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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 2 มิ.ย. 2021
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It might surprise you but cephalopods have a pretty good fossil record, with one major exception. If squids were swimming around in the same oceans as their closest cousins, where did all the squids go?
Thanks to Franz Anthony for the cephalopod illustrations featured in this episode! franzanth.com/
Produced in collaboration with PBS Digital Studios: / pbsdigitalstudios
Super special thanks to the following Patreon patrons for helping make Eons possible:
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References: docs.google.com/document/d/1n... - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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Makes you wonder just how many things have come and gone without leaving a single trace
Probably a lot. Fossilization is really rare. Things have to die in the right place, under the right conditions, , not be destroyed by geologic processes, and then be in a place where we can find the resulting fossils. IIRC, I think the estimate is that only like 1% of animals leave fossils, and only 1% of that 1% ever get found.
Probably 99% of everything that ever lived
Everything leaves behind a trace. If there were things that didn't, we wouldn't know ninjas exist.
@@TacDyne ...and also how we know the invisible man existed....they leave behind traces.
There is a huge number of living things, that left no usable traces and therefore can not be found or even identified.
Even if you can find a fossil, how well must it be presered to actually identify it as a certain species? How do you tell if it es a closely related species or sexual dimorphism?
Take the species we have not found any traces of and add the species, that are missinterpreted as not being an own species and we are on the point, that at least 99,9% of the past is still unknown.
I mean, how likely is it, that 2 physically almost identical species of song bird can be identified as two species, when we have not more of them, than the usual quality fossils that we know from ancient birds? The fossils are compressed in the sediment, they lost much of their original outer form, all of their color and in most cases some or more parts are missing. Could we tell what is sexual dimorphism and what is another species?
The same with fish. Look at all the characids that are living in South America or all the cichlids that are living in Lake Malawi in eastern Africa. Could we tell one species from another, when we have nothing but the usual fossil? There are thousands of different species. The physical differences between them are often very small and sexual dimorphism is a very common thing with them. Many are hard to identify when you don't have a living animal but only one preserved in alcohol. Some closely related species can only be identified as individual species after genome sequencing, which is the main reason why more new species of freshwater fish were described in the past few years.
We know almost nothing. The fossil record shows us a very small portion of what had been living and much of it probably is not interpreted right. That is a sad state, when you think of it. But what is much much worse, is that we trigger extinction of nowadays creatures faster than we discover them ore even learn what they really are.
Professor: We have a discusting thankless job. Get the grad students.
disgusting*
@@Goreuncle came here to say this…
I remember my zoology professor telling the class about another professor who had his grad students spend days watching lizards in trees to find out how often they moved. Answer: once every few hours.
@@tabcat Science!
This one time, at grad camp…
That feeling when the "nerd" is freaking JACKED while you look like the squid that he's giving you a lecture about.
He kinda skipped leg day though.
He’s gotten jacked recently, good for him
@@fallinginthed33p I didn’t see their legs tho did you
@@seemysight exactly
@@seemysight 5:02. i was watching the video and reading this comment at the perfect moment
Squids: why can’t we fossilise?
Scientists: ya basic
Hahaha,
you puny humans,
you will never know that WE, THE MARSIANS,
have stolen them all! All the Fossils!!
Haha.
First, your keys that you thought you 'lost somewhere'
and now THIS! Youre losing territory and resources
more and more to US... haha... haha...
...
Too simple to fossilize ;) 😎
@@slevinchannel7589 Martians*
Once again, eons poses a question I had never thought about and now desperately want to know the answer to.
so true
Yeah, I instantly wondered how big are/were the biggest eyes and beaks.
Glad my research helped you out :)
@@thomasclements 🙏🙏
They give the answer in the video
So what you're saying is: Squids don't fossilise because they're basic.
So I won't be able to fossilize either.😊
@@honeybunch5765 Fossilization is actually really, really hard. You need very special conditions that need to STAY special for a loooong time.
LOL - how did we not think of that joke when we wrote this paper?
basically
“Ya basic” - Eleanor Shellstrop, The Good Place
Eons can’t fool us, we know his arms are gonna fossilize-they get more rocky in every video
indeed, they are too rocky to be basic
I think we need a PBS Eons episode explaining the sudden shocking swoleness of host Blake.
Lol, I was like. Damn this dudes jacked
Dbol
"Where are all the fossil squids?"
Squids: "Cover has been blown. Request emergency evacuation."
Squids: *begins flying using jet propulsion*
Flying squid are real, in case you didn't know :)
@@TragoudistrosMPH You mean the USO's that the NAVY released as UFO material? Could be, however improbable.
@@aresaurelian no they mean squid that jump out of the water like flying fish
"so long, and thanks for all the fish."
flying squid don't just jump and glide though. They have true, if innefficient, rocket-powered aerodynamic flight.
Indeed, while they are likely incapable of reaching their stall speed as an adult, Humboldt squid can still fly ballistically even at 50 kg size and accelerate in mid air.
I should be working but instead: "where are all the squid fossils?"
I really really like that profile picture
This seems more important than my homework
I mean this is my entire research career :)
Dude I’ve been procrastinating on my last homework assignment just watching eons lol
wait what?...*also rushes back to work*
Any patreon when they make Blake sigh after reading a pun:
*mission accomplished*
This one especially seemed to be his favorite, no squidding around!
"50-60% of a squid's body is ammonia"
How are these things edible??
wash them well.
Probably a matter of concentration
I think only the legs get eaten. The ammonia is in the body
@@tbeller80 the entire squid is edible (except for the beak) and you can even eat it raw
D:
“where are all the squid fossils?”
me, a person who barely remembers squid exist in a normal setting: yeah, where ARE all the squid fossils??
Yo I also don't think about squids when I'm not actively remembering them, we have so much in common!
Lol Sounds like a John Mullaney quote
I don't even know what squids are called in my native language
Yeah like i thought the nautilisks were like tge dinosuar equivilint of squids lol
Don’t worry. Squids don’t forget _you_ exist. Their day will come.
Me running into every museum and institute in the world: "WHERE ARE YOU KEEPING THEM!??!?!"
Obviously they're hiding them. This video is a wild conspiracy.
In Batman's voice: "WHERE ARE THEY?????"
Area 51 is all squid fossils
@@MegaSockenschuss Hahaha,
you puny humans,
you will never know that WE, THE MARSIANS,
have stolen them all! All the Fossils!!
Haha.
First, your keys that you thought you 'lost somewhere'
and now THIS! Youre losing territory and resources
more and more to US... haha... haha...
...
@@slevinchannel7589 I'm in shock!
Now I can imagine where all the socks have gone, that were "eaten by the washing machine".
Btw. the one on your left foot seems somehow familiar...
Besides that, you know, at some point people on earth startet doing songs about this topic.
I remember the old Pixies song "where is my mind" - they never found out who took it.
Or "where's the rum gone" - a mystery until now.
I mean, just could just ask, we may share. :)
I can't seem to focus on the topic at hand when we have a muscular host carrying around all those guns.
This is the comment I was looking for…
Was it the guns that were drawing your eye??!!
@@brackguthrie9470 ?
@@brackguthrie9470 I'm a straight dude, and I couldn't help but notice he's hanging dong.
1:49 damn he's been working out? he looks great!
Why did I find the Graduate student part extremely relatable despite the fact I am not one myself ?
I am a graduate student and the grad student fact was so relatable to me, I believe it is spilling over and becoming relatable to others! Fascinating!
"graduate student" means peon.
Suffering knows its own kind... 😕
Having been an oceanography grad student years ago, yes you get the stinky jobs. A fellow grad student studied the nutritional value of shrimp feces.
@@grahamrankin4725 ...and the result? I need to know
4:07 Graduate student here and yes, that does sound like something I'll be asked to do. We rarely get acknowledged for such work and the pitiful pay does not help either.
Wait, do you get paid?
You don't know how lucky you are 😅
Lucky indeed. Here in Brazil we don't get paid for that.
The good news is that graduate school, like High School, doesn't last forever. Eventually, you will be able to look back and laugh. A bit hysterically, but still
Do something else then
I'm in and out of this channel depending on how much time I have so the transformations the hosts go through make me feel like I've missed decades.
Homeboy is yolked.
I'm sorry, my head's still preoccupied with that tentacle vs arm bombshell
Blakes arms look incredible, dude must be working out a lot
Hahaha,
you puny humans,
you will never know that WE, THE MARSIANS,
have stolen them all! All the Fossils!!
Haha.
"Where are all the squid fossils?"
In R'lyeh of course
Aiä! Aiä!
waiting dreaming
Floating, falling...
When comes the time to die, squids go home.
Ia ia
Mystery solved. Steve had a high pH and that’s why he left without a trace.
Graduate Student 1: they are rotting
Graduate Student 2 : aren't we all..
Graduate Student 3: that's deep
Hashtag Not that deep, bro.
If you think the “watching things decay” job for graduate students is bad, just imagine what us undergrads have to deal with.
Undergrads are watched by graduate students
Well, grads are slaves. You're not even human.
I friend of mine has to take home a big jar of excavation debris and sort every tiny particle into bone, rock, plant. It wasn't even an old stratum because there were recent roots mixed into it.
The undergrads are the ones decaying.
Dissect this and count the parasites. Kthnxbye!
i’m so thankful you add actual captions to your videos, it helps a lot with not only reading the information but able to read along as i hear it too. thank you!
Guys it's been a while... everything OK?
the music yall chose after 3:30 seconds sounded like my phone vibrating and I freaked out lol
Thank goodness for these people still taking the time to make science as interesting and accessible as it should be.
What an amazingly simple breakdown. Well done. Imagine all the creatures that lived and never fossilized or will never be found even.
One of my favorite parts of the Eons videos is watching Blake wince and grimace at the puns and bad jokes.
wait, is that why squids look so bloated? They're little ammonia balloons?
And when the giant ones wash up on shore and decompose, they really stink.
Fresh squid has to be cooked quickly or they quickly turn bad in the heat.
22 minutes ago: no interest in squids
21 minutes ago: _OMG I HAVE TO WATCH THIS NEW VIDEO IN SQUIDS RIGHT NOW._
Where are the fossils?! I need to know!!!
Interest in baking more like. Just flour water yeast and rat hair and you have a fine roast, a fine roast
I can’t wait for my next dinner party to tell everyone about why there are no 🦑 fossils. But , no, I’m on my last warning.
@@Wittysquidy Where are the fossils, Summer?
@@kevincotterell3644 i bet they wouldn't give a damp squid
Its so amazing to think about how many millions of species might have never even fossilised. How much did we lose? How much past cant we see no matter how hard we try?
Im always waiting for new Eons episode, and its over after 8 mins! I would really love to see some longer videos from you guys!
once again asking for the evolution of his biceps
Ok... but grammar?
@@slevinchannel7589 n o
Plot twist: Squidward is actually an octopus, not a squid
Which would make his last name entirely inaccurate.
That is actually a fact, confirmed by the show's creator himself.
@@jchannel1980 The show's creator was an actual marine biologist, so he probably knew that but named him that anyways.
@@jchannel1980 Tennisballs?
Maybe he was adopted
"...this means Squidward is not a true squid."
Answering the important questions, I see.
This is the only thing I will remember of this vid in 3 years plus
He's an octopus
I am not a intelligent man but a long shot but i always feel smarter after watching any of your videos, thank you for making me feel better about myself and hopefully having made others feel the same way.
Fascinating topic.
I still miss Steve.
I have checked it and you need to pay a lot for that patreon tier 🤑
I hope Steve is doing well
I also miss Steve !
Gone, but not forgotten
He's in a lab, watching squids rot, for science.
The squids and octopuses decided they didn’t want to be fossilized, so they escaped the tank in a 2010 snail heist
Thanks a lot PBS Eons for this video. As you maybe can tell, I love squids. It's always nice to learn more about them :)
just a super niche thing: the repeating drone around 3:30 in the music sound just like my phone vibrating on a table when Im getting a call. that sure as hell threw me for a loop.
I've been following PBS Eons for a few years now and I recently heard Kelly's interview about Eons on Paleocast podcast! From one science teacher to another, I am amazed by your portrayal of/wealth of information in your videos. I am also super glad you brought up taphonomy and included the bit about that new naked ammonite finding. Thank you for invigorating a new generation of paleontologists!
Perfect. I just finished watching seaspiracy and I was wondering what I should watch next. Eons saves me from boredom once again. 🙌🏿
Hahaha,
you puny humans,
you will never know that WE, THE MARSIANS,
have stolen them all! All the Fossils!!
Haha.
First, your keys that you thought you 'lost somewhere'
and now THIS! Youre losing territory and resources
more and more to US... haha... haha...
This is the best episode you've made so far!
Thank you PBS Eons. Always learning something whenever watches your videos💝
Hey you're the most ripped paleo-guy I've ever seen on TH-cam 😆
I have gotten my gym membership today now that I can get back there, and my objective is to be ripped just like him
Check out Pakozoic, he's an even more ripped paleo guy
lol
Other paleontologists use tools to delicately chip away at rocks, Blake just one-punches the side of a mountain and bones fall out.
@@sephikong8323 omg it's sephikong can I get your autograph?
Love watching PBS Eons. I learned about a lot of this stuff in Biology class during my high school years but always nice to get a refresher course.
Fascinating.
Thank you for putting so much effort into these amazing videos
If anyone is interested this is my research! Thanks @PBSeons for showcasing cool fossils and our cool experiements! It's pretty gross - and it's not just graduate students :)
Nice to be featured!
Thats amazing! It must be truly wonderful to make a significative contribuition to science, congrats for u and your team :)
This is really cool. So are there other known groups of soft-bodied organisms that maintain a higher pH? And if so, do they also happen to have a poorer fossil record of their ancestry than average in environments known to be suitable for fossilization?
Awesome!
Do you have anything coming soon that explains the lack of gladii? Because to me that's the weirdest thing, given that there are a bunch of them from places without soft tissue preservation, but they've all been reclassified as vampyromorphs iirc.
Your lecture with sense of humour amaze me everytime !! Blake !
thank u for using and explaining the correct plural of octopus
I attended a dissection of a large squid (Clubhook, I think) in Alaska once and I can attest to the presence of a LOT of ammonia. It was enlightening. I had never realized an invertebrate could have such an intricate and tough internal structure.
Thanks guys! I'm enjoying these contents waay to much :)
One of my favorite recent eons episodes, cephalopods are just too cool. Also, Blake, you’re one wig shy of doubling for Thor in Love and Thunder. Welcome to the gun show! I’m just jealous of those biceps 💪
Once again Eons, u taught me a bunch of new things in paleontology that I never did.
When will we see models predicting how many missing taxa there might be from the fossil record because of issues similar to this?
Especially in the Cambrian and Ediacaran, when creatures had unknowable body chemistry
@@LimeyLassen we're quite lucky to have evolved enough intelligence to figure much of the natural history before the fossil layers got way more messed up and more and more of the fossil record destroyed forever. I guess it could have been the case that a species would evolve only such degree of intelligence after the fossil record only showed some random "monsters" that don't seem to have much to do with any living species or with other monsters on different layers/places. Then maybe this alternate planet's "Darwin" would only come after molecular biology, inferring a planet-wide phylogenetic tree without much of a hint of it from morphology.
"Where are all the fossil squids?"
Sorry, that was me. They're so delicious that I eat them before they fossilize.
I liked your movie, The Man From Earth.
I probably helped. Calamari is delicious
Great info simply explained. Thank you. Looking forward to more.
PBS Eons, once again, asking the questions I’d never think of yet can’t wait for the answer
Am I the only one who is here to swoon over Blake de Pastino and his gun show?
Clearly you haven't read any of the comments.
I love how the accumulated knowledge over generations leads to such specific new discoveries!
I was just reading Michael Crichton's Sphere, and wondering why the attacking giant squid comes with the smell of ammonia.
The music in this episode made me and my family think our phones were going off.
The amount of people simping for Blake in the comments section is unreal lmao
Good vid btw
Hahaha,
you puny humans,
you will never know that WE, THE MARSIANS,
have stolen them all! All the Fossils!!
Haha.
First, your keys that you thought you 'lost somewhere'
and now THIS! Youre losing territory and resources
more and more to US... haha... haha...
...
Oh man !! My man !!! This phenomenal host has been working out!!! That vascularkty is on point !! Good for you man!!! I'll keep applying to join the squad . I have high hopes !!
Excellent topic and so well explained!
I’ve been waiting for a video like this 🦑
Nice video! I was wondering if you could do a video on prehistoric hyenas and their relatives...I’d love to see my prehistoric cousins on the channel!
Thank you for another nugget of knowledge delivered with genuine joy. Felt your pain at the pun.
I always love watching your videos! I'm a zoology graduate (been watching for four years ever since I was in college)!
Damn.. now I gotta take back all the times I corrected people when the said 'octopuses'
Speaking of arms. Goodness someone has been staying in shape...
one of the few channels that's not bologna clickbait, ty!!!
Well structured video. Thumbs up.
Squids is also the proper term for when you see two people riding a motorcycle wearing no helmets
Not organ donors?
If they aren't wearing leathers they are road slugs.
Squids is helmet and beachwear / no other protection. Head stays intact, body shredded, squid.
They also tend to go extinct.
Because it's Greek, isn't the plural properly "octopodes"?
Octopodes and platypodes imo
Thank you for comment this so I didn't have to. You are, of course, correct.
I HATE when people say “Octopi” like they know better and try to correct you when you say “Octopuses”
Yes, but "octopuses" is not supposed to be the Greek plural, it's the "this is a loan word from Greek, but because we can't be arsed to deal with irregular plurals we'll just give it a regular English plural" plural.
@@HerrMisterTheo In that case you would have to use the thousands of loan words in English language in their “correct” plural forms. If you’r speaking English, just go with English plural forms, nothing to do with “not being arsed” as not everyone knows which word is borrwed from which language. No need to interject latin or greek plurals just because some words are borrowed from those languages.
In the short time I tried and failed to become a palaeontologist, I did see fellow students working on taphonomy-related research and was so glad I hadn't been assigned to it. LETS JUST GET A BUNCH OF STUFF AND SEE THEM ROT wasn't quite what I expected, but massive hats off for those who do it.
God i love this channel teaching me just interesting information i would never have even thought about before
This episode suggests a followup: in general, what kinds of living things will fossilize easily and what don't? What might be missing and how does that affect our interpretation of the fossil record and evolution?
I love this channel so prehestoric
You just gotta love Blake's blooper-like phrases and added comments. Thanks for making my day already. Also, yeah, grad students are always biting the bullet and paying the price of science.
I really appreciate this channel references so much research from recent times. Ans in this video in the same year. Is that a record for you .
Where are all the squid fossils? My guess, a time traveler with a hankering for calamari
YES! I had this question on the back of my mind for years, after reading an article about fossil octopi, and realizing there are no fossils of squids! Thank you!
This was a very interesting video, thanks to all the staff responsible :)
this is best preentation. we need more of you!
One minute of silence for all the grad students finding out amazing things while their profs get all the credit.
You know, I can actually imagine someone really enjoying the idea of watching a squid rot. If it weren't for the smell, I'd wouldn't mind it myself.
Become a Bio grad student, you can get paid to do that
Could you do an episode on the Green River Formation? I was born and raised in Kemmerer, and my dad works at Fossil Butte National Monument, so the Green River Formation is a little piece of home for me, it would be cool to see you guys do a video on it. I know you usually do videos explaining things that were previously mysteries though, and I'm not sure what would fit that bill in the Green River Formation. Anyway, thank you for your amazing videos!
Finally, here comes a sufficient explanation... Thanks a lot for sharing this!
Hey, my beloved Eons, are you ok? You haven't posted a fascinating paleo video in 3 weeks ༼ つ ◕_◕ ༽つ
I hope they are in summer break, because cancelling eons would be a shame
Blake has got some very hard tissues 🤣🤣🤣
This is absolutely your most entertaining video 😂
This was really interesting, thanks Blake.
Aren't we all squid fossils in a way?
nope. we're derived from fish
: o
wat
Like some glistening jars made out of clay
Like listening stars that laid the way...feasting on something thats cooked flambe
I still have one very important question: What happened to the Eontologist "and Steve"?
I've been waiting so long for this