EDIT: TH-cam's compression algorithm seems to have obliterated the smoke jiggles at around 1:00. That combined with an OLED screen makes it look like a black screen! I don't think there's much I can do to be honest so I'm going to leave it up! I didn't get into John Dalton in this video. He noticed that chemical reactions always happened in small whole number ratios of mass. From that he hypothesised the existence of atoms. But Brownian motion is arguably the first direct evidence.
To be very precise, and to avoid any possible confusion, at 10:19 each syringe doesn't contain 100 million trillion atoms, but 100 million trillion particles of the gas - be they N2 particles, or Ar particles, or CO2 particles, or a mixture of atoms and molecules as in air. This always blew my mind, and the physics behind it is so simple and elegant. Another really great video by Steve.
There's also a small mistake just beforehand, where he states at room temperature 22.4 litres contain one Avogadro's number of molecules, but that's the value for 0 °C. It's 24 litres at room temperature.
9:10 In 1905, Einstein was 26 years old. Somehow, every single one of us view him as this old man with crazy hair and his tongue hanging out. But in the early 1900’s, he looked sharp as a tack.
I was thinking of Dr. Muller during this video. There isn’t much overlap. Both are great in their own right. I admire the breadth of Dr. Muller’s topics and the practical demonstrations of Mr. Mould. You are complimentary in SciComm. Keep up the great work!
Hah, my first thought was also that Steve got slightly Dereked 😁 Perhaps you could link to this video in the description of yours for those interested in a deeper dive on Brownian motion as atonement 🤔
Well done, but he actually published 5 papers in 1905, his annus mirabilis. These were 1) On the Electrodynamics of Moving. Bodies (Special Relativity) 2) Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on its Energy Content (a study of the consequences of the first reference, where he derived the equivalence of mass and energy i..e. e = mc^2. 3) On the Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light (the photoelectric effect, that ushered in the quantum revolution and his 1921 Nobel Prize) 4) A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, used to calculate Avogadro's Number and the size of molecules. This paper was in fact a summary of his doctoral dissertation. 5) On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in Liquids at Rest Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat, which explained Brownian motion as the result of molecular collisions. This insight did in fact lead to a second Nobel Prize in 1926 to Jean Perrin. The five papers are collected together with annotations by John Stachel and a foreword by Roger Penrose, called "Einstein's Miraculous Year"
@@DanKaschelreally? i felt just like that when i read your original post, but i think it’s just because my brain doesn’t like the term ’thermal energy’ because it feels like it abstracts away the fact that it’s only kinetic with my previous idea of heat/hotness. am i crazy?
Neat stuff! Brownian motion will feature prominently in my next video also. It really is pretty amazing how large the particles can be before the forces average. Really like the vibrating plate demo.
@SteveMould, I’ve been told I’ve been messed up by mold hyphae in brownian motion carrying toxins from bacteria in water damaged buildings. There is an ERMI test that was used to classify buildings that have had water damage by looking at proportions of different mold DNA. It might be BS or it might be causing a lot of people cognitive problems.
If you are interested in looking inside of quartz or other crystals, there are many very simple, cheap ways of doing it. We do it in the lab, and there are plenty of papers that actually look at the water within crystals as they tell us a great about about the time at formation of the crystals. We do it for glass inclusions as well. Reach out to a research geologist, and I'm sure someone would be happy to help with your demonstrations, including myself.
@@miked8497as your pupil? Most of what you know about modern science is due to Albert Einstein, assuming there were enough things you could teach him if you were alive back then is incredibly egotistical. You are assuming you would be better than one of the greatest minds in modern science, what makes overinflation of one’s importance
@@herbpowell343 well no one believed him until the eddington experiment. he was a nobody. einstein was catapulted to fame overnight. So back then "einstein" meant nothing to anyone.
Or fourth, even: general relativity is a pretty big deal, too. And the EPR paradox took 30 years to explain, so that one was pretty important as well. There's a reason that Einstein was Time's man of the 20th century.
Excellent video Steve! As an MRI radiographer, we study Brownian motion in many of our patients using diffusion weighted imaging. Your explanation here has improved my understanding, thank you!
Med student here (intern almost done), I always asked myself how difussion and MRI worked together specially because I look at the images and they seem like they're still when in reality everything moves, specially if you take into account heart beats and respiration and the biomechanics of it (e.g. in the brain, because it's and organ that's surrounded by CSF, perfused by arteries and drained by veins, 3 hydrodimamic systems that vary in pressures, velocity, viscosity, etc.); this kind of questions made me think that I want to be a biomedical engineer just to understand how things work
It's not the oils in the Ouzo forming an emulsion. The major flavour component of aniseed is methoxybenzene which is soluble in ethanol but poorly soluble in water. When enough water is added, the methoxybenzene comes out of solution as tiny particles in suspension. It's not an emulsion; that would require something to stabilise micelles.
At room temperature (22-23°C) a mol of an ideal gas occupies about 24 liters. 22.414 liters is the volume at the "Standard" temperature and pressure of 0°C and 1 atmosphere. Standard is a misnomer because there are dozens of STPs around the world, so at the national institute of science and technology, a mol of gas at STP occupies 22.414 liters, to the International union of pure and applied chemistry the figure is 22.711, and at the US environmental protection agency it's 24.47. An unbelievable number of phone calls every year is exchanged between worried junior scientists who can't figure out why two gas flow measurements aren't lining up by almost exactly 9%
Isn't part of that diversity due to the fact that the pre-1982 STP is zero Celsius & 1 atm., while the post-1982 metric (really SI) STP uses zero Celsium & 100 kPa pressure instead of the previous 1 atm pressure (which is equal to 101.325 kPa)?
As a Greek, I was especially touched by the "ouzo effect" (and the "Ouzo 12" bottle appearing pouring the liquid)! I had never thought is as a scientific tool - I think I'm going to start experimenting with it, right on!!! 😎😎
@@clinthall9011 I thought this was hilarious as well hahaha buuut unluckiy for you guys I think there was an error in translation here, annus mirabilis should actually translate to "Wonderful year" or "Admirable year" from Latin to English, nothing refers to either anuses or balls hahaha
Thank you for this. I am an old man and I loved math and science in school but I have a really hard time understanding things like this. But the way you explained it has helped me understand . Please keep your teaching going on TH-cam . I love it.
At around 10:00 you fill the syringes and say that the number of ATOMS is the same, but from my memory, what you mean is the number of gas MOLECULES, since CO2 has more atoms than O2 an less atoms than He, the number of atoms would be different, no? PV=nrT where N is the "number of particles"
n is actually the number of moles of particles, with one mole being Avogadros number of particles. But you are right, Steve should have said “particles” not “atoms”.
Your style, cadence, and knowledge come together to make videos on complex subjects that are easy to understand and that make learning enjoyable. And I appreciate that you get straight to the point without dawdling about. Thank you for an excellent channel.
8:22, I was recently telling this to people, hearing from you is also nice. Measuring things that are too small, or too big, or too fast, or too something, is done by matching the observations we made with things we can carefully measure.
The random motion of atoms and free electrons in a conductor, which causes Briwnian motion in fluids, also causes random “thermal” noise in a conductor, with a voltage amplitude proportional to the resistance of the conductor and its Kelvin temperature. This is used to “squelch” radio receivers when no one is transmitting on a channel.
Is the term Brownian motion used for fluids only, or does the term apply when dealing with solids also. When you say you can squelch it, is that because you are increasing the noise so that the signal is lost? Why do you want to squelch a radio receiver that no one is transmitting on.. wouldnt you squelch one that is being transmitted on?.. and is this how radio signals are jammed, by causing an increase in thermal noise at the receiver/transmitter? Lastly, PC's sometimes have a temp sensitive part that is used to generate a random number by (I think) letting the voltage of the noise represent a 0 or a 1 in binary. Is this how that type of RNG operates?
@@-iloveyouat the scale of electrons, there certainly is randomness. The proof for that is so fundamental that you don't even have to rely on the correctness of quantum mechanics to show it. It's at the heart of the emerging technology of unconditionally secure quantum key distribution, for example.
@@-iloveyou first off, if you're just being a pedant, substitute the word "stochastic" in place of random and fuck off. Second, randomness most certainly does exist. But yes, you certainly did just say mumbo jumbo. Proud of you buddy.
@@neutra__l8525 In a solid that conducts electric current, some of the electrons are free to move among the atoms, and thus behave like a fluid. The term “squelch” refers to silencing the random noise resulting from the random motion of electrons that comes from the speaker between transmissions, which is very annoying, especially in sensitive FM communications receivers. Basically, a receiver sensitive enough to hear the stations you wish to talk to will, between calls, produce a very loud “white” noise if the audio is left on at a normal volume. When a coherent signal comes in, the math of how FM detectors work overwhelms or “quiets” the noise. Since the noise has frequency components above the range of signals that are deliberately transmitted, part of the detector output is tapped off, amplified in the “noise amplifier” (that is its actual name), and rectified to produce a DC bias voltage proportional to the amount of noise detected. When that DC voltage reaches a certain level (which can usually be adjusted with a knob), the audio amplifier is cut off, or “squelched.” When a call comes in on a channel, the noise drops below the threshold, and the audio comes on. When the transmission stops, after a fraction of a second called the “squelch tail,” which sounds like a short burst of white noise, the audio cuts off again. Many applications, such as police and fire radios, aircraft radios (they are usually AM, but a similar system works with AM also), or even two or more “ham” operators talking, require a frequency to be monitored for occasional calls, and the squelch makes monitoring much less stressful, and allows the use of audio for other purposes while waiting.
Thank you for finally explaining this mystery to me. When I was 9 years old, I was asked about Brownian Motion in a physics exam and I had no idea. It was the very first F I got and it's been haunting me for almost 20 years now
The demonstration with the ball bearings was really cool! Instantly gave me an intuitive understanding of how the system works, when before it was hard to really visualise.
The principle of generating small amounts of finite improbability by simply hooking the logic circuits of a Bambleweeny 57 Sub- Meson Brain to an atomic vector plotter suspended in a strong Brownian Motion producer (say a nice hot cup of tea) were of course well understood - and such generators were often used to break the ice at parties by making all the molecules in the hostess's undergarments leap simultaneously one foot to the left, in accordance with the Theory of Indeterminacy. Many respectable physicists said that they weren't going to stand for this - partly because it was a debasement of science, but mostly because they didn't get invited to those sort of parties. Another thing they couldn't stand was the perpetual failure they encountered in trying to construct a machine which could generate the infinite improbability field needed to flip a spaceship across the mind-paralysing distances between the furthest stars, and in the end they grumpily announced that such a machine was virtually impossible. Then, one day, a student who had been left to sweep up the lab after a particularly unsuccessful party found himself reasoning this way: If, he thought to himself, such a machine is a virtual impossibility, then it must logically be a finite improbability. So all I have to do in order to make one is to work out exactly how improbable it is, feed that figure into the finite improbability generator, give it a fresh cup of really hot tea ... and turn it on! He did this, and was rather startled to discover that he had managed to create the long sought after golden Infinite Improbability generator out of thin air. It startled him even more when just after he was awarded the Galactic Institute's Prize for Extreme Cleverness he got lynched by a rampaging mob of respectable physicists who had finally realized that the one thing they really couldn't stand was a smartass.
Many respectable physicists said that they weren't going to stand for this - partly because it was a debasement of science, but mostly because they didn't get invited to those sort of parties.
We are now cruising at a level of two to the power of twenty-five thousand to one against and falling, and we will be restoring normality just as soon as we are sure what is normal anyway.
Steve, mate I cannot express how much I appreciate your videos. It’s like you make the perfect videos for the questions my brain hasn’t asked/been bothered to look into myself yet. Thanks
You can definitely measure the diffusion coefficient of electrons and holes in semiconductors. A field in which Einstein's work is used regularly. Bipolar transistors and thryristors work due to this diffusion. It is nice to see a video to credit this work of Einstein which I used to use daily and is way less popular than relativity and photoelectric effect. What a genius Einstein was.
That's what I really like about Steve's videos. Very fast paced, serious and highly informative, but occasionally, out of nowhere, some ridiculous silliness with the deadpan delivery only a Brit can do justice
This video made the study of diffusion and mass transfer more appealing, thank you. It's awesome to see how equations from the "mundane" world can take us to a better understanding of much more things.
would be interesting to see a demo of how brownian motion changes when temperature increases and decreases. intuition says it would speed up and slow down, respectively
You should do the Millikan oil drop experiment next. I did it 2nd year of college Physics. It's a pretty amazingly simple experiment that determines the mass and charge of an electron with oil mist.
We studied brownian motion in A level physics ~5 years ago. I definitely found it fascinating, but honestly the maths behind Brownian motion (as well as the rest of ideal gases) is part of the reason I pursued Computer Science instead lol.
I was completely fascinated by Brownian motion when I first learned about it and I’m still fascinated. I love that you can actually see the effect of submicroscopic particles on microscopic objects. It’s like a window into the unseen.
10:33 should say, "100 million trillion molecules" since Air is a mixture of gases, most of which are diatomic, Helium is monoatomic, and CO2 contains 3 atoms. PV=nRT where n is equal to number of moles of molecules of gas. Also, all models are wrong, some are useful. The ideal gas law fails to take into account gases' intermolecular forces and molecular size. The Van Der Waals equation takes these into account and is more accurate.
Everything you think you know about the real world is a model of one sort or another. Newtonian gravity is “wrong” but it’s a darn sight easier to compute orbital mechanics with it rather than general relativity. Which is why NASA stick with Newton for the most part.
I remember observing Brownian motion in physics class at school, 50 years ago. We used smoke. But I didn't realise what caused it (or maybe I was told by my physics master but forgot it) so thank you for such an easy to understand explanation!
@@alexdavidouskiR should be a P You can't do diagonals. Also the routes are not in order but if you trace them out on the grid, you can read them left to right, top down on the grid it self. Very close though.
It is strange that Einstein received Nobel prize not for his theories of Relativity, not for proving atoms exist via observation of Brownian motion, but for the photoelectric effect. Thought he would at least got a Nobel for Relativity.
This is not strange. Contrary to popular belief, the (special) relativity theory was developed by Henry Poincare and Hendrick Lorentz. The wikipedia article on the relativity priority dispute is a good starting point on the subject.
Nope, Sir Isaac Newton remains the absolute BOSS in physics and mathematics. The man invented calculus, just to solve some other problem. Einstein comes a good second though.
@@paulmichaelfreedman8334 .. it's an opinion. I used to rate N above E but I've come to reverse that order. Strictly speaking N was only refining the ideas put forward by Archimedes; in the same way, E had to teach himself/develop some rather advanced maths (curvature of spacetime) and adapt it to GR. As I say it's an opinion. GOAT discussions are never conclusive !!!
(wikipedia says:) ''Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles) is a Latin phrase that means "marvelous year", "wonderful year", "miraculous year", "year of wonder" or "amazing year". This term has been used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered, notably Isaac Newton's discoveries in 1666 and Albert Einstein's papers published in 1905. ''
Another nice thing with the ball bearing wiggler is that occasionally one flies out. This is a great depiction of say water evaporating out of puddles despite the water being way under boiling point. Through collisions, every now and then one molecule gets enough energy to just yeet out of the bulk never to return.
@SteveMould, I happened to defend a PhD studying fluid inclusions in minerals. And I can tell quite a lot about them, their evolution and in particular - moving particles, or bubbles in water in quartz. For start - it's not necessarily Brownian motion, at certain scale of objects some of the movements you see could be attributed to water movement in thermal gradient, created by the light of the microscope
Thank you Steve for providing answers to the questions I have always wondered about throughout my life. I love your willingness to experiment to always find a way to explain complex ideas. I and I would imagine plenty of others are grateful for your channel and your passion for science! Much love 🫶🏽
Dude. You squandered a GOLDEN opportunity for "and his name...was Albert Einstein." In life, rarely are we handed such chances to serve stale memes on a silver platter. Broke my heart, Steve... Please consider re-uploading this video with the appropriate dialogue. Thank you.
Wow! Lots of good science history here. When I first heard of Einstein and Brownian motion I was baffled. How could pollen particles in water have anything to do with the idea of atoms? But this is what geniuses see! This video makes it clear. Thanks to Steve Mould and whoever produced this video!
In high school chem lab we measured Avogadro's number by spreading a known (mass) drop of oleic acid over a tray of water and measuring the area of the monomomolecular layer "lake" formed since one end is hydrophylic.and the other is hydrophobic. From this we could extimate the volume of a molecule. Dividing the volume of a molecule by the volume of a mole of them, we could get Avogadro's #.
Amazing video, loved seeing brownish motion so clearly. Just wanted to point out that I believe Einstein published 4 or 5 papers in 1905 depending on if you count his thesis as a paper.
My favorite part is the inherent assumption that everyone watching this knows what annus mirabilis means so you can just dive right into the pun without fear of leaving behind anyone.
I've never been able to understand how Brownian motion proves atoms... Let's see what you got. The jiggler machine was by far the best demonstration ive ever seen. Well done man.
A particularly delicious version of Brownian motion is in Miso soup, the miso particles eventually settle to the bottom of the bowl, and are pushed around by the thermal currents in the water
Thanks for this video and you allowed me to clarify further reasons why I no longer just accept the atomic theory. The two pieces of glass used in setting up a slide for a microscope allows for one more reason for me to be skeptical of the theory. One has to assume this unseen atom to begin with and not leave it as an unknown to seek to learn about. The other part is the glass over liquid has to be viewed as a non factor when it is an actual part of the setup to see the phenomenon in question. This effect can have other factors that would necessitate further falsification experimentation to narrow down possible cause instead of accepting an unseen cause.
When i was in high school i observed that at the interface between alcohol and water, you see the surface "jiggle" I brought it up to my chemistry teacher and I showed her what I did and she explained that it was probably Brownian motion and that she had never seen it observed that way. the young chemistry nerd in me was very excited to have "observed a phenomenon" completely independent of any knowledge of it. To this day I still think its one of the most obvious and cheapest way to view it.
When two liquids mix that are miscible (can dissolve into each other) you also get a period of cloudiness, This is caused by the same phenomena as a mirage. The light is passing through many pockets of fluid that are different densities, and each region acts like a tiny prism and bends the light.
Important correction at 10:09 - 22.4 L of gas will contain an Avogadro's number of molecules of gas at STP, which is 1 atm of pressure at 0°C, not room temperature.
I remember being fascinated by that "shaking" in microscopes as a kid, I for a while thought that it was me or something living and tried a lot of stuff to stabilize my microscope and get sterile samples. Glad to finally getting an answer to what it is some 15-20 years later.
Great video. One note however: Small little metal balls are not ball bearings. A ball bearing is a mechanical device to reduce rotational friction that has balls in it.
Something I understood a while ago with amazement is that brownian motions are the reason cells need water, without water in the citoplasm chemical reactions in enzyms could not happen.
EDIT: TH-cam's compression algorithm seems to have obliterated the smoke jiggles at around 1:00. That combined with an OLED screen makes it look like a black screen! I don't think there's much I can do to be honest so I'm going to leave it up!
I didn't get into John Dalton in this video. He noticed that chemical reactions always happened in small whole number ratios of mass. From that he hypothesised the existence of atoms. But Brownian motion is arguably the first direct evidence.
Thank you Steve, excellent video, I love the way you present things in such a clear and concise way which creates such intrigue from your viewers.
I know you explained moles before but are Dalton's observations similar to how they work?
*"brownie in motion"*
gotta love those YT closed captions
How do we know that the same amount of atoms are in each syringe? It doesn't make sense.
@@Blackmark52It is by appetite alone I set my brownie in motion.
The particle jiggle is actually just floating-point rounding errors in the simulation of the universe.
I prefer this explanation
It can be exacerbated if the operating system only uses integers
L
Anytime I read up on either atomic scale things or quantum mechanics the universe just ends up seeming more like a simulation.
@@oliverer3Quantum tunneling is just a precision error in the collision detection algorithm.
To be very precise, and to avoid any possible confusion, at 10:19 each syringe doesn't contain 100 million trillion atoms, but 100 million trillion particles of the gas - be they N2 particles, or Ar particles, or CO2 particles, or a mixture of atoms and molecules as in air. This always blew my mind, and the physics behind it is so simple and elegant.
Another really great video by Steve.
Ooh, thanks for making that important distinction.
There's also a small mistake just beforehand, where he states at room temperature 22.4 litres contain one Avogadro's number of molecules, but that's the value for 0 °C. It's 24 litres at room temperature.
I was about to comment this too
It's not that big a difference when the molecules are that simple, not even a full order of magnitude.
How about solid stuff like metals? Does a 1dm³ block of steel has the same amount of particles as 1dm³ of Aluminium?
9:10 In 1905, Einstein was 26 years old. Somehow, every single one of us view him as this old man with crazy hair and his tongue hanging out. But in the early 1900’s, he looked sharp as a tack.
In 1905, Einstein had not yet recognized the impact of his studies on human history. What he later discovered would be hair raising!
@@justfellover brilliant!
Did I just Derek you?! But you went into way more depth and it was fascinating! Kudos, this might just be your Anus Mirrorballs!!
Another Anus instead of an Annus
A mild Derek on this occasion! Glad you liked it. Loved the trading video!
WHAT ARE ANUS MIRRORballs?????
I was thinking of Dr. Muller during this video. There isn’t much overlap. Both are great in their own right. I admire the breadth of Dr. Muller’s topics and the practical demonstrations of Mr. Mould. You are complimentary in SciComm. Keep up the great work!
Hah, my first thought was also that Steve got slightly Dereked 😁 Perhaps you could link to this video in the description of yours for those interested in a deeper dive on Brownian motion as atonement 🤔
Well done, but he actually published 5 papers in 1905, his annus mirabilis. These were
1) On the Electrodynamics of Moving. Bodies (Special Relativity)
2) Does the Inertia of a Body Depend on its Energy Content (a study of the consequences of the first reference, where he derived the equivalence of mass and energy i..e. e = mc^2.
3) On the Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light (the photoelectric effect, that ushered in the quantum revolution and his 1921 Nobel Prize)
4) A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions, used to calculate Avogadro's Number and the size of molecules. This paper was in fact a summary of his doctoral dissertation.
5) On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in Liquids at Rest Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat, which explained Brownian motion as the result of molecular collisions. This insight did in fact lead to a second Nobel Prize in 1926 to Jean Perrin.
The five papers are collected together with annotations by John Stachel and a foreword by Roger Penrose, called "Einstein's Miraculous Year"
Sure, Einstein!
Five papers in one year?! ANUS MIRROR-BALLS!!!
Anus Mirrorballs indeed.
In 1905 Einstein finally hit that anus... quite an accomplishment yo. :D :D
In 1905 Einstein finally hit that ass... quite an accomplishment yo. :D :D
One piece of intuition missing from the video is that Brownian motion is thermal energy. The more heat, the more motion.
Or vice versa.
@@Hei1Bao4 That sounds like it implies that they are correlated rather than merely two representations of the same phenomenon.
I thought it was kinetic energy 😅
@@DanKaschelreally? i felt just like that when i read your original post, but i think it’s just because my brain doesn’t like the term ’thermal energy’ because it feels like it abstracts away the fact that it’s only kinetic with my previous idea of heat/hotness. am i crazy?
@@Arcflow_ at that scale, kinetic and thermal energy are the same thing
Neat stuff! Brownian motion will feature prominently in my next video also. It really is pretty amazing how large the particles can be before the forces average. Really like the vibrating plate demo.
Thanks! Looking forward to it!
I keep hearing, "Brownie in motion" and getting a craving for Thin Mints.
Veritasium did one as well. Is March Brownian motion month?
@SteveMould, I’ve been told I’ve been messed up by mold hyphae in brownian motion carrying toxins from bacteria in water damaged buildings. There is an ERMI test that was used to classify buildings that have had water damage by looking at proportions of different mold DNA. It might be BS or it might be causing a lot of people cognitive problems.
Why do youtubers all copy each other at the same time?
If you are interested in looking inside of quartz or other crystals, there are many very simple, cheap ways of doing it. We do it in the lab, and there are plenty of papers that actually look at the water within crystals as they tell us a great about about the time at formation of the crystals. We do it for glass inclusions as well. Reach out to a research geologist, and I'm sure someone would be happy to help with your demonstrations, including myself.
Yeah and the start of a lot of B-movie horror films is someone confidently saying there can't be anything alive in 10000 year old water....
It's a good marker for how brilliant Einstein was to say that his 3rd greatest achievement was to prove atoms exist.
@@miked8497as your pupil? Most of what you know about modern science is due to Albert Einstein, assuming there were enough things you could teach him if you were alive back then is incredibly egotistical. You are assuming you would be better than one of the greatest minds in modern science, what makes overinflation of one’s importance
His 3rd greatest achievement THAT YEAR. Who but Einstein has the ability to "correct" Newton on such a fundamental and pervasive scale?
@@herbpowell343 well no one believed him until the eddington experiment. he was a nobody. einstein was catapulted to fame overnight. So back then "einstein" meant nothing to anyone.
Or fourth, even: general relativity is a pretty big deal, too. And the EPR paradox took 30 years to explain, so that one was pretty important as well. There's a reason that Einstein was Time's man of the 20th century.
Sorry wasn't there a paper about 2 Phase viscosity also?
Excellent video Steve! As an MRI radiographer, we study Brownian motion in many of our patients using diffusion weighted imaging. Your explanation here has improved my understanding, thank you!
Med student here (intern almost done), I always asked myself how difussion and MRI worked together specially because I look at the images and they seem like they're still when in reality everything moves, specially if you take into account heart beats and respiration and the biomechanics of it (e.g. in the brain, because it's and organ that's surrounded by CSF, perfused by arteries and drained by veins, 3 hydrodimamic systems that vary in pressures, velocity, viscosity, etc.); this kind of questions made me think that I want to be a biomedical engineer just to understand how things work
Hmm... that makes me want to be an MRI radiographer!
I'm an idiot, I kept hearing "Brownie in motion" at first and I was wondering how Einstein used a Brownie to do science
No no, that's the Universal Perspective Vortex
The famous thought experiment where you have two brownies on a moving train ...
Ever heard of the chocolate equation?
Brownie emotions: when youre so sad you eat a tray of them
Reminds me of the "poultry in motion" line from Ernest movies
1:06 Me watching this outside in bright sunlight and low streaming quality: Oh course, very obvious.
chinburn incoming
I can barely see it in on my phone in bed lmao
It's not the oils in the Ouzo forming an emulsion.
The major flavour component of aniseed is methoxybenzene which is soluble in ethanol but poorly soluble in water. When enough water is added, the methoxybenzene comes out of solution as tiny particles in suspension. It's not an emulsion; that would require something to stabilise micelles.
I now know what you're talking about: go Organic Chem! Be there, or be... cyclobutane.
I did a presentation on Brownian Motion during while studying physics in college. Nice to see it get some more attention.
At room temperature (22-23°C) a mol of an ideal gas occupies about 24 liters. 22.414 liters is the volume at the "Standard" temperature and pressure of 0°C and 1 atmosphere.
Standard is a misnomer because there are dozens of STPs around the world, so at the national institute of science and technology, a mol of gas at STP occupies 22.414 liters, to the International union of pure and applied chemistry the figure is 22.711, and at the US environmental protection agency it's 24.47.
An unbelievable number of phone calls every year is exchanged between worried junior scientists who can't figure out why two gas flow measurements aren't lining up by almost exactly 9%
Isn't part of that diversity due to the fact that the pre-1982 STP is zero Celsius & 1 atm., while the post-1982 metric (really SI) STP uses zero Celsium & 100 kPa pressure instead of the previous 1 atm pressure (which is equal to 101.325 kPa)?
As a Greek, I was especially touched by the "ouzo effect" (and the "Ouzo 12" bottle appearing pouring the liquid)! I had never thought is as a scientific tool - I think I'm going to start experimenting with it, right on!!! 😎😎
opa!
There's another "Ouzo effect" that usually occurs after abut 2am. Completely different though.
The ouzo effect is when you wake up next to a fat and you cant remember her name.
make sure you remember the experiment hahaha
ew, ouzo
"Anus mirror balls"?! Steve, you are my FAVORITE science educator, and dumb jokes like this are just icing on the cake.
The deadpan on that was amazing! Now I'll be looking for a context where I can use "anus mirrorballs!" as an exclamation of wonder and amazement.
@@clinthall9011 I thought this was hilarious as well hahaha buuut unluckiy for you guys I think there was an error in translation here, annus mirabilis should actually translate to "Wonderful year" or "Admirable year" from Latin to English, nothing refers to either anuses or balls hahaha
I thought anus mirrorballs was an accident at the disco
Uranus is my favourite planet.
Año milagroso. Admirabilis.
@@BasoGhe Balls 💀
As a chemistry researcher I use Einstein's diffusion equations all the /2D
Very good. What does the mean though?
Average
Thank you for this. I am an old man and I loved math and science in school but I have a really hard time understanding things like this. But the way you explained it has helped me understand . Please keep your teaching going on TH-cam . I love it.
At around 10:00 you fill the syringes and say that the number of ATOMS is the same, but from my memory, what you mean is the number of gas MOLECULES, since CO2 has more atoms than O2 an less atoms than He, the number of atoms would be different, no? PV=nrT where N is the "number of particles"
n is actually the number of moles of particles, with one mole being Avogadros number of particles. But you are right, Steve should have said “particles” not “atoms”.
Yeah, also immediately noticed that and went straight to the comments! 😉
@@DonnieX6 Proud of myself; I only got a C in college chemistry, and even I caught that one.
Your style, cadence, and knowledge come together to make videos on complex subjects that are easy to understand and that make learning enjoyable. And I appreciate that you get straight to the point without dawdling about. Thank you for an excellent channel.
Mould spores
Steve Mould spores
He doesn't spore. What are you talking about?
Get it? It's his name.
But also.
It is a word!?
How clever
@@babilon6097you’re right. He fucks.
@@HannahKossennot really.
9:40 Annus mirabilis, "anus mirrorballs", hilarious.
Steve should get some t-shirts made.
annus mirabilis my ass!
sounds like steves secret porn star name
Did Einstein write 3 or 4 papers that year?
4
8:22, I was recently telling this to people, hearing from you is also nice. Measuring things that are too small, or too big, or too fast, or too something, is done by matching the observations we made with things we can carefully measure.
His explanation of "Annus mirabilis" 😂
It means miraculous/admirable year. In English, they usually call it Einstein's "miracle year"
I can't unsee the horrific image Steve's translation summoned into my head. Some of that ouzo may help, though...
*Awesome, amazing
Mirabilis = amazing, or more litterally "worth admiring", "admiring" itself coming from the same word in Latin
They hate us cuz they annus.
Romane eunt domus!
The random motion of atoms and free electrons in a conductor, which causes Briwnian motion in fluids, also causes random “thermal” noise in a conductor, with a voltage amplitude proportional to the resistance of the conductor and its Kelvin temperature. This is used to “squelch” radio receivers when no one is transmitting on a channel.
Is the term Brownian motion used for fluids only, or does the term apply when dealing with solids also. When you say you can squelch it, is that because you are increasing the noise so that the signal is lost? Why do you want to squelch a radio receiver that no one is transmitting on.. wouldnt you squelch one that is being transmitted on?.. and is this how radio signals are jammed, by causing an increase in thermal noise at the receiver/transmitter? Lastly, PC's sometimes have a temp sensitive part that is used to generate a random number by (I think) letting the voltage of the noise represent a 0 or a 1 in binary. Is this how that type of RNG operates?
no such thing as random, more mumbo jumbo bs
@@-iloveyouat the scale of electrons, there certainly is randomness.
The proof for that is so fundamental that you don't even have to rely on the correctness of quantum mechanics to show it. It's at the heart of the emerging technology of unconditionally secure quantum key distribution, for example.
@@-iloveyou first off, if you're just being a pedant, substitute the word "stochastic" in place of random and fuck off. Second, randomness most certainly does exist. But yes, you certainly did just say mumbo jumbo. Proud of you buddy.
@@neutra__l8525 In a solid that conducts electric current, some of the electrons are free to move among the atoms, and thus behave like a fluid.
The term “squelch” refers to silencing the random noise resulting from the random motion of electrons that comes from the speaker between transmissions, which is very annoying, especially in sensitive FM communications receivers. Basically, a receiver sensitive enough to hear the stations you wish to talk to will, between calls, produce a very loud “white” noise if the audio is left on at a normal volume.
When a coherent signal comes in, the math of how FM detectors work overwhelms or “quiets” the noise. Since the noise has frequency components above the range of signals that are deliberately transmitted, part of the detector output is tapped off, amplified in the “noise amplifier” (that is its actual name), and rectified to produce a DC bias voltage proportional to the amount of noise detected.
When that DC voltage reaches a certain level (which can usually be adjusted with a knob), the audio amplifier is cut off, or “squelched.”
When a call comes in on a channel, the noise drops below the threshold, and the audio comes on. When the transmission stops, after a fraction of a second called the “squelch tail,” which sounds like a short burst of white noise, the audio cuts off again.
Many applications, such as police and fire radios, aircraft radios (they are usually AM, but a similar system works with AM also), or even two or more “ham” operators talking, require a frequency to be monitored for occasional calls, and the squelch makes monitoring much less stressful, and allows the use of audio for other purposes while waiting.
Thank you for finally explaining this mystery to me. When I was 9 years old, I was asked about Brownian Motion in a physics exam and I had no idea. It was the very first F I got and it's been haunting me for almost 20 years now
I almost failed a university physics class and it almost caused some Brownian Motion in my trousers!
Yeah, right, you got this in a 3rd grade physics exam and did not find out for yourself for 20 years.. Totally not BS.
@@Zilvaras2 lolmaoooo
You learned about brownian motion at 9? Wow.
The demonstration with the ball bearings was really cool! Instantly gave me an intuitive understanding of how the system works, when before it was hard to really visualise.
Gave me a lot of anxiety, this must have been a MESS to clean up 😂
@@AdmiralEisbaer I hadn't even thought of that! D:
The principle of generating small amounts of finite improbability by simply hooking the logic circuits of a Bambleweeny 57 Sub- Meson Brain to an atomic vector plotter suspended in a strong Brownian Motion producer (say a nice hot cup of tea) were of course well understood - and such generators were often used to break the ice at parties by making all the molecules in the hostess's undergarments leap simultaneously one foot to the left, in accordance with the Theory of Indeterminacy.
Many respectable physicists said that they weren't going to stand for this - partly because it was a debasement of science, but mostly because they didn't get invited to those sort of parties.
Another thing they couldn't stand was the perpetual failure they encountered in trying to construct a machine which could generate the infinite improbability field needed to flip a spaceship across the mind-paralysing distances between the furthest stars, and in the end they grumpily announced that such a machine was virtually impossible.
Then, one day, a student who had been left to sweep up the lab after a particularly unsuccessful party found himself reasoning this way:
If, he thought to himself, such a machine is a virtual impossibility, then it must logically be a finite improbability. So all I have to do in order to make one is to work out exactly how improbable it is, feed that figure into the finite improbability generator, give it a fresh cup of really hot tea ... and turn it on!
He did this, and was rather startled to discover that he had managed to create the long sought after golden Infinite Improbability generator out of thin air.
It startled him even more when just after he was awarded the Galactic Institute's Prize for Extreme Cleverness he got lynched by a rampaging mob of respectable physicists who had finally realized that the one thing they really couldn't stand was a smartass.
This
"A rampaging mob of respectable physicists" never fails to make me laugh.
Many respectable physicists said that they weren't going to stand for this - partly because it was a debasement of science, but mostly because they didn't get invited to those sort of parties.
❤
We are now cruising at a level of two to the power of twenty-five thousand to one against and falling, and we will be restoring normality just as soon as we are sure what is normal anyway.
Steve, mate I cannot express how much I appreciate your videos. It’s like you make the perfect videos for the questions my brain hasn’t asked/been bothered to look into myself yet. Thanks
You can definitely measure the diffusion coefficient of electrons and holes in semiconductors. A field in which Einstein's work is used regularly. Bipolar transistors and thryristors work due to this diffusion. It is nice to see a video to credit this work of Einstein which I used to use daily and is way less popular than relativity and photoelectric effect. What a genius Einstein was.
9:38
That's not even a Dad joke, that's a grandpa-level joke... and I love it.
I couldn't believe that was in the video. I thought maybe I was having a stroke listening to that, I had to tab over and listen again (and watch).
@@dotancohen Same with me, I didn't know this level of intellectual subterfuge was even allowed on TH-cam 😆
That's what I really like about Steve's videos. Very fast paced, serious and highly informative, but occasionally, out of nowhere, some ridiculous silliness with the deadpan delivery only a Brit can do justice
that was so dumb actually how cringe
@@DiegoSalgado-u6y get off our lawn!
This video made the study of diffusion and mass transfer more appealing, thank you. It's awesome to see how equations from the "mundane" world can take us to a better understanding of much more things.
I love how you walk us through your thought processes even in dead end thoughts
The extra minute to recognise Einstein was really warranted. Genius yeah but also he did things in an ingenious way.
would be interesting to see a demo of how brownian motion changes when temperature increases and decreases. intuition says it would speed up and slow down, respectively
You should do the Millikan oil drop experiment next. I did it 2nd year of college Physics. It's a pretty amazingly simple experiment that determines the mass and charge of an electron with oil mist.
When I taught physics I used Lycopodium powder in water to show Brownian motion. It worked a treat.
No joke Einstein could’ve won a Nobel for each of those three discoveries. They only gave him one. At least the NBA gave Michael Jordan 5 MVP awards!
Don't forget gravity, major aspects of quantum mechanics, and lasers, to name a few more
At the time they didn’t give away Nobels as Grammies of today😂things were just harder
Lol! Also, the rules say you cannot win more than once (in a category)
We studied brownian motion in A level physics ~5 years ago. I definitely found it fascinating, but honestly the maths behind Brownian motion (as well as the rest of ideal gases) is part of the reason I pursued Computer Science instead lol.
But isn't that more complicated? I gave up trying to learn C++ when I couldnt' make any progress, punched a wall out rage and broke my hand.
@@jpaulc441 It's simpler when doing maths though, interestingly.
brownie in motion brownie in motion brownie in motion.. can't unhear it
I was completely fascinated by Brownian motion when I first learned about it and I’m still fascinated. I love that you can actually see the effect of submicroscopic particles on microscopic objects. It’s like a window into the unseen.
10:33 should say, "100 million trillion molecules" since Air is a mixture of gases, most of which are diatomic, Helium is monoatomic, and CO2 contains 3 atoms. PV=nRT where n is equal to number of moles of molecules of gas.
Also, all models are wrong, some are useful. The ideal gas law fails to take into account gases' intermolecular forces and molecular size. The Van Der Waals equation takes these into account and is more accurate.
Everything you think you know about the real world is a model of one sort or another. Newtonian gravity is “wrong” but it’s a darn sight easier to compute orbital mechanics with it rather than general relativity. Which is why NASA stick with Newton for the most part.
Helium gas is monoatomic, not diatomic.
Brownian Motion sounds like my midnight bathroom shuffle.
It's what I do after my first cup of coffee.
The day after Christmas is what I call the "Day of the Depth Charge".
😂🤣😂
This is my bedtime search terms and my morning read.
commonly demonstrated by the effects of The Brown Note on a vat of curry
I remember observing Brownian motion in physics class at school, 50 years ago. We used smoke. But I didn't realise what caused it (or maybe I was told by my physics master but forgot it) so thank you for such an easy to understand explanation!
5:10 we certainly gonna need more context on how your hands got blue
Solved the Jane st. puzzle. Took a bit to logic my way through it but it's very similar to a sudoku puzzle.
I got DRTAE, but it's wrong apparently. Where is my mistake?
@@alexdavidouskiR should be a P You can't do diagonals. Also the routes are not in order but if you trace them out on the grid, you can read them left to right, top down on the grid it self. Very close though.
Thanks,@@brandonfrancey5592! I realized that I misread the code now.
It’s simple, you’re seeing interdimensional travel of an atom. Which looks like vibration. Pretty cool.
Benjamin Franklin figured out the size of oil molecules by pouring a drop onto a still pond and measuring the surface area.
It is strange that Einstein received Nobel prize not for his theories of Relativity, not for proving atoms exist via observation of Brownian motion, but for the photoelectric effect. Thought he would at least got a Nobel for Relativity.
This is not strange. Contrary to popular belief, the (special) relativity theory was developed by Henry Poincare and Hendrick Lorentz. The wikipedia article on the relativity priority dispute is a good starting point on the subject.
why didnt i have this guys as a high school physics teacher?!
really, if we had this as kids i truly believe the world would be a better place today.
its crazy how Einstein basically overshadows himself. e=mc^2 dominates his history
so well put together this. In your inimitable understated way, you ignite the fire of inquiry and stunned admiration ... That Einstein guy - the Boss.
Nope, Sir Isaac Newton remains the absolute BOSS in physics and mathematics. The man invented calculus, just to solve some other problem. Einstein comes a good second though.
@@paulmichaelfreedman8334 .. it's an opinion. I used to rate N above E but I've come to reverse that order. Strictly speaking N was only refining the ideas put forward by Archimedes; in the same way, E had to teach himself/develop some rather advanced maths (curvature of spacetime) and adapt it to GR. As I say it's an opinion. GOAT discussions are never conclusive !!!
@@tensor131 Can't argue with that :)
the human mind absolutely breaks trying to really comprehend the scale of the universe, at either end!!
0:30 bitrate killer
My god you found the final boss of youtube compression in this video.
This channel and Actionlab is like perfection. A video with you two guys together would create another big-bang.
I'm going to name my band "Anus Mirrorballs"
My particles don’t jiggle jiggle, they fold… 😂
I like to see you wiggle, wiggle...
I like to see it wiggle wiggle, for sure
(wikipedia says:)
''Annus mirabilis (pl. anni mirabiles) is a Latin phrase that means "marvelous year", "wonderful year", "miraculous year", "year of wonder" or "amazing year". This term has been used to refer to several years during which events of major importance are remembered, notably Isaac Newton's discoveries in 1666 and Albert Einstein's papers published in 1905. ''
2:43 Gave me a bit of a scare there...
9:50 Is also wild without context
"Nothing exists except atoms and empty space; everything else is opinion” Democritus
That’s reductionist.. there’s emerging qualities also.. you can’t reduce consciousness, life, culture, love and other down to atoms
They didn’t know about Fields back then.
@thegoodthebadandtheugly
"Interstellar was Christopher Nolan's worst film."
Democritus
Another nice thing with the ball bearing wiggler is that occasionally one flies out. This is a great depiction of say water evaporating out of puddles despite the water being way under boiling point. Through collisions, every now and then one molecule gets enough energy to just yeet out of the bulk never to return.
awesome remind
1:16 I need a new monitor, all I see is a black digital blur:-(
0:18 Alba Einstein
Scottish einstein
Was a helluva guy 😂😂
@SteveMould, I happened to defend a PhD studying fluid inclusions in minerals.
And I can tell quite a lot about them, their evolution and in particular - moving particles, or bubbles in water in quartz. For start - it's not necessarily Brownian motion, at certain scale of objects some of the movements you see could be attributed to water movement in thermal gradient, created by the light of the microscope
An old AP Chem teacher once said one of the most profound things I've ever considered: "Pressure is collisions."
Your videos always get me hooked and make feel like I learned something important. Keep up the good work!
Thank you Steve for providing answers to the questions I have always wondered about throughout my life. I love your willingness to experiment to always find a way to explain complex ideas. I and I would imagine plenty of others are grateful for your channel and your passion for science! Much love 🫶🏽
I always enjoy hearing you recount the process of coming up with the right model for the video.
You beat me to making this!
Dude. You squandered a GOLDEN opportunity for "and his name...was Albert Einstein." In life, rarely are we handed such chances to serve stale memes on a silver platter. Broke my heart, Steve... Please consider re-uploading this video with the appropriate dialogue. Thank you.
Wow! Lots of good science history here. When I first heard of Einstein and Brownian motion I was baffled. How could pollen particles in water have anything to do with the idea of atoms? But this is what geniuses see! This video makes it clear. Thanks to Steve Mould and whoever produced this video!
Thanks for a quick refresher on moles, Avogadro's number and Brownian motion. I had forgotten some of all that.
Every video uploaded is a gift. Thank you for sharing your knowledge.
Love finding brownian motion in crystals within the organelles of flagellated algae.
LOL 😂 the bearing balls are back! ....and not the ball bearings🎉
I love your demos! Such a great channel, thanks.
In high school chem lab we measured Avogadro's number by spreading a known (mass) drop of oleic acid over a tray of water and measuring the area of the monomomolecular layer "lake" formed since one end is hydrophylic.and the other is hydrophobic. From this we could extimate the volume of a molecule. Dividing the volume of a molecule by the volume of a mole of them, we could get Avogadro's #.
Amazing video, loved seeing brownish motion so clearly. Just wanted to point out that I believe Einstein published 4 or 5 papers in 1905 depending on if you count his thesis as a paper.
My favorite part is the inherent assumption that everyone watching this knows what annus mirabilis means so you can just dive right into the pun without fear of leaving behind anyone.
You reminded me why I love this channel so thanks!
I've never been able to understand how Brownian motion proves atoms... Let's see what you got.
The jiggler machine was by far the best demonstration ive ever seen. Well done man.
A particularly delicious version of Brownian motion is in Miso soup, the miso particles eventually settle to the bottom of the bowl, and are pushed around by the thermal currents in the water
You know, when it is "jiggling" word to come, it's something about feynman explanation. That man was a genious, one of a kind. ❤
Woah, the ball bearing visual was super helpful. Thank you Steve!
Your channel and movies ROCK!!! so clearly explained. Amazing. thanks for the wisdom!
I am 73 and have been fascinated by Brownian motion since I was a child staring at dust in a sunlight beam. Kids don't know about 10^23
Thanks for this video and you allowed me to clarify further reasons why I no longer just accept the atomic theory. The two pieces of glass used in setting up a slide for a microscope allows for one more reason for me to be skeptical of the theory. One has to assume this unseen atom to begin with and not leave it as an unknown to seek to learn about. The other part is the glass over liquid has to be viewed as a non factor when it is an actual part of the setup to see the phenomenon in question. This effect can have other factors that would necessitate further falsification experimentation to narrow down possible cause instead of accepting an unseen cause.
To cut home how amazing this was and how amazing Einstein was, Einstein was born in 1879. Meaning he was 26 in 1905 when he published the papers.
Einstein is a genius we all know, but lets take a moment to appreciate the genius of Steve to explain it with such clarity! hats off sir!
Your videos are fascinating, well-explained and informative! Thank you.
When i was in high school i observed that at the interface between alcohol and water, you see the surface "jiggle" I brought it up to my chemistry teacher and I showed her what I did and she explained that it was probably Brownian motion and that she had never seen it observed that way. the young chemistry nerd in me was very excited to have "observed a phenomenon" completely independent of any knowledge of it. To this day I still think its one of the most obvious and cheapest way to view it.
Steve Mould and Veritassium uploading a video about or mentioning Browning’s motion within a week? Wow!
When two liquids mix that are miscible (can dissolve into each other) you also get a period of cloudiness, This is caused by the same phenomena as a mirage. The light is passing through many pockets of fluid that are different densities, and each region acts like a tiny prism and bends the light.
As a bicyclist, I observe Brownian motion daily in pedestrians. Irrational, with a great chance of changing direction at the last moment.
Important correction at 10:09 - 22.4 L of gas will contain an Avogadro's number of molecules of gas at STP, which is 1 atm of pressure at 0°C, not room temperature.
I remember being fascinated by that "shaking" in microscopes as a kid, I for a while thought that it was me or something living and tried a lot of stuff to stabilize my microscope and get sterile samples.
Glad to finally getting an answer to what it is some 15-20 years later.
Great video.
One note however: Small little metal balls are not ball bearings. A ball bearing is a mechanical device to reduce rotational friction that has balls in it.
Something I understood a while ago with amazement is that brownian motions are the reason cells need water, without water in the citoplasm chemical reactions in enzyms could not happen.
Man stands naked with back to mirror. He bends forward to view himself in the mirror with his head betwixt his legs…
Annus Mirabilis!