Making Bromine from BCDMH (Spa Disinfectant)
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 12 มิ.ย. 2018
- Bromine is produced from the spa disinfectant Bromochlorodimethylhydantoin, a bromine chemical actually available OTC to Australians. It is a beautiful sunny Public holiday. What could possibly go wrong?
Link to book: www.crcpress.com/Small-Scale-...
Sorry I can't really link to a pirate version of a book, if you want to source one out, ok, but it's not really fair of me to link directly to it sorry. - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
Subreddit is here: www.reddit.com/r/ExplosionsAndFire/
There's now a discord server too, where you can meet other people who like chemistry and explosions! The links are on the subreddit
Occa As Fuck M8
Small-Scale Synthesis of Laboratory Reagents with Reaction Modeling
All 241 pages :-)
chemistry-chemists.com/chemister/Neorganika-praktikum/smallscale-synthesis-of-laboratory-reagents-2011.pdf
Bromine is chapter 7, page 81
Hey bro, Since i don't see anyone commenting, metabisulfite is used in homebrewing for sanitation. You make a solution and wash everything with it and it helps disinfect everything. When making cider or wine you also add it to the fresh-pressed juice to prevent wild yeast from taking hold and fermenting the juice instead of your preferred brewing yeast strain. Iv been homebrewing for a few years now :)
Hey, your extra yield weight might be mostly water, have you ever done a titration to see what the chlorine concentration was?
I've just found your vids and love this man. You would have inspired me in high school and made you a shrine
The ceiling-knocking possum part is what makes this the "Australian way"
Time to synthesize sodium monofluoroacetate (1080)!
and it’s pissing down.
I love how he did that and then moved outside. I am sure there is a day he will halogenate some local wildlife that decides to crawl into the lab, but not this day!
"It doesn't mean I'm going to be drunk all the time and say 'c**t' a lot".
Australia really was created to make the world a happier place, wasn't it ❤️
nope, it wasn't. Australia was actually a prison colony, where all the worst of the worst vile rabid scum was sent from England. Murderer's, rapist's, thieves, schoolteachers etc.
the lack of the word "CUNT" in his videos is almost more disturbing than the bromine xD
Suggestion for using power boards outside:
Hang the power board under the table as high as possible. Allow cords to hang down lower than the power board. That way any water runs off the cords at the lowest point and not along the cords to the power board.
Youre a freaking genius!
Yea, that's what we do here in Bahamas. If we didn't work in the rain we wouldn't get anything done :p
While it's a stretch for 2019 E&F, I can see him using cable ties to pull this off now 😂
Sodium metabisulfite is used in beer making to clean and disinfect all of the vessels to be used. It's a beer safe cleaner that doesn't change flavors at all
It's also used to kill yeasts in beer/wine so that it stops fermentation.
and removing tree stumps, precipitating gold out of chloroauric acid...
It's bizarre watching it disappear the bromine water.
“Is that a possum?”
*cuts to next day*
“It’s a beautiful sunny day”.. aka “the possum has taken over the lab so I had to move somewhere else so I don’t anger it.”
Interesting prep and nice try - not a loss at all. I’d say ampoule it!
What about doing an aluminum foil test on your product to see how much differently it reacts than pure bromine?
But Aussie possums aren't fucking terrifying
@@md4luckycharms But the spiders and snakes the possum stir up are.
I bet they've got all kinds of cancer
yes, but the AMERICAN opossum will land you in the hospital from a variety of things, blood loss and stitches being one
Marsupials will get you.
its funny. whenever i watch you do chemistry, it feels like i'm watching a post apocalyptic chemist. Like they would have in the movie MAD MAX.
when the end comes, you'll be still be doing chemistry. :)
I like this impression!
For me, there always some kind of "Breaking-bad" vibes emanating from these videos... And I can't control myself from suspecting all of these chemist TH-camrs from being huge drug dealers. Especially Nile-Red... (It always happens to be those you're suspecting less... lol)
@@Reth_Hard Nilered "hah... Ya got me."
@@slightlyamusedblackkidfrom9153
If you want to buy a kilo of LSD, now you know who to ask for it. :P
That is why I personally have perfected my chemistry over the years/ With a view to metallurgy, explosives, and certain other useful things. A bit of chem weapons too. May be zombies. I plan on surviving the apocalypse with knowledge to trade.
Yeah the sodium metabisulfite is used to sterilize brewing equipment and it also keeps the yeast from reproducing as well as a preservative displacing o2. It's interesting, you can use it to help with natural carbonation while reducing explosions.
"The Australian Way" includes a break for possumhunting ... I love this channel :)
Dude you put up with so much shit over the years. You deserve a fucking medal, literally doing complex, relatively accurate chemistry in the back yard. On a folding table with an extension cord, on a minuscule budget in the FUCKING RAIN
Not quite sodium metabisulfite but when I worked at a winery we used would add potassium metabisulfite to help preserve the wine. It was the WORST surprise to get a face full of the fumes when opening a tank since it turned the water in your eyes into sulfuric acid. We wore gas masks when we mixed it.
"is that a possum?"
*one day later*
"The lab is now gone, so we'll do our reaction outside"
Me with a chemistry test tomorrow telling my mum this is “revision”
I've been storing bromine in a bottle with ground-glass stopper, thoroughly greased with Dow Corning High Vacuum Grease (which is a highly-fluorinated silicone grease), and inside a plastic/foil/plastic bag thing with some sodium thiosulphate to absorb vapours which escape. It seems to be working relatively okay.
th-cam.com/video/Z9_jIa2WADc/w-d-xo.html
Realitivly
The elaborate storage method required really highlights how absurd of a chemical bromine is.
I once had 500ml stored in a screw top reagent bottle, in a cabinet. I think there was a bit of moisture in it, and one day it exploded. I wasn't around, only found the mess later. Big mess in that steel locker though.
What is an Amish man with a rainbow profile picture doing with bromine?
Watch out with bromine m8, it gives nasty burn wounds. Once I destilled bromine from a KBr/H2SO4/H2O2 mixture and all went well, until I disassembled the destillation apparatus. I got a really small amount of bromine, a puff of fumes, on my bare hands. Nothing happened initially, but 4 hours later my hand started to hurt, I looked and it was full of blisters like you get from second-degree burning.
Hey Bro, ....love your work, and, yeah, being from just over the ditch from you guys I know a lot of us have it pretty tough when it comes to sourcing even the most basic of reagents, which is why your work here is so much appreciated, not just for the entertainment side but also from the practical side, you show how it happens, and for me, that's really helpful, I have been caught out before when trying a new oxidation, I have never seen this done with metabisulphite before, this is the perfect example of over the counter DIY chemistry, both reagents readily available, and relatively cheap, and as you show, quite friendly..FYI...Bromine is well known for it's ability to behave a bit like a super fluid, able to run up walls and sneak past any damn tap or seal etc....that's why they recommend that all ground joint glassware has the fittings smeared with 98 percent sulfuric acid, even your PTFE stop-cock...it's a good way of stopping the Bromine from sneaking past and going places you'd rather it shouldn't...
Bromide salts were used as sedative and seizure medication before safer alternatives like barbiturates.
additionally..the bromide was also used as a hard on destroyer for soldiers who had a nasty habit of bumming each other whilst out on extended patrols with zero pussy insight for months....
Wow can't say I've ever heard that.
@@psycronizer true, especially in former communist countries
@@SuperAngelofglory yeah, first I ever heard of it was here in my country New Zealand, a buddy was joining the Territorials (army type outfit) and he told me that their sarge made them take it, which I thought was REALLY weird, because there was practically ZERO gayness in the military back then, well, not open gayness, like none of them were mincing around and talking like a well, fairy.
@@Paonporteur We'll continue this when you actually get a degree and this is worth my time because I'll know that I'm talking to somebody who understands chemistry , pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, toxicology, and many more things. You, however clearly have no degree and are just being an armchair scientist or whatever it is you're trying to be. So this conversation is over until you actually take the time and effort to understand the subject. You can start by reading up on the subjects at hand. The toxicity of bromide salts and the problems that came with using them as sedatives in humans which are still relevant today in veterinary settings, where they're still used as either potassium or sodium bromide. It's not very difficult at all to find ANY information about this.
Too bad they don't sell the Di Bromo dimethylhydantoin as a spa disinfectant. The chemical exists but only for water and paper plants, not over the counter as it seems.
Home brewer here. While I don't use it in my own brews Sodium Metabisulfite is a stabalizing agent, if is toxic to the micro-organism used to turn sugar into alchohol (yeast). The idea is that you brew something dry (no remaining sugar) to the alchohol content you want and then let it sit over night with a small amount of sodium metabisulfite then syphon the brew off and back sweeten it. This way you are not reactivating any yeasts and not potentially causing a bottle to explode later (yeasts byproducts are ethenol and carbon dioxide)
This is easily my favorite chemistry channel
you could always convert it entirely to bromine monochloride and ampule some of that!
lovely video, captures the most enjoyable aspects of chemistry
i woulda guessed your mass gain was just water
I use my SMB to reduce gold chloride out of Chloroauric acid and to sterilise my fermentation tank. Dual purpose :)
Love your honesty.
Once I saw bromine my first thought was "Oh god"
"I dont do many anhydrous reactions anyways" well lets see what you used that bromine for in the future Tom
A new method - the Australian method. For the record I would like to see you doing the Australian method as in drinking a lot throughout the process.
I love this channel.
Couldnt you try freezing your bromine/chlorine mixture? Bromine solidifies at -7.2 C so the chlorine could be poured off?
Like a reverse distillation
@@keziahdelaney5156 Or like a freeze precipitation
But what about the Chlorine that is dissolved into water, it would get trapped as the temp. reaches 0°C.
The chlorine formed compounds with the bromine ie bromine chloride or chlorine bromide etc, it's chemically stuck together
@@Paonporteur Interesting, but at low temperatures their reactivity should be drastically reduced a) because of the reduced frequency of collision between the atoms and b) the reduced "mixing" of the two chemicals since one would be solid and the other liquid?
Excellently done, m8
Oooo pretty colors!
Yass a new Video
The soundtrack is terrific! Reminds me of classic Aphex twin or Squarepusher.. love it!
2:07 "Australian method hydantoin" had me geeking
Bloody love the colour of bromine. Fucking weather!! Bang!! Good work none the less
It is really lovely. And just the way it moves around because its so dense its just... slightly different. I've always been a fan of it
distilling bromine on a rainy day .. the day you'll remember forever
Western Australian here, I bought a kilo of potassium bromide in the local pet store that caters to horses! It was reasonably cheap from what I recall.
Also it's Hi-dan-toe-in... but faster.
Horse stores! Interesting, wonder what its there for? will keep an eye out, thanks mate
Extractions&Ire I think it's used to calm them down.
I also went to another stockfeeds place and they sold formaldehyde solution, needless to say I bought some lol
What you using the formaldehyde for? I have some, its badly polymerised but I've only used it once in a reaction.
Interesting. I just looked it up quickly and it used to be used on people for the same reason, neat
Extractions&Ire I'm going to try and make some Urea-formaldehyde resin... if I get round to it. Too much work at the moment to even think about it.
Love the music in this vid.
Mate, Aussie here. I'm in Western Australia. You can buy spa bromine tablets in any pool supplies store here. I have dropped them into a 3l flask with toluene and with a reflux condenser topped with a distillation condenser into a collection flask. You need a lot of condensing surface for what is coming. Then heat the lot slowly, until the reaction starts. It takes off with an exothermic whoosh but if you can keep the beast under control, you quickly end up with a heap of benzyl bromide and also a heap of pure bromine. I was after benzyl bromide, experimenting with halogenated hydrocarbons, but ended up collecting a liter of bromine too. It is a nasty lachrymator. If you lose control, you end up with a lab covered in Benzyl bromide and hydrobromic acid among other things.
"aw fack" you gotta love Aussie's
I'm 2 years too late, but just as a chemistry/pharmacy fun-fact--a well-known hydantoin is the anti-seizure medication called phenytoin (and IV form, fosphenytoin).
Ah. Those macro shots are beautiful.
thank you!
Extractions&Ire really tho, the quality of your videos has been like professional quality. You just need stabilization with the hand held shots :p
Nice attempt. Bromine is a neat synthesis and a staple for any chemist I guess. It’s just one of those things you just have to try one day... oh and Didn’t you use an umbrella? I’ve eyes off those tablets before for this purpose and decided that the Cl contamination is just too annoying for an element sample and just went the NaBr route instead. And also a couple of weeks back I found metabisulfite in a large chain supermarket W. It was in the drinks section near home brew beer kits.
An umbrella is a much better idea than aluminium foil! And oh that's cool, I don't need any more now but i'll keep an eye out, it's a pretty useful chemical
I have gotten pure Bromine out of those tablets before. I can't recall off hand what I did to bind the chlorine but I was sure it was all trapped in the reaction flask. I wasn't adding sodium metabisulfite though, I was reacting the tablets with hydrocarbons, like Toluene. The bromine was a biproduct really but I duly collected it since there was so much and it is a pretty element. I like it more than chlorine. My favorite halogen. 😍
We manufacture tons and tons of BCDMH - BromochlorodimethylHydantoin every month ! and we also handle tonnes and tonnes or bromine !! What i would like to add is that you should wear special safety masks and gloves while handling bromine as i t can cause severe burns. Like major ones. It can melt your skin in seconds of contact.. s be careful. All said, very good experiment !!
i was burned by tribromoacetic acid once had nasty purple welts all over my legs
Um no?
@@Paonporteur I used to work for a custom chemical company in the 90s. We made something out of it similar to tear gas. It was some nasty stuff. It sublimates and gets all over everything.
oh broken electronics! at least u could salvage the copper from it!
Alternative title: How To Make Soy Sauce
tasty soy sauce fumes
Forbidden soy sauce
Angry soy sauce
Sodium metabisulphite is used as a disinfectant in brewing. Its an easy and effective way to kill mold/fungus spores and wild yeast. its easy to wash out and doesn't leave any residue like a lot of detergents.
You do realize now you gotta tell us how to get that chlorine out of there. :-)
you gotta go in there and individually pull out every atom of chlorine by hand. using very tiny tweezers
Waaaaait a minute. I get it. You're pulling my leg. The BROMINE atoms are the BIGGER ones. THEY don't need such tiny tweezers!
Okay. I got this.
maybe pull a vacuum on it at room T, and stir for an hour?
@TheBackyardChemist -- I'll be damned. Here I was getting my tweezers all sharpened up and you come up with something that will dispose of the whole problem almost effortlessly. You saved me a lot of time. Thanks!!
woah you've just saved me hours of work, i could just pull out the bigger atoms, you're a lifesaver
Considering where you live, I think it's very brave of you to leave spider web like that around your bulb
It's not the spiders at head height you have to worry about. It is the ones wandering around on the ground that we worry about. Even the snakes get out of the way of funnel webs
The music is quite fun in this one :)
The first track was 28 organ by aphex twin if your interested.
@@maximusnickila4440 Went and listened to it, thank you :)
0:40 I completely lost it, my guy. Cheers!
I hope that, in the 5 years since you made this spicey Laksa, you've secured a foldy gazebo to protect the outdoor lab. It could limit the rain mayhem, while still allowing for bloody windy mayhem.
Chemistry in the rain. So good
Love that tune at 7:18
7:15 ok.... is that the thing you mentioned twitter ? probably try the kind of tent that Bunnings use for selling their sausage sizzles, it shouldn't be too pricy, too cheaper than a goddman fume hood that is for sure.
Aussie Chemist yeah that's the thing. I can do things undercover in the shed, like how I did the last methallyl chloride video, but that requires me to know that the rain was coming. It was so sunny I didn't even check.
Rainfall isn't really that much of an issue for me, it really doesn't rain that often here
Bunnings warehouse: Lower yields are just the beginning
Sodium metabisulfite and more commonly potassium metabisulfite (kms) is used in wine for sterilization (when mixed with citric and water cause of some fun equilibrium) and also just added straight to wine for microbial control and oxidation control. As far as I know, for metabisulfites most places use potassium based cause the sodium one at wine pH causes some unpleasant salts to form and precipitate. I imagine it's similar for beer
Working outdoors in the rain with electricity does add to the challenge of success. Still you got Br2 out of it. Is there any way to separate out the Cl or is it like an azeotrope?
Sodium metabisulfide is used in home brew to sterilise glass bottles before adding beer
If you can dry it, maybe with molecular sieves, I'd be interested in watching it not wet the glass. The same video could have it being placed into the ampules.
Great videos
Thanks mate!
We’re outside in nature’s fume cupboard.
That would have avoided several fires at the university I used to work at...
Metabisulphite is good as preservative. Used in wine heaps as well
Sodium metabisulfite is commonly used in two concentrations (~5g/L and ~1g/L).
The high concentration solution is sufficient to sterilize equipment and does not require rinsing, so there is no risk of contamination from rinse water/tools.
The low concentration solution is enough to kill/inhibit wild yeast and many bacteria, but cultured yeasts can survive it. Wine snobs will say that only potassium metabisulfite is used in this way, but they'll also pretend that they can taste the difference between identical wines poured out of differently shaped bottles. This solution is actually made in the must (fruit mix) that will be turned into wine. I'm not sure if brewers use it, but it's commonly used in wine making.
ETA: For those in the comments saying that it's not used in actual wine - it is. Campden tablets are either sodium or potassium metabisulfite.
australian possums: cute fuzzy things
american possums: H E L L C R E A T U R E
Sodium metabisulphite or the potassium version mostly is used for preserving homemade jams and fruit syrups. (sodium salt for sweet and potassium based for sour afaik, due to their taste, much like with benzoates)
For homebrewing it could be used as a disinfectant for containers in the process as a dilute wash solution. Sterility is very important there
One extra thing, can you reflux the bromine to get rid of the BrCl with a 10C water bath?
Sodium metabisulfite is very often used in wine as a preservative, it's a pretty good reducer and so it prevents oxidation, also bacteria and such don't like it very much so it decreases growth of micro organisms. Also for these reasons it used to be mixed with meat so the meat doesn't turn a greyish-purple color. However that's illegal now since the chemical is quite toxic.
ah the ol' 'pump chemicals into the meat so it stays fresh forever' trick, i'm glad that's mostly gone out of fashion
Could you reflux the bromine to get rid of the chlorine? The idea being the solubility of chlorine should go down at higher temp and the condenser will not condense it of course some will just dissolve back but the concentration will be reduced over time. You will lose some bromine though use very efficient condenser
I think that would've worked, as well as maybe refluxing over NaBr? Probably a good solution
My orgo 2 lab students would ask me “is this orange?”
Wait, how do you get only 30-ish grams of bromine from 175 g BCDMH ? To my understanding, bromine makes up about 33 % of its molecular weight, meaning the theoretical yield of bromine would be about 175 * 0.33 = 58 g?
Also, if you used somewhat stochiometric amounts of the reducing agent, and therefore its availability was the limiting factor in this reaction, the formation of chlorine instead of (and not in addition to) bromine would only lower the total mass of the product, not increase it.
Am I being stupid?
Sounds right I was thinking the same thing
The world is your bin remember? you're just living by your motto!
now I understand why you got more yield than theoretically possible. If going from the 1 to 4 reaction stoichiometry, your 175 grams pool chemical BCDMH only needs 35 grams of metabisulfite to react with, you used 52 grams (!), so, undoubtedly, you got not only Bromine, but also Bromo-Chloride, that's where your extra weight came from, in your yield !
those tablets make me crave an oddfellow, but i suspect most people outside new zealand aren't going to relate
they're awesome, they sell them in oz as well
SMB is used as a coffee stain remover/reducer when professionally cleaning carpets and many other uses iam sure
Buy a outdoors overhang tarp with the legs on it so you can do chemical reactions outside even in the rain.it wont be perfect but at least you would have some shelter
sodium metabisulfite can be used for disinfecting brew glassware as well
amazing thumbnail
"brom-start" sounds like something you'd use for a car lol
You may consider this the "Australian method", but I can't find anything containing more than 14% sodium bromide from Home Depot here in the states, but I can find something with BCDMH, so this may soon become an American method as well (or at least for me :-) ).
Yeah interesting. Products in hardware stores do change over time, and if something is decided to be 'safer' Like this one might be, it can slowly phase out a different product, so who knows
@@ExtractionsAndIre I plan on trying this out in the near future - You have any ideas on getting rid of the chlorine contamination that you didn't mention here? Or recommendations on how to avoid it?
@@ExtractionsAndIre Hey Tom, do you think that the result from this still has some use cases? Since the BrCl is a gas, I assume that the chlorine contamination is bromine saturated with BrCl, is that right?
I ask because I can't find any sodium bromide locally, but I can find the same chemical you used, and I would prefer to have pure bromine in the end, but I think I may end up getting the same BrCl contamination you got. I don't usually dispose of chemicals just because they're contaminated like that, so I'm curious if there's any specific use cases for BrCl saturated bromine that could be fun to experiment with.
@@Paonporteur interesting. Reacts with water to form what? HBr and HCl I'm guessing?
Surely you are going to hate me for it. But in the rain, the chemistry shots look fkn awesome!!!
Start a new channel: Distilations & Rain ❤
Dude I was half asleep watching this and I thought it was a maxmoefoe cold ones video
love the aphex twin
the intended kind of yellow
@ 6:32 Bromine Leak ?
A nice Aussie cook out
Bromine is very rare in Australia because it breaks down in sunlight as I understand it. Do they only use it for indoor pools and spas in America? or is the UV just that much lower that it doesn't matter? I only know of one person who uses Bromine in their spa, and they have to drain the entire thing twice a year because it doesn't work :D
6:02
Your inner rural Texan came out with that "shit". Lol.
Hero!
May I ask if any other reducing agents can be used in this synthesis? Take for example, sodium thiosulfate? It’s easier for me to buy it from a science company...
Probably, give it a try and post how it goes.
I know this a year late, but thiosulfate will reduce the bromine to NaBr, so I wouldn't recommend it to anyone thinking of trying this.
get one of those foldable outdoor sunshade things it would help with unexpected rain and cut down on uv radiation
They do use sodium metabisulfite for sterilizing their equipment. But they don't add sulfites directly to the wine, only sulfur dioxide. (I guess so that it doesn't mess too much with the pH and salinity?)
The latter is done to kill unwanted bacteria that could oxidize it and start making acetic acid. (A process called Maderization, usually unwantd except in a select few cases.) The other reason is to help stop the fermentation early, before all the sugar is consumed, so that the wine can remain a little sweet. (In which case they often also use it in conjunction with potassium sorbate.)
That is mostly done for white wines, as those grape varieties usually tend to have less sugar than the ones used for red wine. With the latter, you can often leave the fermentation go to term: with enough sugar, and the right yeast strain, it will spontaneously stop when the alcoholic degree becomes too high for the yeast, leaving some sweetness still in the wine. White wines also tend to taste better with a little more sweetness than red wines.
It's also frowned upon as a way of making cheap but crappy wine: less fermentation means less fermentation products (alcohol, but also a lot of complex molecules made by the yeast, which contribute to the wine's flavor). So it's basically the same as having a more dilute wine, as if it were cut with water. And in addition to that, it also kills a bunch of anaerobic bacteria responsible for the wine's aging, so they simply don't age well.
A better winemaking technique is to grow grapes in places where they get more sunlight (in the northern hemisphere, south facing slopes are ideal, north facing in the southern hemisphere), and/or let them mature a little longer before the harvest. But that also implies more expensive plots of land and lower harvest yield, so it's done for the better, more expensive wines.
Except in Switzerland, where their local wine costs an arm and a leg, but still tastes like sex in a canoe: f*cking close to water! (They just don't get much sunlight I guess. But that doesn't excuse the price! I could buy much better Chilean wine there at half the price of the local ones...)
Thanks for that info!! Interesting stuff.
I live in a wine area but know very little about wine, and don't really enjoy drinking it myself. I actually live directly across the road from a fairly nice winery, never even been in lol.
Theres a really good wine region about 45 min drive from me called the Barossa. Some of the best Australian red wines i've heard, a type called 'Shiraz' which is really popular. That's my strong recommendation if you're looking for one
I do really like Shiraz too! We've got some great ones near my grandparent's, in the south of France. Haven't yet tasted the australian ones though.
(It's also often called "Syrah", both names usually refer to the exact same variety of grapes).
Competing against wines from France is pretty tough competition haha
I'm not sure. I checked the numbers, you do get a lot more sunshine hours per year, and you're closer to the equator. I am not knowledgeable enough to judge about the soil quality though.
We may have an older tradition, but that sort of skill and know-how can easily be (and is being) exported.
@@Paonporteur The sulfur dioxide / sulfite equilibrium is purely a matter of pH though.
Aphex twin! :-)
Have you heard his real crazy stuff published as AFX
JC! A brom
If bromine is the kinetic product of yhis reaction, that will be because the reaction that produces bromine has a lower activation energy (than, I assume, the reaction that produces chlorine).
Everything you say about the stirring is valid, so that would still need to be addressed; but if you carry out the reaction at a lower temperature, you should obtain a greater ratio of bromine to chlorine.
God I remember being semi poisoned by my high school chemistry teacher when we were testing for saturated hydrocarbons. I had fluorescent boogers afterwards :)
Sodium metabisulfate is used to sterilize your beer or wine must to kill bad yeast before you add the good yeast. It is also used at the end to preserve the wine for aging, other wise wine shouldn't be aged because it could go bad. but in beer its not used at the end because you add a bit of sugar to the bottle to promote yeast growth and if you add the sodium metabisulfate it will kill the yeast.
to dry the bromine, you add about half the volume of conc. sulfuric as there is bromine, so from what i saw, I don't think you added enough acid to dry it properly
You had made a video of bromine on 2014 for explosionsandfire
You have exactly the same pestle and mortar as me except mine is broken about halfway down where the black line is lol
but how did you pack up?
Could you react the sodium bromide with sodium meta bisulfite and get the same results but even better without chlorine?
Love this channel. Tried watching the Nile? guy can't stand it. Real person here. Loved the salts tasting video by the way