Moof's Medical Biochemistry Video Course: moof-university.thinkific.com/... For Related Practice Problems with Worked Video Solutions on Enzymes, visit courses.moofuniversity.com.
I listened to my online lecture this morning from my professor and was completely lost. I watched your video and understand glycolysis so much better. The steps make sense and I'm not sitting here scratching my head wondering what the heck. Thank you so much!
great video! It is called phosphoglycerate MUTASE instead of ISOMERASE because mutases specifically change the position of PHOSPHATE groups, as you can tell by comparing the structures of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphglycerate.
Here's somewhat of a helpful tip to help some students hopefully remember what aldolase does just by looking at its names: The prefix Aldo refers to and aldehyde and suffix ase to an enzyme. When aldolase reacts with fructose biphosphate, one of the products is an aldehyde. Great Video by the way
Thank you so much for the videos, Man! Perfectly good explanations. I don't even check my notes anymore. I really wish I've had found your videos sooner.
I read it in book that half of energy in last step is used in atp synthesis while the other half contitutes large driving force to pushes reaction toward atp synthesis
I love moof. just like you pointed out that phosphoglycerate kinase makes more sense if the reaction were read backwards, so also enolase makes more sense if read backwards: as if the alkene double bond of the enol was being hydro'lysed'.
where does the hydrogen with which the nad is reduced come from,, and they are usualy shown as two one a hydride and another as a proton, so i wonder where they come from do they comefrom the glucose molecule itself or are they primarily present in matrix, thank you for your greate videos.
You make biochemistry ridiculously easy :) I have watched this video a year ago when I was taking a biochemistry class! Now I came back again because nowadays I am studying metabolism in erythrocytes and I wanted a quick review! I can't express how much this is useful ! Keep it up !
15:04 the difference between an isomerase and a mutase is that isomerases change aldehydes to ketones and vice versa, whereas mutases transfer phophate groups from one carbon to another.. I'm sure that there's a more complex explination but that's the basic idea. :)
Hey there ! I am new to your videos and i am really amazed by the details you offer in your lectures. Really surprised for this level of explanation. Thank you ! i didnt understand though : in the end , we have the production of 2 ATPs or 1 ?? Because we got to make 2 pyruvates so 2 ATPs. That means that if th energy we have could make us 2 ATPs instead of 1 , we would have 4 ATPs instead of 2 in the pay-off step ? So 4 ATPs in the end of the glycolysis , overall?
every step after production of glyceraldehyde 3-P has double the products (1 glucose molecule makes 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P). Thus the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase makes 2ATP and the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase creates 2ATP. 2 ATP are used in the process (one by hexokinase/glucokinase and the other by phosphofructokinase-1) and 4 ATP are created (the reactions indicated above). Thus the net ATP in the process is 2 ATP. I hope that makes sense. Sorry if it doesn't lol.
Thanks, dude! I'm under-utilized because I'm still new to TH-cam. I'm growing, though. Please spread the word if you know people who might benefit from these videos!
Ye im in veterinary, so im mentioning you to any of my class that are interested. you deserve to be making more than a few Dollars per vid! Good luck and i hope you keep making videos!
Are you working on a Phd to be a lecturer? I saw that you worked as a teaching aid in another video i think? I hope you do, you nearly wouldn't have to teach just put on these videos!
***** No. I'm not. I'm working to become a medical doctor, but I do foresee myself as a lecturer in medical schools in the distant future, and I wouldn't be surprised if I ended up making videos then too. Haha!
Dude, I watched your videos in underground and that was the reason I passed biochemistry. Now I am in Med School and seriously..... You are the sh!t!!!
I hope you mean undergrad. Lol. I'm glad you found the videos helpful then, and I'm glad you're finding them helpful now. Thanks for watching, and good luck in med school! :]
hello, thank you very much! i want to say that there should be a reason why organism doesnt produce 2 ATPs, maybe for production of heat? I dont think that if we could change 1 ATP production to 2 ATP production, that wouldnt be helpful :D Because you know if that was the case evoulution would make this hapen. Am i wrong?
Your comment seems really interesting. However , i believe that these mechanisms were made millions of years before human managed to do all these we can manage nowadays. And back then we didnt need that much energy. Maybe now and with the way we treat our bodys , evolution either should somehow make us produce 2 instead of 1 ( because there is survival benefit ) or it should disappear us . Of course , human can always find a way to overlap evolution and produce 2 in order to be more productive even if it is not a survival necessity but humnas interruption in everything all these years. It is only time that will bring what it has to bring. Thats my point of view :`)
Joe Johnston The G6P formed in that reaction is not committed to glycolysis. It can divert off and head through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. However, the F-1,6-BP created in the PFK step is dedicated to going through the glycolytic pathway. It doesn't divert off anywhere else. I hope that makes sense.
Moof University sorry , this may be a really dumb question, but the equation shows that DHAP and G3P are created together and not DHAP being converted to G3P..
zeromethanez The enzymes that catalyze the steps written with only one arrow ONLY catalyze that forward reaction. Thus, that step is irreversibly catalyzed by that enzyme. In order to reverse that step, a different enzyme must be used. See the videos on gluconeogenesis, starting with: Gluconeogenesis (Part 1 of 3) - Intro and Steps
zeromethanez Sure thing, dude. No. In glycolysis, there are 3 irreversible steps: 1. Hexokinase 2. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) 3. Pyruvate Kinase. The Hexokinase and PFK reactions are NOT spontaneous; they both require ATP to drive the reaction forward. The Pyruvate Kinase reaction, however, is especially spontaneous. TL;DR -- No. It is not safe to assume that all irreversible reactions are very spontaneous. I hope that makes sense.
zeromethanez Allosteric enzymes are multi-subunit enzymes, while non-allosteric enzymes consist of only one polypeptide unit. Other enzymes can be inhibited, as discussed in my videos on enzyme kinetics.
Miss Kekwat Dude! I know how you feel. I'm so sorry! Sometimes, when I want to refresh my memory about something and hear myself clear my throat in the video, I think, "GAH! I should have edited that out!" I'm so sorry! I hope it didn't take too much away from the quality of the video.
![[Vowel]물고기는 물에서 살아야 해🐟🤣Fish have to live in the water #funny](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3G9MH063Cx4/mqdefault.jpg)
that's it. im transferring to moof university next fall
+aznboi415nigguh Lol. I wish I operated an actual school! Maybe one day.
I listened to my online lecture this morning from my professor and was completely lost. I watched your video and understand glycolysis so much better. The steps make sense and I'm not sitting here scratching my head wondering what the heck. Thank you so much!
great video! It is called phosphoglycerate MUTASE instead of ISOMERASE because mutases specifically change the position of PHOSPHATE groups, as you can tell by comparing the structures of 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphglycerate.
N Ahmed Oh snap! Sick! Good catch, dude, and thanks for sharing that bit of knowledge!
Here's somewhat of a helpful tip to help some students hopefully remember what aldolase does just by looking at its names: The prefix Aldo refers to and aldehyde and suffix ase to an enzyme. When aldolase reacts with fructose biphosphate, one of the products is an aldehyde. Great Video by the way
This is so helpful! Many thanks for breaking it down to where it makes sense!
I really ,really appreciate this video! It cleared up so much! Really clear and comprehensive.
Thanks so much! You made more sense in 20 minutes than 3 of my 45 minute lectures and any other time I have gone over Glycolysis!
Reppin' UCR. Michelle Lu told me about you making these and they're really good since they're specific to our university/class. Thanks!
You saved many lives including mine, thank you so much!
Fantastic. You're awesome!
Thank you so much for the videos, Man!
Perfectly good explanations. I don't even check my notes anymore. I really wish I've had found your videos sooner.
This was fantastic! Thank you so much.
Nice job!! Thanks for taking the time to share you knowledge and teaching skills you really make it look easy.
even if I'm Italian and sometimes i don't understand in one listening, I think these videos are great to learn! Thank you!
thank you dude ,life saver
So helpful. Thank you so much!
Can you please explain which steps are endergonic and which steps are exergonic?
you are a god send! thanks for making this video!
I read it in book that half of energy in last step is used in atp synthesis while the other half contitutes large driving force to pushes reaction toward atp synthesis
Thank you for this video. This will definitely help me for my upcoming exam.
You're my favorite! I don't even use my powerpoints for class anymore!
I love moof. just like you pointed out that phosphoglycerate kinase makes more sense if the reaction were read backwards, so also enolase makes more sense if read backwards: as if the alkene double bond of the enol was being hydro'lysed'.
where does the hydrogen with which the nad is reduced come from,, and they are usualy shown as two one a hydride and another as a proton, so i wonder where they come from do they comefrom the glucose molecule itself or are they primarily present in matrix,
thank you for your greate videos.
OMG!!! very helpful
Awesome videos.. I've been preparing for a biochem test and just reading from text is so boring and confusing. These are helping me a lot! Thank you!
thank you
Very helpful video. Thanks.
You seriously are awesome
Best detailed video of glycolysis available! Thanks!!!!
Sam Parker Whoa! Awesome! Thanks for the kind words, dude!
you are the best
Wow. Thank you so much for making these videos!!
Jasmyn Ranjbari Sure thing! Thanks for watching!
Seriously, this video should be a pre-requisite for all biochem glycolysis lectures.
kuruptgt Lol. I agree, dude. Please share it with anyone you know who needs to learn glycolysis.
I have a question. Why pyruvate kinase enzyme is named so although the reaction is not reversible?
thank you thank you thank you
Dear SirYou are a STARThank you
You make biochemistry ridiculously easy :) I have watched this video a year ago when I was taking a biochemistry class! Now I came back again because nowadays I am studying metabolism in erythrocytes and I wanted a quick review! I can't express how much this is useful ! Keep it up !
Ahmmotasem Thanks, dude! I've very happy you've found the videos helpful -- and on more than one occasion! That's awesome! :]
YO biochem exam in the AM. This was a ton of help, thank you!
Jonathan A Lol. Sweet! I hope you did well.
Thank you so much!! In 20 minutes you cleared up weeks' lectures' worth of confusion. So much clearer than my bio prof.
Lol. Awesome! I'm happy to have helped alleviate some of that confusion. :]
i have a test on this today! omg thx
Thank you. You explain this so well! Just what I needed for my upcoming exam.
Azeb Hamda You're very welcome, and thank you! I'm happy to have provided you with precisely what you needed. Good luck on your exam!
Thanks for your great efforts
Diaa Salami You're very welcome!
Thank you so much, awesome video!
Tyra w You're welcome so much! I'm glad you liked it! Thanks!
great video, thank you very much!
tooticohen I'm glad you liked it! You're very welcome!
this helped me alot for my biochem test thanks!!
Jmecher Fery Awesome! I'm happy to hear that. You're very welcome.
15:04 the difference between an isomerase and a mutase is that isomerases change aldehydes to ketones and vice versa, whereas mutases transfer phophate groups from one carbon to another.. I'm sure that there's a more complex explination but that's the basic idea. :)
Saleemah Davids Sweet! Thanks for the that bit of knowledge! That's wussup! :]
Thank you so much. This was so helpful!
You're welcome so much! I'm glad it helped!
thank u very much for explaining this topic so easily............Shawon Ahmmed, University of Dhaka
Dude, this video was f'n fantastic and it helped me so much. Thank you.
The CD Exchange Haha! Awesome! You're f'n welcome!
Hey there ! I am new to your videos and i am really amazed by the details you offer in your lectures. Really surprised for this level of explanation. Thank you ! i didnt understand though : in the end , we have the production of 2 ATPs or 1 ?? Because we got to make 2 pyruvates so 2 ATPs. That means that if th energy we have could make us 2 ATPs instead of 1 , we would have 4 ATPs instead of 2 in the pay-off step ? So 4 ATPs in the end of the glycolysis , overall?
every step after production of glyceraldehyde 3-P has double the products (1 glucose molecule makes 2 glyceraldehyde 3-P). Thus the reaction catalyzed by phosphoglycerate kinase makes 2ATP and the reaction catalyzed by pyruvate kinase creates 2ATP. 2 ATP are used in the process (one by hexokinase/glucokinase and the other by phosphofructokinase-1) and 4 ATP are created (the reactions indicated above). Thus the net ATP in the process is 2 ATP. I hope that makes sense. Sorry if it doesn't lol.
Haha. Thank you very much for your explanation !!! =)
So good.
Thanks! :]
thanks mate, be joining moof university. If you do open, I wanna be your student XD
Very good videos currently going through all of the metab ones, i think you are under utilised at the moment!!
Thanks, dude! I'm under-utilized because I'm still new to TH-cam. I'm growing, though. Please spread the word if you know people who might benefit from these videos!
Ye im in veterinary, so im mentioning you to any of my class that are interested. you deserve to be making more than a few Dollars per vid! Good luck and i hope you keep making videos!
***** Awesome! Thank you! I appreciate it greatly. I will keep making videos. I'm just been busy lately, but more videos are coming. That's for sure!
Are you working on a Phd to be a lecturer? I saw that you worked as a teaching aid in another video i think?
I hope you do, you nearly wouldn't have to teach just put on these videos!
***** No. I'm not. I'm working to become a medical doctor, but I do foresee myself as a lecturer in medical schools in the distant future, and I wouldn't be surprised if I ended up making videos then too. Haha!
You can remember the aldolase because it performs a reverse aldol reaction :) wonderful video BTW!
DaViDsMoMmA11 Word up, dude! Thanks!
Hey Mahfoud! At the end of the video, "only one [ATP] is made" is a little confusing, since one molecule of glucose nets two ATP.
***** I was specifically talking about the 10th step, catalyzed by pyruvate kinase. Each time the reaction runs, only one ATP molecule pops off.
Dude, I watched your videos in underground and that was the reason I passed biochemistry. Now I am in Med School and seriously..... You are the sh!t!!!
I hope you mean undergrad. Lol. I'm glad you found the videos helpful then, and I'm glad you're finding them helpful now. Thanks for watching, and good luck in med school! :]
Moof University haha. Sleep deprived. Sorry!
No need to apologize - totally understandable. Haha!
Allah eywf2k w ys3dk ya rab
Sara A Lol. Shookrun.
hello, thank you very much!
i want to say that there should be a reason why organism doesnt produce 2 ATPs, maybe for production of heat? I dont think that if we could change 1 ATP production to 2 ATP production, that wouldnt be helpful :D Because you know if that was the case evoulution would make this hapen. Am i wrong?
Your comment seems really interesting. However , i believe that these mechanisms were made millions of years before human managed to do all these we can manage nowadays. And back then we didnt need that much energy. Maybe now and with the way we treat our bodys , evolution either should somehow make us produce 2 instead of 1 ( because there is survival benefit ) or it should disappear us . Of course , human can always find a way to overlap evolution and produce 2 in order to be more productive even if it is not a survival necessity but humnas interruption in everything all these years. It is only time that will bring what it has to bring. Thats my point of view :`)
Quick question. Why isn't the first step with hexokinase the first committed step since the arrow shows that it is non-reversible?
Joe Johnston The G6P formed in that reaction is not committed to glycolysis. It can divert off and head through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. However, the F-1,6-BP created in the PFK step is dedicated to going through the glycolytic pathway. It doesn't divert off anywhere else. I hope that makes sense.
Moof University Yeah it did and thanks for the quick reply!
Joe Johnston Sure thing, dude.
ay, I have biochem final tomorrow. can you come and take the exam for me.. let me know !!!!
ta hanksha loqken bre kejt e kom kuptu ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
If I had watched these videos, I would have been accepted to dental school 10 years ago.
Mannhu Bui Iglesias Lol. I wish the videos were up 10 years ago.
Why is it that from step 5 onwards everything happens twice??
Because DHAP is converted into G3P, we have 2 G3P molecules. So, reactions 6-10 each happen twice, once for each G3P created.
Moof University sorry , this may be a really dumb question, but the equation shows that DHAP and G3P are created together and not DHAP being converted to G3P..
junling low oh wait... i got it! haha. its from reaction 5 yea? All Good. Thanks!
aldolase makes sense since it's the enzyme that forms aldehydes i'd say :D
666gargi lawlz.
What do the single arrows mean?
zeromethanez The enzymes that catalyze the steps written with only one arrow ONLY catalyze that forward reaction. Thus, that step is irreversibly catalyzed by that enzyme. In order to reverse that step, a different enzyme must be used. See the videos on gluconeogenesis, starting with: Gluconeogenesis (Part 1 of 3) - Intro and Steps
Thanks for the reply :) So is it safe to assume that the irreversible reactions are very spontaeous?
zeromethanez Sure thing, dude. No. In glycolysis, there are 3 irreversible steps: 1. Hexokinase 2. Phosphofructokinase (PFK) 3. Pyruvate Kinase. The Hexokinase and PFK reactions are NOT spontaneous; they both require ATP to drive the reaction forward. The Pyruvate Kinase reaction, however, is especially spontaneous. TL;DR -- No. It is not safe to assume that all irreversible reactions are very spontaneous. I hope that makes sense.
1 more thing, what is the difference between allosteric enzymes and the other enzymes? Does this mean the other enzymes cannot be inhibited?
zeromethanez Allosteric enzymes are multi-subunit enzymes, while non-allosteric enzymes consist of only one polypeptide unit. Other enzymes can be inhibited, as discussed in my videos on enzyme kinetics.
i was like..auchh! when you were clearing your throat because i was wearing earphone haha
Miss Kekwat Dude! I know how you feel. I'm so sorry! Sometimes, when I want to refresh my memory about something and hear myself clear my throat in the video, I think, "GAH! I should have edited that out!" I'm so sorry! I hope it didn't take too much away from the quality of the video.
nah it's okay. your video really helps me a lot, thank you so much. This saturday is my exam, wish me luck^^