Main facts (in short); Cryptanalysis of the Enigma ciphering system enabled the western Allies in World War II to read substantial amounts of Morse-coded radio communications of the Axis powers that had been enciphered using Enigma machines. This yielded military intelligence which, along with that from other decrypted Axis radio and teleprinter transmissions, was given the codename Ultra. The Enigma machines were a family of portable cipher machines with rotor scramblers. Good operating procedures, properly enforced, would have made the plugboard Enigma machine unbreakable. The German plugboard-equipped Enigma became the principal crypto-system of the German Reich and later of other Axis powers. In December 1932 it was "broken" by mathematician Marian Rejewski at the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, using mathematical permutation group theory combined with French-supplied intelligence material obtained from a German spy. By 1938 Rejewski had invented a device, the cryptologic bomb, and Henryk Zygalski had devised his sheets, to make the cipher-breaking more efficient. Five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, in late July 1939, at a conference just south of Warsaw, the Polish Cipher Bureau shared its Enigma-breaking techniques and technology with the French and British. During the German invasion of Poland, core Polish Cipher Bureau personnel were evacuated via Romania to France, where they established the PC Bruno signals intelligence station with French facilities support. Successful cooperation among the Poles, the French, and the British at Bletchley Park continued until June 1940, when France surrendered to the Germans. From this beginning, the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park built up an extensive cryptanalytic capability. Initially the decryption was mainly of Luftwaffe (German air force) and a few Heer (German army) messages, as the Kriegsmarine (German navy) employed much more secure procedures for using Enigma. Alan Turing, a Cambridge University mathematician and logician, provided much of the original thinking that led to upgrading of the Polish cryptologic bomb used in decrypting German Enigma ciphers. However, the Kriegsmarine introduced an Enigma version with a fourth rotor for its U-boats, resulting in a prolonged period when these messages could not be decrypted. With the capture of cipher keys and the use of much faster US Navy bombes, regular, rapid reading of U-boat messages resumed. In the 1920s the German military began using a 3-rotor Enigma, whose security was increased in 1930 by the addition of a plugboard. The Polish Cipher Bureau sought to break it due to the threat that Poland faced from Germany, but its early attempts did not succeed. Near the beginning of 1929, the Polish Cipher Bureau realized that mathematicians may make good codebreakers; the bureau invited math students at Poznań University to take a class on cryptology. After the class, the Bureau recruited some students to work part-time at a Bureau branch set up in Poznań for the students. The branch operated for some time. On 1 September 1932, 27-year-old Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski and two fellow Poznań University mathematics graduates, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki, joined the Bureau full-time and moved to Warsaw. Their first task was to reconstruct a four-letter German naval cipher. Near the end of 1932 Rejewski was asked to work a couple of hours a day on breaking the Enigma. Rejewski's characteristics method. Marian Rejewski quickly spotted the Germans' major procedural weaknesses of specifying a single indicator setting (Grundstellung) for all messages on a network for a day, and repeating the operator's chosen message key in the enciphered 6-letter indicator. Those procedural mistakes allowed Rejewski to decipher the message keys without knowing any of the machine's wirings. In the above example of DQYQQT being the enciphered indicator, it is known that the first letter D and the fourth letter Q represent the same letter, enciphered three positions apart in the scrambler sequence. Similarly with Q and Q in the second and fifth positions, and Y and T in the third and sixth. Rejewski exploited this fact by collecting a sufficient set of messages enciphered with the same indicator setting, and assembling three tables for the 1,4, the 2,5, and the 3,6 pairings. Each of these tables might look something like the following: First letter ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Fourth letter NSYQTICHAFEXJPULWRZKGOVMDB. A path from one first letter to the corresponding fourth letter, then from that letter as the first letter to its corresponding fourth letter, and so on until the first letter recurs, traces out a cycle group. The following table contains six cycle groups. Cycle group starting at A (9 links) (A, N, P, L, X, M, J, F, I, A) Cycle group starting at B (3 links) (B, S, Z, B) Cycle group starting at C (9 links) (C, Y, D, Q, W, V, O, U, G, C) Cycle group starting at E (3 links) (E, T, K, E) Cycle group starting at H (1 link) (H, H) Cycle group starting at R (1 link) (R, R). Rejewski recognized that a cycle group must pair with another group of the same length. Even though Rejewski did not know the rotor wirings or the plugboard permutation, the German mistake allowed him to reduce the number of possible substitution ciphers to a small number. For the 1,4 pairing above, there are only 1×3×9=27 possibilities for the substitution ciphers at positions 1 and 4. Rejewski also exploited cipher clerk laziness. Scores of messages would be enciphered by several cipher clerks, but some of those messages would have the same encrypted indicator. That meant that both clerks happened to choose the same three letter starting position. Such a collision should be rare with randomly selected starting positions, but lazy cipher clerks often chose starting positions such as "AAA", "BBB", or "CCC". Those security mistakes allowed Rejewski to solve each of the six permutations used to encipher the indicator. That solution was an extraordinary feat. Rejewski did it without knowing the plugboard permutation or the rotor wirings. Even after solving for the six permutations, Rejewski did not know how the plugboard was set or the positions of the rotors. Knowing the six permutations also did not allow Rejewski to read any messages. Before Rejewski started work on the Enigma, the French had a spy, Hans-Thilo Schmidt, who worked at Germany's Cipher Office in Berlin and had access to some Enigma documents. Even with the help of those documents, the French did not make progress on breaking the Enigma. The French decided to share the material with their British and Polish allies. In a December 1931 meeting, the French provided Gwido Langer, head of the Polish Cipher Bureau, with copies of some Enigma material. Langer asked the French for more material, and Gustave Bertrand of French Military Intelligence quickly obliged; Bertrand provided additional material in May and September 1932. The documents included two German manuals and two pages of Enigma daily keys. In December 1932, the Bureau provided Rejewski with some German manuals and monthly keys. The material enabled Rejewski to achieve "one of the most important breakthroughs in cryptologic history" by using the theory of permutations and groups to work out the Enigma scrambler wiring. Rejewski could look at a day's cipher traffic and solve for the permutations at the six sequential positions used to encipher the indicator. Since Rejewski had the cipher key for the day, he knew and could factor out the plugboard permutation. He assumed the keyboard permutation was the same as the commercial Enigma, so he factored that out. He knew the rotor order, the ring settings, and the starting position. He developed a set of equations that would allow him to solve for the rightmost rotor wiring assuming the two rotors to the left did not move. He attempted to solve the equations, but failed with inconsistent results. After some thought, he realized one of his assumptions must be wrong. Rejewski found that the connections between the military Enigma's keyboard and the entry ring were not, as in the commercial Enigma, in the order of the keys on a German typewriter. He made an inspired correct guess that it was in alphabetical order. Britain's Dilly Knox was astonished when he learned, in July 1939, that the arrangement was so simple. With the new assumption, Rejewski succeeded in solving the wiring of the rightmost rotor. The next month's cipher traffic used a different rotor in the rightmost position, so Rejewski used the same equations to solve for its wiring. With those rotors known, the remaining third rotor and the reflector wiring were determined. Without capturing a single rotor to reverse engineer, Rejewski had determined the logical structure of the machine. The Polish Cipher Bureau then had some Enigma machine replicas made; the replicas were called "Enigma doubles".
And the reason for the mathematicians being drafted from Poznań University was that there was a big enough pool of mathematicians knowing not only German language, but also Germans as people and their German ways of dealing with things (German psyche, so to speak). Being good at maths alone wouldn't allow to break the Enigma code in 1932.
In 1932 a team of young mathematicians from the University of Poznań POLAND was set up. Among them were the main code breakers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski. It was Rejewski who first cracked the Enigma code, in only ten weeks... during the war, the Poles gave the French and the British a copy of the Enigma Machine built by them, ... after the war, the English took all the credit for themselves ...
I don't want to downplay the work done by the Polish team, but their decoding system relied on a flaw in the German message protocol. Once the Germans had fixed that flaw, the Polish system no longer worked. Alan Turing essentially started from scratch and the bombe described in this video is nothing like the bombe designed by the Polish team. That's not to downplay their massive contribution, but to accuse the British of taking all the credit is unfair - particularly since the whole project remained a massive secret for decades afterwards, and no-one was in any position to make any claims.
@@mandolinic Correct. Turing was solving using a different approach - using cribs. Also Gordon Welchman came up with the "diagonal board" to add to the bombe. It had to crack enigma in a practical timely manner.
@@mandolinic You were wrong. There were no flaws, but there was constant improvement of Enigma machines done by Germans. Enigma machine that was broken in 1932 was slightly different from that machine in 1935 or 1938. It was getting more and more complicated and code breakers had to guess the improvements made. That was close to cracking it again and again. Alan Turing tried to break the Enigma code before the war started but was unsuccessful. He was basically standing on the shoulders of Polish giants. Read the true story, not the British propaganda.
@@tomaszniemy6066 The Enigma machine had an important flaw that was impossible to design out: a letter could never encode to itself (so A could never encode to A). This meant it was possible to compare possible cribs against the encrypted message, and find possible alignment positions. Anyone who has read Simon Singh's book will be well aware of the massive insights and contributions made by Poland's codebreakers.
Alan Turning only expanded on plans supplied by Polish mathematicians who supplied the full working enigma machine and plans of how the bombe was to be build (there was no time for Poles to developed as the country was overrun by Germans).
The enigma wasn’t the only cipher machine that the Germans were using either, nor was it the strongest. They had at least 2 other cipher machines that were much stronger such as the Lorenz and the t52 sturgeon. Both of which had nothing to do with Alan Turing or the poles. Then there were also the Japanese cipher machines such as the red and purple machines with the naval code (jn-25) being the most prominent one. Both of which had nothing to do with Turing or the poles. Then you had the cipher machines the allies were using like the us sigba and british type x which again, both Turing and the poles had nothing to do with. There was a lot going on for ww2 codebreaking.
After watching this video I recognize I could have been very valuable in cracking the Enigma machine ... by fetching tea or coffee for the scientists working on this problem.
The fundamental work on cracking Enigma was done by Polish mathematicians. Just days before the 1 September, 1939 invasion they were successful in getting all their notes and an Enigma machine out of Poland and sent to the Brits. The latter then took the basic work by the Polish, improved on it a bit, and took full credit for cracking the Enigma code.
The Polish method was a complete tour-de-force, but it relied on the rotor starting positions being transmitted twice at the start of each message. These starting positions were set at the discretion of the Enigma operator. However, the Germans abruptly changed the protocol so that the starting positions were only sent once. This meant Polish system no longer worked and Alan Turing had to develop a completely new system to break the machine. Fortunately, by the time this happened there was a massive catalogue of stored messages to provide a rich variety of possible cribs. So, to characterise the whole development of an entire new coding system as improving the Polish system "a bit" is both unfair and completely incorrect. Furthermore, the whole existence of the project was kept entirely secret for many decades after the war and no-one was making any claims at all. Anyone who knows even a little bit of the history of Bletchley Park is well aware of the massive Polish contribution - without their ground-breaking work, the war would have gone on for much longer.
They actually cracked it before the war began, and realizing that they were about to be invaded, they gave their findings to the British. In fact, the Poles invented the “cryptologic bombe” machine later made famous by Alan Turing and his compatriots. His version was more complicated, because the Germans kept adding features to the Enigma machine. Turings machine cracked a much more advanced encryption, so I think it only fair to complement the British for their achievements. The Bombe machine was indeed named in recognition of polish efforts, after all.
Not exactly. Poles used some procedural flaws of Germans. Those flaws disappeared in later years, and breaking code became more difficult. However, The Bomb was designed by Poles.
My instructor in wireless communications was helping Alan Turning in ww2 when they were locked out when the fourth wheel was used, he told Alan that if I was on a German submarine the first three wheels would have to be on the weather code as he would not have time to keep changing the wheels, we already knew the weather code so we were only 26 turns from knowing what they were saying, it was that simple and it worked. Great brain but common sense solved the problem.
Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski polish mathematicians in 1939 gave all informations including their Enigma build in Poland to the British. Read XYZ by Desmond Turing.
This series should have way more views. This is so well explained. This is the definitive explanation of Enigma. I just wish the narration wasn't so dry. Should've used a real person.
I absolutely agree,. I visited the Bletchley Park museum and saw the replica bombes. If a video such as this was included in the AV (audio visual) presentations it would be of enormous help to understand the concepts.
Truly lovely video, but the AI voice kills me. Please, for the love of god, I don't care how bad you think your voice is just please voice it yourself or find someone.
The enigma wasn’t the only cipher machine that the Germans were using either, nor was it the strongest. They had at least 2 other cipher machines that were much stronger such as the Lorenz and the t52 sturgeon. Both of which had nothing to do with Alan Turing or the poles. Then there were also the Japanese cipher machines such as the red and purple machines with the naval code (jn-25) being the most prominent one. Both of which had nothing to do with Turing or the poles. Then you had the cipher machines the allies were using like the us sigba and british type x which again, both Turing and the poles had nothing to do with. There was a lot going on for ww2 codebreaking.
This is undoubtedly a very good, interesting and complex animated lecture.. But the question for the audience is, do they want to be entertained or do they want to see a lecture after which they understand this decryption process from start to finish? To do this, you need to know the following. The ENIGMA-decryption-process according to Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman consists of several steps. Some of these steps require the use of a machine so that the decryption process can take place in an acceptable time.The TURING-WELCHMAN-BOMB is just one of the machines in this decryption process, but it is also the most impressive machine. I show all of this in my lecture here on TH-cam called "TURING WELCHMAN BOMB decrypts Enigma" (Gustav Vogels". I show and explain the complete decryption process step by step. (English language). I prove each of my statements with the help of my microprocessor-controlled "TURING WELCHMAN BOMB that I developed. This microprocessor decryption bomb works in exactly the same way as the mechanical bomb of Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman. My lecture is long and complex, but that is also the way Alan Turing's and Gordon Welchman's decryption method is. I would like to remind you that in January 1941 a delegation of high-ranking American cryptologists visited Blechtley Park and stayed there for five weeks. After their five-weeks stay, theses American cryptologists still did not know how the British were able to decrypt the ENIGMA radio messages. This gives an idea of the overwhelmingly, great inventive achievements of Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman.
Throughout the comments I see people talking of the other machines that people created during the war that were also used to crack the code or other methods that were used and trying to put down the Bombre. However, the machine that Alan Turing invented was still very impressive. Its a lot of work that goes into making the machine, figuring out how to crack the cribs and what settings the letters have everyday. It was still a major help in the war for the British Allies. Plus the Imitation game, now called the Turing Test, is still a very fascinating concept and one we are facing today. I watched The Imitation Game and found myself extremely intrigued on how the machine actually worked and this video helped a lot. Although some of it is still a little confusing, as it's a lot to take in and I'm not studying maths at Harvard, both this video and the one explaining the Enigma machine are really good and explain things well. Thank you
The correct is Bomba. It is Polish word, and the name of the Polish machine cracking Enigma which was already in service in 1938 (when Turing was still doing his PhD). It was - a few years later - the inspiration for Turing's "Bomb(e)", and he even used the same name for his, much more advanced, device.
To help people as me that were stuck to understand the passage at 14:27, they connect the outputs to the inputs because the letter was equal in the sense that the signal was the same so they can automatize the machine I think that this process was manually done base on the encrypted phrase and the crib guess
Overall a simplified explanation of breaking the Enigma code. But historically inaccurate. Alan Turing was indeed the mathematician who theorised how electronics could be used to rapidly scan a multitude of possible combinations and he was the de-facto leader of the code breakers at Bletchley Park. But it was a Post Office engineer, Tommy Flowers who actually built the 'Bombe' known as 'Colossus'. He was the first person to actually build a electronic computer (not Alan Turing). Also, Enigma was not the most complex coding machine the German's used in WWII. There were others, and a young lone mathemetician, Bill Tutte, made fundamental advances in cryptanalysis by cracking the much more complex Lorenz cipher (nothing to do will Alan Turing). Bill Tutte and Tommy Flowers (basically working individually) are seldom given the credit they deserves. Yet, without thr brilliance of Tommy Flowers and Bill Tutte (and indeed Alan Turings foresight and overall leadership), WWII might well have ended differently.
Question, how would one determine the position/pairings of the reflectors? Moreover, were all enigma machines built with the same reflector pairings? Or were they randomized with each machine built?? Obviously ridiculous considering the number of enigma machines built but im really curious
There were two kinds of reflectors used (B and C types). These were consistently wired between enigmas. Much of the wiring could be figured out through British intellegence but Turing did write much about determining the rotor wiring itself from messages. This would be especially useful if they changed the design of engima (which they did many times). The math is staggeringly complicated, much more complicated than cribs and the Bombe machine so I won't go into it but you can find Turing's detailed notes in the "Prof's Book". If I recall therre was an instance where a lengthy message was sent twice in a row, once in plaintext and once encrypted, and this was useful in determining some of the wiring.
this is a common misconception for evrybody 1:49 it's not possible for E to become E bc the enigma works on wires, and they can't go into eachother. has nothing to do with the buttons. edit: for the bombe machine it's still not possible.
The German army Enigma had 5 possible rotors. 3 of the 5 were chosen to be used each day. The process being described here is how the order for the 3 chosen rotors were formed. But, how were the 3 of 5 rotors chosen?
Was the reflector "standard" or replaceble? From the schematic here it seems to act as another 'wired' plugboard and add a substitution but not discussed as that.
As I understand it, the reflector was the same for each model of machine used, but there were different models with different reflector arrangments just as there were different wheel arrangements. From what I've read, it seems that different models were used for different services, so the navy might use one model while the army used a different model and the air force used a third model, all with different wirings of both reflector and wheels. There were also models with at least four wheels. I haven't read about any models using more than four wheels, but they could very well have existed. And since the wheels were replaceable, it was common to have at least four different wheels for a 3-wheel machine and 5 or 6 wheels for a 4-wheel machine, with the code book specifying which wheels to use and in what order to place them in the machine for each day's reports.
1:54 It seems to me that all the following is based on the assumption, which could be quite wrong, that you have the encrypted string and the original string (massage). Will this approach work IF you do not have the original (not encrypted) massage to start with? The other question I have: why the encrypted massage is LONGER? It seems to me that the Enigma is supposed to produce one-to-one letter, isn't it? And the last one: if the operator on the receive side, by mistake, misses the punch or makes extra punch, all the rest of the decoding on the receive side is screwed. Both machines, on the transmit and receive sides must be reset to their original state.
Yes, it is 'known plaintext attack'. Knowing or guessing part of the message makes code breaking easier. Or feasible at all. Some parts of the message can be deducted like formal part 'weather report' if the message may be weather report, or names of objects that involved in recent activity, like attacked military installations or geographic names of nearby cities etc. If the guess is wrong, the code will be not broken, then another guess may be tried.
One thing you probably needed to clarify was the blue wires not in sequence alphabetically. While watching the video, that was the main question I had. Why were the blue wires not in sequence alphabetically? Is that just how the Germans did it for an extra layer of security or is there a more significant reason?
Great video, great graphics, nice explaination! But....Wouldn´t it be only fair to give credit to the polish mathematicians around Marian Rejewski, who cracked the enigma already in the 1930s and invented the bombe machine as well? Poland handed both their own (rebuild) enigma machines as well as first-generation bombe machines to France and UK in summer 1939. Alan Turing learnt all these basics from the polish people, and was very instrumental when, during the war, next-generation enigma machies with more rotors were introduced by German submarine command.
If you think Alan Turing couldn't have worked out a way to do it then you don't know much about Turing. The important part of what the Poles handed over was the physical setup of the Enigma machines - How many rotos, how many plugs on the plugboard etc.The Men and women at Bletchley Park weren't sitting around drinking tea you know, Enigma had several variations and being able to crakc the code is one thing but being able to do it quickly quite another.
@@richardevans560 sorry but you have no idea what are you talking about .. Poles did all the mathematics using permutation theory… they also created the “bomba” and give that all information to Brits .. on the silver platter. Without Poles Turing wouldn’t know where to start .. sorry . Just read any cryptography book or something. And I don’t want to discredit Turing as he was a brilliant man … but let’s stick with the facts .. Polish mathematicians been decrypting messages for years where at bletchley park they thought of using linguistic for that which is impossible. Even head of bletchley park admit that the poles have broken the code .
@@richardevans560 dude you just showed that you don’t know much about the history of the enigma … „Bomba” is the original device designed and built by Polish mathematicians… which was then copied by Brits.
@@richardevans560 everything I have said earlier are just facts . ;) Stop being so intellectually lazy and do some reading. Even in your link it said that the original one was “BOMBA” .. Dude seriously??? 😂😂😂 en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)
The audio cadence is just HORRIBLE - I assume it's being read by a computer. It's entirely obvious and it completely undermines what likely would have been a good video otherwise. Did you actually LISTEN to it before you posted it???
The germans were bad about using lieh reltih(backwards to avoid censorship), berlin, and other common words. His use of weather report was probably very common. I believe the rotor settings on all enigma machines were the same for every machine each day. So, any transmission that was decoded gave the settings for all the rest.
0:07 Not the "Bombay machine" but "Bombe," in which the "e" is silent. That's right, it's pronounced "bomb." For some reason, Turing gave it a French name.
He didn't give it it's name. That's the thing. Because he didn't invent it. He received it from British intelligence who received it from Polish intelligence. Read the true story. You can put on TH-cam whatever you want, lie or not lie...
I'm glad they do. Very few people are talented enough to have a radio voice, and it's annoying when people who have no business narrating things try to do so. I'd say if anything, I'd say the video creator just needs to put more effort into making the flow of the sentences sound more natural.
@@alanfitzgerald9026 Well, if someone doesn't have a good voice, they should go and find someone who has, rather than leaving it up to a machine. Maybe in a few years from now, it will no longer make a difference. But this one is absolutely unbearable beyond repair.
It's Bomb, NOT bombay. You tackle the subject well but sound ridiculous with the miss pronunciation! Just go to any other video about Enigma to hear it spoken correctly.
Funny how American[ actor]s in the 1971 bond film Diamonds are forever can get the pronunciation of "bombe surprise" correct.... (Even if the script shows them not knowing their clarets.)
@user-ky5dy5hl4d I never said the Poles didn't crack enigma They had a Bomba machine. According to an addendum in "The hut six story" by Gordon Welchman (of BP) the Polish Bomba and the British Bombe are not derived from the Bomba. Further the Polish methods of cracking were not particularly useful after the Germans changed keying system in May 1940. The name for the BP machines, according to Gordon Welchman in his book comes from the French for bomb[1][2], and as such would be pronounced as bom-b. [1]"The name "bombe" seems to have been attached by the Poles to an earlier concept, but it was also applied to the machines that we actually used. The term "bombe" is simply French for "bomb"; the connection with our machine is not clear to me, but it may have had to do with the idea of a mechanism that will go on ticking until it reaches an output..." [The hut six story, Gordon Welchman, M&M Baldwin, 1997, pg 77] [2]it is also the name of an ice cream dessert which I seem to remember possibly being a favourite of Turning's, but that may be apocryphal; that is the "dessert" at the end of Diamonds are forever: it was a bomb inside a fake ice cream bombe dessert, hence "bombe surprise"...
@user-ky5dy5hl4d Just found another part of the hit six story: "...Its name was given to it by Jerzy Rozycki because the idea for the machine came to Rejewski whilst the three of them were together and happened to be eating a very popular ice cream, known as a _bomba,_ plural bomby" [ibid, pg 197] It may be my memory failing as to the ice cream dessert and mixing the Poles with Turning...possibly as I knew of the french spelt bombe for the ice cream dessert.
I have found that the use of computer generated voice narration is limited in its ability to pronounce words that sound peculiar to the human ear. If CGN has to be used, spelling the text phonetically is much more professional than spelling the text normally.
@@new.asteroid.tracker There was a program for thec BBC micro back in the 1980s that could take a line of text and say it using the noise channel of the sound chip. It had an exception list so that "*say ghoti" would say "fish". However, "*say girl" would result in "guy-rl". To get it correct I would have to use "*say gearl" The computer auto generated subtitles call the machines "bombay" matching the pronunciation. Text to speech ought to be much easier than search to text...
The role by Polish code breakers is either ignored or downplayed. This is "crooked", all glory goes to Touring & Cia.... What the Polish achieved was not minor, it was essential, it was major.... Honesty is in short supply...
Main facts (in short);
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma ciphering system enabled the western Allies in World War II to read substantial amounts of Morse-coded radio communications of the Axis powers that had been enciphered using Enigma machines. This yielded military intelligence which, along with that from other decrypted Axis radio and teleprinter transmissions, was given the codename Ultra.
The Enigma machines were a family of portable cipher machines with rotor scramblers.
Good operating procedures, properly enforced, would have made the plugboard Enigma machine unbreakable.
The German plugboard-equipped Enigma became the principal crypto-system of the German Reich and later of other Axis powers. In December 1932 it was "broken" by mathematician Marian Rejewski at the Polish General Staff's Cipher Bureau, using mathematical permutation group theory combined with French-supplied intelligence material obtained from a German spy. By 1938 Rejewski had invented a device, the cryptologic bomb, and Henryk Zygalski had devised his sheets, to make the cipher-breaking more efficient. Five weeks before the outbreak of World War II, in late July 1939, at a conference just south of Warsaw, the Polish Cipher Bureau shared its Enigma-breaking techniques and technology with the French and British.
During the German invasion of Poland, core Polish Cipher Bureau personnel were evacuated via Romania to France, where they established the PC Bruno signals intelligence station with French facilities support. Successful cooperation among the Poles, the French, and the British at Bletchley Park continued until June 1940, when France surrendered to the Germans.
From this beginning, the British Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park built up an extensive cryptanalytic capability. Initially the decryption was mainly of Luftwaffe (German air force) and a few Heer (German army) messages, as the Kriegsmarine (German navy) employed much more secure procedures for using Enigma. Alan Turing, a Cambridge University mathematician and logician, provided much of the original thinking that led to upgrading of the Polish cryptologic bomb used in decrypting German Enigma ciphers. However, the Kriegsmarine introduced an Enigma version with a fourth rotor for its U-boats, resulting in a prolonged period when these messages could not be decrypted. With the capture of cipher keys and the use of much faster US Navy bombes, regular, rapid reading of U-boat messages resumed.
In the 1920s the German military began using a 3-rotor Enigma, whose security was increased in 1930 by the addition of a plugboard. The Polish Cipher Bureau sought to break it due to the threat that Poland faced from Germany, but its early attempts did not succeed. Near the beginning of 1929, the Polish Cipher Bureau realized that mathematicians may make good codebreakers; the bureau invited math students at Poznań University to take a class on cryptology. After the class, the Bureau recruited some students to work part-time at a Bureau branch set up in Poznań for the students. The branch operated for some time. On 1 September 1932, 27-year-old Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski and two fellow Poznań University mathematics graduates, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki, joined the Bureau full-time and moved to Warsaw.
Their first task was to reconstruct a four-letter German naval cipher.
Near the end of 1932 Rejewski was asked to work a couple of hours a day on breaking the Enigma.
Rejewski's characteristics method.
Marian Rejewski quickly spotted the Germans' major procedural weaknesses of specifying a single indicator setting (Grundstellung) for all messages on a network for a day, and repeating the operator's chosen message key in the enciphered 6-letter indicator. Those procedural mistakes allowed Rejewski to decipher the message keys without knowing any of the machine's wirings. In the above example of DQYQQT being the enciphered indicator, it is known that the first letter D and the fourth letter Q represent the same letter, enciphered three positions apart in the scrambler sequence. Similarly with Q and Q in the second and fifth positions, and Y and T in the third and sixth. Rejewski exploited this fact by collecting a sufficient set of messages enciphered with the same indicator setting, and assembling three tables for the 1,4, the 2,5, and the 3,6 pairings. Each of these tables might look something like the following:
First letter
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Fourth letter
NSYQTICHAFEXJPULWRZKGOVMDB.
A path from one first letter to the corresponding fourth letter, then from that letter as the first letter to its corresponding fourth letter, and so on until the first letter recurs, traces out a cycle group.
The following table contains six cycle groups.
Cycle group starting at A (9 links)
(A, N, P, L, X, M, J, F, I, A)
Cycle group starting at B (3 links)
(B, S, Z, B)
Cycle group starting at C (9 links)
(C, Y, D, Q, W, V, O, U, G, C)
Cycle group starting at E (3 links)
(E, T, K, E)
Cycle group starting at H (1 link)
(H, H)
Cycle group starting at R (1 link)
(R, R).
Rejewski recognized that a cycle group must pair with another group of the same length. Even though Rejewski did not know the rotor wirings or the plugboard permutation, the German mistake allowed him to reduce the number of possible substitution ciphers to a small number. For the 1,4 pairing above, there are only 1×3×9=27 possibilities for the substitution ciphers at positions 1 and 4.
Rejewski also exploited cipher clerk laziness. Scores of messages would be enciphered by several cipher clerks, but some of those messages would have the same encrypted indicator. That meant that both clerks happened to choose the same three letter starting position. Such a collision should be rare with randomly selected starting positions, but lazy cipher clerks often chose starting positions such as "AAA", "BBB", or "CCC". Those security mistakes allowed Rejewski to solve each of the six permutations used to encipher the indicator.
That solution was an extraordinary feat. Rejewski did it without knowing the plugboard permutation or the rotor wirings. Even after solving for the six permutations, Rejewski did not know how the plugboard was set or the positions of the rotors. Knowing the six permutations also did not allow Rejewski to read any messages.
Before Rejewski started work on the Enigma, the French had a spy, Hans-Thilo Schmidt, who worked at Germany's Cipher Office in Berlin and had access to some Enigma documents. Even with the help of those documents, the French did not make progress on breaking the Enigma. The French decided to share the material with their British and Polish allies. In a December 1931 meeting, the French provided Gwido Langer, head of the Polish Cipher Bureau, with copies of some Enigma material. Langer asked the French for more material, and Gustave Bertrand of French Military Intelligence quickly obliged; Bertrand provided additional material in May and September 1932.
The documents included two German manuals and two pages of Enigma daily keys.
In December 1932, the Bureau provided Rejewski with some German manuals and monthly keys. The material enabled Rejewski to achieve "one of the most important breakthroughs in cryptologic history" by using the theory of permutations and groups to work out the Enigma scrambler wiring.
Rejewski could look at a day's cipher traffic and solve for the permutations at the six sequential positions used to encipher the indicator. Since Rejewski had the cipher key for the day, he knew and could factor out the plugboard permutation. He assumed the keyboard permutation was the same as the commercial Enigma, so he factored that out. He knew the rotor order, the ring settings, and the starting position. He developed a set of equations that would allow him to solve for the rightmost rotor wiring assuming the two rotors to the left did not move.
He attempted to solve the equations, but failed with inconsistent results. After some thought, he realized one of his assumptions must be wrong.
Rejewski found that the connections between the military Enigma's keyboard and the entry ring were not, as in the commercial Enigma, in the order of the keys on a German typewriter. He made an inspired correct guess that it was in alphabetical order.
Britain's Dilly Knox was astonished when he learned, in July 1939, that the arrangement was so simple.
With the new assumption, Rejewski succeeded in solving the wiring of the rightmost rotor. The next month's cipher traffic used a different rotor in the rightmost position, so Rejewski used the same equations to solve for its wiring. With those rotors known, the remaining third rotor and the reflector wiring were determined. Without capturing a single rotor to reverse engineer, Rejewski had determined the logical structure of the machine.
The Polish Cipher Bureau then had some Enigma machine replicas made; the replicas were called "Enigma doubles".
Thanks for the info!
It took me two minutes to read this comment. Thank you for saving me from the ai voice. 😅
And the reason for the mathematicians being drafted from Poznań University was that there was a big enough pool of mathematicians knowing not only German language, but also Germans as people and their German ways of dealing with things (German psyche, so to speak). Being good at maths alone wouldn't allow to break the Enigma code in 1932.
Wow ! Just wow !!
I can't listen to this....
No way
I really wanted to watch this but can’t because of the voice :(
So ungrammatical!
Dude same 😂
Me neither. Horrid voice, unbearable.
The text to speech voice was initially offputting, but the presentation was so nice and i've never understood the bombe machine more. This is great
Thank you for your feedback and kind words! :)
@@Ingeniousideas
Why would you do this? Can't you read English yourself?
In 1932 a team of young mathematicians from the University of Poznań POLAND was set up. Among them were the main code breakers Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski. It was Rejewski who first cracked the Enigma code, in only ten weeks... during the war, the Poles gave the French and the British a copy of the Enigma Machine built by them, ... after the war, the English took all the credit for themselves ...
I don't want to downplay the work done by the Polish team, but their decoding system relied on a flaw in the German message protocol. Once the Germans had fixed that flaw, the Polish system no longer worked. Alan Turing essentially started from scratch and the bombe described in this video is nothing like the bombe designed by the Polish team. That's not to downplay their massive contribution, but to accuse the British of taking all the credit is unfair - particularly since the whole project remained a massive secret for decades afterwards, and no-one was in any position to make any claims.
Funny then that it took a team of hundreds of British workers over a year to build a machine capable of cracking intercepted messages.
@@mandolinic Correct. Turing was solving using a different approach - using cribs. Also Gordon Welchman came up with the "diagonal board" to add to the bombe. It had to crack enigma in a practical timely manner.
@@mandolinic You were wrong. There were no flaws, but there was constant improvement of Enigma machines done by Germans. Enigma machine that was broken in 1932 was slightly different from that machine in 1935 or 1938. It was getting more and more complicated and code breakers had to guess the improvements made. That was close to cracking it again and again.
Alan Turing tried to break the Enigma code before the war started but was unsuccessful. He was basically standing on the shoulders of Polish giants. Read the true story, not the British propaganda.
@@tomaszniemy6066 The Enigma machine had an important flaw that was impossible to design out: a letter could never encode to itself (so A could never encode to A).
This meant it was possible to compare possible cribs against the encrypted message, and find possible alignment positions.
Anyone who has read Simon Singh's book will be well aware of the massive insights and contributions made by Poland's codebreakers.
Alan Turning only expanded on plans supplied by Polish mathematicians who supplied the full working enigma machine and plans of how the bombe was to be build (there was no time for Poles to developed as the country was overrun by Germans).
Simplistic rubbish
Rejewski, Zygalski, and Rożycki. Read XYZ by Dermont Turing.
The enigma wasn’t the only cipher machine that the Germans were using either, nor was it the strongest. They had at least 2 other cipher machines that were much stronger such as the Lorenz and the t52 sturgeon. Both of which had nothing to do with Alan Turing or the poles. Then there were also the Japanese cipher machines such as the red and purple machines with the naval code (jn-25) being the most prominent one. Both of which had nothing to do with Turing or the poles. Then you had the cipher machines the allies were using like the us sigba and british type x which again, both Turing and the poles had nothing to do with. There was a lot going on for ww2 codebreaking.
You're all great at re explaining TH-cam videos.
"Only" is doing a hell of a lot of heavy lifting in that completely idiotic sentence.
After watching this video I recognize I could have been very valuable in cracking the Enigma machine ... by fetching tea or coffee for the scientists working on this problem.
The fundamental work on cracking Enigma was done by Polish mathematicians. Just days before the 1 September, 1939 invasion they were successful in getting all their notes and an Enigma machine out of Poland and sent to the Brits. The latter then took the basic work by the Polish, improved on it a bit, and took full credit for cracking the Enigma code.
The Polish method was a complete tour-de-force, but it relied on the rotor starting positions being transmitted twice at the start of each message. These starting positions were set at the discretion of the Enigma operator. However, the Germans abruptly changed the protocol so that the starting positions were only sent once. This meant Polish system no longer worked and Alan Turing had to develop a completely new system to break the machine. Fortunately, by the time this happened there was a massive catalogue of stored messages to provide a rich variety of possible cribs.
So, to characterise the whole development of an entire new coding system as improving the Polish system "a bit" is both unfair and completely incorrect.
Furthermore, the whole existence of the project was kept entirely secret for many decades after the war and no-one was making any claims at all. Anyone who knows even a little bit of the history of Bletchley Park is well aware of the massive Polish contribution - without their ground-breaking work, the war would have gone on for much longer.
They actually cracked it before the war began, and realizing that they were about to be invaded, they gave their findings to the British. In fact, the Poles invented the “cryptologic bombe” machine later made famous by Alan Turing and his compatriots. His version was more complicated, because the Germans kept adding features to the Enigma machine. Turings machine cracked a much more advanced encryption, so I think it only fair to complement the British for their achievements. The Bombe machine was indeed named in recognition of polish efforts, after all.
Not exactly. Poles used some procedural flaws of Germans. Those flaws disappeared in later years, and breaking code became more difficult.
However, The Bomb was designed by Poles.
My instructor in wireless communications was helping Alan Turning in ww2 when they were locked out when the fourth wheel was used, he told Alan that if I was on a German submarine the first three wheels would have to be on the weather code as he would not have time to keep changing the wheels, we already knew the weather code so we were only 26 turns from knowing what they were saying, it was that simple and it worked.
Great brain but common sense solved the problem.
Credit also to Tommy Flowers and his team of GPO engineers. This was a team effort by all the allies in WW2. Credit also to our brave Polish allies.
Now they struggle to deliver junk mail.
@@chrisst8922 who, the Poles lol.
Rejewski, Różycki and Zygalski polish mathematicians in 1939 gave all informations including their Enigma build in Poland to the British. Read XYZ by Desmond Turing.
This series should have way more views. This is so well explained. This is the definitive explanation of Enigma. I just wish the narration wasn't so dry. Should've used a real person.
Thank you!
I absolutely agree,. I visited the Bletchley Park museum and saw the replica bombes. If a video such as this was included in the AV (audio visual) presentations it would be of enormous help to understand the concepts.
Your way of teaching was so admirable ,even my professor was unable to teach this topic in the way you taught us!
Thank you so much for this❤
Dont forget the names of Marian Rejewski, Henryk Zygalski and Jerzy Różycki and that Bomba Rejewskiego was the device that Alan Turing built :)
Truly lovely video, but the AI voice kills me. Please, for the love of god, I don't care how bad you think your voice is just please voice it yourself or find someone.
Thanks for the feedback!
Seconded, it’s really difficult to listen to
The enigma wasn’t the only cipher machine that the Germans were using either, nor was it the strongest. They had at least 2 other cipher machines that were much stronger such as the Lorenz and the t52 sturgeon. Both of which had nothing to do with Alan Turing or the poles. Then there were also the Japanese cipher machines such as the red and purple machines with the naval code (jn-25) being the most prominent one. Both of which had nothing to do with Turing or the poles. Then you had the cipher machines the allies were using like the us sigba and british type x which again, both Turing and the poles had nothing to do with. There was a lot going on for ww2 codebreaking.
Indeed!
This is undoubtedly a very good, interesting and complex animated lecture.. But the question for the audience is, do they want to be entertained or do they want to see a lecture after which they understand this decryption process from start to finish?
To do this, you need to know the following. The ENIGMA-decryption-process according to Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman consists of several steps. Some of these steps require the use of a machine so that the decryption process can take place in an acceptable time.The TURING-WELCHMAN-BOMB is just one of the machines in this decryption process, but it is also the most impressive machine.
I show all of this in my lecture here on TH-cam called "TURING WELCHMAN BOMB decrypts Enigma" (Gustav Vogels". I show and explain the complete decryption process step by step. (English language).
I prove each of my statements with the help of my microprocessor-controlled "TURING WELCHMAN BOMB that I developed. This microprocessor decryption bomb works in exactly the same way as the mechanical bomb of Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman.
My lecture is long and complex, but that is also the way Alan Turing's and Gordon Welchman's decryption method is.
I would like to remind you that in January 1941 a delegation of high-ranking American cryptologists visited Blechtley Park and stayed there for five weeks. After their five-weeks stay, theses American cryptologists still did not know how the British were able to decrypt the ENIGMA radio messages. This gives an idea of the overwhelmingly, great inventive achievements of Alan Turing and Gordon Welchman.
A well put together and clear explanation. Many thanks for doing the work👍
Thank you! much needed motivation for the next video! :)
Throughout the comments I see people talking of the other machines that people created during the war that were also used to crack the code or other methods that were used and trying to put down the Bombre. However, the machine that Alan Turing invented was still very impressive. Its a lot of work that goes into making the machine, figuring out how to crack the cribs and what settings the letters have everyday. It was still a major help in the war for the British Allies. Plus the Imitation game, now called the Turing Test, is still a very fascinating concept and one we are facing today.
I watched The Imitation Game and found myself extremely intrigued on how the machine actually worked and this video helped a lot. Although some of it is still a little confusing, as it's a lot to take in and I'm not studying maths at Harvard, both this video and the one explaining the Enigma machine are really good and explain things well. Thank you
The correct pronunciation is Bombe. Sorry for the mistake. 🤕
I think it’s a computerised voice.
The correct is Bomba. It is Polish word, and the name of the Polish machine cracking Enigma which was already in service in 1938 (when Turing was still doing his PhD). It was - a few years later - the inspiration for Turing's "Bomb(e)", and he even used the same name for his, much more advanced, device.
@@Edi_J Why are you spelling it with an "a," Bomba? It ends with "e," Bombe, which is French for "bomb." The "e" is silent.
@@magistrumartium Because the first Enigma-cracking machine was made in Poland and named Bomba...
@@magistrumartium Please read above comments and answer yourself
To help people as me that were stuck to understand the passage at 14:27, they connect the outputs to the inputs because the letter was equal in the sense that the signal was the same so they can automatize the machine I think that this process was manually done base on the encrypted phrase and the crib guess
Ok, i think i get it now. But there are other ways of completing the process that seems like it'd be more straightforward.
This computer voice is grinding !
Overall a simplified explanation of breaking the Enigma code. But historically inaccurate. Alan Turing was indeed the mathematician who theorised how electronics could be used to rapidly scan a multitude of possible combinations and he was the de-facto leader of the code breakers at Bletchley Park. But it was a Post Office engineer, Tommy Flowers who actually built the 'Bombe' known as 'Colossus'. He was the first person to actually build a electronic computer (not Alan Turing). Also, Enigma was not the most complex coding machine the German's used in WWII. There were others, and a young lone mathemetician, Bill Tutte, made fundamental advances in cryptanalysis by cracking the much more complex Lorenz cipher (nothing to do will Alan Turing). Bill Tutte and Tommy Flowers (basically working individually) are seldom given the credit they deserves. Yet, without thr brilliance of Tommy Flowers and Bill Tutte (and indeed Alan Turings foresight and overall leadership), WWII might well have ended differently.
Also, I understand that Polish mathematicians also helped break Enigma.
Bombe and Colossus were not the same thing
and these guys were able to design Colussus because of Alan Turing's work with the Bombe
I taught myself c# and my first project to get to work was an enigma simulator!
Cool! 😎
An excellent first project. C# is a very cool language!
So ingenious that I switched off after the 1 minute.
Very cool! Very accessible presentation!
What did you use to create the animations for this series if I may ask?
Hi, thanks for your comment! I used PowerPoint and Visual Studio for animations in this video.
Question, how would one determine the position/pairings of the reflectors? Moreover, were all enigma machines built with the same reflector pairings? Or were they randomized with each machine built?? Obviously ridiculous considering the number of enigma machines built but im really curious
There were two kinds of reflectors used (B and C types). These were consistently wired between enigmas. Much of the wiring could be figured out through British intellegence but Turing did write much about determining the rotor wiring itself from messages. This would be especially useful if they changed the design of engima (which they did many times). The math is staggeringly complicated, much more complicated than cribs and the Bombe machine so I won't go into it but you can find Turing's detailed notes in the "Prof's Book". If I recall therre was an instance where a lengthy message was sent twice in a row, once in plaintext and once encrypted, and this was useful in determining some of the wiring.
Did Alan Turing choose this voice? Why in the world would anybody use such a terrible robot voice? It's maddening because the visual content is great.
Not going to listen for almost 20 minutes to bad computer narration. I turned this video off when it said letteree instead of Letter E.
Thanks for the feedback. Next one will not be computerized voice! :)
@@IngeniousideasThe animation and the script are excellent and deserve a proper human voice.
this is a common misconception for evrybody 1:49 it's not possible for E to become E bc the enigma works on wires, and they can't go into eachother. has nothing to do with the buttons.
edit:
for the bombe machine it's still not possible.
The German army Enigma had 5 possible rotors. 3 of the 5 were chosen to be used each day. The process being described here is how the order for the 3 chosen rotors were formed. But, how were the 3 of 5 rotors chosen?
May I ask what software you animate with? thanks in advance.
Visual basic and some python
@@Ingeniousideas Thank you very much.
The Bombay machine
Now renamed the Mumbai machine. ;-)
Was the reflector "standard" or replaceble? From the schematic here it seems to act as another 'wired' plugboard and add a substitution but not discussed as that.
As I understand it, the reflector was the same for each model of machine used, but there were different models with different reflector arrangments just as there were different wheel arrangements. From what I've read, it seems that different models were used for different services, so the navy might use one model while the army used a different model and the air force used a third model, all with different wirings of both reflector and wheels.
There were also models with at least four wheels. I haven't read about any models using more than four wheels, but they could very well have existed.
And since the wheels were replaceable, it was common to have at least four different wheels for a 3-wheel machine and 5 or 6 wheels for a 4-wheel machine, with the code book specifying which wheels to use and in what order to place them in the machine for each day's reports.
Enigna was cracked by Polish cryptographers and Turing get bomba design from Polish cryptographers he just made it bigger
1:54 It seems to me that all the following is based on the assumption, which could be quite wrong, that you have the encrypted string and the original string (massage). Will this approach work IF you do not have the original (not encrypted) massage to start with?
The other question I have: why the encrypted massage is LONGER? It seems to me that the Enigma is supposed to produce one-to-one letter, isn't it?
And the last one: if the operator on the receive side, by mistake, misses the punch or makes extra punch, all the rest of the decoding on the receive side is screwed. Both machines, on the transmit and receive sides must be reset to their original state.
Yes, it is 'known plaintext attack'. Knowing or guessing part of the message makes code breaking easier. Or feasible at all. Some parts of the message can be deducted like formal part 'weather report' if the message may be weather report, or names of objects that involved in recent activity, like attacked military installations or geographic names of nearby cities etc. If the guess is wrong, the code will be not broken, then another guess may be tried.
thank you, this was great.
OMIGOSH!! Instant sub!!
One thing you probably needed to clarify was the blue wires not in sequence alphabetically. While watching the video, that was the main question I had. Why were the blue wires not in sequence alphabetically? Is that just how the Germans did it for an extra layer of security or is there a more significant reason?
Great video, great graphics, nice explaination! But....Wouldn´t it be only fair to give credit to the polish mathematicians around Marian Rejewski, who cracked the enigma already in the 1930s and invented the bombe machine as well? Poland handed both their own (rebuild) enigma machines as well as first-generation bombe machines to France and UK in summer 1939. Alan Turing learnt all these basics from the polish people, and was very instrumental when, during the war, next-generation enigma machies with more rotors were introduced by German submarine command.
If you think Alan Turing couldn't have worked out a way to do it then you don't know much about Turing. The important part of what the Poles handed over was the physical setup of the Enigma machines - How many rotos, how many plugs on the plugboard etc.The Men and women at Bletchley Park weren't sitting around drinking tea you know, Enigma had several variations and being able to crakc the code is one thing but being able to do it quickly quite another.
@@richardevans560 sorry but you have no idea what are you talking about .. Poles did all the mathematics using permutation theory… they also created the “bomba” and give that all information to Brits .. on the silver platter. Without Poles Turing wouldn’t know where to start .. sorry . Just read any cryptography book or something.
And I don’t want to discredit Turing as he was a brilliant man … but let’s stick with the facts .. Polish mathematicians been decrypting messages for years where at bletchley park they thought of using linguistic for that which is impossible. Even head of bletchley park admit that the poles have broken the code .
@@Dycdom Wrong. You even got the name of the "Bombe" wrong en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Enigma_double
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe
@@richardevans560 dude you just showed that you don’t know much about the history of the enigma … „Bomba” is the original device designed and built by Polish mathematicians… which was then copied by Brits.
@@richardevans560 everything I have said earlier are just facts .
;)
Stop being so intellectually lazy and do some reading.
Even in your link it said that the original one was “BOMBA” ..
Dude seriously??? 😂😂😂
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)
The audio cadence is just HORRIBLE - I assume it's being read by a computer. It's entirely obvious and it completely undermines what likely would have been a good video otherwise. Did you actually LISTEN to it before you posted it???
But how then would you know what the guess is? What if you have no information on a guess, and you just intercept a random set of letters?
I'm afraid bombe required a guess (/crib) to work. No other way as far as we know.
The germans were bad about using lieh reltih(backwards to avoid censorship), berlin, and other common words. His use of weather report was probably very common. I believe the rotor settings on all enigma machines were the same for every machine each day. So, any transmission that was decoded gave the settings for all the rest.
Enigma was broken by Marian Rejewski a Polish cryptologist. 🇵🇱
Let me know when you get a human to narrate this. I'll wait...
The speaker audio is like a robot! Please let a real person speak or don't affect the sound. Thank you for the great video
Thanks for the feedback. Next one will not be computerized voice! :)
What a shocking AI narrator.
But doesnt the rotor move after current has passed through it.
Why is the narration done by a robot voice? I could not listen to it for more than 2 minutes.
Will do better for the next one!
App Link like this, right?
Couldn't listen to the voice for very long
Thanks for the feedback. Next one will not be computerized voice! :)
It is pronounced BOMB machine. Not Bombay machine.
This is the first I've heard of "The Bombay Machine"... it's consistent mispronunciation tainted the whole thing for me...
Yes. Sorry for the mistake. :( It is Bombe Machine.
0:07 Not the "Bombay machine" but "Bombe," in which the "e" is silent. That's right, it's pronounced "bomb." For some reason, Turing gave it a French name.
He didn't give it it's name. That's the thing. Because he didn't invent it. He received it from British intelligence who received it from Polish intelligence. Read the true story. You can put on TH-cam whatever you want, lie or not lie...
What percentage of TH-cam videos are voiced by computer?
The machine was called “the Bomb” not the Bombay or Bomb bay machine 🤦🏻♂️
Bombay. How funny.
Potentially interesting topic, however the "AI" voicing was intolerable.
will do better in the next one!
The "Bombay Machine"?
The TTS is to much man just get a different one or read the script
Enigma was cracked by Polish mathematicians long before WW II. Nobody even dreamed of Bletchley Park back then.
Bombay machine?
Screw this automated voice.
Turing Bombe Pronunciation: The word "Bombe" is not pronounced "Bombay" is pronounced "Bomb" the e is silent
Actually Bomba
Excellent!
Polish did it!
ID RATHER SEÞTTÞTÞE THE INTERNAL WIRING LAID OUT ON A TWO DIMENSION SURFACE.
Dankon pro via klare prononcita prezentado pri la deĉifrada teorio.
Dankon pro via komento!
thank you
Welcome!
Text to speech voice used
.:DING:.
Bombay gin machine.
Можно сделать русскую озвучку?
Neither can I😢
Turing was a genius. Wow.
"Bombay machine" !!!! WTF
I would have loved to watch this video, but the AI voice is unbearable ... Too sad everyone starts using those today ...
I'm glad they do. Very few people are talented enough to have a radio voice, and it's annoying when people who have no business narrating things try to do so. I'd say if anything, I'd say the video creator just needs to put more effort into making the flow of the sentences sound more natural.
@@alanfitzgerald9026 Well, if someone doesn't have a good voice, they should go and find someone who has, rather than leaving it up to a machine. Maybe in a few years from now, it will no longer make a difference. But this one is absolutely unbearable beyond repair.
It's Bomb, NOT bombay.
You tackle the subject well but sound ridiculous with the miss pronunciation!
Just go to any other video about Enigma to hear it spoken correctly.
Funny how American[ actor]s in the 1971 bond film Diamonds are forever can get the pronunciation of "bombe surprise" correct....
(Even if the script shows them not knowing their clarets.)
@user-ky5dy5hl4d
I never said the Poles didn't crack enigma
They had a Bomba machine.
According to an addendum in "The hut six story" by Gordon Welchman (of BP) the Polish Bomba and the British Bombe are not derived from the Bomba. Further the Polish methods of cracking were not particularly useful after the Germans changed keying system in May 1940.
The name for the BP machines, according to Gordon Welchman in his book comes from the French for bomb[1][2], and as such would be pronounced as bom-b.
[1]"The name "bombe" seems to have been attached by the Poles to an earlier concept, but it was also applied to the machines that we actually used. The term "bombe" is simply French for "bomb"; the connection with our machine is not clear to me, but it may have had to do with the idea of a mechanism that will go on ticking until it reaches an output..." [The hut six story, Gordon Welchman, M&M Baldwin, 1997, pg 77]
[2]it is also the name of an ice cream dessert which I seem to remember possibly being a favourite of Turning's, but that may be apocryphal; that is the "dessert" at the end of Diamonds are forever: it was a bomb inside a fake ice cream bombe dessert, hence "bombe surprise"...
@user-ky5dy5hl4d
Just found another part of the hit six story:
"...Its name was given to it by Jerzy Rozycki because the idea for the machine came to Rejewski whilst the three of them were together and happened to be eating a very popular ice cream, known as a _bomba,_ plural bomby" [ibid, pg 197]
It may be my memory failing as to the ice cream dessert and mixing the Poles with Turning...possibly as I knew of the french spelt bombe for the ice cream dessert.
I have found that the use of computer generated voice narration is limited in its ability to pronounce words that sound peculiar to the human ear. If CGN has to be used, spelling the text phonetically is much more professional than spelling the text normally.
@@new.asteroid.tracker
There was a program for thec BBC micro back in the 1980s that could take a line of text and say it using the noise channel of the sound chip. It had an exception list so that "*say ghoti" would say "fish".
However, "*say girl" would result in "guy-rl". To get it correct I would have to use "*say gearl"
The computer auto generated subtitles call the machines "bombay" matching the pronunciation.
Text to speech ought to be much easier than search to text...
The teaching material is too complicated for me. I am not able to stand the annoying background noise.
Is there a possibility to get rid of it?
AI voice sucks...but the presentation is interesting. Thank you
oh pleeze stop with the "auto-voice". If you can't have a real human narrator, the video is just crap. Boo!
ex-cell-lent...
I heard it was mathematicians from central Africa.
Nahhhh...that does not sound right.
🤣.
Sorry, the speech on this video is just too annoying for me to listen to. You can just tell it's not quite real.
The role by Polish code breakers is either ignored or downplayed. This is "crooked", all glory goes to Touring & Cia.... What the Polish achieved was not minor, it was essential, it was major.... Honesty is in short supply...
Synthetic voices are boooooooring listen to.
Thanks for the feedback. Next one will not be computerized voice! :)
Watched 15 seconds and gave up because of the incredibly irritating robot voiceover.
Is it so hard to just hire a voice actor to read a script insteqd of the entire thing being a lifeless AI voice
Do the voiceover yourself. The text-to-speech is awful
Ai voice kills this video thumb down
AI video.
First of all. It was not Turing who broke it
Just use a human to speak
I hate robot narration.
Terrible AI voice
Bad demonstration.
I hate AI narration
I don't care for TH-cam channels that use artificial voices for the narration of the videos. It is actually creepy
Awful robot voice.
More A.I. narrated bullshit. Mispronounce Bombe
Horrible, terrible video and AI narration
Bombe .NE. "Bombay"
Terrible , Historically inaccurate and that voice is so bad