History Of The Entire World I Guess Group REACTION
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 20 ก.ย. 2024
- Original Video: • history of the entire ...
Support us on PATREON for Steven Universe, Ben 10, Amphibia and more reactions and the Exclusive Nani no Anime Post Show, an ad free experience and more! ►► / sortastupid
Join the Sorta Stupid Discord Server ► / discord
Check out SeeOhKnee on TH-cam ► / seeohknee
Check out Ruff on TH-cam ► / @joeruffler
Check out BoomSentai on TH-cam ► / boomsentai
Check out Hman125 on TH-cam ► / hman125
History Of The World I Guess Group REACTION
#historyoftheworld #reaction #trending
![[LIVE] : ONE ลุมพินี 80 | คู่เอก "รักษ์ vs ยอดนำชัย"](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/ckLMRorsMeY/mqdefault.jpg)
The fun part is the video actually loops, "By the way where the hell are we?" is answered by "You're on a rock floating in space."
WOAH
I never even realized that!! That’s so clever, it’s like a loop
Because history repeats itself. Neat.
Bill wurtz was the first to do the loop trend before the tik tokrs figured it out
Pretty cool, huh?
@@alansmithee419 Some of it's water
as a Canadian I find this video even funnier because it's literally never once mentioned
🇨🇦 🫡
But at least there's beaver
As another Canadian, you are absolutely correct
Funny enough so much stuff happens to canada but since canada isnt doing anything no one talks about, for instance the US accidentally nuking a few people over there doing tests
That's just because Canada mostly minds its own business in the background
I love that you can basically figure out how much knowledge of history they each have based on when and how hard they laugh
Ngl, that's usually the most interesting thing about watching history of the world reactions.
So true!
You can tell the video is good when they all stop commenting and just sit in enraptured silence.
lol
What a classic!
My favourite bits are "The Sun is a Deadly Laser" and "Time to conquer all of India, most of India"
no one conquers the tamil kings
@@alicewe_ You can make a religion out of this.
@@Shritistrangno, don’t
Taste the sun
“China is whole again…….then it broke again”
5 minutes into the video and I've never seen them so quiet during a reaction 😂😂 so much information to process at once
@@FuhqEweif you don't like it, just leave?
@@FuhqEwego to bed lil bro, it’s way passed your bedtime
@@FuhqEwe nigga you told someone to not read your comment if they don’t like it. how the fuck is someone supposed to know if they’ll like the comment without reading it?
@@FuhqEwe thats the point of a reaction video genius. if they didn't talk and add their rambling and thoughts it would just be the same shit as the normal video. the point of clicking on a reaction is for the reaction, not the fucking video they are watching.
@@FuhqEwemy guy if you didn’t want to hear them talk, watch the original fucking video
I think this is the most quiet they've ever been in a video
true
They tried to give an intro early into the video but quickly realized they missed out on EONS of history, so they STFU.
Always fun to see people experience this video for the first time!
“I feel like I’m on drugs right now.” Pretty accurate description for watching these videos.
this might just be my all time favorite youtube video. its just perfect in its own way
I've never seen the gang sit still and pay attention for so long. Truly a testament to the quality of this video.
No reactor never ever has thought "hum... that blank space is a time to think". EVERYONE always thinks that the video has stopped or something
omg seriously none of you have seen this before? this is amazing. Have you seen History of Japan by the same person? It pre-dates this (history of the entire world was made because people kept asking if he'd do different countries), and explains the "Intermission" bit when he first mentions Japan here.
Just commenting to let you know that just today that reacted to the History of Japan video.
14:30
The thing is they really did try to make a religion out of this. They called it the "Cult of Reason" and they tried to scrub away all references to Catholicism. Even to the point of changing the calendar.
This is also where the metric system comes from.
Omg yes, this is one of my favourite videos in internet history, I listen to Bill Wurtz' music on the regular and everything, and I never get tired of watching people react to this. It's like a TH-cam rite of passage
H-man 17:13: 'Once we got out of the dark ages and the crusades technology was like go'
Don't be so ungrateful towards the middle ages! They were the foundation for the socalled 'Renaissance'!
They also weren't really all that primitive, we're increasingly discovering. The collapse of the Roman Empire definitely hurt quality of life for a bit as the massive network of trade collapsed and the military broke down, but in all honesty Rome had been holding back the lands it controlled (including those in Italy proper) for a long time and things majorly improved once new states stabilized. The Church was actually a pretty important part of this process, as well.
I love this video so much. My favorite bits are:
3:05 "The sun is a deadly laser"
7:00 "Time to conquer all of india- most of india."
2:44 The add for photosythesis at the start
4:10 "gneusk"
5:00 "More people come" gravity
This video is an international treasure, if not Bill Wurtz himself.
One of TH-cam's greatest gifts. So great to see you guys reacting to it!
This vid always cheers me up when I'm in a depressive spiral. You can't not laugh at it.
Hey, I actually act as a consultant with various history and archeology channels! While "History Of The Entire World I Guess" is fun, one MAJOR issue with it is it almost entirely disregards the Precolumbian Americas, even though it's occupies an entire half of the earth's hemispheres (Imagine if it ONLY covered the Americas, but not Europe or Asia before 1500AD: That'd be crazy, right?). This is sadly pretty common in general world history stuff, since a lot of people don't realize just how much the Americas had going on. So below, I'm gonna give my summarized timeline of Mesoamerica (Prehispanic Mexico, Guatemala, etc: So the Aztec, Maya, etc), and I'll point out the VERY few things Bill Wurtz's video also mentions via timestamps as it comes up. Keep reading to see it!
The Preclassic Period (1400BC-100AD):
In 1400 BC, around the Gulf Coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico, the Olmec site of San Lorezno becomes the region's first urban center in 1400 BC, and becomes abandoned by 900 BC, where the more properly urban and socially complex city of La Venta rises to prominence (which is where most of the giant heads are from, 6:20 in the video), which is also when our sole example of Olmec writing dates back to. In the following centuries, urban, state societies continue to pop up, notable ones being the early Maya cities such as El Mirador and Kaminaljuyu; the Zapotec city of Monte Alban in Oaxaca, and Epi-Olmec cities which develop from older Olmec civilization; and all 3 of these develop writing; with many other independent towns and some cities popping up all over. In Western Mexico, during the same period as the Olmec, the Capacha are a culture that developed independently from them, with far reaching examples of pottery and likely trade, but we don't know much about them or Western Mexican cultures in general
TheEarly Classic Period (100-500AD):
By around 0-200AD, urban cities with state governments and writing (for the elite, anyways) had become the norm in Mesoamerica, marking the transition to the Classical Period. The Maya are at their height here (well, in the latter part of the early classic/the early late classic, 9:10 in the video), with many dozens of large, notable city-states & kingdoms, and thousands of smaller towns all over the Yucatan. Down in Oaxcaca, The Zapotec too have formed many city-states, with Monte Alban in particular rising as the most politically powerful. In Central Mexico, in the Valley of Mexico (in what's now Mexico City) a volcanic eruption displaces much of the population, including the city of Cuicuilco, the most powerful city in the area. These displaced people immigrate into the city of Teotihuacan, which grows into a huge influential political and religious center (9:15 in the video), and with a population of up to 100,000, and eclipsing Rome in physical area, while also having a sewage system and housing even their commoners in lavish palace complexes; and is one of the largest cities in the world at the time (El Mirador was as well). Teotihuacan's influence reaches far across the region, establishing many far reaching architectural, artistic, and religious trends, such as the Talud-tablero archtectural style for pyramids, perhaps even conquering and installing rulers in Maya cities 1000 kilometers away. In western mexico, around the end of the preclassic and start of the classic, the Teuchitlan tradition, the first of Western Mexico's complex societies, emerges (maybe, again, Western Mexico's cultures are very understudied), though less so then the rest of the regi
The Late Classic Period (500-900AD)
In the latter half of the classic period, you see the rise of El Tajin as a notable influential center among the cities around the Gulf Coast in what's now Central State of Veracruz (the cities/culture there now referred to as the "Classic Veracruz") and Cholula as a notable city in Central Mexico; Monte Alban begins to fall in esteem, with the Zapotec city of Mitla becoming the most prominent city in Oaxaca instead. Teotihuacan begins to decline as well, and in the Yucatan, the cities of Tikal and Calakmul become essentially two super-power city-states among the Maya, centralizing Maya politics around them. Eventually Tikal and it's allies are able to put down Calakmul, shortly thereafter, you have the classical Maya collapse (11:03 in the video), where due to a combination of political instability following this massive war, climate issues, and other factors, nearly all of the large powerful Maya urban centers in the southern Yucatan decline between 700 and 800 AD, with many other key centers around Mesoamerica also doing so. Throughout the Late Classic and Early-Postclassic, West Mexico develops many different city-states with increasing influence from the rest of Mesoamerica
The Early Post-Classic Period (900-1200AD)
Moving into the Early-postclassic, yet many other cities still thrive and survive, such as El Tajin and Cholula, as do Maya city-states in the Northern Yucatan, such as Chichen Itza and Uxmal. You begin to see the Mixtec in the Oaxaca and Guerrero regions begin to overtake the Zapotec in prominence, in particular a warlord by the name of 8-Deer-Jaguar-Claw conquered and unified nearly the entire southern Oaxaca/Guerrero region into an empire. 8-deer had the blessings and support of the Toltec in Central Mexico (namely the Lord of Cholula), which were apparently, like Teotihuacan before them, a massively influential and far reaching power in the region, maybe operating out of the city of Tula (11:05 in the video), though most of our accounts of Toltec history and key rulers (such as Ce Acatl Topiltzin) are from Aztec accounts and are heavily mythologized. As a result, it's hard to separate history from myth (or from Aztec and latter Spanish attempts to twist Toltec accounts to justify their rule). Around 1100 AD, the Toltecs fall, and 8-deer is overthrown and killed in an ironic twist of fate where the one member of his enemies family who he left alive rallied a bunch of subject cities against him; though Tututepec, a city he founded, would grow into a major state of it's own.
The Late Post-Classic Period (1200-1521AD)
In the 1200's, The Maya city of Mayapan comes closest to forming a unified Maya state, forming a political alliance of many of the city-states in the northern Yucatan. Due to droughts in northern mexico, you begin to see some groups of Chichimeca (nomadic tribes of Northern Mexico), the Nahuas, move further south into Central and Southern Mexico, and transition into urban societies. Notably many settling around the Valley of Mexico and the surrounding areas, led by the legendary King Xototl, displacing local Otomi cities/towns. In particular, the city of Azcapotzalco, which claims heredity from Xolotl, eventually dominates the valley. During the same time as all this in western Mexico, a Nahua group moved down into the Lake Pátzcuaro region, and takes over and becomes the ruling class of Purepecha city of of Pátzcuaro, which conquers many other cities in the area
In the 1420's, due to a succession crisis in Azcapotzalco, one of it's two heirs assassinates the other, as well as the then king of Tenochtitlan, which was one of Azcapotzalco's vassal, tributary cities; as he also had had genealogical links to the Azcapotzalco royal line and also represented a succession threat. War breaks out, and Tenochtitlan, along with the city-states of Texcoco, and Tlacopan join forces and overthrow them, forming the Aztec triple alliance/empire. Over the next 100 years, they rapidly expand and conquer almost all of Central and Southern Mexico, including Otomi cities/towns in Central Mexico, Totonac and Huastec ones along the Gulf Coast (who now inhabit that area), Mixtec, Zapotec, and Tlapanec ones in Oaxaca and Guerrero, and many others.
Back to Western Mexico, in the 1450's, Pátzcuaro is overthrown by the fellow Purepecha city of Tzintzuntzan, who rapidly expands to form the Purepecha/Tarascan empire, who would be the Aztec empire's only real competition and repel numerous invasions from them, preventing their expansion into city-states and kingdoms further West such as Colmia and Jalisco; With the Aztec and Purepecha unable to make each other budge, the Aztec expanded somewhat to the East like conquering Maya towns around Soconusco, as well as trying to besiege Tlaxcala to conquer, a republic ruled via senate in an adjacent valley (alongside Cholula, Huextozinco, and some other cities/towns Tlaxcala was allied with/ruled over) who had been able to escape conquest due to their defensible position (other notable unconquered enclaves being Tututepec, a remant of 8-deer's Mixtec Empire; the Tlapenec kingdom of Yopitzinco, and the Otomi kingdom of Metztitlan)
This is the state of things when the Spanish arrive (12:52 in the video).
------------------------
So, yeah, out of the hundreds of things in the video, and all of what I wrote about Mesoamerican history (which, again, is still just a summary!).... it only mentions 7 things. Look at all the stuff they glossed over! Keep in mind this is JUST Mesoamerica too: Down in South America, the Andes has it's own long history of dozens of major civilizations (Norte Chico/Caral, the Chavin, Paracas, Nazca, Moche, Wari, Tiwanku, Sican, Chimu, and Inca), up in what's now the US, you had a variety of town building societies in both the Southwest (the Pueblo, Hohokam, Salado, etc, these actually traded with Mesoamerican civilizations) , and in the East (Poverty Point, Hopewell, Mississippians, etc. The largest Missisispian site, Cahokia, was actually bigger then London in it's heyday), and so much more... and the video only mentioned 2 things from North America, and 2 from South America.
If people wanna learn more about all of this, "1491" by Charles Mann is a good starting place! (Also, the video ignores most of Africa too, but Africa isn't my area of expertise)
i appreciate that! thank you
My comment is still here?
tbh as someone from south america i dont think its as relevant
That's cute and all, but it mentioned about twice as many things about pre-Columbian America as most people know, same for Africa. Here's a thought, maybe African and American history aren't Bill's area of expertise either?
@@korganrocks3995 If you're going to summerize all of world history, I think you sort of have a commitment to do research to summzerize everything even if it's outside your area of expertise: Reach out to specalists of other areas. Again, I don't think he needed to cover everything I said, but I think at minimum he should have referenced different mesoamerican writing systems popping up, Zapotec civilization/Monte Alban's rise and fall, actual political and urban developments in Teotihuacan (such as it's alliances and conquests of Maya states) vs just noting it existed,, likewise noting different key Maya wars and states (cmon the "Star War" joke was right there for the Tikal and Calakmul wars!) to actually mention historical elements of the Toltec with different alleged rulers as mentioned in Aztec accounts other them, again, just a vague reference to the Toltecs existing, mentioning 8 Deer Jaguae Claw's conquests and the formation of his Mixtec Empire, and to cover different wars and rulers the Aztec had (esp vs the Purepecha empire) similar to mentioning key wars/people he does for say England or the Romans.
A pure reaction! Very cool that all 4 of you came into this not knowing.
I hope you guys do History of Japan next, Japan's history, being a weeb aside, is some of the most interesting national history out there and he does such a great job
"Japan is so addicted to art that the military might have to take over the government" 🤣
I love this video so much, it never gets old. Might just be my favourite video made on TH-cam. So happy you guys reacted to it!
So many amazing sound bites cam from this gem of a video.
why am i just now seeing this?? this is a masterpiece! i wish my teachers showed me this growing up
Agreed.
watch the original. Not the copycat one.
I rewatch this every now and then, it's just so enjoyable and quotable 😅
crazy how relevant this video still is for reaction content after all this years
relevant for the reactors, not relevant for the creator.
_"it's soon long"_
I bet they pressed play on a video called "HISTORY OF THE - E N T I R E - W O R L D" and thought it was going to be only about USA
10:05 fun fact about the whole Roman Empire thing
This moment is when the whole power dynamic of the emperor choosing the pope and the pope crowning the emperor begins and began so many wars between the pope and big kingdom of Europe
Also I think a king of France made the anti pope as a middle finger
I love this video, can't believe it took this long to see you guys did a reaction to it. Watching your brains implode is awesome. Ruff is just like "what the actual fuck am i watching? Did I smoke too much or not enough?" Which is what even those who don't smoke think.
"I feel like I'm on drugs watching this" yep sounds about right 😂 in a good way
If you guys enjoyed that, the uploader also did The History of Japan, and its just a great. Really wish they would do more, but I imagine these take a reallllly long time to research and make
I freaking love watching people appreciate this video.
This came as a surprise to see y’all reacting to but I immediately clicked when I saw it lol.
“You can make a religion out of this. WANT SILK?”
Honestly, Bill Wurst created an amazing video that still stands up!
I feel like we need an updated version of this video with like the modern stuff from Covid and junk
The thing inventor part is a thought exercise done in a discussion about the limitations that should be placed on AI and also the technological singularity. The first part is what is called the paperclip problem, sometimes stamps are used. The scenario is that a person invents an AI whose sole purpose is to make stamps. Without proper limitations, the AI will eventually use up all of the resources on Earth to make stamps and will even begin processing animals and humans for their carbon in order to make stamps. The TH-cam channel Computerphile has a great video on it that goes into the details.
The technological singularity is a point in which an AI would be able to create an AI of its own and reproduce without human involvement.
anybody just stare at ruff as his mind implodes?
Did he just say "I had way to many marijuanas?"
We get closer and closer to 2028 and I’m waiting for the invention
I think 'history of the entire world, i guess' is one of the greatest videos on youtube, Bill Wurtz is a legend.
So glad you guys reacted to this!
Man, China was just a rollercoaster Xd
As a history lover, I live for this kind of thing 😂
It’s a bird!
It’s a plane!
It’s the Seljuk Turks 😂😂😂
Oh man glad to have noticed this less than a min after upload, it's friggin' amazing and you guys've reaction to it so far's been great. I am so surprised you all hadn't seen it yet. :o
Fun fact: EVERYONE expected the Spanish Inquisition, because they were required to send notice at least 30 days in advance.
3:36 Hahaha, the guy on th top left just became the new Dwayne Johnson 😂
I still reference this video at least once a week XD
Woah! I've not had your channel pop up in my recommended for a second, but I see you rebranded. Hope it helps the channel!
South Korean here. Thanks for laughing 18:05 but the war is still "on pause" after about 70 years, and U.S.A. and Soviet Union were really sponsors of the war for it was a proxy war. At least, I'm glad that our fathers chose the right sponsor for us. Just saying. Happy new year, y'all. :)
The sun is a deadly laser!
Every day I learn just how much these lads haven't seen.
finally some fresh reaction to this.. I saw it so many times I already remember the whole audio, lol.
Also yeah, I'm from the land Habsburgs conquered. They did it before Alabama took over
If you like this, you guys would love the Oversimplified series. I highly reccomend it. If you want to start off of a really funny one "The war of the Bucket" is a pretty good video. I personally like the Henry VIII one but I'm a bit biased because my family is distantly related to Anne Boleyn. XD
11:35
Fun fact: it's believed that the mongols invented ice cream.
There were also quite a few women in the mongol hoards, if they could hold their ground they were allowed to fight.
I have so much knowledge now.I can take down the world.I know all of your secrets
non of you seeing this before is truly mind-blowing, it still slaps.
The end part was basically lets invent something said the future invention after being invented by another future invention
Yeah, after the "dark ages of the crusades" it only took a measly 600 years until electricity. It all went so quickly. Real informed opinion there.
I was playing civilization when I watched this
i'd love to see "How the universe is way bigger than you think"
Well this is nostalgic
I had a literal intermission during the video intermission.
When it came to the intermission part, an ad popped up 9:29 😂
The intermission after mentioning japan, is so you can go watch the history of japan video!
This is the single video that got me through sophomore history class lmao
I literally only remembered what the Seljuk Turks were because I kept hearing the jingle in my head
17:41 Damn thought that was Ben Kingsley. Then I looked up apparently Ben did a movie playing Ghandi. They look so much alike.
This is a hard video to react to without pausing, bc there is SO MUCH info packed into like EVERY SECOND (except for the white screen at 0:40). 😅
Guy in the bottom-left looks like that semi-famous guy. Sorry, I'm bad with names.
It took 7 months but I figured it out. Sam Lake.
This is THE video you must reacting silent because there is so much info per second so when you open your mouth to say something you already missed part of information =)
I’m honestly glad none of them every saw this before, cause I get to watch their reactions lol
Ruff being ripped and trying to keep up is basically my final two years of High school lmao. Good shit guys!
The creator has another really popular video with this style where it's the history of Japan he covers.
Reminds me of a song from The Amazing World of Gumball
"🎵When you think you've got a problem
When your life is full of doubt
Remember in the scheme of things
Your life just doesn't count!🎵"
😊🌝🌎🌌
Speaking crudely, the crusades led to Italy getting good trade deals which made a few places quite rich, that led to the renaissance and then the printing press making books, which led to the protestant reformation, after which the massive leaps in science and quality of life started to happen.
So no, it's not back and white.
Nobody on any serious drugs wouod be able to do somethings as clever, accurate and entertaining as this!
I keep saying this, videos in class should be formatted and styled like this, this did more for me in terms of history than school ever did and video left a impact, no other did and I can't even remember what any of them in Elementary up to Senior Year were like or the titles especially the titles.
Well, I doubt most teachers could make anything like this. Plus, while it is entertaining, you also don't have to take a test that proves to the government that you actually learned it at the end. It also skips over a bunch of details that are super important, only really giving an overview of some of history.
My absolute favorite memory of being in school was watching this very video in my high school science class
11:34 Well, even though the Mongols were ruthless conquerers, they were not as bad as they are often portraied.
For example, the Mongols always prefered the Diplomatic attempt, but once you refused their offers, they would fuck you up for good.
When it comes the Culture: Gengis Khan was collecting knowledge, ideas and faiths. We had a huge court of wise men, priests and scientist from all the conquered areas, it is probably the first empire that had freedome of religion.
But yeah, they conquered and muredered, raped and enslaved, just not in the manner that most people think they did.
so many old and good memes came from this video
You'd definitely enjoy The Ocean is Way Deeper Than You Think, if you had fun with this lol
I am always required to do the "AAAA" after the "It's the Seljuk Turks" jingle
8:50 the fall of Rome was inevitable they had a kill streak of 23 emperor in the course of 50 years
It all started with the big......
Universe is not exploded it expand super fast like it's just a bang that's why it is called a Big Bang
Sorry bad english
Its amazing how the internet can teach you the entire history of the world in less than 20 mins, while school takes over a month to feach you
If you're watching it in your free time, look up some history teacher's reactions to it. They give a more in-depth explanation of events here and there.
1:34 its a star
(Pt.1) there should be 3 replies you can also read. Explaining how life came about is my favorite thing ever. Chemical evolution is so cool. To start, you have to talk about the Urey-Miller experiment. Back in the 1950s these two biochemists did an experiment in which they took a containment chamber, filled it with water, ammonia, methane, hydrogen, and all the things you expect to find on any fledgling planet. All the things you would expect on any new Earths. They put a fire underneath so it would evaporate, go into another container to be zapped with electrodes, cooled, funneled back to the original container, and cycles back through. They are simulating the patterns of an early Earth and simulating all the elements you could find on Earth. You take early simple ingredients, get them hot, get them cold, zapped with lightning and other normal processes. They ran it for a while, and when they came back, they took samples. To their surprise, the water is no longer clear but is a gross reddish brown. They test it and find it is now full of amino acids. Amino acids are the things that build proteins and make life happen. That is called chemical evolution. Very simple inorganic ingredients come together via totally natural means and form organic macromolecules. There are 4 macromolecules that make up life. Lipids, proteins, carbs, and nucleic acids. Those are the 4 macromolecules that make up everything alive. Each one is a polymer, meaning it's a molecule that forms a chain. I'll explain each of these below:
PROTEINS are made of chains of amino acids that fold up on themselves. A chain of amino acids is a primary structure. Then, it folds into an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet called a secondary structure. Then, it forms a glob called a tertiary structure. Sometimes, some globs come together, and that's then a quaternary structure and so on. That's how proteins work. Proteins make up skin, muscle, bones, and everything like that.
CARBS are sugars. Long chain simple sugars such as glucose or fructose. If you stick them together, you get sucrose. A bunch of those together makes a polysaccharide. This makes carbs like starch, cellulose, and such.
LIPIDS are fats. You have a twisted hydrocarbon chain that repels water, and that's a lipid. There are various kinds like phospholipids where a long hydrocarbon chain comes off it to repel water and, on the other end, is a phosphorus group that attracts water. This makes a hydrophilic and hydrophobic end. One attracts and one repels water. If you take any lipid like cooking oil, for example, and put it in water, it forms a bubble all by itself. Nobody has to tell it to do that. That's because a sphere is the smallest possible surface area and is the most energetically protected from the water around it. It would take more energy to make any other shape, and the universe is lazy. Everything is always as energetically simple as possible. Lipids that naturally form out of normal stuff under normal circumstances naturally form spheres. Amino acids which make proteins that naturally form out of natural stuff can get stuck in one of these spheres, and you now have something that practically represents a cell. All this stuff is formed by totally natural means and naturally assumes the shape of a sphere can naturally come together and form a cell. You can do this in a jar. Now imagine that on a planet taking place over millions of years.
The Urey-Miller experiment has been redone in different ways many times by putting other things in, leaving some things out, and hundreds of combinations, and it just always works. Later, we figured out this happens in hydrothermal vents. They pump out acids and bases. These have proton gradients. What's that? Well, an acid is a chemical with a bunch of extra protons, and a base is something that doesn't have enough and has too many electrons. When they neutralize, they give off electrical charges that move one place to the next. This is how your cells make energy today. Mitochondria pass protons across a membrane. This turns a protein called ATP synthase, which makes adenosine triphosphate, and that's how our body works. It's how most cells today work. Where can we find natural proton gradients right now? Hydrothermal vents. Where can we find the building blocks of lipids and proteins? Hydrothermal vents. We can even find amino acids, including all the ones important to life, in space. Just floating on asteroids. They form naturally all by themselves all over. You have the building blocks of life, the thing that makes energy in cells even today happening naturally all by itself in hydrothermal vents and all over the universe. Life then starts all by itself. Now, we also have NUCLEIC ACIDS, the 4th macromolecule, which is DNA and RNA. We do debate what came first, but the most common consensus is that RNA came first. I also follow the RNA world hypothesis. Let me explain why.
RNA is cool because it isn't just something that carries information, but it also works as a catalyst to make reactions happen. A catalyst is something that lowers the activation energy of a reaction. It makes a reaction happen easier and faster with less energy. So RNA carries genetic information, it can also make more of itself, and it can make other reactions happen faster. Think about how proteins are made in your body today. It's like this.
You have mRNA(messenger RNA) that makes proteins happen. How? It goes to a ribosome to be read. What are ribosomes made of? They are made of rRNA(ribosomal RNA) and aren't membrane bound organelles. In the ribosome, something brings over amino acids to make the protein. What brings them over? tRNA(transfer RNA). So when your body makes proteins, it uses RNA to tell RNA to use RNA to make a protein. Again, you can do this in a jar. That is why the major consensus is that RNA came first. RNA is something that is so unbelievably useful. Why do we have DNA, then? Because once it happened to form, DNA was/is really good at long term storage, and it's far more stable, meaning it stuck around better. You can divide it, make more of it, pack it into a tight wad and have it twist around proteins called histones to makes a tight rope called chromatin, and then chromatin forms a body called a chromosome. That's how DNA works. It wraps around proteins, wraps into a thick rope, and those thick ropes form a chromosome. It's super easy to divide these and split them up.
Is it so hard to believe that some of these naturally forming nucleic acids found their way into a blob of naturally forming lipids? THEN they split, THEN you have 2 sets of chromosomes in a cell THEN cytokenesis happens where actin filaments tighten around the cell in a contractile ring, and remember lipids form bubbles naturally, so once squished together you now have a cleavage furrow that then splits into two seperate bubbles! You now have dividing life out of literally "nothing." It's not difficult at all to say that very simple ingredients found all over the universe that naturally form organic molecules by natural processes then naturally stated making more of themselves. You then get a VERY early organism. Something so insanely simple. Not bacteria, that would be unbelievably complex in comparison. Just a very simple membrane, very simple genetic material, and very simple proteins. The very basics of all of this. That is what we call LUCA. There was probably a ton of very early life, but LUCA is the one that stuck around. Everything that ever lived past that point is related to LUCA. We have a very clear picture of how everything evolved after that. I can gladly get into that if anyone wants me to. I'm an evolutionary biologist, so this tickles me all over when I get to explain it. The eukaryotes first appeared at least 2.7 billion years ago, following some to 1.5 billion years of prokaryotic evolution. I can gladly get into that if anyone wants me to. Microbiology and cellular evolution are not my fields, but I do have enough of an understanding to explain it simply. I am an evolutionary biologist, as I said, and my focus is on humans, specifically H. Erectus, but I digress. So, how did life reach land?
(Pt.2)Fish history lesson! So the early fish develop. First, you have Chondrichthyes, the cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays. A little later, you get Actinopterygians, ray finned fish which are most fish today you'll think of such, and clown fish are just one example. Then, even later, you get Sarcopterygians, lobe finned fish with big meaty fins rather than thin tendrils most fish have. Plenty of lobe finned fish still exist today, but some broke off to become the first tetrapods or four limbed animals. To sum that up, Chondrichthyes evolved. We didn't come from sharks, but we share an ancestor. Then came the Actinopterygians. We didn't come from clownfish, but we share a common ancestor. We did come from Sarcopterygians, and there are still Sarcopterygians today, but did we come from Coelacanths or Lungfish? No, we share a common ancestor who was also a fish.
Now you're breathing air right now because around 390 million years ago, some fish evolved lungs. It's super cool on its own, but that's not the point here. Fish have actually been breathing air for a long time. They will go to the surface and gulp air when they are in low oxygen water. Fish today still do this, and I'll get into all that later. They go to the surface and gulp up air to get oxygen, but they can't do it long term since their gills aren't evolved for that. Around the Devonian period, we had fish that developed lungs because of this. Some fish kept those lungs and used them to become "better fish" as they modified into swim bladders. The lungs came first, which seems to shock a lot of people, and swim bladders are just modified lungs fish use to stay neutrally buoyant. We kept things in our evolution, too, like gills. Our gills changed into things like the hyoid bone and outer ears. Some humans still have a preauricular sinus, a little hole on the front of their ear that is literally just a vestigial gill slits. A leftover breathing hole. Why transition to land in the first place, though? There's almost ten times more oxygen up here. It's so easy to make energy. That's why air breathing has evolved not just once but over over 70 different times! Finally, around 375 million years ago during the late Devonian period, one of the most important fish to ever live first evolved. Its name was Tiktaalic. It was a lobe finned fish, Sarcopterygian, with a lot of amphibian features that was able to push itself up with its fins and get onto land. It had incredible new adaptations no other life form developed before. Big thick bones in its front limbs and shoulders which allowed it to push its body up along the bottom of the muddy banks, and a set of primitive lungs it could use to stay on land for extended periods. It was technically a fish, but from it we get every single tetrapod or four limbed animal who ever lived including Ichthyostega, one of the first animals to walk around on all fours on dry land, and all the way up to every stork, horse, python, turtle, frog, hampster, dolphin and human alive today.
Now I'm going to take a different turn, but stay with me. Fish, amphibians, and reptiles do not seem to hiccup as far as we know, although gill ventilation is an analogous reflex. As we mammals breathe, we do so using a style called ventilation or sometimes known as respiration. We use our inspiratory muscles such as the diaphragm, parasternal and external intercostal muscles, and several neck muscles to pull in air for pulmonary gas exchange, and then we put our abdominal muscles to work in order to push air containing CO2 out. This is in stark contrast to what happens when we hiccup. You probably know that hiccups happen because of the diaphragm. This muscle evolved quite a bit after our first tetrapod ancestors who braved the coast into the forests of yore. As said previously, air breathing developed long before in the water in what would be reminiscent of modern lungfish. This ancestor had both gills and primitive lungs, along with being one of the first animals to evolve a neck. It used a basal form of gas exchange where it used its buccal muscles to pump in either air or water, which was then diverted to the gills or the lung sacks. Both gill and lung respiration are managed in a cyclical and rhythmic fashion. The muscle sequences can vary, but the overall mechanism is the same. From gar, lungfish, and fully fledged frogs to filter feeding tadpoles. It's orchestrated by the brainstem CPGs. These are essentially neural networks that work in an oscillation pattern. They were once used for gill ventilation, but they have been retrofitted for air respiration. In evolution, a general principal we can understand is that behaviors tend to come before morphological change. This is because a behavior is much more flexible and can itself facilitate pressures for new mutations should they arise.
One of our fish ancestors, for example, the Eusthenopteron, was a lobe finned fish that had both lungs and gills and lived in costal waters. A migration inland to avoid super predators like Dunkleosteus is a behavior. That movement inland would expose these ancestors to more eutrophic waters thanks to the plants invading land at the same time. With low oxygen in the water, we would suddenly see a spike in the pressure for animals able to exploit oxygen capture by alternative means like by air. So, behavior in this case has helped facilitate morphologic selection. Some might/do suggest that this is all just speculation, but fortunately, we can SEE this exact change. This precise prediction occurs before our eyes in the tadpole. As we know, tadpoles are the young of frogs and must undergo metamorphosis, a total body plan overhaul to reach their adult forms. We have an organism undergoing something very similar to what the first air breathers went through in several generations. Pre-metamorphic tadpoles have all the equipment for both gill and lung breathing, but their lungs are inhibited by a GABAB dependant pathing that doesn't seem to have an impact on gill CPG. Tadpoles currently undergoing metamorphosis have gill ventilation that gradually becomes more conroled until post metamorphosis, where they eventually degenerate and the adult frog rely exclusively on air. This air breathing is only itself controlled by the same rhythmic oscillations that controlled the gills. The only real difference between gill and lung CPGs are the structures they regulate.
Now, after that long string of text, you might ask what the evolution of air breathing has to do with hiccups. Well, the ventilatory motor patterns of lower vetrabrates like lungfish, frogs, and gar are shared in the properties of the standard hiccup. The sudden inspiration, inhibition of expiration, and a sharp epiglottis closure that is then repeated in an ossolatory pattern. It's purposed that the hiccup is the resurgence of an archaic motor pattern that governs the breathing of modern frogs and the ancient early air breathers. Furthermore, this circuit is accessed most frequently in infancy, where it aids a baby mammal in suckling, which explains why it likely stuck around. This is most underscored by the location of the reflexes regulation in the medulla. The medulla is also responsible for blood vessel dilation, heart rate, breathing, digestion, sneezing, vomiting, involuntary coughs. Literally, just all your basic involuntary body controls necessary for survival. If anything happens to your medulla, it is essentially a death sentence. It seemed odd that such a trivial reflex would be controlled by one of our oldest brain regions, but it very well may be that the hiccup used to control a much more vital function. Basal air respiration. Furthermore, nearly every mammal gets the hiccups, and they start as early as the animal is still in the womb, which provides more evidence of this being a resurgence of an older trait necessary for survival.
Every time you catch the hiccups, you can now enjoy knowing that you are echoing the first gasps of some ancient lungfish making its way up the coast and onto land. Awesome. Now, we see the animals before the dinosaurs came about, but where did mammals come from then?
(Pt.3) The sauropsids (the ancestors of reptiles of all sorts) and the synapsids (that’s mammals and their ancestors) share a common ancestor that was a basal amniotes. We did not evolve from reptiles like a lot of people assume. This ancestor split off some time during the Devonian Period, probably between 294 and 323 million years ago. The synapsids went on to evolve into Mammaliaformes such as Tritylodontids and Morganucodontids sometime during the Triassic Period in the “age of dinosaurs” also known as the Mesozoic Era. Synapsids never evolved scales as far as we know. We’ve found impressions from the hides of some synapsids, and they have an irregular pattern of bumps and pits, not scales. The pits may be the openings of glands, which would be something they had in common with modern mammals such as elephants and rhinos.
The synapsids pretty much dominated the Permian Period, evolving into some impressive large forms such as the Lystrosaurus, but then mostly died out during the PT mass extinction. One clade, the cynodonts, survived and were mostly small predators. They had evolved some mammal like traits such as a secondary bony palate, fewer bones in the lower jaw (some of the “missing” bones migrated rearward and up, and would later become the ear bones of mammals), and larger brains though still small compared to most modern mammals. As the early dinosaurs became more common and more dominant, the cynodonts shrank. Perhaps they had trouble competing with the dinosaurs and began going nocturnal. They were likey becoming warm blooded to help stop fungal infections due to burrowing and were more comfortable at night. There were most likely a ton of things that simply made life easier as a smaller animal in a world dominated by large and ferocious predators.
By the time the late Triassic Period rolls around, it becomes truly academic whether a certain synapsid was a “true” mammal or not. Some of these animals had jaw joints that were precisely in the middle between older synapids’ jaw joints and those of mammals. The teeth could mesh together smoothly to chew food, the cerebellum kept getting bigger, and so on. For simplicity's sake, we will skip until mammals have officially come into the scene. Meanwhile, while all this is happening with mammals, the sauropsids that survived the PT extinction start to become the dinosaurs. They evolved and took up the top predator niche. Unlimited food and being top of the food chain. They were using up all the resources so nothing new could come about. Only the smallest mammals could survive, and so they did. They thrived as burrowing and scavenging animals. These mammals were small shrew like creatures such as morganucodon. This went on for an extraordinarily long time until the KT extinction event happened. It virtually wiped out the dinosaurs. They would almost reclaim their spot in the top predator niche through the evolution of terror birds, but they ended up dying out too. The remaining reptiles didn't return because their large size could not be supported anymore as oxygen content in the air took a downward dive. The climate change and continental drift resulted in hyper-specialized dinosaurs being wiped out, and then there were only a handful left, but they didn't fare very well either. Large dinosaurs were wiped out as the plants died out. This extinction events major explanations being either volcanoes or meteors (both supported by geological evidence) would have blocked out sunlight, resulting in a nuclear "winter" of sorts that killed off plants. The sauropods were driven to death no longer being able to support their massive bodies without the trees essential to their lifestyle. Hunting and scavenging dinosaurs fared well for quite a while after this extinction due to the dead sauropods all over. After that food supply ran out, small dinosaurs were the only ones still capable of hunting the burrowing mammals of the time, so it gave them enough time to evolve speedily under stress. These would mostly be the avian dinosaurs, which would later become modern birds, but some non-avian dinosaurs still survived and became modern reptiles. Back to the mammals, though, as the food chain is wiped and the specialized niches are up for grabs, the mammals took over. They took advantage of everything the dinosaurs had come to take for granted due to that hyper-specialization. Life was great for dinosaurs and scary for mammals, but then the environmental pressures changed and dinosaurs fell off, and mammals rose up. Let's sum this up so far. Basal amniotes are the ancestors to both sauropsids and the synapsids. Both of these groups evolve into large animals until the PT extinction comes along. The main surviving sauropsid, Proterosuchus, would go on to become the dinosaurs. The main surviving synapsid, Lystrosaurus, would go on to become true mammals. The dinosaurs took over as top predators and mammals could not compete, so they became small rodent like animals. When the KT extinction happened and the dinosaurs were wiped out, the mammals became free of the top predators and then were able to grow themselves. Where did primates come from, though?
(Pt.4) After the K-T extinction event, the small mammals who survived adapted to life in various different environments as they took over the world. Jungle habitats are where primate evolution starts. The earliest primate ancestor we know of is Purgatorius, and it looked much more like a treeshrew. These then specialize even more for arboreal life into Plesiadapiforms, which are starting to become larger and into what we call proto primates
When we look back on the line of descent leading up to humans, it goes like this. You have basal primates like plesiadapiforms split into haplorhines and strepsirrhines. Strepsirrhines continue to do their own thing and further specialize in their own way, but we are haplorhines. Haplorhines split into simiiformes and tarsiiformes. Tarsiiformes continue to do their own thing and split into their own specialized groups, but we are Simiiformes. Basal simiiformes end up in different ecosystems, and due to different pressures, they split into platyrrhines(the New World Monkeys) and catarrhines. The New World Monkeys continue to do their own thing and further specialize in their own way. The basal catarrhines end up in different ecosystems, and due to different pressures, they split into cercopithecoids(the Old World monkeys) and hominoidea(Apes). Hominoids then further split into Hylobatidae(lesser apes/gibbons) and Hominidae(great apes). The hominids split into homininae and ponginae. Ponginae is the line that would lead to Orangutans. They are our our most further removed cousins. Hominines split into gorillini, which would become gorillas who are the next to split and next most removed cousins, and hominini. Hominini is the tribe that holds the creatures that would later split into the ancestor of Humans and our cousins the Panins(Chimps and bonobos). Sahelanthropus tchadensis is what we currently believe to be the last common ancestor we shared with Panins 6-7 million years ago. It lived at the right time, it had the right characteristics, and it lived in the African Rift Valley when it would be split. This is what would cause the split into Panins and our line. They would become ardipithecines, australopithecines, paranthropines, and homo among other things. There you have it, a gross oversimplification of things from the humble beginnings of life all the way up to us. I am happy to answer any questions anybody might have and get into more details on things.
(Pt. Bonus) A common misconception is that "nothing became something," but in reality, the concept of "nothing" doesn't exist. There is never nothing and was never a nothing. At one point, all the matter in the universe was condensed down into a singularity. We can even pinpoint where in space this singularity was. For some reason, the singularity started to expand. There was never a "big bang," and that is a bad description of the event. It is better to describe it as an "everywhere stretch." Of course, all matter being condensed means it was extraordinarily hot when it first expanded. This leads to bonds and fusion events of different molecules. Hydrogen was, of course, the first as it is the simplest. It also happens to be the most reactive because of this. Almost all stars start their life as hydrogen being condensed together with gravity. Through more and more pressure, as more and more hydrogen comes together, things like nuclear fusion kick off. New elements start to fuse into existence. When these stars go supernova as they start to produce iron. Iron really messes everything up. The star can no longer sustain equilibrium, and the core collapses in on itself, causing a supernova. This spews these new elements all over to come together and make larger stars, which have more pressure that makes even new elements. A lot of stars formed at the start of the singularity stretching. Lots of elements formed pretty quickly. Through these many, many supernova, you get particles of elements to combine into large chunks of themselves, and thus, we have asteroids, planets, and moons.
Ever wonder why our solar system is the way it is? Why do we have rocky planets in the center and jovial planets outside of our solar system, then? It's because of thermal gradients. As you get further from the star, you get colder, and the solar winds get less powerful. Close to the star rock won't solidify, so you have a gap between sun and first planets in a system. There's a limit to where you can have terrestrial planets, those being Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. You then get to a certain point where you can have liquid water, and that's where our planet is, the "goldilocks zone."" We aren't special for that either. The goldilocks zone is millions of miles wide. It's a common myth that if we were a foot closer or further, we couldn't survive, and that's simply not true, but I digress. Past a certain point, the solar winds blasting the planets weaken. That's where we get these big gas giants. All the gas that's around Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune would have been here on Earth too, but the sun blasted it off to the back of the solar system. That's why the gas giants are out there. And if you look at any other star system, it follows the same format. No planets in front, the terrestrial planets in the center and the gas giants, if it has gas giants, in the back.
This all happened after a supernova from a dead star created our sun, and the suns gravity attracted material from said supernova. All star systems are from generations of stars dying and being born. This all happened and created all the protoplanetary disks of various materials. Heavier stuff is closer to the star and lighter stuff further away. Over time, they became what we know them are today as they clumped together. One of those protoplanetary rings became Jupiter, and if it were two times bigger, it would actually become a brown dwarf star, the smallest star. It is already so big that it stopped us from having another planet. The asteroid belt is a protoplanetary disk that could have been a planet, but because it was stuck between the Sun and Jupiters' massive gravitation, it was torn apart.
Now this is a reaction, love these videos 😂
I love this video and I watch it every once in a while because it's so good
Dude in the top left smoked weed once and thought he was the coolest shit since sliced bread because of it
those are not drugs. The beginning is quite good description of "when" there was no time "yet".
11:25 is indeed subjective because for his people he was greatest ruler. But for others he is basically grim reaper lol
Love this, but now I gotta see them react to the one before this, History of Japan
he barely scratched the surface of australia, bro had the chance to talk about THE EMU WAR, the most embarrassing stupid shit and didn’t take it 😭
also aboriginal australians are the oldest STILL EXISTING culture in the world (60,000+ years of culture) and not even a single mention is kinda sad
Hey at least we got mentioned, Canada and NZ didn't get shout out at all
@@jazzycat8917 what can I say, americans automatically come with a US-centric brain
@@seesawseesaw You guys just aren't very important, but I understand that's hard to accept.
@@barghest94 and why is US history of such great importance to other countries? it’s really not, we barely learn anything about the US here, and I’m sure plenty of other countries don’t either, along with other countries learning about each other. I’d say british/europe-based history is the “important”, commonly learned history in white colonised perspectives, as it’s seen as the “origin” of those colonised countries, along with the usual ancient civilisations (china, rome, greece, etc.)
the only factual information I ever learned about the US was from studying the birth of a nation and get out in media studies, the tiniest mention while learn about WW2, talking with my history buff american online friend and listening to hamilton.
the difference may simply be that I am interested in learning about other countries histories because the world doesn’t revolve around me and I think people would be surprised to learn new things about the world and other cultures too. don’t you wanna learn new things rather than hear about the same things you already know?
@@seesawseesaw When did I ever say US History was the most important, why are you even bringing them up? I'm not even a fucking American LMAO. but this argument that they have barely any influence on how the world is just hilarious. Also, I think you need a hobby. 😂
Does the guy on the bottom right not know the "Dark Ages" never happened. Technology advanced pretty rapidly between the fall of the Roman Empire and the "Renaissance".
This was just a term Petrarch and other humanists used to discredit religious institutions of the time while claiming the Classical era was more valuable.
damnnn y’all reacting to everything and i like the vids yayyyy