ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 ก.ย. 2024
- Did you know that traits in animal species can re-appear in a new generation hundreds of years later? These ancient reappearing genetics are called Atavisms, and they can help us understand amazing things about biology and evolution, like how limbs actually grow! Join us for a fascinating new episode of SciShow, hosted by Hank Green.
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Sources:
Dollo’s Law/Atavisms
pubmed.ncbi.nl...
doi.org/10.101...
doi.org/10.100...
Cetacean Hind Limbs
doi.org/10.100...
doi.org/10.107...
doi.org/10.104...
Limpet Shell Twists
pubmed.ncbi.nl...
doi.org/10.109...
Soil Mite Sex
doi.org/10.107...
doi.org/10.100...
doi.org/10.101...
Big Bone Worm Males
doi.org/10.101...
doi.org/10.101...
doi.org/10.103...
doi.org/10.118...
Images:
commons.wikime...
link.springer....
link.springer....
commons.wikime...
www.inaturalis...
www.inaturalis...
www.inaturalis...
www.inaturalis...
www.flickr.com...
www.flickr.com...
eol.org/media/...
www.flickr.com...
www.flickr.com...
www.flickr.com...
www.flickr.com...
www.flickr.com...
The dolphin with hind flippers is weirdly adorable.
I agree.
I thought so too. It was really cute 😆
Not to mention SO COOL!!
my brain just went iCTHYOSAUR??????
aw 2:24
Muscle Hank is an atavism of regular Hank.
Every once in a while he expresses himself, with many people scratching their heads wondering how and why.
I think it's an evolutionary adaptation that occurs when there's a niche opening to harvest the energy of making clichkbaity thumbs! XD
Nobody will ever know. You don't ask Muscle Hank for questions. Never.
@@DamascoGamer You don't tug on Superman's cape...
The Incredible Hank
Hustle Hank on the other hand ditched regular evolution altogether and went for expressive cultural evolution
7:40 "It is extremely unusual for a species to regain the ability to have sex after being asexual for so long." that hit hard
I felt so attacked.
Haha i came to the comments looking for the fellow asexuals that have been personally attacked
Well, good thing you are individuals and not species, so this does not apply to you.
oMg i mAdE iT 69 LikEs ahhhhh also ya that can hit hard but im straight not asexual so i cant relate ig like loving after not loving
Who made it 70???
Hmmm hind leg genes... What to name it... HAND2!
Foot?
Nah. *HAND 2*
Makes sense if you are a non-human primate
Well, it _is_ also responsible for forelegs/arms, but yeah, that's funny.
I figured Hand1 was for the front limbs/hands. Probably wrong tho.
I can't believe they actually named those HAND2.
Like, who are the scientists that did it? I'd like to have a chat with them.
For scientific purposes, of course.
Fish: *climbs out of water and starts to live on land*
Whales: uno reverse
not only whales, but plenty of reptiles from the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Probably triassic too.
@@rogeriopenna9014 Ah yes forgot about ichthyosaurs
@@rainbow_vader And turtles/tortoises/terrapins... this reversal probably happened a few times in the Order Testudines.
Lmao
Smooth Brain: Return to Monke
Wrinkle Brain: Return to Fishe
Love how a species named Osedax priapus (Priapus was a Greek/Roman god of fertility, and particularly, male genitals and was depicted with giant phallus on the regular) is a kind of bone worm.
I'm pretty sure the species was named after the god. 😊
I’m pretty when he said “a species named Osedax priapus” he meant that he loved that it was named that and was referring to how it was named in relation to the god and not the time, he’s not saying the species named the god just that the name of the species is Osedax priapus. Just for anyone confused
@@thederp9309 bro you confused me
Struck me immediately how entirely (in?)appropriate, clever, and hilarious this specific name truly is!
And Osedax comes from Latin, ōs ("bone") + edāx (devourer). So the name literally means Bone Devourer Wiener God.
Hank: 8:29 “Bone or zombie worms.”
My brain and ears: “BONER-zombie worms!”
Literally same lol, I was checking to see if anyone else noticed 😂
@@kalechapo Same here haha
Yes. Boner zombies!
Yep, heard that too... :P
Wait. He didn't actually say that?? Oh...
Well the pre-human primates had traits that made them relatively pretty stupid, I've met a couple people, myself included, who brought that trait back stronger than ever
Good one!
🤣🤣🤣
I think corvids are more intelligent than any ape.
That example of the snails that keep their coiled shells into adulthood reminds of of axolotl salamanders which never progress to an adult stage, so they have gills all their life.
yeah I love axolotls !! I think that's called neonatalism or something
@@chloesibilla8199 neotony
they evolve from trade probably
@@jeffs1571 thank you!!
@@weedmantrudeau5783 what does this mean?
Scishow: “Gentle Giants of the Sea”
Orca: “Hey! I’m swimming here!”
Orcas are the New Yorkers of the sea... New Yorcas, if you will.
Orcas are more closely related to dolphins than whales, though, even though their name suggests otherwise.
Swat Me Dolphins are a subset of whales, so the name isn't wrong.
@@woodfur00 Not really, the group as a whole is called Cetacea, whales and porpoises are mutually exclusive subsets of the set Cetacea.
Orcas aren't whales.
This is fascinating, and I think it’s safe to say I would never have looked this up myself, even if I knew what I was looking for. Thanks SciShow for making me love our weird and wonderful world even more!
"left around wasting genetic space" makes me think of "left around wasting hard drive space" which leaves me wondering, when we learn to code like RNA can code, will we discover that "a little bit of space" is NBD in terms of DNA's ability to hold code? I still remember when a gigabyte was theoretical and a postage stamp was only a postage stamp, not your family's entire video and slide catalog from the 20th century.
Probably, although DNA is Quaternary rather than Binary like computers, so that helps significantly already. 10 2 bits is equal to 5 4 bits in total storable values
I had the thought, while he was talking, 1st: The genes didn't "decide" anything, and 2nd: Our genes already contain a bunch of "junk DNA," so what genetic cost would there be for just a little more?
Well it's not like they can just drag the useless DNA into the 🗑 to clear up space
@@ixchelssong Approximately 8% of the average human's DNA is the remnants of ancient retroviral infection of human reproductive cells.
So clearly, not a whole lot.
@@ixchelssong Vast majority of the genes is junk. Which is why the One Percent DNA difference between Humans and Chimps and Bonobo is an exaggeration the difference is way greater if you don't count the Junk that is identical.
Hippo: *Will murder u on sight*
Whale: "I am a gentle beast of the sea human, I will protect u from shark, even though you ate my ancestors"
When did humans eat whale ancestors?? Didn't they already evolve to spend their whole lives in the ocean millions of years ago?
Just remember that animals don't exactly choose the way they evolve, though much of the language of evolution gives that implication
Language always gives misleading implications. That cannot be helped, it's an imperfect system.
Unless you're a peacock.
But yeah, I agree with you. The language of genetics drives me nuts sometimes. Genes don't "want" anything. The are not sentient demi-gods.
The GenetiGods do not like your dismissal!!!! 😂😂😂😂😂
@@colleenforrest7936Are you referring to sexual selection of male tail feathers? Sexual selection is the one part of natural selection the animals have some control over, but there are other factors that narrow down the individuals within the population who can reproduce. Besides, they're just choosing what they're attracted to, without having an understanding of evolution and a vision for the future evolution of their species. Also you could argue that such a large part of what an animal finds attractive is determined by their own genetics that they aren't really choosing anyway.
If you could choose how your descendents evolve, how would they evolve?
I brought this up 6 years ago in my biology class once. And everyone looked at me like "what you talkin bout?"
That's awesome
@@AxxLAfriku pls stop
your classmates had atavistically small brains? :P
@@TragoudistrosMPH Erm. Not too sure. They have their own strenghts I guess.
In school, the main point was to pass the class and get good grades on exams, so we were taught what was in our text books. The bare minimum.
Not everyone was interested in learning new things, or reading for the matter. I just happened to be one of the weird ones who did.
@@notareallin620 That's the exact problem with the current education system. Students are taught what they were told to, nothing else. There's also heavy emphasis on math, science, language subjects, but a lack of attention towards other more creative or art driven subjects. The combination of these aspects creates students that hate extra learning, seeing it as unnecessary and pointless.
I've read that the "leg-genus" is also still present in snakes and can cause some to be born with teeny tiny stumbs ... nature is frickin' awesome !
Just imagine snakes with long legs ... cool and terrifying at the same time ! 🐍🐉
I mean, monitor lizards exist, and they're not particularly snake-like, but reptilian and pretty fascinating/terrifying, so I can kinda picture it.
So house centipedes just gigantic and scalier?
@@josephburchanowski4636 I mean, there were giant centipedes in prehistoric times, so maybe it would still be possible for insects and other small animals to become that big again ... maybe if the oxygen supply in the air gets higher again ! 🤷🏻♀️🤔
But god condemned the snake to be on its belly, so reverse god move? Yikes!
@@amazinggrace5692 "God" did no such thing, 'cuz god doesn't exist. Snakes evolved to have no legs to fit into an ecological niche, not 'cuz some imaginary friend 'cursed' them. There's a clear progression from lizard to snake where limbs get progressively smaller. Legless lizards or skinks: one has no legs, the other has a long, snake like body with tiny legs. Mexican Mole lizard: long, snaky body, tiny front limbs, no back legs at all. These animals aren't directly in the snake lineage, but they are examples of species that are evolving into snake-like forms. Your imaginary friend had no part in this.
08:29
For a moment I had to ask my self "Wait, what kind of Zombie worms?!" 🤔
Absolutely heard "boner zombie" worms. LOL
I had to rewind on that also lol Haha. Probably listened to it 10 times wondering how they thought that sounded ok lol Haha. :D
This is why some humans are born with a tail.
Atavism my ass!
@@copypaste3526 *(applause)*
wat
Chimps or monkeys? That is the question. Both lemur and chimps are strong and intelligent.
But I have not seen any cases of humans being born with ape like jaws and sculls. I guess the head is more importnat.
11:50 "a fluke appearance" ... I see what you did there.
(Returning hindlimbs in an aquatic animal.)
Came to make that observation... I see you're the first of two already.
Sometimes humans are born with a tail!
Sun Wu Kong that you?
Not a tail. There are no bones in it. Just an extra lump of flesh.
Spend any amount of time on internet, and you'll discover that sometimes humans are born without a brain.
@@jaroslavsvaha6065 Some humans are actually born with a brain. Is hard to believe but it happens to be some cases.
Pxn it a vestigial tail meaning it is absolutely useless and doesn't even look like a normal tail.
I learned about atavism in yu yu hakusho. Good ol' weeb years paid off.
I learned about it in psychology, specifically Lombroso's research.
I came to the comments looking for this reference. :)
Same.
What does a series about a spirit detective have to do with creatures evolving old traits again?
SPOILERS!
The main character dies at one point, but comes back alive due to some bizarre weirdness involving spirit energy. But instead of coming back as a human, he comes back as a demon, because one of his human ancestors from many generations back, had children with a demon. And he met some activation conditions by accident for those traits through lots of training. *_shifty eyes_* It might not be especially realistic, but the word "atavism" was specifically used in the explanation.
This is one of the most fascinating vids I've seen in this channel (and that's saying something!)
It's amazing that you're still here making great content, you deserve some kind of internet creator lifetime achievement award (if you don't have one or fifty already). I first found your work some time ago and there's nothing that's missed the mark. I can't remember where or how I originally found you, but I definitely remember listening to Dowdy Smack at some point. Is there anywhere I could find C'est Bon Ça to relive a bygone time?
That was absolutely fascinating. I'm sure what was shown was just the tip of a very big research iceberg. Thanks SciShow team for doing all that work for us.
Fun etymology fact: the word “Parthenogenisis” comes from the Greek word for “virgin,” and is often associated with the goddess Athena. Athena was not only a virgin goddess, but was also concieved and “birthed” by Zeus alone (being formed from Zeus’ thoughts as a sort of receptecle for the vast wisdom he obtained after becoming ruler of the cosmos).
(Athena’s association with virginity is also why her greatest temple was named the “Parthenon).”
8:30 Actual: "Taken to calling them bone or zombie worms"
Sounds like: "Taken to calling them boner zombie worms"
Have you done a video on aphids?
They reproduce through parthenogenesis and have a pretty odd life-cycle.
They also get farmed like cattle by ants for their secretions...
I am so happy there are scientists that care about snail shell characteristics
I’d love to see a video on the opposite of this: Traits that emerged but then lost
Or traits that commonly emerge with no precedent that are never kept; the real messy noise of evolution. Like sixth digits and so on.
They have done vids on lost traits
Vitamin C production in humans, for example.
the genes for legs appeared somewhere in the lineage and almost got lost
for whales too
Idk if it’s the reverse per se but there is vestigiality. Where a trait no longer serves their purpose and is on their way to disappearance. To mention a few:
- Halteres in insects, which is nubs (protrusion) that used to be wings
- Wisdom teeth in humans, many recent generations have lost them completely
- Small non functional eyes in many cave animals
- Pelvic bone in snakes
And many more..
As for the one that have been lost completely, geomagnetic sense is something that humans no longer have .-.
Atavism of the Mazoku. I Can't believe Anime has taught me so much stuff.
So you knew what the word meant before? Or just knew the word and not actually what it really meant, therefore not being taught anything.
Marcus Lindgren got him
@@MuscarV2 actually, no, it was used in a way that the meaning could be learned through context clues.
Even if all it did was them curious enough to look up the word, that's still a good thing.
You think disparaging things that get people curious enough to learn makes you look more intelligent? (It doesn't)
Regular Old Plumbus S-SH-SHOTS _FIRED_
HEY HEY!!! 3:24 Mysticeti did NOT just skip right along from Ambulocetus >:D Don't forget the INCREDIBLE evolutionary history of whales all between those two. Dorudon is one of my favorites.
I know this wasn't how it was intended to be said, but "BONER ZOMBIE WORMS" is both a cool band name and a terrifying ailment to think about
I've noticed that nestlings of a few birds have a digit and claw still protuding from their wing pinions, but the only one that retains it into adulthood and can use it with two more for climbing is the Hoatzin of S.America. in the vast majority of birds, the digits that were there in Archaeopteryx have become fused into the skeleton of the wing. Have there in recent times ever been young birds with teeth like Archaeopteryx? Large pythons routinely have vestigial hind legs, usually limited to a few digits with claws..
@Mark Aspen Modern birds are not born quadrupedal, but their ancient ancestors were. This is why some modern birds have claws on their wings.
Thanks, Hank and crew, for another fascinating video!
What's hard to imagine? Even bugs get bored after 20milion years.
Wonderful show! First time watching, and enjoyed it. I was wondering if most of these ancestral genes are pseudogenes? I was also wondering about the role of viral infestation may cause in the activation of Atavisms. Like Zika virus attacks the fetus and effects the development. There may be viruses that may reactivate these genes creating evolutionary effect that lead to Atavisms. Any information on this in your studies?
Changes always seem to have multiple causes, I think we spend way too much energy wondering 'which thing' caused something to happen when the answer is almost always 'all the things happening together'
Alice spitting straight facts here.
Is that how some humans are born with tails?
Katie B Yes. But they're not much use.
Katie B
Yeah, it must be.
Pretty much.
It may also be important to recognize atavisms that may exist epigenetically through the expression of temperature sensitive enzymes and proteins that stop producing some hand2 similar genes in an adult: warmer temperatures globally may cause a shift in the species, because the reduction of global temperature sensitive genes is being reduced with warmer winters. In other words, the expression of legs, may be a result of global species wide gene changes that indicate a beneficial global change that would allow for the re-introduction of fully grown legs.
The archeological record shows warmer temperatures, and the gene records of the entire species may also show the same traits with the expression of wings or legs in larger herbivores when the availability of food goes way up because of global tropical weather ranges. I can't speak about this from research, but I'd think that nature would work with an entire species this way as easily as an individual.
8:30 dude, pause for slightly longer after the word "bone" and before the word "or" to avoid sounding like you're saying the word "boner". lol
lol "boner, zombie worms with sexual dimorphism" sounds like a freaky parasite.
A boner zombie worm. It's a .. i don't know exactly. Mental images does not compute.
I actually have a coiled limpet shell! When I was little I played with it and called it the volcano shell.
GREAT EPISODE!!
As apes, we once had tails but lost them. I want mine back and I want it prehensile. This is non-negotiable. I just need new pants.
Fascinating. I think Darwin would be impressed with how much progress has been made in the field of genetics, but humbled by how much is yet to be learned.
Mostly he'd just be horrified by how our leaders are letting the natural world and all its lifeforms be destroyed in pursuit of eternal quarterly profits. Darwin understood the value of life
@@Backinblackbunny009 👍
"BOOOner... Zombie worms"... definitely listened to that like 15 times wondering how they didn't catch the way that sounded during edit lol. I am soooooo glad they missed it haha I needed a good laugh lol. :D
Bold of you to assume that they didn't catch it.
This was one of the best written episodes of Sccie show I've ever seen.
I what hoping you would make a video about Atavisms for a long time. Finally!
I'm totally for a second one !
I really dislike when playing around evolution seems to imply cognitive choice, rather than proliferation of a beneficial trait.
So true.
A trait shows up. If it's useful, the animal thrives and reproduces. If it's not useful, you either dont make it to breeding age, or you're rejected as a mate.
But we are arrogant bald monkeys who think we control a heck of a lot more than we actually do.
@@madtabby66 it's really more like biochemistry really. Thinks of them not as organisms but chemical machines and you'll see evolution is really just a chemical game
@@meghanachauhan9380 meh, I'm a dog breeder. We study blood lines, research back a minimum of 5 generations. Look at previous litters produced (if any) and still end up with a "where the hell did that come from" pup. Or we get a pair we think would be perfect, and they have no interest in each other.
We're playing with 76 sided dice and hoping to win.
@@madtabby66 Not only are we arrogant bald *apes, but we also have an innate need and desire to categorize into helpful and unhelpful.
@@meghanachauhan9380 I lost the game.
Wait... So if Ativism causes snails to recoil due to the activity of a coiling gene prior to adulthood, would that also mean there's a likelihood of Ativism being the cause of medical conditions like Dwarfism? I.e. the skeletal dysplasia specifically?
8:29 is what I wake up with
One of the coolest topics I’ve seen in a while. I’m fascinated and need to go read up on it more.
"Everything about a creature can be traced back to the expression of its genes." Based.
"Heh heh heh heh heh heh. Bone worm."
-Beavis
Annnd because of the mechanics of atavism, humans can sometimes be born with a tail if the development of the taol wasn't switched off.
I remember when I first learned that whales have very small leg bones sticking out of their pelvis, my mind was just blown
I had a bristlenose plecostomus randomly be born with legs instead of pectoral fins. She even walked instead of swimming along the glass. Unfortunately she died in a tank accident. I would have loved to see where that was going.
Do you have any way that I could see it? That sounds super cool!
7:03
You're telling me there are 1,000 species of soil mites? Damn
I'm a lil tired and read that as 1000 soul mates. Lol
I feel like if you compare the genetic code to computing systems, most of the more frequently seen atavisms are more like recovering an instruction to paste a certain process at a different place rather than recovering an entire database that was lost (e.g. having multiple nipples (where your body knows how a “nipple” is constructed) or an extended spine/tail (where your body already knows how to make vertebrae) etc.)
I actually have several Atavisms. I was born able to climb using my toes. I can climb like a monkey with my feet instead of using just my upper body strength. I was also born with extra teeth.
Hank: Gentle giants of the sea
Sperm Whales:
The orcas want to talk about the "gentle giant of the sea" part.
I recommend Sci Show crew that the conversation is conducted by phone.
To me seeing atavisms makes just as much sense as seeing future traits yet-to-be-selected-for. The future-beneficial gene(s) don't exist in any meaningful density before selection and yet we see extra digits that aren't selected for (as an example). To me it then seems actuallly more likely to get a throwback; we've never had a functional sixth digit but whales have had functional hind limbs; their genes have definitely had that capability; a vestigial form of a functional element should be more common than a vestigial non-functional element. Throwbacks then should be less alarming unless there is a strong selection against them... Or am i missing something?
There are humans with functioning fully sixth digit it not too hard they work the same way the other digits work. This fully functioning sixth digit is he rare for of it the most common has no bone in it and thus removed as soon as possible.
And some cats have a working although way too short thumb in effect on both front and rear paws separate from the other digits on the side lower in. Seen them on and used by the Hemingway cats at Key West. In my case to pick up and run off with a piece of paper on the other three legs grasping the paper with one paw. Guides told us they can turn nobs and other hand like tricks with them making securing things much more difficult than with normal cats. I imagine given time the thumb digit will get longer and bigger and they probably lose one of the others as the primate five work good.
Am I the only one who plays scishow videos to eventually fall asleep? Its like asmr to me. 😣😴
8:04 I've never bought the idea that storing genes is wasteful... because genetic mutation is random, and waste requires a detriment on a case by case basis, rather than in principle... at least that's my hypothesis.
Having options might or might not hurt.
Genetic mutation is random, but natural selection is not. That's the variable you've looked over.
@@cortster12 natural selection is a variable with 3 outcomes 'Positive, Negative, or Neutral'
That's why I say might or might not hurt.
What proof is there that having additional genes hurts an organism? Are there any examples?
Remember that some organisms have obscene numbers of genes (randomly looked up) Paris Japonica has a genome 50x larger than the human genome. Is the plant suffering for it?
@Bazagi Derp I agree that it's potentially true, and such a cost should be measurable.
A benefit is more genes means more chances for mutation/diversity. If all you genes are essential, you can't afford mutation.
Some organisms have 10,20,50 or 1/4 of the genes that we do. Is there evidence that extra genes are a bad thing? :)
Damn, when you said "not just two or three" I was expecting dozens.
Hank, You are my Fav science communicator.
Wow! That's facinating, as all your content is!
I’d really like to see a creationist explain a whale with legs
"miracles" they "happen"
Or an evolutionist
They are there to test your faith.
I used to be a non evolutionary creationist. they would often say that because they sometimes help the whale when reproducing (not sure if thats true) they aren't technically "vestigial" bc they have a use. 🤷
God creates through evolution. There you go.
Thank you channel members! I really love this channel but cant support it cause I'm still 14 and living with my parents. Tysm!
10:00 "eating egg and pumping out sperm" - life goals.
Ativan-isms: 4 great ideas that I had but forgot
Fascinating! Thanks for uploading!
One of my fav vids about evolution Imo nice work.
I thought it said “whale eggs” and I was very confused
@@nigelmarvin1387
Still ovaries and eggs, yeah. Ovaries with egg cells are pretty damn universal across the animal kingdom.
Imagine a mammal reverting to oviparity o_0
The words were small enough in the thumbnail on my phone that I thought the text said "Whale Lebsy!" Made me snicker.
Oh cool, I found a bunch of limpet shells when I went to Hawaii and I'd just assumed they were some sort of bivalve shells but now that I look at them there's no hinge or anything!
Ha, nice to see the inat credits on the pictures. Good to see "our" work actually being used :D
Do not forget about the incredible number of atavisms present in the incredible Mr. Limpet. Thanks, Don. Sheriff Taylor would be proud.
Another fascinating video. Thank you!
Well I never thought I would have something in common with a soil mite but I went from having sex, then got married and stopped having sex, then got divorced and started having sex again!
Others react very differently to divorces, though, but I would say it turned out beautifully for you though! I found your comment really uplifting, wholesome, and cute!
😂😂😂😂
😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
This was super fascinating thank you!
Dang you guys are always on point. Really interesting stuff!
Atavism is a very pleasant-sounding word. I like it.
1970: we will have flying cars in the future
2020: h a n d 2
We will have Samson switchblade flying cars (3 wheeled) soon. I'm number 80 in the queue.
Perfect videos but please put photos and videos of the things you mentioneddd, most of the time I stop video and go to google it...
Is "common sense" considered an atavism? 😏😉
Unfortunately that has never returned...
one hopes that at some undefined point in time? it will return
@@baranorak4080 Unfortunately, people using common sense as an argument have never really gone away
@@zeratulrus142 *George Carlin:* _"Never underestimate the stupidity of society."_
Me, remembering life in 2009: Like racism?
I had extra fangs when I was young and the dentist back then removed them to fit in the damn braces.... Now I kinda wish I still have them
We all carry so many Genes that arent used for one reason or another, interesting to kick them up once in a While.
Can we give a moment for this gloriously picked shirt with its atavistic buttons that has no pockets?
That Dollo law went the way of the Dodo.
We were just studying this in our "online" classes 😯😲😯
*online “classes”
I love the band, especially the lead guitarist.
8:55 now thats something I haven't seen a furry vore artist do
yet
I need to see a collab of Hank and Kevin of VSauce2 freestyling!
My favorite atavism is chickens having teeth like their dinosaur ancestors.
"...sherk the requirement for maternal yolk all together" well played
The human non-prehensile big toe is another atavism, arising from a long line of prehensile relatives: apes, lemurs, tree shrews, didelphid marsupials, all the way back to tiny basal egg-laying mammals and cynodonts, where it is not prehensile.
Whoever named Osedax Priapus was having a cheeky go at it
9:50 Human males, too, are usually small enough to fit inside their mates.
Dunno, if I (a man) should agree be offended, laugh or all of the above.
8:42.... Actually, that makes it a reverse harem