Can We Create Universal Blood?
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 23 ต.ค. 2020
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Patreon: / realscience
Twitter: / stephaniesamma
Instagram: / stephaniesammann
Credits:
Writer/Narrator/Editor: Stephanie Sammann
Editor: Dylan Hennessy (www.behance.net/dylanhennessy1)
Illustrator/Animator: Kirtan Patel (kpatart.com/illustrations)
Animator: Mike Ridolfi (www.moboxgraphics.com/)
Sound: Graham Haerther (haerther.net)
Thumbnail: Simon Buckmaster ( / forgottentowel )
Producer: Brian McManus ( / realengineering )
References:
[1] www.sciencedirect.com/science...
[2] doi.org/10.1016/S0015-7368(72...
[3] www.givingblood.org/about-blo...
[4] www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
[5] www.nature.com/articles/nbt04...
[6] www.nature.com/articles/nbt1298/
[7] www.jbc.org/content/295/2/325...
[8] www.nature.com/articles/s4156... - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
My Dad was a universal donor. During WWII he served in the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, and was often "asked" to donate. Sometimes more often than was good for him. He spent part of his duty years laying flat in his hammock, while his body recovered.
But saved many lives.
Vera are you a universal doner?
No offense to your dad (thank him for his service, BTW), but that sounds rather horrifying.
Ah yes. In the military we call that voluntold.
I complained about the volume of the background music in the last video. In this video, the music is very well mixed and not distracting at all. Thank you very much!
I'm really starting to consider studying blood now after watching this.
Wow, this was actually insanely cool. I can't understand why the TH-cam algorithm isn't showing this to more people!
Algorithm only shows mind rotting garbage. 😒
TH-cam is stupid! This stuff actually teaches you something! I love it!
Because the algorithm is skewed towards short clips that provide a large response by viewers. If you want to see this kind of content more often then like, share, and comment. Show TH-cam this is what you want.
Where is this published, which journal pls
Its our little secret thats why.
This channel and Real Engineering are two of my favorite notifications to see. I know for sure that the video will be interesting and informative. Thank y'all so much for your work.
I second this
Real Engineering did a video on that blood delivery drone picture in this video.
th-cam.com/video/jEbRVNxL44c/w-d-xo.html
U/smartereveryday
Thank you for covering a statistic on people *not allowed* to donate blood. I fall into that group, and sometimes get frustrated when that info is left out. Thanks!
I do too. It's very frustrating. So for the people who can donate, do it!
I love how you include the references in the description.
Kudos to you, my friend
I'm really starting to consider studying blood now after watching this.
Ya
same lol
I have O- blood, and I'm 17. I've been wanting to donate my blood for months now but covid has made that difficult 🥺
That's awesome, good for you. I'm also O- and CMV negative (a virus that like 95% of the population has) - that means my blood was always tagged as "BABY UNIT" which is ironic as I never had/wanted kids but I'm happy to be able to help them. I can't donate anymore due to some health issues but did for over 2 decades.
@@ross-carlson RIght on Ross! Good man
@@ross-carlson for over 20 years? Amazing, I'm sure you saved so many lives :)
@@ross-carlson Can u plz explain more about this? 🙏
i effin love science
No cussing
@@scottlawson2028 frick
@@scottlawson2028 Cluster Truck
I effin shouldn't have watches a video about blood.
Me too!🤔🤗🤗
I'm only a little bit in, but this reminds me of what is refered to as Chimera. Depending on the part of the body some rare people have diffrent blood types. Its mostly only come up for child paternal/maternal tests and donation compatability; it is extremely rare. I think it happens due to absorbing a twin early on in conception.
I think Chimeras are about DNA, not blood types.
I love the Real Science videos. They always make me feel excited for the future and give that humanity, fuck yeah! feeling.
this channel needs more subscribers
I agree
Y E S
0:50 dear lord that needle is big!
I hate needles
I dont think thats a needle. I think it is a radiotherapy machine and the stick is to properly align the machine with the ñatient, as that is extremely inportant
@@ronwesilen4536 correct, it's basically a gun sight for aiming so they don't blast the wrong area of the body with rads
The comments are very scientific( which, in my experience is very rare). So, great job Real Science. You help advance Science.👍
Next Step: Synthetic Blood.
I am really thinking in Cooper based blood, or Berylium based blood with blue and green color respectivly with some extra properties that allow space exploration and high radiation absortion...
@@maximianocoelho4496 the 100 💣☢️
@@user-gn5ze6xx7p and after than mind drives (but with out AI that can blow up the world).
Vampires approve this idea.
www.phlbi.org/divisions/blood-disorders/artificial-blood/
The snip sound you used for cleaving the sugar molecules is one of the most satisfying things I’ve ever heard.
I'm curious if a similar process can be done for plasma as well. There are situations where blood plasma is specifically needed but the red cells are not.
Add-On Edit: After some investigation I now understand the info I was recalling was about antibody incompatibility between plasma groups; thus, not applicable to the surface protein cleaving methods covered in the video.
Edit: Most of the plasma "donated" is actually going to pharmaceuticals. It's not going back into other people. For that reason, pharmaceutical companies are often willing to pay people for plasma. Like blood donations, plasma donation directly from one human to another would still require screening for blood-born disease, but that's whole other can of worms.
@@LaughterOnWater I appreciate the information.
I've previously seen donation maps/graphs for plasma that implied to me it had a similar limiting factor, perhaps those were equally misinformed to myself or were created with something else in mind.
Thank you for your reply.
@@LaughterOnWater ah, now I see. I went to review my info after reading your reply.
The charts I have previously seen are refering to the antibody compatibility of plasma; which is it's own can of worms, but does not function in the quite same way as protein incompatibility. The antibodies naturally carried in the plasma can be a problem with donation, but it's a bit different than with only RBC interaction.
For those who are interested here is a video summary of the interactions reviewing RBC alone, whole blood, and plasma donation limitations: th-cam.com/video/wtYsdOBmk38/w-d-xo.html
@@ebonyblack4563 Awesome info! Thanks! I learned something today!
Interestingly, freeze dried plasma has been available to the US Military for almost two years. Broad approval by the FDA has not occured yet.
Source:
www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2018/07/12/the-fda-approved-the-military-use-of-this-potential-in-combat-lif
After donating for years, I went to the city donor centre to donate and they said they hadn’t seen blood so enaemic and asked to take the blood, not for donation but for study. Apparently instead of round disc red cells, they had taken on the form of peanut 🥜. I did have Bowel Cancer but that was years later. Maybe a sign to look for in Cancer possibilities.
Whoa, that's crazy!! I bet that's the last thing you were expecting to hear after donating blood 😂
Hopefully you're blood is back to normal, now!
Jackie Johnson No, not quite. Iron and its affiliates don’t want anything to do with my blood. Like allergic symptoms.
I’m happy with my life. I hope you are happy with your life. 👋🏻
8:13 - "2007"
10:30 - "Sixteen years later"
... So we'll have it sorted in 2023!
Yes she time travelled to tell us this information
@@jm56585 *The Logistisics of Time Travel* original series, available now on Nebula!
@@AbdulGoodLooks Yay I'm gonna subscribe to nebula now!
god dammit lol
Honestly I noticed but then I thought I must just suck at maths
Thank you so much, this channel has opened me up to so many topics that schools don't teach- and more importantly kept me curious and wondering. The animations and concise explanations make the concepts so easy to understand. Huge shout out to all the work you guys do. :)
Sadly, I had finally found out my blood type was o- as I was in the hospital dying of AML. I am now in remission. (Little over a year now) I would donate often if I could.
I am grateful for those that gave me countless pints of blood and platelets.
I am in a very similar situation. Found out I was Oneg when I had AML about 3.5y ago
Why aren't they looking for enzymes to cleave the rh-antigen ? There seems to be so much O+ blood in population. All of that would be O- aka universal donor blood.
you are amazing, this is incredibly detailed and informative than 90% of the other science channels on youtube
The topics this channel covers are amazing. This is some sci-fi Utopian future stuff right here.
It's impressive how this advancement was made possible, by simply the ability to crunch more data more efficiently, allowing for the discovery of what nature has already created.
It wasn't some miraculously out-of-the-box epiphany that only someone with an extraordinary mind could have thought about, it was discerning through a greater amount of the data that is all around us.
What an awesome video! I thought I was up on the blood supply chain, glad to be proven wrong. Also the segue from Universal Blood to the Logistics of Normandy was top notch! One of the best seen.
thanks! I try lol
Love this channel glad I was able to find this channel, just wish you all uploaded once a week. Never change the narrator please :)
Thank you for the subtitles!
Great content guys!
you need way more subscribers, you are soo good at teaching
A blood type that would change depending on its surroundings? That would be cool
Maybe nanobots could manipulate the blood like the bacteria
yup
Making blood into O would be more useful as it is compatible with everybody and having O blood turn into A/B/AB would be mostly pointless, but blood changing type is not impossible, look up the Lewis antigen system. Blood that is Lewis A or B when transfused can lose it when transfused into a patient that is not either or the other and vice-versa. Not nanobot but still cool.
That's 100% plausible, and it would be done by biological nanobots. Proteins. They already do everything in your body, and as soon as our biotech advances to the point where we can build custom-purpose proteins, converting blood to O- will be easy.
Proteins are what your body uses to build the sugar chains that determine ABO blood type, proteins are what the bacteria use to alter the blood type. Proteins _are_ nanomachines.
Don't cha' all figure then they can change blood and dna with their upcoming vax yo? WITHOUT YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND OR CONSENT.
@@Darenz-cg9zg I would have gladly engaged with you in discussion however the fact that you are stating absolutely nothing here leaves me nothing to reply to you with.
Enjoy grammar nazi'ing the interwebs.
Disengaging in three, two...
Keep up the good work
Fascinating stuff. Thanks 😀
Lovely video. It gives hope n inspiring
One of the best channel
Excellent video
I’m glad I watched this video before I make an appearance on a quiz show (which, in all honesty, I expect to occur approximately never).
The statistic at around 2:52 that only approximately 7% of the population has universal donor O- blood is exponentially lower than I would have guessed. I’m O- and, to my best recollection, so are my three siblings and my folks and I’m sure there’s one or more cognitive biases that caused me to think O- blood is more prevalent than it actually is.
Against this background, whereas I have for a long time thought that prohibitions against gay men donating blood were an archaic relic of the 1980s, the thought that an HIV- person who is on PrEP, who is tested quarterly for HIV and other STIs and who is fully vaccinated against “everything” (including Hepatitis A and B) seems utterly irresponsible (although not being a big fan of being jabbed, I suppose I personally benefit from this as I have a clear conscience about not donating).
Parent’s being O- means their children are O- too. Sampling bias at work.
@@mina86
Is there an echo in this “room”?
@@paulinbrooklyn, you haven’t mentioned anything about inheritance of blood types, so no, there’s no echo.
These rules are in place only because of statistics about the incidence of new HIV infection being much higher in the Gay men population, but these recommendation are evolving as new data arrive. The future recommendation will mostly likely involve asking question about the lifestyle of the donor for example a couple in a stable relationship are most likely going to be safe as donor vs a young person partying a lot and having many sexual partner.
Im from valparaiso, Chile; Here in Latin america, almost everyone i know has O type
Whe need to share this marvelous piece of information
Pls TH-cam, make this channel more famous.
I can't believe the video has less than 100k views. This is so amazing. I plan to make a presentation on this topic, inspired by your video. I'll definitely cite this video and encourage people to come over to your channel.
Guess what? This video has over 100k views now. XD
this was very good. I feel uplifted.
Could they eventually culture and maintain O- bone marrow in a lab from stem cells to make blood c constantly?
It's theoretically possible, but human cells don't grow well in culture, and are very difficult to scale up to the necessary degree.
I srsly love human ingenuity. Big shoutout for all the researchers on this planet. Thank you
Glad I am. the universal recipient blood type AB+. I donate plasma since ab+ is the universal donor for that.
Good stuff ❤ this channel
0:15 Does anyone knows how to get that sweet piano piece/song at the background or hows named?
It is "Beyond" by Ian Post, which is available on artlist.io
I love this real science documentary, it makes a lot of sense, is facts as right now.
I've heard somewhere there are more blood types than the a, b, an o. Mostly in remote locations. Could be a cool video to do as a follow up to this video if it were true.
A,B and O are just the main and most important one for basic transfusion. Look up "antibody panel" on google and you'll see a list of the mostly commonly involved Antigen. They are all technically sub-blood group, but usually not too important for common blood transfusion. There's a lot more, the Rh system alone apart from the "D" has more than 40 sub-group.
There are indeed more blood types. This article about Rh-null might be interesting to you mosaicscience.com/story/man-golden-blood/
awesome
How does the conversion process work for people with AB blood type? Would it need both the enzymes that are used for A and B types to convert them in to type O?
Yes I believe so
Sounds like this is potentially what is in the coming mass jab to me.
People need to get out and donate blood. From needle prick to a full pint (500ml) donation takes between 5-8 minutes and they give you cookies and juice afterwards.
And you're saving lives. Shit, take some of my vital life's blood in exchange for some cookies and apple juice?! And it can save lives?!
What do you have to lose?!??....except 500ml of blood....
This needs more views and likes!
Wow that transition from blood supply logistics to D-Day logistics, bravo.
Very interesting video, thanks! But please, can you also use SI units? For someone not from the USA, it's difficut to figure out how much a pint is :)
It's like a big glass
the problem with "synthetic bloods" is they tend to interfere with most blood tests. I have only once seen a sample of blood with a synthetic oxygen carrier in it and I couldn't reliably test it for a Full Blood Count as the numbers were all nonsense and the plasma was so dark that many other tests which rely on optical techniques like spectrophotometry couldn't be done either.
For making all blood group O, that's fine but the next time I test the patient's blood I'm not going to be able to tell which group they are, so then they MUST have group O blood until their own group is clear again (because safety) which would massively increase the demand for group O. That makes it difficult to phase this in. Once you've started using it, it's all you can use.
Mass jab ingredient potential here .......
What about the Rh antigen? That seems to have been left out in the latter part of the video.
W0000h Yes, yes we can
I love that the references go through sci-hub.
In the end humanity finds a way to help soldiers fight war with medical breakthrough.Genius level.
Harvesting blood to fuel war is some dystopian shit
Can't we just culture erythrocytes themselves?
Just extract progenitor cells, modify their genes so they won't express A/B-Antigens and culture them.
They don't need to build complex structures and are in solution, seems perfect for cell culture.
Am I overlooking something?
From what I know, erythrocytes can't undergo replication by themselves. In the human body, they're produced in the bone marrow before making their way to the bloodstream. This means that artificially producing red blood cells is probably incredibly complicated and costly if possible at all. However, if someone with more knowledge in this area commented on this chain, I would defer to them.
@@liamjohnston2000 yeah, they are made in the bone marrow and they don't a nucleus, so l don't see how they would be modified. If you want erythrocytes you need bone marrow
@@marielakrumova115 And from what I know, extracting human bone marrow is a difficult process with a long recovery.
The idea is probably not new, but I've heard that cultivating cell is extremely hard and using the right hormone to have the cell differentiate into the proper one is still not an exact science.
Genetically edited animals can be used as a host for various human cells culture , that already happen in some experiments (not for red blood cells I think).
So we can't force a blood type to change at all then? Or is it the latter l, I'm a bit confused.
Once we get blood out of a person, we can convert A, B and AB into O. We cannot change recipients blood type (i.e. which antibodies float in their blood). What exactly got you confused?
To change the blood type of a person you either need to do a Bone marrow transplant or use thing like Crispr (gene therapy) to modify the stem cell inside the bone marrow of the person. Both these method though only work for 1 generation as you don't modify the genetic code of the Spermatozoide /Ovum.
It's so cool how scientist just look to nature and then use it to create cures or tools.
I love this!
This needs more views!
Very informative. I just came upon this channel and I like it, so thumbs up and subscribed for me. Maybe I can see if there is any info on neuroscience since I'm currently studying and working on a project to allow such to work jointly with a form of technology that I am developing. If successful (in maybe 10 years) we'll see what happens 😉.
Some good news for a change, very nice, thanks!
What about turning Rh + blood into Rh -? You only spoke about turning A or B into O. Considering O Blood also has to be Rh - to be universal donor blood. Considering the Rh - blood types are a lot less common than the Rh + especially in A and O it would seem to be pretty important to do that too.
From what I remember the RH factor is protein that goes through the red blood cell membrane as opposed to simple sugar added on the cell like for the ABO system, I would assume that removing it is much more complicated. Just turning all A into O would already double the supply of both O+ and Oneg which most likely would be enough to supply the demand.
@@patrickpi12345 thanks for the answer. Maybe a protease could work but it would need to cut the protein right at the membrane and even then it isn't certain that this wouldn't hurt the blood cell. I assumed it wouldn't be easy but a lot less people have Rh - blood than Rh + and since this it the one causing problems during transfusion it could save a lot of lifes.
This is gonna be a bloody video
Is there a technology today to "cultivate" O- blood in a culture medium just like how we produce monoclonal antibodies and enzymes like rTPA, alpha 1 antitrypsin, adenosine deaminase?
Amazing
Vampires be like: "Sure, I mean you could create universal wine, but who would drink it?"
the ppl that used to drink boxed wine from walmart and then got turned into vampires.
u asked us to donate our blood for free, and yet at the same time u charge the patient with hefty hospital bills for every pint of blood bag that he/she receive.
Don't you know they lyin bout it all. It's a sham.
Yes, the marine worm has a blood stream that hold up more oxygen and is consider as an universal blood. A mouse who has its blood switch to marine worm blood shows to be healthy, no negative reaction. A blood like this would reduce fatigue and tiredness. For now, it is used to conserve an organ longer.
French Video: th-cam.com/video/CbCrqGiZhCs/w-d-xo.html
There is another way we can change our blood type: pelvis donation. It's not instant though but the receiver will get the same blood type as the pelvis blood.
And you got the bombay blood type, hh-, where the h antigen is missing.
Another great episode. Here's a question though: Why is it so hard to directly supply oxygen and remove CO2 from the blood artificially? I've been wondering about that since start of the pandemic - It seems to be possible, but only through an invasive method that can't be used for more than a few days.
Lung have a surface area of 50 to 75 square metre meaning there's millions of small capillaries all made of cell thin enough to allow gases to flow without restriction all without harming your red cell while fitting in your chest. A machine that could do the same would be almost impossible to build especially without being able to redirect the blood supply from the heart to the machine.
Lungs have evolved over millions of years, it will take a long time to make a machine near optimized to that.
Damn cool
Thank you
Brilliant
After my problems I had with my second pregnancy the doctors told me I dont have a blood type. Just a bunch of letters and numbers. Very true
I had O- blood before I had my baby, after that it's now changed to A+. Everybody swears your blood type never changes, but mine did. I wonder if it was from too many Rogam shots? Initially I was told I would only need one my entire life, during the last pregnancy they wanted to give me one each trimester. IDK.
So Rogam is an injectable form of purified anti-D antibodies, made from donors who have anitbodies to the D antigen (the 'positive' in a blood group.) in a process called fractionation. Often during pregnancy, some of the babies red cells can enter the mother's circulation, and cause an immune reaction. This can cause the mother to produce anti-D antibodies, which can attack the babies red cells. Rogam minimizes the chance that the mother creates an immune response against the babies D antigen. Rogam is usually given 3 times during a preganancy - at least in New Zealand. Different places may have different standards.
If you were given Rogam, you are very likely D negative (Oneg, Aneg, Bneg, or ABneg) - if you aren't, somebody fucked up. Testing as Apos was probably an error by the Laboratory, such as a sample mixup. Did they contact you after testing as Apos to book another bleed?
Thank you real science for this information, but as we kno everything is tied in money today so does anybody or real science can give any rough figure of the cost of the new converted blood if they can mass produce it ? Because now the process is efficient can we take a price point of known method of synthesizing the enzym and added it the current cost of blood ?
Can we do studies on bone marrow and somehow take donated bodies from science and see if we can find a way to farm blood creation from bone marrow....? That would be absolutely crazy.... Just these machines set up to farm blood out of bones from individuals carrying each type of blood type...
Wow!
Remember, there are always costs and other effects (not side effects, silly term) that must be learned and dealt with.
Since type O blood has antibodies to both A and B antigen, type O blood that gets donated to a person with type A or B must have its antibodies removed? How’s that work?
Good question!
You transfuse O blood to an A or B patient but you would just transfuse O red cells, because of this negligible plasma is transfused. If that patient needed plasma in an emergency then AB is called the universal donor but in reality we transfuse A plasma.
You will be right in thinking this would contain anti-B antibodies but we create a high titre (HT) negative plasma that contains only a small amount of antibodies and the haemolysis caused is easily counteracted by the red cells or bone marrow. If the bone marrow is in failure due to chemotherapy or other factors then we stick to the patients group.
Source: I'm a Transfusion scientist specialising in massive haemorrhage
i remember infant was diagnos with cancer than the parent decided to have another baby to take the stamp cells from the new born to save their other infant guess what the first one was, A type blood but the second baby as a B type blood,by gaving the stamp cells from his brother the infant was cure from cancer but a strange thing occur the infant type blood change A toB like his newly brother, i watch the documantary here in you tube but saddly i can t find back but for sure it was on medical mystery s series
It is not a mystery. Similar case exist in my family. And btw, even Rh Null (as you call it prevents and cures cancers , even they are not immune to the worst one, so it is not the strongest blood). This was the worst comment I ever did in my life.
A special type of RH- is considered a golden blood and it can be transferred to anyone. But the problem is only 43 people have it
It's about time, we're in 2020 already
The next step could be synthetic, cloned or bacteria-grown Rh-null blood
This is so entertaining
But this doesn't solve the + - of the RH and if I am not mistaken the - versions are always less common than the + but I'm sure they wotking on that but I agree with a earlier comment if they could make synthetic blood(I'm sure easier said than done) then they could give it to anyone as they could(in theory) make it with no antigens.
Where do I invest ?
What about the Rh Factor?
Awesome! I'm A+ and tried to donate many times but was refused due to the fact that I'm anemic and not universal donor like my mom.
Once the pandemic is done I'll check again if my blood is still crap. I'm currently not leaving my house because I have a crappy immune system. Been hospitalized twice before, not looking for a 3rd stay.
"Unfortunate Organism" is my new DJ name.
While the above video is exciting and promising, we really need to make it legal to pay people for blood. We already have a robust system of testing and accountability for plasma donation, not allowing more than so much at a time, how many times and how far apart, etc. And if over-donation is the primary concern, it seems that the development of a test could determine if the person had enough blood volume to donate. At the very least, given Universal Donor blood type is needed for not only those who have this blood type, but also in emergency cases, a program paying for this blood type could be started. Selling blood could become a nice way to make a few extra $ for students, and those in need.
Wonder what blood type vampires prefer... this would be like real deal science, probably too real for this channel
This is making me feel bad for not donating in a while as an O- type
Oh shit...GUYS WE FOUND ONE ! HURRY UP ! WE NEED ANOTHER ONE FOR THE DONOR BREEDER !
@@SC-zq6cu get him before he escapes!
I was a typed O- at birth. When I was 16, I got pregnant. My mother was worried that the father's was positive and would need to get shots to protect my future children. The father and I were both tested. We both were positive. I was O+. He was A+. I've never understood how I went from O- to O+. I am a blood donor and give when I can . If I can't, it's due to my iron level being high enough.
well done.
Out of curiosity why not manufacture the blood instead of convert blood. because if we know the process of how the body makes blood, then can't we break that down into a manufacturing process?
Cuz this is maybe what is in the coming mass jab.
I make a whole circulatory system worth of blood every 3 months
So when the world goes to hell and they choose the few to survive, I create universal blood, I will be hooked up to a machine and sucked dry like a raisin for the children of the new world.