, one is long, one looks like a snail, one wants the recipe for a burger, and one is completely normal.
1:42 AMONG US
Woa! I like that chaotic loop design
Amazing explanation, thank u so much!
I'm not an expert marine biologist, but during my biology degree, I remember that plankton reproduces SOO fast and because "predators" are soo much bigger than them, they break the model or something like that.
They reproduce so fast that by the time one species get an advantage, the other species have already "evolved" ahead of them.
They reproduce so fast, that by the time predator start eating them, more plankton is already born.
Then because animal-like whales are for all intended purposes an extinction-like event for the plankton of a region, the plankton ecosystem is constantly restarting stage where no species have time to exploit their advantage over the other.
Imagine your tarweed and rosinweed example, but each time the rosinweed starts getting ahead, a human came by and killed all the plants except 1 tarweed and 1 rosinweed, leaving them to restart their fight, and when Rosinweed start getting ahead again, humans come back again and kills everything except one of each again
Now this a video I'm excited for, sounds like a random thing I would use to procrastinate
Our speciality.
@@MinuteEarth cool
NEBBY- :)
@@MinuteEarth among plankton
I think the most unrealistic part of this video is flareon succeeding over jolteon and vaporeon lol
*cries in Flareon favourite eeveelution*
Jolteon is a beast
Yeah, vaporeon would drown Flareon, and jolteon would electrocute vaporeon.
I thought the same. Wasn't Flareon the worst of those Eeveelutions?
@@KarlaO711 flareon has poor stats to (poorly) complement a lackluster moveset. it is a physical attacker that doesn't really have the speed or defence to back itself up and gets mediocre fire type physical moces
For some reason, I first read the title "The Plank Paradox" and I expected some physic. It was still an interesting video.
one of the drawn planktons looks like…
*AMOGUS*
0:08 JoJo's reference. Nice.
Jotaro
I must ask, did you purposely make the pink plankton look like the among us characters? My brain still keeps seeing them everywhere I look
Sus
Sus
Probably just coincidence, it's a pretty generic shape.
Sus
Why does google think sus means their
I like how not only did they add the classic SpongeBob design, they added an amogus too.
Liked the Lorentz attractor shown in the background without explanation simply for the beauty of this shape
Chaos is a ladder.
-Plankton Gang.
Some who try to climb it up get cought in a bottle and never get a second chance. :O
@@ComfyDents And some are given a chance to climb, but they refuse.
Plankton looks pretty sus
I found three references in this video.
A marine biologist dressed like Jotaro Kujo, a plankton shaped like Plankton from Spongebob, and one shaped like a crewmate from Among Us.
0:01 See? Even MinuteEarth is hyped for Stone Ocean
0:12 if you watch _CAREFULLY_ , you will see 2 same stickmen
Plank-ton more to learn, love it.
It’s all fun and games until a sentient hivemind of plankton possesses the corpse of a female convict
Ok I think this is the first sponsor I’ve been seriously interested in.
SpongeBob, JoJo, Pokemon, and Among Us references in the same video? Consider me impressed.
I know it's not, but I chose to believe that 2:56 is a reference to Turn A Gundam, and that scientist is about to use the moonlight butterfly to pull a pro gamer move
Pro ganer move....you mean rage quit?
@@TojiFushigoroWasTaken sorta, if initiating the apocalypse counts as a rage quit
It feels silly but it kinda made me glad that Flareon is the eeveelution that came out on top, it's always been my favorite
i can heard Plankton's evil laugh , of how he rule the sea with his micro body ....
When you get bored, so you draw *AMOGUS PLANKTON*
Yeah, flareon ftw
Science is so cool, Biology as well one of my favorite subjects.
3:03 a Planck ton sounds like a name for the smallest unit of mass
Poor Jolteon :(
How could you have commented 18 hours ago on a video that was uploaded less than a minute ago?
Or to put it less rudely, Patreon supporters at the $3/month or higher levels get early access to the videos. In this case, the video was posted privately yesterday (10 Nov ‘21) and went public today (11 Nov ‘21).
this explain why me and my brother have very different list of like and disliked food.
You may be into something...
I congratulate you for putting in all those eeveelutions! Good job, well done!
There are 3 kinds of plankton in this video
1) hehe SpongeBob reference
2) actual plankton
3) *A.......AM......AMO....*
This might be my favorite MinuteEarth video. One fascinating example is used to demonstrate nuanced aspects to biological evolution, and three compelling theories are presented to answer a question that experts in the field have. Cute and clear visuals, concise script, and it leaves the viewer with a better understanding not just of the immediate topic, but of aspects of evolution as whole they may not have considered, and of the nature of how confounding variables can arise. Very well done!
1:20 when plankton is sus
I like that jotaro is in the beginning because he is a marine biologist
video: explains plankton paradox*
tittle image: šùś
"I WENT TO COLLEGE!" - Plankton
We've got a *plank-ton* more to learn" 😂
The reason why there's all lot of species of plankton. The krabby patty formula.
I love that one answer is literally just "it just goes nuts"
As a Flareon lover, I appreciate that it was the dominant species
Ironic considering it's the worst of the three in competitive
"a Planck ton more to learn"
so 1,000,000× a Planck mass?
Every time there’s a marine biologist in frame there’s a jojo reference in it
*was it just me or Part Stone Ocean Jotaro appeared when he said "Why are the so many different species" nice bro*
I can't help but notice that my town has a multitude of tall evergreen trees that seem to fill the same ecological niches. I wonder that it's the same thing with them. The trees in question Pine (multiple kinds), Douglas Fir, incense cedar, redwood, and others.
The trees might be managed to some extent (home owners, associations, the town, or whatever). But the trees also might actually be occupying different niches. Niches don't just depend on location. The trees could be vulnerable to different predators or parasites for instance, or they could have slightly different growing seasons, or they could require different organic compounds in the soil. What is unusual about the plankton is that there are thousands of species that don't seem to be differentiating themselves from each other hardly at all after hundreds of millions of years.
@@EebstertheGreat That's a good point. The Redwood and Sugar Pine are probably planted. I can imagine the Ponderosa Pine, Incense Cedar, and Douglas Fir having different little advantages. I expect trees are more complex and have more ways they can diversify compared to plankton. It's just interesting to see all three of them growing right next to each other being roughly the same size and competing for many of the same resources.
@@cerilious an interesting things about long lived trees is that most of the actual competition is already over once you're looking at the established tree, because once mature they're unlikely to be overtaken by another tree due to shading/roots etc.
The real competition would be when they're all seeds/seedlings competing for the same space, and myriad factors could come into play such as predator, disease, seasonal weather conditions etc, and these conditions can be significantly different year to year.
So the presence of a given mature tree could actually be the result of a few years of changeable conditions 100 years ago that allowed it to become established. And the trees growing next to each other in a forest could have faced and succeeded in different conditions centuries apart.
Additionally: The ocean is extremely diverse. Water and sunlight are natural food sources for many species in there.
Land, on the other hand, is less diverse because (well) soil, air, and sunlight aren't natural food source for many species.
So basically, diversity correlates with the availability of resources.
Edit: Also, species that can eat sunlight (such as planktons) are naturally more diverse.
Water isnt a food. You mean a takeaway of a need
@@mookfaru835 I've heard that saying before, but it seems dated.
food: any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order to maintain life and growth.
"Water" fits the definition.
Nice Idea 💡🎇
we have plankton, amogus plankton, the snail plankton, and Sheldon J. plankton
1:05 Since there's a huge similarity between Economics and the Ecosystem, so, doesn't this model also means that all the talks about "free market" are also just fantasy and monopoly is just the natural consequence.
No way Flareon would win against Jolteon and/or Vaporeon
This video is brilliant
I appreciate the love for flareon in this video.
When planktons are SUS
the problem is their all competing for the craby patty secret fromula and none of them has got any it yet
planktons family reunion just got a whole lot bigger cause thats alot of plankton
Nice plank-pun at the end there