The Phonological Evolution of Conlangs
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 3 ก.ค. 2024
- Phonological Evolution (or sound shifts), along with Lexical Evolution and Grammatical Evolution are used to make a Conlang more Naturalistic by evolving from a proto-conlang to a modern variety.
This is how to do that, or at least the Phonological Evolution.
We also cover Vowel Harmony… yay.
Chapters:
0:00 Evolution?
0:46 Shift Rules
1:30 Types of Shift
3:34 Tone Example
5:20 Vowel Harmony
6:31 New Vowels
7:56 Strong & Weak Consonants
10:18 Rhotic Loss
11:04 Application
11:42 Loss of Distinction
12:58 Outro
This content is intended for teenage audiences and up.
All clips used under fair use for the purpose of education
Music:
Adventure by Alexander Nakarada
Link: filmmusic.io/song/6092-adventure
Neverland by Alexander Nakarada
Link: filmmusic.io/song/6348-neverland
Folk Round by Kevin MacLeod
Link: filmmusic.io/song/3770-folk-r...
Celtic Impulse by Kevin MacLeod
Link: filmmusic.io/song/3484-celtic...
All under License: creativecommons.org/licenses/b...
Slight correction: the example given for dissimilation is actually another example of assimilation. Otherwise, 10/10 video (:
this is actually a vital correction
The creator probably meant, tup + mi -> tupni, but yeah I also noticed 😅
It's literally the example for the assimilation but backwards ("the other way around")😂
An example of dissimilation is the Spanish word "cárcel" (jail or prison), coming from Latin "carcer". The second R dissimilated to L to differentiate from the first one.
ʡeter
(2:30) In Swedish, definite is a suffix of a word, so "äpple" becomes "äpplet", and "katt" becomes "katten". You could apply the same trick to English by going with "apple"→"thapple", and "cat"→"thicat".
actually you couldn't! i read it in a comment, and it has something to do with how speakers make pauses in their speech. an example would be "remember the video with the... dog?": in that sentence, when remembering what the video was about, the person makes a pause. this happens fairly frequently so you could not prefix "the" to nouns.
but, you can definitely suffix definite articles because of the same reason
(sorry for my bad english, non-native speaker)
@@iddqdfomin1593 This is just a product of spelling. In reality there's no such distinction that is decisively clear. However, we can make judgements based on syntax. But to squabble over labels is nonsense.
i wouldnt, u can pause in between which u normally couldnt if it was a prefix
however whe could pull a french whichd say l'apple and say "th'apple" (maybe even "þ'apple") while itd be "la chatte" and so "the cat"
@@Hwelhosjust a note "pomme" is apple and it would be la pomme BUT we do use l' like l'homme and l'internet
@hoodieproxyyt96 ofc, it was just an example of how the artivle works :p
(7:15) /y/ and /ø/ are very intuitive when you're a speaker of a Nordic language. Those symbols are used for those sounds. "yla" /y:lä/, øga /ø:gä/.
impressive, btw, my favourite sound change is in Old Norse, -nnr > -ðr, e.g. mannr > maðr
Fun fact: some dialects of Yiddish have a s-ʃ merger (also an i-u merger), meaning the word for "foot" (originally "fus") and "fish" ("fish") both became "fis". To resolve the ambiguity, they added the Belarussian translation, so "foot" became "fisnohe" and "fish" became "fisribe".
EDIT: Northeastern Yiddish specifically
I thought Northeastern Yiddish didn't typically have the I-U merger? I think that typical of more southern and central dialects, like Polish ones
The s-ʂ merger (depostalveorisation more generally) is a relatively well-known dialectal feature in Polish, where it is known as Mazuration.
I would add some caveats to sound change rules.
Regarding rule 1 - if a language is written and the orthographic standard is retained for a long time, it can actually have an effect on future sound changes through mechanisms like hypercorrection and deliberate archaism in connection with sociolinguistic factors (prestige etc). Instances like that break rule 1.
As for rule 2 - this is essentially the neogrammarian hypothesis defined a bit more narrowly, but basically, it just doesn't hold true. It holds true for the *vast majority* of changes, but there are almost always exceptions. Consider vowel lengthening in "off" and "often" in Received Pronunciation: This change does not affect, e.g. offal nor offer. Now sure, you could create a convoluted phonological hypothesis for this (change only occurs in monosyllabic words or in the first syllable of a disyllabic word where the second syllable has a nasal coda), but the far simpler explanation is that the change is incidental to a specific word or set of words, or indeed you could argue that it is governed by grammatical categories - prepositions and adverbs yes, anything else no. But even if you reject that, the point remains that languages *occasionally* feature sound changes that affect only a handful of words (or even just a single word) with no sensibly identifiable phonological reason.
this dude deserves more subscribes
NASALIZATION
ALSO KNOW AS...
FRENCH
I laughed waaaay too hard at this lol
Les enfants sont dans ton grand train
This is before watching but just remember that sounds shifting does not always constitute a new language, or even the introduction of a new sound. If, for example, unvoiced stops become voiced between vowels, this does not mean your language has voiced stops. All it means is that voiced stops are an ALLAPHONIC VARIATION of unvoiced stops. Like how in english, we actually have a palatal fricative, it's just an allaphone of /h/ (e.g "hue"). Tbis applies to all sound changes. English also has allophonic aspirated stops and, in many varieties of American English, an allophonic tap sound.
Also on thing to note is that sound changes should verrryyyy roughly aim to make the language easier to speak. It doesn't make sense for a sound change to spread if it is impractical. However, what counts as "easier to speak" depends on lots of things.
FINALLY, note that, if you're aiming for the evolution of a new language, you will always have to change grammar and vocabulary too. New words will be introduced to the language, prefixes and suffixes will degrade over time, new grammatical distinctions wil be added, loan words can be introduced and changed over time, etc... all of these are just as important as the changing of sounds in your language.
This is the quality content I like to see
Maybe after all is said and done, Examplish's aspirated sounds could lenify into fricatives: /ph/ > /f/, /bh/ > /v/, /kh/ > /x/, etc.
I do quite like that idea, since /ɢʰ/ would become /ʁ/ we'd have a rhotic again and I've never been very good at distinguishing aspirated sounds from unaspirated ones. I might slip it in at the start of the Lexical Evolution video, whenever that comes out
@@kayinth9136 Great! I look forward to it. I'm actually surprised you haven't been as noticed as you are.
@@kayinth9136 Also, close vowels tend to become approximants next to other vowels. Perhaps the current /w/ sound could become a /v\/ somehow, and then there could be /j/, /w/, and /hy/?
i would say /fh/ > /f/ > /v/ > /ɯ/
/ʁ/ can be a non-rhotic sound, I'd say that "rhotic" is more of a phonotactical name than a phonic name
I'm working on a world occupied my humanoids (which resemble *nymphs*) and a specific mountain-dwelling ethnic group of them called Oreads (named after mountain nymphs in Greek mythology). They live in high altitudes with little vegetation so they evolved specialized sensitive ears to help them hunt. These ears allow them to hear the slightest differences in pronunciation from far away and enable their languages to have vast phonemic inventories beyond regular human speech. Here is my detailed phonological evolution from ancient Proto North Nymphic to the remote Modern Oread language and how 22 proto consonants & 6 proto vowels gradually became 260 consonants, 27 vowels and 12 diphthongs:
Proto North Nymphic
Consonants bilabial dental alveolar palatal velar epiglottal glottal
plosive *p b *t *d *k *g *ʔ
fricative *ɸ β *θ *ð *s *z *x *ɣ *ħ
nasal *m *n
approximant *l *j *w
trill *r
Vowels front mid high
high i u
mid e ə o
low ɑ
Proto North Nymphic to Old Pasture:
oʔ < o̰ (creaky voice from glottal plosive)
st < t͡s (afficate creating metathesis)
ami < äm (i-mutation)
tət < tː (schwa dropping between identical consonants)
dit < did (consonant voicing harmony)
kθ, ft < t̪͡θ (non-sibilant dental affricates from dental fricative + any plosive)
sp < p͡ɸ (afficate creating metathesis)
sk < k͡x (afficate creating metathesis)
Old Pasture:
Consonants bilabial dental alveolar palatal velar glottal
short long short long short long
plosive voiced b bː d dː g gː
devoiced p pː t tː k kː ʔ
affricat voiced d̪͡ð d̪͡ðː d͡z d͡zː
devoiced p͡ɸ p͡ɸː t̪͡θ t̪͡θː t͡s t͡sː k͡x k͡xː
fricative voiced β βː ð ðː z zː ɣ ɣː
devoiced ɸ ɸː θ θː s sː x xː h
nasal plain m mː n nː
creaky m̰ n̰
trill r rː
approximant j w
lateral affricate t͡ɬ t͡ɬː
approximant l lː
Vowels front mid back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
plain creaky plain creaky plain creaky plain creaky
high i ḭ y y̰ ɯ ɯ̰ u ṵ
mid e ḛ ø ø̰ ə ɤ ɤ̰ o o̰
low æ æ̰ ɑ ɑ̰
Old Pasture to Tectonic Pasture:
təʔ < tʼ (ejectives from schwa dropping between plosives and glottals)
rk < (ʁq) (rhotic becomes approximate before consonants, yields retroflex and uvular allophones from alveolars and velars, respectively)
itə < iːt (schwa dropping with compensentory lengthening)
iħu < iu (intervocalic epiglottal fricative vanishes and surrounding vowels become diphthongs)
Tectonic Pasture:
Consonants bilabial dental alveolar retroflex palatal velar uvular glottal
short/long short/long short/long short/long short/long
plosive voiced b bː d dː (ɖ) (ɖː) g gː (ɢ) (ɢː)
devoiced p pː t tː (ʈ) (ʈː) k kː (q) (qː) ʔ
ejective pʼ pːʼ tʼ tːʼ (ʈʼ) (ʈːʼ) kʼ kːʼ (qʼ) (qːʼ)
affricate voiced d̪͡ð d̪͡ðː d͡z d͡zː (ɖ͡ʐ) (ɖ͡ʐː)
devoiced p͡ɸ p͡ɸː t̪͡θ t̪͡θː t͡s t͡sː (ʈ͡ʂ) (ʈ͡ʂː) k͡x k͡xː (q͡χ) (q͡χː)
ejective p͡ɸʼ p͡ɸːʼ t̪͡θʼ t̪͡θːʼ t͡sʼ t͡sːʼ (ʈ͡ʂʼ) (ʈ͡ʂːʼ) k͡xʼ k͡xːʼ (q͡χʼ) (q͡χʼ)
fricative voiced β βː ð ðː z zː (ʐ) (ʐː) ɣ ɣː (ʁ) (ʁː)
devoiced ɸ ɸː θ θː s sː (ʂ) (ʂː) x xː (χ) (χː) h
nasal plain m mː n nː (ɳ) (ɳː)
creaky m̰ n̰ (ɳ̰)
trill r rː
approximant (ɻ ) j w
lateral affricate t͡ɬ t͡ɬː
ejective t͡ɬʼ t͡ɬːʼ
approximant l lː
Vowels front back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
short long creaky short long creaky short long creaky short long creaky
high i iː ḭ y yː y̰ ɯ ɯː ɯ̰ u uː ṵ
mid e eː ḛ ø øː ø̰ ɤ ɤː ɤ̰ o oː o̰
low æ æː æ̰ ɑ ɑː ɑ̰
diphthongs plain iu ui æy oi ɑi ɑu
creaky ḭṵ ṵḭ æ̰y̰ o̰ḭ ɑ̰ḭ ɑ̰ṵ
Tectonic Pasture to Oread:
sn < n̥ (consonant coallescence turns consonant clusters into new 'hybrid' consonants)
dj < dʲ
dw < dʷ
kj < c
lj < ʎ
lkxj < c͡ʎ̥̝
fr < r̥
rħ < ʜ
uj < ɥ
ng < ŋ
lː < ɬː (geminated lateral approximant becomes voiceless and turns into a long lateral fricative)
æ, e< ɛ (short /æ/ & /e/ merge with /ɛ/)
ɑ, ɤ < ʌ (short /ɑ/ & /ɤ/ merge with /ʌ/)
ɯ, u< ʊ (short /ɯ/ & /u/ merge with /ʊ/)
Consonants
plosive voiced *b bʲ bː bːʲ *d dʷ dʲ dː dːʷ dːʲ ɖ ɖʷ ɖː ɖːʷ ɟ ɟʷ ɟː ɟːʷ *g gʷ gː gːʷ
devoiced *p pʲ pː pːʲ *t tʷ tʲ tː tːʷ tːʲ ʈ ʈʷ ʈː ʈːʷ c cʷ cː cːʷ *k kʷ kː kːʷ q qʷ qʲ qː qːʷ qːʲ*ʔ
ejective pʼpʲʼ pːʼpːʲʼ tʼ tʷʼ tʲʼ tːʼ tːʷʼ tːʲʼ ʈʼʈʷʼʈːʼ ʈːʷʼ cʼcʷʼ cːʼcːʷʼ kʼ kʷʼ kːʼ kːʷʼ qʼqʷʼqʲʼ qːʼqːʷʼqːʲʼ
affricate voiced d̪͡ð d̪͡ðʷ d̪͡ðː d̪͡ðːʷ d͡z d͡zʷ d͡zː d͡zːʷ ɖ͡ʐ ɖ͡ʐʷ ɖ͡ʐːɖ͡ʐːʷ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʷd͡ʑːd͡ʑːʷ
devoiced p͡ɸ p͡ɸː t̪͡θ t̪͡θʷ t̪͡θː t̪͡θːʷ t͡s t͡sʷ t͡sː t͡sːʷ ʈ͡ʂ ʈ͡ʂʷ ʈ͡ʂː ʈ͡ʂːʷ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ t͡ɕː t͡ɕːʷ k͡x k͡xʷk͡xːk͡xːʷ q͡χ q͡χʷ q͡χːq͡χːʷ
ejective p͡ɸʼp͡ɸːʼ t̪͡θʼ t̪͡θʷʼ t̪͡θːʼ t̪͡θːʷʼ t͡sʼ t͡sʷʼ t͡sːʼ t͡sːʷʼ ʈ͡ʂʼ ʈ͡ʂʷʼʈ͡ʂːʼ ʈ͡ʂːʷʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ɕʷʼ t͡ɕːʼ t͡ɕːʷʼk͡xʼk͡xʷʼk͡xːʼk͡xːʷʼq͡χʼq͡χʷʼq͡χːʼq͡χːʷʼ
fricative voiced *β βʲ βː βːʲ *ð ðʷ ðʲ ðː ðːʷ ðːʲ *z zʷ zː zːʷ ʐ ʐʷ ʐː ʐːʷ ʑ ʑʷ ʑː ʑːʷ *ɣ ɣʷ ɣː ɣːʷ ʁ ʁʷʁʲ ʁːʁːʷʁːʲ
devoiced *ɸ ɸʲ ɸː ɸːʲ *θ θʷ θʲ θː θːʷ θːʲ *s sʷ sː sːʷ ʂ ʂʷ ʂː ʂːʷ ɕ ɕʷ ɕː ɕːʷ *x xʷ xː xːʷ χ χʷχʲ χːχːʷχːʲ h
nasal voiced *m mː *n nː ɳ ɳː ɲ ɲː ŋ ŋʷ ŋː ŋːʷ
devoiced m̥ n̥ ɳ̥ ɲ̥ ŋ̊ ŋ̊ʷ
creaky m̰ n̰ ɳ̰ ɲ̰ ŋ̰ ŋ̰ʷ
approximant *j ɥ *w
trill voiced *r rː ʜ
devoiced r̥ r̥ː
lateral affricate devoiced t͡ɬ t͡ɬʷ t͡ɬː t͡ɬːʷ c͡ʎ̥̝ c͡ʎ̥̝ː
ejective t͡ɬʼ t͡ɬʷʼ t͡ɬːʼ t͡ɬːʷʼ c͡ʎ̥̝ʼ c͡ʎ̥̝ːʼ
fricative ɬ ɬː
approximant *l ʎ
vowels:
*iː, ḭ, yː, y̰ ɯː, ɯ̰, *uː, ṵ
*ɪ, ʏ *ʊ
*eː, ḛ, øː, ø̰ ɤː, ɤ̰, *oː, o̰
*ɛ, œ *ʌ, *ɔ
æː, æ̰ *ɑː, ɑ̰
ɪu̯ ʊi̯ œy̆ ɔi̯ æi̯ ɑu̯ ɪ̰ṵ ʊ̰ḭ œ̰y̰ ɔ̰ḭ æ̰ḭ ɑ̰ṵ
This is extremely cool
Sandhi संधी from Sanskrit meaning 'to join'
In polish once were the sound é [e], which generally evolved in e [ε], but exact evolution of it were different depending on the grammar, old endings -éj [ej] and -ém [em] become -y [ɨ] and -em [εm] in nouns, but -ej [εj] and -ym [ɨm] in adjectives
Yeah, these sound shift rules are weakened once the culture has developed writing. Writing allows speakers to notice sound changes and in turn respond to them (reintroduce sounds, apply sound changes grammatically, etc.).
On a side note. It's interesting to note that in Silesian (around which you get a bit of a heated debate nowadays), that old é seems to have almost exclusively shifted to an y sound.
Awesome! Can’t wait for the other videos in this, I can never do grammatical or lexical evolution right
Wonderful stuff, rigam! This taught me a good few new things about conlanging!
Your explanation indeed adds a new perspective and new info about sound changes which I've not come across in the other conlanger channels I follow
Can't wait to see more from ya! And yes, I can agree I prefer not to use formal notation x3
0:50 I don't think that's always true. Southern US English dialects were historically non-rhotic, but they've now became rhotic again recently.
that's from influence by other us dialects, not just an undo of the sound change
That's not language evolution but exterior influence.
that isnt undoing the sound shift, its shifting rhotics back in
@@TheLukeLsdthey lost the rhotic also due to other languages, which is a type of evolution
I love it! thank you!
This has become my favourite conlang channel, love it
this video should have more views and this channel more subscribers
Love it!
Great video! It sums up many things I have been telling my friends about
I also have this one sound (or word?) change that happens quite frequently in my native language (and so in my conlangs): the reanalysis. It happens to 'smoothen' the word, It has to do with politeness in my language. Like, some sounds might be considered as 'too sacred' etc
For example, many old-Sundanese /w/ sounds become "nc" /ɲt͡ʃ/ in modern Sundanese
sawah > sanca,
rawa > ranca,
kiwa > kénca,
labah > lawah > lancah,
etc
This is the most useful video on this topic I've found
(1:20) Interesting fact, there's an official ISO language code for Sentinelese, being "std". In case it's an actual real language, so it has forward compatibility. Now if we only could get some samples of that presumable language, that would be lovely.
Well, considering that human contact is a bit dangerous... Drones maybe?
3:07 French all dramatic like a smash intro is so stupid I laughed
Hello!
Excellent video, you're an amazing resource. Do you have a Twitter?
Thanks, I'm afraid I don't have a Twitter though
A great video! The way you present the information is very easy to understand. A little bit fast for me. Though, I'm not a native English speaker.
Dissimilation is when sounds become less similar, not become more similar but it's spreading bacwards.
Also aspirated voiced stops aren't actually aspirated, they are murmured/breathu voiced stops which come from completely different processes from where aspiratiom comes from, so the scenario you created is pretty unrealistic.
/ber/ is even worse outside of England; in my NZ accent bear/beer/bare/bier are all merged, rivalled only by peer/pear/pier/pare/pair
You forgot one of my fav sound changes: palatalization (ti->chi)
This is just a type of assimilation.
Is _du_ to _dgu_ also assimilation? (The _du_ in "education")
@@xXJ4FARGAMERXx it's the same thing, so yea
or in english, tu -> chu
"also known as *F R E N C H*" lmfaoooo
Gotta say it - you have difficulty with front rounded vowels! ;)
They're coming out a bit centralised, and the ones that are supposed to be close are rather lowered.
Otherwise great work.
In German, we also had a pretty big sound shift, which especially divides southern German from northern German dialects and especially English. For example is water in northern German Water, and in southern German Wasser, in southern German it's das and was, in northern German it's dat and wat, also things like Appel, in northern German, became Apfel in southern German, so many strong consonants turned into... Uh idk, softer, longer variants
The only complain i have about the video is the excesive megaphone. Once or twice it would be funny perhaps, but so much it becomes intrusive and actualyl hurts my ears
Cave Man 1 to Cave Man 2: ''I say, Aloysius... how about we all agree about case theory, person, gender, syntax, suffixes, prefixes and all that other stuff needed for effective verbal communication before we commit to any kind of language? What do you say to that, old fellow?
Cave Man 2: ''Uggah bougghahhh?!'' (Translation: Uggah bougghahhha)
Also, epenthesis is not only for consonants. Vowel epenthesis exists and is well documented, for instance in Sanskrit (svarabhakti) and in the Q-Celtic languages!
I think Celtic initial consonant mutations break your Rule 1.
Can someone help me find a lenition chart? Im trying to lenate or fortify ʃ, but i cant find a chart to help me and i cant think of what it would lenate to
On the off chance you’re still trying to figure out how to lenate /ʃ/, I haven’t seen it in a lenition chart either but I think your safest bet would be either /ç~h/ (opening and or debuccalization), or /ʒ/ (sonorization). Maybe even /i̯/ if you want to go for vocalization!
e.g. /ʃoko/ > /çoko/ or /hoko/, /tuʃa/ > /tuʒa/, /tuʃa/ > /tuça/ > /tuʝa/ (opening + sonorization), and /aʃtan/ > /ai̯tan/
if you want to get wild with sound changes you could even have something like /aʃ.jak/ > /ah.jak/ > /aŋ.jɛk/ ala Avestan!
"Nasty consonant clusters" laughs in Québécois.
Rhotics become /n/? I dont see any rhotics in old examplish C table. Please explain
/ç/ will also very likely become /ʃ/ (English's SH sound), so "titűj" would be pronounced /ti.tyʃ/. Also, your pronunciation of /ç/ sounds a lot more like /ʃ~ɕ/, so why not?
Either that, or have /ç/ shift back to /x/ and /x/ shift back to /h/, then the old /x/, now /h/, gets lost, like in English ("night" /naɪt/, where German has "Nacht" /naxt/). This will give your language an orthography a bit more like Spanish (J = /x/ in Spanish, jajaja)
Fun fact: Spanish actually had the letter J represent /ʃ/ before it shifted backwards to modern /x/, hence spellings like "ejemplos" whilst Portuguese has "exemplo".
Actually, letter J (and G before E and I) represented the sound /ʒ/ in Medieval Spanish, the voiced pair of /ʃ/. This one was represented by letter X. As a result of the sibilant consonants change, /ʒ/ became voiceless and merged with /ʃ/; and later this sound changed to /x/.
9:24 if the distinction isn't phonemic, would it be spelled?
non phonemic distinctions are usually not spelt, with a few exeptions ( off the top of my head is the romanization for greenlandic vowels)
Nasalisation, also known as
*FRENCH*
correction on Mandarin: the sounds should be the same as the English ones, as you were using tenuis (unvoiced unaspirated) stops [p,t,k] for /b,d,g/. English is weird like that in that the "voicing" distinction is muddy
Better examples would probably come from some Romance language where they actually voice their voices stops.
Hm, i thought this would be a video on phonological evolution of conlangs…
(3:12)nasalization also known as french😂😂😂(also you forgot the "a",nasaliztion.
Lizard woman? Oh, I got reverse-trapped...
10:26 Your pronunciation of Menominee is wrong. It's pronounced Men-OM-ih-nee, with the emphasis on the 2nd syllable. I'm from Wisconsin and the Menominee Indian Reservation is located in my state.
Wow, we have so many damn vowels, there's a diacritic named after us. 😅 Go 🇭🇺
6:47 your /y/ sounds so weird bro, lol
Phonology of Slovian
Vowels A E Y O U Æ
Consonants B C D F G H J K L M N P R S T W Z Þ DZ NJ
I pronounce it CAVLARY! not cavalry nor calvary
Man, why does everything up and coming conlang TH-camrs gotta be brits? It makes my Irish potato blood scallop and bake! Aaaaaaaaaaaaahhhhh
Hey, y'all got Artifexian 🙂
@@cerberaodollam thank you giving me some perspective, when you put it like that, it’s not all that bad. You’re a true hero, friend. I wish you the best in this life.
Hinanese evolution
Original phonology:a,e,o,k,t,p,f,s,h,m,n,w,l,y
22 letters,14 sounds
Note:a and ae,k and g,t,th and d,p and b,s and z,n and ng and l and r are all pronounced the same
Current phonology:a,ae,e,o,k,g,t,th,d,p,b,f,s,z,h,m,n,ng,w,l,r,y
22 letters,22 sounds
Modern Hinanese alphabet and pronunciation
a,p,k,t,e,s,h,t,y,k,l,m,n,o,p,l,s,t,w,f,n,a
Old Hinanese alphabet and pronunciation
a,b,g,d,e,z,h,th,y,k,l,m,n,o,p,r,s,t,w,f,ng,ae
Footballandian phonology
Vowels:
/i/ /u/ /e/ /o/ /a/
Consonants:
/p/ /t/ /c/ /b/ /d/ /g/ /f/ /s/ /x/ /m/ /n/ /r/ /ñ/ /į/ /ų/
/k/=c(before a,o,u),qu
/s/=c(before e,i),s
/į/ and /ų/ are isolated
/r/ is trilled(coca cora???)
h(silent) is used for vowel length
/x/ is pronounced like a soft g
Example:Ar(g/x???)entina
Missing letters:
k(replaced by c or qu because they sound the same)
v(pronounced between f and b)
Example:verano/ferano/berano???
z(pronounced between c,s and d)
Example:usted/ustez/ustec???
Ogonek=Semivowel
Y'all be sayin /ˈsʌmpθ.ɪŋ/?
I say /ˈsʌmθ.ɪŋ/ and everyone I know says /ˈsʌmθ.ɪŋ/
2:55