Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

The *Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)* is a blood test used to measure the rate at which red blood cells (erythrocytes) settle to the bottom of a test tube over the course of an hour. It is a nonspecific marker of inflammation and can be used to detect and monitor various conditions, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and certain types of cancer.
How ESR Works:
When a blood sample is taken, red blood cells are suspended in plasma and left undisturbed.
Over time, the red blood cells slowly settle to the bottom.
The distance (in millimeters) that the red blood cells fall in one hour is measured. A higher ESR indicates faster sedimentation, often due to inflammation or other factors affecting blood composition.
Normal Range:
The normal ESR varies by age and sex:
**Men**: 0-15 mm/h
**Women**: 0-20 mm/h
**Children**: 0-10 mm/h
However, the normal values can vary depending on the laboratory and its methods.
Clinical Significance:
An elevated ESR can indicate:
**Inflammatory conditions**: such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and vasculitis
**Infections**: including bacterial or viral infections
**Cancer**: especially lymphoma or multiple myeloma
**Kidney disease**: like glomerulonephritis
**Chronic diseases**: such as tuberculosis or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
However, ESR is a nonspecific test, meaning that it cannot pinpoint the exact cause of inflammation or disease. It is typically used alongside other tests to help diagnose or monitor conditions.
An abnormally low ESR is less common but could be associated with conditions like polycythemia, congestive heart failure, or sickle cell disease.
Important Notes:
The ESR can be influenced by factors such as age, sex, anemia, pregnancy, and the use of certain medications (like corticosteroids or oral contraceptives).
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