Imam ibn Taymiyyah Biography - Taimiyyah Zubair Binte Dr Farhat Hashmi

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Full name: Taqī ad-Dīn Abu 'Abbās Ahmad bin 'Abd as-Salām bin 'Abd Allāh Ibn Taymiya al-Harrānī (Arabic: أبو عباس تقي الدين أحمد بن عبد السلام بن عبد الله ابن تيمية الحراني)
Biography: Ibn Taymiya was born in 1263, at Harran into a well known family of theologians. His grandfather, Abu al-Barkat Majd-ud-deen ibn Taymiya Al-Hanbali (d. 1255) was a reputed teacher of the Hanbali School of Fiqh. Likewise, the scholarly achievements of Ibn Taymiya's father, Shihabuddeen 'Abdul-Haleem Ibn Taymiya (d. 1284) were well-known.
Because of the Mongol invasion, Ibn Taymiya's family moved to Damascus in 1268, which was then ruled by the Mamluks of Egypt. It was here that his father delivered sermons from the pulpit of the Umayyad Mosque, and Ibn Taymiya followed in his footsteps by studying with the great scholars of his time, among them a woman scholar by the name Zaynab bint Makki, from whom he learned hadith.
Ibn Taymiya was an industrious student and acquainted himself with the secular and religious sciences of his time. He devoted special attention to Arabic literature and gained mastery over grammar and lexicography in addition to studying mathematics and calligraphy.
As for the religions sciences, he studied jurisprudence from his father and became a representative of the Hanbali school of law. Though he remained faithful throughout his life to that school, whose doctrines he had decisively mastered, he also acquired an extensive knowledge of the Islamic disciplines of the Qur'an and the Hadith. He also studied dogmatic theology (kalam), philosophy, and Sufism, which he later heavily critiqued.
In 1282, he was appointed professor of Hanbali jurisprudence, also preaching in the Grand Mosque. He started to denounce both Sufis and the Mongols, whose Islam he did not accept as genuine. The Mongol's preference for their own Yasa code over the Sharia meant that they lived in ignorance (jahilia) and it was a Muslim's duty to wage a jihad of the sword against them. Following the Mongol defeat of the Abbasids in 1258, the Muslim world had disintegrated into smaller political units. Ibn Taymiya wanted to re-unite Islam. In 1299, he was dismissed from his post following a fatwa, or legal opinion that annoyed other jurists. However, the following year he was again employed by the Sultan, this time to recruit support for an anti-Mongol campaign in Cairo, a task for which he was well suited. However, no sooner had he reached Cairo than he fell foul of the authorities there because of his literal understanding of verses in the Qur'an that describe God as possessing body-parts, and he was imprisoned. Released in 1308, he was quickly re-imprisoned for denouncing Sufi prayers to saints. He spent time in jails in Cairo and in Alexandria. In 1313, he was allowed to resume teaching in Damascus. In 1318, the Sultan forbade him from issuing any opinions on the subject of divorce, since he disagreed with the popular opinion that a divorce with only one repudiation was valid. When he continued to pronounce on this subject, he was imprisoned. Released again in 1321, he was re-imprisoned in 1326, but carried on writing until pen and paper were denied him. His arrest in 1326 was earned by his condemnation of Shi'a Islam at a time when the political authorities were trying to build bridges with the Shi'a community. In 1328, he died while still in prison. Thousands, including many women, are said to have attended his funeral.
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