Andy Knoll: The First Four Billion Years of Life on Earth
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 30 ก.ย. 2024
- Andy Knoll is a Renaissance Scientist. He is a geologist, paleobiologist, and geochemist and has applied key ideas from chemistry, biology, physiology and more to understanding the key developments associated with life on Earth-both how geology and chemistry have impacted on life, and vice versa. He has made ground breaking contributions to the understanding of almost every phase of life, from early Pre-Cambrian single cell life, to the emergence of more complex lifeforms, to mass extinctions. His group was the first to demonstrate that the rapid rise of CO2 was probably responsible for the last great extinction on Earth, a subject of some relevance today. For his work he most recently won the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences Crafoord Prize in Geosciences… the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in that field.
But more than all of this, Andy is a wonderful teacher and human being, and a great communicator . Andy has written numerous books on the history of life on Earth, and Lawrence and he discussed his most recent book, “A Brief History of Earth: Four Billion Years in Eight Chapters” in this podcast, along with his own origins and evolution as a scientist. The discussion was so fascinating that Lawrence and Andy went overtime during the first session and had to continue the next day.
This discussion will forever change your perspective on our planet, and our place within it. Enjoy.
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The Origins Podcast, a production of The Origins Project Foundation, features in-depth conversations with some of the most interesting people in the world about the issues that impact all of us in the 21st century. Host, theoretical physicist, lecturer, and author, Lawrence M. Krauss, will be joined by guests from a wide range of fields, including science, the arts, and journalism. The topics discussed on The Origins Podcast reflect the full range of the human experience - exploring science and culture in a way that seeks to entertain, educate, and inspire.
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This, ladies and gentlemen, is what we call the "good" side of TH-cam.
Thank you, professors.
Dr. Krauss, this was one of your best interviews. Heavy on the science. Well-guided by you through several topics. Letting your guest talk. More like this, please!
well-guided.....except that whole ~1hr intro spent going over the guy's background!!! No problem with Knoll/loved this podcast but, like 99.999% of listeners, my interests in origins of life, V mr.knoll's back-story, are not even close to equivalent
Impressed by how these interesting topics make time pass. Despite the protracted introduction, the interview with Knoll was the longest I've watched with Krauss, but it felt the shortest.
@@davidschneide5422 same! i spend a ton of time on the road, have heard this episode like "2.5" or 3 times depending whether i count distracted-listening!! Only other one i heard was the more recent Chomsky one, which was just 100.0% A+++ material
@@Intact-gf5zz. Sa
Thank you very much both Andrew and Lawrence, on top of all the other concerns humanity is faced within in the coming decades, but like you said Lawrence, we're actually aware of everything, but I'm not sure we'll do anything about these challenges, peace.
This podcast to say is enlightening is an understatement.We need more of these conversations.
I've watched this 3 times completely, and then reviewed particular data points even more, like the rise of oxygen for example. A brilliant informed mind is Andy Knoll! Grateful to Lawrence Krauss!
"How do we know what we know?" Andy listens to talking zircons, wowy-zowy! Water came mostly from meteorites...geesh...so much to know, so little time. Well, I am 77. Speaking of time, go to the 2 hours 20 minute section of this discussion for the low down on why rapidly increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere led to the Permian extinction event, an event which wiped out 90% of life on Earth.
Again, I cannot help but compare the intellectual brilliance and perceptivity of contemporary scientists with the ignorance, arrogance and primitive magical thinking that permeates so much of our contemporary "culture". 99% of humanity is clueless! We (myself included) are the equivalent of "cave men". I weep for what what we might have been.
How sad. You are nuts.
being smart is hard, m'kay?
@@smkngunzzz1843 Genetic study from about 5 years ago now in some Italian Evolution journal, shows that 92% of all mammals existing today (including us) had a extinction/salvation event a bit over 100,000 years ago. This supports the Biblical account of Noah's flood and Ark salvation event for animals with the BREATH of life (or animals with LUNGS). No they were not full grown animals (for the most part on the Ark) but as the Bible says male and female (ie, sperm and eggs) of the animals with lungs (ie, with BREATH) were stored on the Ark for a year.
BTW we desperately need to do this today, since humanity is causing an enormous global extinction of animals species. They will be forever lost - never to return.
@@mdb1239
You must be one of those Primitive, Magical Thinking Fairytale believers!?!?
Hate to break it to ya but that Wood Box Full of Animal Crackers Floating around in Flood story that you believe in is a Fairytale😳.
@@smkngunzzz1843 i'm glad we are in the age of genetics. Genetics is putting Darwinian Evolution in question (especially in 2022 - major genetic upheavals). But because it provides a continuous historical data for animals/organisms, it can provide evidence for Biblical events in Genesis.
---
In this sense, we live in special scientific age.
As a biology teacher in the Netherlands these videos really help me gain more knowledge about earth's history and make it far easier for me to teach the students because of the coherent information you provide in the podcasts. Thank you sooo much Mr. Krauss, I also loved the video with Mr. De Waal.
Perhaps the most important thing for our species for our collective future is to come together in unity , solidarity and in cooperation ; to STOP squandering our human , natural and economic resources to our potential destruction but apply it to the betterment and enlightenment of humankind empowering we the people to become the proper Stewards and custodians of our majestic home planet we call " Earth " !
After listening to the majority of science videos on you tube. I can honestly state that your podcasts are the best. Well done and thanks for all your hard work and intellectual humility, that gets the levels of depth and accessibility just right. Cheers!
many thanks.
Great as always!
P.S
You should have Anton Petrov on your podcast. He is on TH-cam, teaching us commoners almost every day, I hope you're not too highbrow for talking to Anton. He is a wonderful communicator and does so much by teaching the masses while being very professional and still keeping his charisma intact 😋
Like you.
Thank you Lawrence and Andy, one of your best interviews. After hearing this I am excited to hear many of the gaps of knowledge of our Earth, filling in with crossovers from many different disciplines of scientific endeavour.
Science "generalists" (I am one of them) are critical to put the pieces together from the ever increasing specialisations of knowledge.
Top quality scientists talking about highly relevant topics across a wide range of scientific disciplines to address the future of life on Earth. Well done and thank you!
This is one of my favourite podcasts of all time. I've listened to it twice. A clear memorable and gripping exposition of the origins and evolution of life. Expertly steered by Lawrence, with well judged open questions eliciting from Andy exactly the information and opinions I most wanted to hear. My sincere thanks to you both.
It is only proper that Andy ended the conversation with the same concept that he started it with. He started by explaining how his contributions were unique and only possible because of his life work integrating biology (Life Science) with Geology (Earth Science) and in his answer to the last question of where he thinks science is going, he said: Advances in the future will take place through more integration between different fields of science.
I remember being at school around 1969, and being told to ignore a chapter in our old geography books, because it was out of date and had been replaced by "plate tectonics".
Andrew is an amazing resource who is what every scientist should be, skeptic and fairly evaluates all sides before making up his mind. This was a very informative podcast. Thanks Lawence! LK you still need to update your cameral light its distracting when your video goes dim then bright.
It is such a pleasure to listen to very intelligent people with genuine humanitarian hearts speak about real things! The contrast between their focus and that of our socio-economic political establishment is like a breath of fresh air. I often wonder with much chagrin why it is that individuals like Andrew Knoll and Lawrence Krauss, instead of Trump, Bolsinaro and Orban, et al. are the apparent vanguards of human civilization? I fear for humanity and for the beautiful earth itself.
So the political establishment only has right-wing politicians. What an unbiased world view. 🙄
Larry Krauss' intelligence:
This is on 'nothing' or 'relativistic quantum fields' Krauss cannot make uip his mind.
“There are a variety of forms of nothing, [and] they all have physical definitions.”
“The laws of quantum mechanics tell us that nothing is unstable.”
“70% of the dominant stuff in the universe is nothing.”
“There’s nothing there, but it has energy.”
“Nothing weighs something.”
“Nothing is almost everything.”
What a great channel. Thank you so much for all of what you do.
In the cesspool of YT stupidity channels like this are a refreshing oasis.
Such a great interview! Many thanks 🙏❤️
This was such a good and informative talk. I was turned on to this through a mutual friend Garth in PEI and I’m so happy to be enlightened to this.
This is why I love science! Looking forward to your 8-hour conversation in the future….
I greatly enjoyed this. As a Biochemist and Biophysical Chemist I found this fascinating. I admire Andrew Knolls interdisciplinary approach to the work he does. I also enjoyed the discussions regarding developing autodidactic traits, continuing long after graduate and postgraduate work, and the nature of observation and knowledge; a phenomenological and epistemological analysis if you will. The import and role of science in society is ever more relevant in these strange times.
Thank you Laurence.
I intend to subscribe ☺️
Krauss needs a chill pill before he embarks on one of these. His nervousness, jumpiness, interruptions, etc. introduces unnecessary stress. Otherwise and in any case, a monster discussion.
Fascinating -this podcast has raised so many questions for me.
Great talk you wont find elsewhere, but ads literally every 5 mins is disruptive
I chose to subscribe to TH-cam Premium (which also included YouTUbe Music) on the first day that it was announced many years ago, and I do not regret it as the wealth of quality content (yes, you have to become adept at avoid the crappy stuff) has greatly enriched my life in many ways. You may want to consider it if it also has value for you. I am especially annoyed by advertising, so I can't blame your reaction.
Faboulous interview. I am a Marine Biologist and Physical Oceanographer by training and love to see this kind of interactions. And at the tender age of 60 till learn a lot from this.
Andy's book is excellent. I read it over 4 days and it is eye-opening for those that have never considered the early history of life on our planet and how the planet and life are inextricably linked.
Would you say it's good for a layperson? I enjoy, for example, Richard Dawkins' books on evolutionary biology and related things, but I have to look up words so often that - while learning them is good - I cannot just read the book. Thanks.
@@staninjapan07 Yes. Much easier than Dawkins. I struggle with him as well. The art of communication is the responses that you illicit from your readers. I think Andy understands that better than Richard, although both are excellent educators.
@@simonyoungglostog Thanks a lot.
L Krauss as a scientist should stick to science but when he debates about God he really makes himself look stupid and looks like a dwarf !!
there are so many other Dr, Profs and scientists who do believe in intelligent design ! So whats his problem and what a clown he is🤡
@@afsar_gunner5271 If God-fearing people stuck to Religion and out of Science, Lawrence wouldn't have to defend Science and the facts associated with it.
Dr. Krauss, have you observed "nothing"? Has any observer observed nothing? Could an observer observe "nothing"? And if not, can nothing exist? If it's observable, doesn't that mean it isn't "nothing"?
@@schmetterling4477 If you can observe it then it's something not nothing.
@@schmetterling4477 If you can see it, then it's there. If you couldn't see it, you couldn't describe it. But you have described it. It's black. It's above your head. You collapsed the wave function by observing it.
Kudos Andy and Lawrence - one of the most fascinating interviews I’ve ever watched. Watching the whole thing again tomorrow in case I missed anything.
wow! i check the comments before watching things and i'm about to watch it, your comment makes it sound good
I agree one of TH-cam’s very best live & learn sessions I’ve ever come across. 🥂✅
so where is "god" in all of this? lol
Lawrence, l really appreciate what you're doing.
Great to listen to scientists who speak in a way that even a novice can understand
Theory of Everything solution (short version):
Swap from Newton "real/necessary" universe over to Leibniz "contingent/not-necessary" universe as our fundamental blueprint of the universe.
This includes Leibniz calculus vs Newton calculus. Anywhere Leibniz and Newton thought different. All of it. Full swap.
Gottfried Leibniz "contingent/not-necessary" universe just lacked 2022 quantum physics verbiage (just match up definitions i.e. quark and Monad) and Hamilton's 4D quaternion algebra (created 200 years after Leibniz died).
Lastly, our first number is NOT 1.
It's 0.
Our ten numbers are 0, 1, 2, 3,...9 ✅.
Our ten dimensions are 0D, 1D, 2D, 3D,...9D ✅.
Ask someone to begin counting. I bet they begin with 1.
1 is not the beginning.
0 is the beginning.
1D is a Line; two points; physical; matter; beginning and ending; contingent.
0D is a (point); exact location only; no spatial extension; zero size; quark (strong nuclear force); necessary.
Examples:
What is another word for quark?
fundamental particle, elementary particle.
Do quarks take up space?
Its defining feature is that it lacks spatial extension; being dimensionless, it does not take up space.
"0D (point)"
How fast do quarks move?
the speed of light
What is an elementary particle example?
Elementary particles include
quarks (the constituents of protons and neutrons),
leptons (electrons, muons, taus, and neutrinos),
gauge bosons (photons, gluons, and W and Z bosons) and the Higgs boson.
What is the size of an elementary particle?
The elementary particles are not believed to have any size at all. As currently understood they are zero size points. Protons and neutrons (and all hadrons) are about 10−15m.
Match Leibniz definitions to quantum physics definitions. Different word, same definition.
Not a coincidence.
Human consciousness, mathematically, is identical to 4D quaternion algebra with w, x, y, z being "real/necessary" (0D, 1D, 2D, 3D) and i, j, k being "contingent/not-necessary" (1D xi, 2D yj, 3D zk).
1D-9D contingent/not-necessary universe has "conscious lifeforms" (1D xi, 2D yj, 3D zk)..."turning" 'time'.
[In mathematics, a versor is a quaternion of norm one (a unit quaternion). The word is derived from Latin versare = "to turn" with the suffix -or forming a noun from the verb (i.e. versor = "the turner"). It was introduced by William Rowan Hamilton in the context of his quaternion theory.]
[Math; 4D quaternion algebra]
A quaternion is a 4-tuple, which is a more concise representation than a rotation matrix. Its geo- metric meaning is also more obvious as the rotation axis and angle can be trivially recovered.
How do you make a quaternion?
You can create an N-by-1 quaternion array by specifying an N-by-3 array of Euler angles in radians or degrees. Use the euler syntax to create a scalar quaternion using a 1-by-3 vector of Euler angles in radians.
"Turn" to what, you might ask. 5D is the center of 1D-9D. The breadth (space-time). All 'things' are drawn to the center, the whole.
[Contingent Universe]:
3 sets of 3 dimensions:
(1D-3D/4D-6D/7D-9D)
The illusory middle set (4D, 5D, 6D) is temporal. Id imagine we create this middle temporal set similar to a dimensional Venn Diagram with polarized lenses that we "turn" by being conscious.
Which requires energy. 3D height symmetry/entanglement with 9D absorption is why we are "consumers", we must consume/absorb calories, and sleep, to continue "to turn" 'time' (be alive).
1D-3D spatial set/7D-9D spectral set overlap creating the temporal illusion of 4D-6D set.
1D, 2D, 3D = spatial composite (line, width, height)
4D, 5D, 6D = temporal illusory (length, breadth, depth)
7D, 8D, 9D = spectra energies (continuous, emission, absorption)
Symmetry/entanglement:
1D, 4D, 7D line, length, continuous
2D, 5D, 8D width, breadth, emission
3D, 6D, 9D height, depth, absorption
[Time]
According to theoretical physicist Carlo Rovelli, time is an illusion: our naive perception of its flow doesn't correspond to physical reality. Indeed, as Rovelli argues in The Order of Time, much more is illusory, including Isaac Newton's picture of a universally ticking clock.
Does time exist without space?
Time 'is' as space 'is' - part of a reference frame in which in ordered sequence you can touch, throw and eat apples.
Time cannot exist without space and the existence of time does require energy.
Time, then, has three levels, according to Leibniz:
(i) the atemporality or eternality of God;
(ii) the continuous immanent becoming-itself of the monad as entelechy;
(iii) time as the external framework of a chronology of “nows”
The difference between (ii) and (iii) is made clear by the account of the internal principle of change.
The real difference between the necessary being of God and the contingent, created finitude of a human being is the difference between (i) and (ii).
Conclusion: Humanity needs to immediately swap from "Newton" to "Leibniz".
Our calculus is incorrect (Leibniz > Newton):
What is the difference between Newton and Leibniz calculus?
Newton's calculus is about functions.
Leibniz's calculus is about relations defined by constraints.
In Newton's calculus, there is (what would now be called) a limit built into every operation.
In Leibniz's calculus, the limit is a separate operation.
It would be so cool if they had this conversation with the animation depicting life 4 billion years ago to now.
I loved that book. Knoll is the genuine article, as they say. Thank you for sharing that brain with us.
Looking forward to hearing Part 2...The 2nd Four Billion Years of Life on Earth.
So, so good. Wondered what role the proto moon impact with the earth had on the delevelopment of life.
Two smart men but Lawrence takes 1 hour 33 mins of talking and Andrew 1 hour 24 mins. I would like more short questions from the host allowing the guest to provide more insight from their considerable wisdom
Unfortunately, this is a recurring theme on this channel and tempted me on a few occasions to just unsubscribe as it already made me stop following two other scientists (to remain unnamed) who do podcasts.
1:16:15 Ah…the problematic humans, what are we going to do with them?
Wow. That was fantastic. Absolutely riveting. Especially compared with the last Origins Podcast I watched which had Jordan Peterson in it, his self-absorption and his woo fingers and was not riveting at all!
How on Earth do you manage to produce so much writing and all these interviews, and reading right across science, nature, and philosophy all in one lifetime? I'm insanely jealous of your reading speed and comprehension of all things! Life is tragically short for all there is to learn. Especially with those of us who don't have the photographic memories, and reading speeds, necessary to do science in pre Google days; who've only really been able to start taking it all in since Google, Wikipedia, Open access, TH-cam, and the CoViD lock ins, that led to all the knowledge being set free!
One time, I saw a zircon. It felt sort of hard and soft. Then I put it under the nuclear magnetic resonance viewer and it said it was happy to tell me that it was 101^673 billion years old. So I turned to my colleague and said, "I have a hypothesis...." Immediately he held up his pointer finger of his left hand and proclaimed quite persuasively, "I don't have time for hypotheses. You either tell me the truth or I'm going to step right out of this nuclear magnetic resonance machine room."
I said, "OK, then, you will never know the secret of The Great Zircon." And I flipped him off and left the nuclear magnetic resonance room.
Come to find a couple years later, I met the same scientist. It was a drizzly November day in Harvard Square, he was sitting on the grass in front of a large pepperoni pizza, about to lift a slice. I sauntered over and said, "So, you think you know the secret of The Great Zircon, well, I'm here to tell you buddy that you don't know squat!" And I took a puff of my pipe and walked briskly away. I laughed because I knew his pizza would get wet, unless he pitched a tent to cover it up and capture its savory odor under the tarp.
I heard mention of the "Faint Sun Paradox", I heard mass extinctions in stages around the world ("recurring feature" @2:30:10), I haven't heard much about re-speciation or the capability of new species to remove Co2 from the atmosphere more efficiently than previous life forms.
Sorry I'm late, but great interview. For me, how life began is possibly the most important question I'd like to see answered. (As long as it's supported by evidence). Oh, and my mate said that it wasn't Tuesday it started (as Andrew pointed out), it was a Sunday, but they changed it for religious reasons.
Surely, if we powered everything stationary by nuclear energy, we could still drive cars. No?
😂😂😂😂
The 1st 4.000.000.000 years of life on earth, who does this sentence make sense to?
Really?? You guys know!? Verified formidable information
Wow .
I had no idea that Adam and Eve lived 4 billion years ago .
Imagine that , our 2 commom ancestors , Adam and Eve , were humans and none of us ever evolved from filthy apes .
Darwin was a Jagoff .
I somehow missed this interview. A. Knoll wrote one of the most interesting books about ancient life “Life on a Young Planet”, and is one my favorite science writers ever. Gotta watch this interview. NOW.
Dear Laurence - all was going quite well until your insistence that modelling is IT and decided humans are to blame and anthropogenic fearporn spews out of your mouth… its not science its ideology. How sad but of course follow the money is easily turned into ‘I know better than you’
TH-cam has some wonderful recent videos on the evolution of hominids. So much has been learned in recent years. What is fascinating about this interview of two modern hominids is to see how far our ability to exchange complex information has advanced. This exchange has revolutionized our understanding of our world in just a single lifetime. How lucky we are to be able to see it all.
I find it fascinating that the earth was a water planet, was described in Zechariah Sitchens book the 12 planet. The knowledge he wrote came from ancient cuneiform text. But we are still arrogant.
Krauss is a horrible interviewer. At the 18 min mark, the guest has barely spoken. Talk less man and let’s hear from the guest!
I have given up. I will have to listen to mr knoll on a different forum - one where the interviewer is not obsessed with his voice
Can you lose that bloody mindless noise behind you please? I am distracted from hearing what is being said ! Between the accent and the background nose it is hard to discern what is being said. The music adds absolutely nothing.
I'm so glad I just started this in the background and started playing a computer game without looking at how long it would be -- I never would have thought to listen all-the-way-through in one sitting, but just letting it happen instead!
I've been getting through a fair number of these while playing a computer game too, though I have the windows side-by-side since the game is a little boring at the start, and I keep rewinding the video for some of the topics.
I don’t even have to listen to the jargon from these two to know it’s utter nonsense
Many people are aware of the lies, stop believing in the garbage these types spew at you, do some proper honest research, use your common sense, the reality they tell us is is a false reality, don’t be ignorant to the simple truth
There's ad interruption every 3-4 minutes or so. Very unwatchable, unfortunately.
Is dr Lawrence kraus sick or something, there's something wrong with his health..i sincerely hope he's 👌 🆗️.
Grato mix of chemidtry bioligy mineralogia cosmology and all . Like Newton and Darwin were there
I stumbled on this discussion quite by accident at around 0100 this morning. I just blinked as my alarm went off. Absolutely captivated and inspired. Wow, inspires me to see if I can grab some graduate classes at U of Arizona. At 78 I still get excited. The hamster wheel in my head is “squeaking” as the ideas flow. Thank you, gentlemen for a superb and inspiring discourse.
Lawrence, you're the greatest Physicist (scientist) that's ever existed. That's just my humble opinion. Ive watched every single lecture, documentary and debate you've been involved in since 'a universe from nothing'. You are my personal God, but the difference is; I know you exist. Thank you.
Universe from nothing ?????? what a blood joke
L Krauss as a scientist should stick to science but when he debates about God he really makes himself look stupid and looks like a dwarf !!
there are so many other Dr, Profs and scientists who do believe in intelligent design ! So whats his problem and what a clown he is🤡
This guy will not shut up! Why have a guest. I don’t want to his thoughts on geology!
Check your ego Dr Krause.
It hadn’t dawned on me until a few seconds ago how very recent and young our understanding of plate tectonics is.
Could it be with. H2O the unique 105 degree they hold to each other? Oxygen to Hydrogen?
Lightening did a lot of housekeeping and house cleaning on the earth as well. So far this has not been discussed.
Perhaps that the panspermia hypothesis could be worthy of considerations here.
This is way over the head of a Ph D in Philosophy. Luckily I don't have one.
Your intro of Andy brought to mind Carl Sagan’s book “Shadow of Forgotten Ancestors.” I’ll listen, but does Andy have any similar compendium of these sciences of time? Thanks.
Oops. Just found it in the credit. Thanks.
Great discussion. Thanks. Wish we can get rid of the inane commercials
If you like learning about this stuff you should check out Brian Greene.
Oh, Andy Knoll. His great uncle Grassy shot Kennedy.
{:o:O:}
Wow, one ad interrupting the podcast every 2 minutes… exhausting!
How to say nothing with so many words- the first 40 min. felt like 4 Billion years.
A great talk,much appreciated and I learned a lot. Thank you..
Brown Frank Wilson William Gonzalez Larry
Walker Anna Martinez Jeffrey Harris Ruth
"...and if I have seen further, it is by standing on the toes of giants..."
Saying "JWST" saves very little time over saying its full name.
Great podcast indeed- but it sure doesn't need that endless, annoying music.
1:39:10 I told my GP about this & even he didn't know that🤷♂
25 mins in. Still talking about family/school. F it im out.
I have a theory on how life began. I am working on it. More on it latter.
Please not so many interruptions early on. Very distracting.
Increadibly interesting. When you talk about water being present in rocks, as part of their molecular composition.... well, certain desert plants can absorb water from gypsum when rain water isn't available.
Apparently bacteria do it at great depths also.
It’s my understanding that Jeremy England developed the thermodynamic equations that not only was the formation of RNA energetically favored but INEVITABLE once the primordial soup was formed.
He’s at MIT. Physicist
Mr knoll please have your blood flow checked
Thank you for your work Dr Krauss.
4 bil years?? You people dont know what you had for dinner 3 days ago, yet you know what happened 4 bil years ago?? Get a life, stop pretending.
😂
Your Dunning is showing.
Shows how string theories and debates about gid are a wasrw of ti m e
I got your climate change climax right here baby.
You are wrong
Watch Warren flower debate 😎
A smurf stuck in amber would be a good find
Brilliant. Brilliant.
Wie vieles Lebenwesen nach Wasser suchen....????
Wie fuehlen Sie sich als Tieren....???!! Eassier Thinking
Greatest story ever told. Fabulous.
So what you're saying is God didn't do it?
Schwetz er Deitsch? Pennsylvanisch Deitsch?
Something not quite right about the audio.
Paleontology & Geochemistry!