Well, for sure it's overlooked when thinking about carthaginians being dropped no matter the date when North Africa and its inhabitants were romans in a roman province, and for centuries at that.
- kahina's name was Dihiya - the kingdom of Altava was the last mauro-roman kingdom to fall in early 8th century - Decius persecution is still remembered for Algerians 'it's from Decius time' when referring to something old or outdated - many Latin words have been amazighized and still in use as Galinarium ---> Gennayru Ager -----> Aggel (Field) Pulus ----> fellus (chicken) Pugno -----> bunya (Fist) Villa ------> Villa (a large house) Cattus ------> Qattos (Cat) Capsa ------> Qabsa (Box) - the Julian calender still in use in form of Berber calender, 12 January ( Gregorian calendar) is celebrated to be the first day of the year called yennayer .
@@sahararaptor7600 you don't for sure but other parts were Amazigh languages were spoken used these terms for example Tasnussit of western Tlemcen Provence, unfortunately a dead Language by now.
Wishing you continued growth and success for your channel in 2023. Thanks for covering Roman Africa after the fall of the WRE, Roman Africa is too often overlooked by historians and Romaboos alike!
Hello friend, thanks a lot, I appreciate your kind words. Indeed, yes, Roman Africa is extremely fascinating, and over time we will basically analyze in detail all remnants or successor states of the Western Roman Empire, so that hopefully at some point we get a full picture of how life was after "The Fall".
The fall and cultural change of these areas is endlessly fascinating. Imagine if ideas of nationalism existed in these times? Or if the Romans had been unusually far-sighted and implemented a public, state-sponsored education system? In an alternate universe where these existed, I could see the Western Roman Empire slowly reassembling itself over time. Look at how these ideas today make it nearly impossible for a foreign military to impose its will permanently on a local population.
nationalism is a modern construct, back then people were fragmented, even today it's far from easy to keep a nation unite considering independentist sentiments in certain regions
if they had been able to really consolidate and create a "Roman" identity in the sense of a 19th century nationalism, it probably would have never fallen and instead of the EU slowly crumbling we might be seeing the Roman Empire slowly crumbling. *shrugs* definitely an interesting "what-if". Cheers
There was in fact a village in Armorica that resisted Roman conquest long after Julius Caesar had conquered all of Gaul, thanks to its clever warriors, and a magical potion brewed by its druids that gave the villagers super-human strength...
This channel is one of the best organized, most reliably researched, beautifully presented, not only of TH-cam, but as measured against most collegiate courses on Roman Antiquity. I am grateful, and attentive!
its very good. Somtimes it would seem borderline too romantic from some historians but I agree on his views. Its a great balance and counter to the older traditional outdated view on the late roman empire
Thanks a lot friend, I really appreciate the kind words. It means a lot to me to see that so many poeple seem to share the love of the late Roman Empire, and are as interested as I am in that time period. We are like a small little family of completely die hard Rome nerds, it warms my heart :)
@@Maiorianus_Sebastian Oh, thank you, very sincerely, Sebastian, for that great message. You describe me well, yet I only recently discovered the steadfast community of TH-cam's loyal little Roman community (Romanulae?), with its Latiophiles and Roman Empire gamers and academic historians, and history lovers, obviously, but also scholars of Comparative Literature of Antiquity, History of Europe and Western Asia, of Latin-Derived Languages, fluent Latin speakers and student learners, all of whom pack international Latin-only conferences and, of course, university archeologists and classicists and dig organizers and on & on. I am humbled by so much expertise, because I have none, strictly speaking. I come to Rome not to praise Caesar but to learn how to read menus & order dinner! I haven't even been to Rome, Sebastian--but that is a lapse in irony more than piety, because no-one on Earth had a childhood more saturated in Res Romanum. My first memories are in Latin . . . My Irish family was so devout--more Catholic than the pope--that my grandmother took us to Mass every day she could grab our hands or hair! With the boyhood love of serving Mass (" . . Et cum spiritu tuo") and wonderful memories singing Mozart, Schubert or Franck (The Church did not allow Protestant composers until John XXIII introduced some glasnost in the early 1960s), and growing up surrounded by copies of Raphael madonnas, my Roman citizenship is circa Boethian, and in fact I chose the "philosophical influence of Boethius on plainchant" for my college thesis in music theory. And, of course, that in Catholic elementary school we studied GrecoRoman history with an obsession far greater than for U.S. history, my youth prepared me for both later studies in music, and then work as a science & medical writer. Latin is still a lingua franca through time and for perspective, not just across the ghostly geography of Empire. But that's more peregrinatio from me than you wanted! Thanks again, Sebastian--I am really so happy I found your channel. It's like returning to a little villa on the Mediterranean, perched high above the harbor commotion, sharing dinner with dear Lusitanian & Carthaginian friends ~ Atlas Mountain quail roasted with olives and figs! In considering Rome's + Byzantium's 2,000 years, I love to imagine many balmy evenings when friends could sip date-palm wine on the Omphalos Rim ~ under the arc of stars that zephyrs cast akimbo, from a dark-wine sky to the Boethian-blue sea.
So... it can be said that the Mauro-Roman Kingdom is definitely a new country after the Western Roman Empire collapsed but it is not one of those Barbarian Kingdoms either, right?
Yes, this is fascinating! But there was another such Roman-ethnic blend -- the Britain of King Arthur! Behind all the accretions of chivalric mythology is a very real dux bellorum who stopped the Germanic invaders for a whole generation and preserved the (admittedly fading) culture of Rome by his victory at Mt. Badon. You might want to cover that sometimes.
One thing to clarify, Carthage was destroyed to prevent it from being taken again, they use the material to built a new city a few kilometers, called Tunis. I wonder if Tunis would have looked similar in its early times because of the bricks and other materials reused.
Yes, under the Emperor name Constantine 1st, there's few Roman ruins such as the Aqueduct leftover and coloumn bits in the masjid el kebir. Prior it was the Numidian capital called Cirta.
@@arolemaprarath6615 Other way around. West was a crap hole, West became successful by trading with the Muslim world and then finding other revenues from the Americas. Islamic countries are successful,
It would be really interesting if you could make a video about the Roman holdout of corduba in Spain in the 6th century. I’ve always wanted to learn more about that but can never find any information
Nice you made the video about this but somethings 1. It's Dihya, Kahina was a title by the Arabs meaning Witch 2. That art isn't her there's a more closer and accurate images but more difficult to find. And the Arris is pretty much the Aures today.
witch is an apt description, no way a women could lead an army, never mind winning a few battles. for some reason its always barbarians that are led by crazy women and then getting defeated, maybe its just a niche war propaganda to dehumanize the barbarians as lesser beings led by women?
We don't actually know her real name. Ibn Khaldun wrote that 600 years after her death based on genealogists (often fanciful) stories. Yves Modéran calls her "the queen of the Aurès". We barely know anything about her beyond legends, just like king Arthur.
A most gorgeous documentary. Very interesting, very beautifully presented... One thing that is overlooked is that even though local Berbers continued to speak their language, a good portion spoke a Maghrebi version of late Latin, who survived for many centuries later
Thanks Lucian, very kind of you. I always want to cover unknown and obscure topics about the "Fall" of the Western Roman Empire, so I am really happy to see when people share the same interest. Interesting with the language, thanks for sharing.
*Fun fact:* Ptolemy, the last King of Mauretania (the land of the Berbers) was invited to Rome by his relative Emperor Caligula for a party, not knowing that it was a trap to kill him and annex his kingdom to the Empire. As Caligula stabbed him in the stomach, he whispered to his ear "I need your kingdom, Ptolemy". Even so, Mauretania would not be annexed to the Roman Empire until the reign of Claudius.
Keep up the great work! It’s amazing, this makes you wonder what would have happened if Majorian had a successful invasion of North Africa, as he brought Marcellinus and Dalmatia, and Syagrius with Gaul back under Roman influence. Majorian could have brought the Mauro-Roman kingdom back under Roman influence as well making it easier for him to reconquer and govern North Africa.
I'm not complaining but there's always a lot of chaos in the maps that like in 1:47 show the area at the north of Hispania not controlled by the Suevi and the Visigoths so if there's anyone interested: In that area there would be roughly three possible cultures west to east: the Astures, the Cantabri and the "Basque" peoples. First the Astures. The Astures the lived north of the Cantabrian Mountains were to the east of the Gallaeci or Callaeci and to the west of the Cantabri. Then we know that the Suevi controlled the territory of the Gallaeci or Callaeci but we really don't know how much territory of the Astures they controlled, we don't know where the frontier was. If you search for maps of the period you will see that there are many different theories. There are some theories based on toponyms but we don't know for sure. So we don't really know if the Astures existed as a political entity or not but it's assumed that if they were ever controlled they regained independence because we know that at some point they were at war with the Visigoths. I think that the most plausible answer is that maybe some Astures nobles were vassals of the Suevi but it seems that they were not very integrated in the kingdom if they were part of it. Now the Cantabri. The nation of the Cantabri was to the east of the Astures and the west of the "Basque" region. In the map of 1:47, even if we accept those borders, roughly half of the territory would be for the Cantabri. But I think those borders are inspired by the contemporary autonomous communities because it shows that all the territory of the modern Asturias, named after the Astures, was included in the Suevi kingdom while all the modern Cantabria, named after the Cantabri, was not. The reality is that the territory of the Astures don't match Asturias and the same goes for the Cantabri and Cantabria. So even if we accept that all the territory of the Astures was included in the Suevi kingdom the map at 1:47 is giving part of the Cantabri territory to the Suevi. But anyway it's all quite confusing because, fun fact, the same territory it's later the core of the early Kingdom of the Astures and where the first capital is located. I don't blame Mairorianus for talking only about the Basques even if he did the map himself because for some reason many maps don't show the Cantabri at this period only for them magically appearing in later centuries. It's a confusing period. Anyway, to the east it was the territory of the "Basques". The thing is that I don't really know if "Basques" it's the correct term. I think the intention was to name the peoples that spoke Euskara in the region because the historians tought that those peoples spoke Euskara. But the thing is that there's quite a lot of evidence (the old debate of where does the Euskara come from it's going extinct) that it's was approximately to the end of the Western Roman Empire when people from Aquitania brought the Euskara with them to the region that would be later considered Basque. And as they didn't displace or kill the native population the latter would still be speaking Latin and their Celtic languages. So, are they really Basque at this time? I know that they are the ancestors of the Basques but I don't think that they could be considered Basques that early. They are the romanized tribes of the Autrigones, the Varduli, the Caristii and the Vascones (I'm quite sure it was concluded that they didn't speak Euskara either but I'm not totally sure right now, I'll look it up) with the Aquitani newcomers but it was probably not a cohesive group at the time. Well, that's all. As I said, I'm not complaining, it's really good for the information that's often avalilable of the topic (I mean about this part in particular).
Hello Majorian, could you answer who holds African part of tangier and Gibraltar during this era? Cause neither vandals nor Maori-Roman map in ur video shows the above mentioned places in their possession.
Awesome video. Can’t say I agree with the conclusion, most historians do consider the Roman-Berber Kingdom to be a continuation/rump state of the Roman Empire, but super awesome nonetheless
Gratia Maiorianus, for your excellent research and presentations! You might consider doing videos on even more little known and often overlooked fascinating episodes of Roman history in Africa... 1) Roman expeditions to southern Libya, southern Nubia, Mauritania (not Morocco), [what is now] Timbuktu, Chad, Nigeria, etc... 2) The ancient Roman(ised), Roman era city of Rhapta in what is now Tanzania 3) Roman naval travels to the Canary Islands and West Africa The Roman Mauros (Berbers) still speak a dialect of Latin in that region today, I believe...🤔🙂💡
id like to see you one day visit the still intact roman construction located in Armenia. would be cool if you did a vacation to rome and all roman ruins around the world
Thank you for making this. I found myself wondering exactly what happened after the dissolution of the Roman Empire. I couldn't imagine everyone just packing up shop and walking away from everything in front of them
it would be cool to see you do a video on later (charlemagne era, early dark ages, ect) european leaders claiming to have roman heritage, if it happened
Hi Sean, that is really an excellent idea, and I do have videos planned on the germanic successor states of the WRE. We shall look at every one of them individually: Visigothic state, Suevi state, we did already the Ostrogothic state, and of course the Frankish state will be the biggest topic. All planned, but so many topics to cover. I am not gonna lie, I have 200-300 topics for future videos on my list, hehe, so I don't know exactly when what topic is going to materialize as a video. But every single topic will come sooner or later :)
Unrelated to the video but i must say i really love your maps. Now unless I've already started suffering from Prion disease i remember that you did one during the rule of Constantine in 336-337. There are many interpertations of Rome in that year but yours seemed the most accurate. But, ive watched all your shorts and all videos which mention the ERE and i still can't find it. I'd appreciate if you could find it and link the video or anyone who remembers.
I'm curious about the mechanics of the economy in this area that made it more self-contained than others. food production, metal working, buiding trades, pool to draft an army from etc. it seems like supply chains broke else where in the empire but not here.
You should make a video about the Nubian kingdom, a remnant of Byzantine supremacy in Africa that survived the Muslim conquests by many centuries and in the process adopted Greek as a eucharistic and official administrative language using titles like Basileus, exarch, eparch, domestikos and others.
For Gallia its... both easy and hard, its just a bunch of Celtic tribes like the Parisii Namnetes etc... all divided, most rivals, with differing culture Hispania is a f***ing pain because you got like 4 differing culture group in the region alone etc...
For Africa, it was mostly Amazirgh (Berbers, the romans called them "Numidians") in the rural areas, and Romanized people who had largly replaced the Carthaginian Phoenicians in the cities.
@@Freedmoon44 Eh, that was the case before the Romans took them over. By the times of the Germanic invasions both were majority Latin speaking, with more remote regions in Galiia like Brittany still being dominated by celts. In Iberia the North was also still largely Celtic with the Basques in a larger area than today.
I see that your interest is in late Roman Empire. Could you publish about the Bagaudes, semi-independent Gallic people defying the landowners and Rome in Gaule?
This reminds me another video about the romance languages on North Africa after the fall of Rome and there were latin speaking catholic monasteries so late as the 10th century far after the ismalic conquest of the region.
i have some questions about the topic: is the use of morro-roman therme refering to a one group of people or two distinct groups and the therme was use to promote unity in the kingdom? To what extent the roman costumes did exist in the area? And finally what was going the same time in mauritania tingitana?
Morro-roman is a modern term, like Gallo-roman, to name ehtnic group deeply influenced by the Roman culture in law, agriculture (villa), construction, language, art.
The best conserved roman cities I have seen are in Spain. Like Baelo Claudia, in the province of Cadiz, or Merida (Emerita Augusta), in the province of Badajoz. I could imagine how the Romans live there.
North-west-Africa and Iberia were very Romanized. Latin was still a spoken language in north-west-Africa up until the 12century until Arabic became the majority language. Also in al-Andalus Latin was a recognised and used (in literary) language. Not too long ago in northern Spain a large Muslim grave has been found of the medieval period. Although Muslim Iberians, they had an Ibero-Roman culture. North-west-Africa even has more Roman ruins than the entire Italic Peninsula.
Well the newest City build by the Roman empire is actually Hamburg, as the Catholic Church was and is still a body of the western Roman Empire. If you don't belive me, the language spoken by merchants and govenrours in Hamburg was latin until the 14th century.
Can we see more videos of Roman heritage in the middle east as we don't really see alot of this heritage remembered with the Schism between the west and eastern Rome.
Many claim that it was Odacer’s rule of Italy was still Roman, this is how I think of the Mauro Roman Kingdom. The difference here is that although you could consider the Italians under Odacer still “roman people’s” And the Berbers under Masuna and beyond as “Roman people’s” It was Theodoric under increasing force of Arianism that changed the culture and eventually Eastern Rome came and undertook a Re-Romanization. The Mauro Roman Kingdom here never required a “Re-Romanization” And so even though they were a different political entity, they were in every way still Roman. Much the same way Cyprus and Greece are both “Greek” Or Iraq and Syria today are both Arabs. Sygarius and Nepos are different in kind because; 1) they didnt last long enough to be anything more 2) they were Western Roman Remnants as a result and not able to be something more. If for example Sygarius’ kingdom lasted much longer I think we today would be classifying it in the same category if the Mauro Roman Kingdom. Great video though just some thoughts!
I wonder how history would have changed if Islam wasn't able to spread to North Africa. It would be interesting seeing the potential Romance languages and kingdoms that could have been Also it would be further interesting seeing an untouched Roman Northern Africa being a cultural and economic center of the post antiquity world
Romans in Italy were in fact nationalist. Anyone outside the Italian peninsula was a barbarian. It was much later that citizenship was granted to the provinces. It was to be able to tax them during a critical time.
Remember Theodosius, ruler of the Ostrogoths was recorded as saying: "Utilis Gothicus imitatur Romanum" - "It is proper for a Goth to copy Roman things!"
Your work is fascinating. I read a lot about Algerian history but never heard about this Roman continuation. Perhaps because when ancient history became a science in 19th century, Europeans would not be pleased to say that Moors continued latine civilization for centuries while Europe regressed to barbaric state. And also because local populations did not identify themselves as inheriting from the Romans. Beautiful remains of Roman cities can be found at Tipasa, on the shore a few miles from Algiers; nearby Cherchell (former Caesare) museum with mostly unknown great pieces of art melting Roman style and Moorish characters; and at Timgad, deep in the south east. I don't know if they were part of the Romano-Mauri kingdoms.
Depends from where your mauri were living first. South of the limes or inside roman territory? little bit it is like the Franks some living in the empire some living outside before the collapse of the empire
Have you thought all about uploading your content to Odysee as well? As someone who really likes your subjects you cover, but not so much this platform, I feel doing so would definitely help in reaching out to audiences that don’t use TH-cam so much I hope you consider that idea if you haven’t already, and in any case, I always look forward to you putting out more videos like this
Even berbers were romanized , they still speak berber language and have berber costums and traditions ... Amazighs never assimilates that easy ... i am one of them by the way
@ricky yacine byzantine is à German term. The eastern roman empire had à main characteristic that made the segregation of roman empire in two possible. Lang. Latin and greek
@ricky yacine byzantine is à German used turns to enable justify the christening of the pope towards the German empire as the holy roman one in 800AD ( aprox) and preserve his post as the eastern was the only legit of the time. The latter was divided to the west up to its death in 470 AD on lang basis. Noble Romans from scratch realised thatgreek knowledge could make them strong Cato turned this off, while the part of the eastern Romans sticked to what they had known up to the koment that constantinople was occupied by the turks. No doubt for a period if time eastern ruling in constantino city spoke latin after all dakians and illirians did ( constantin - justinuan Last part of western roman empire under nepos) Theodosius was Spanish thus the preservation of the ruling class lang while greek dominated the area art everyday life or science. The city fell, while the last King in greek told everybody the city is not to be given to anybody in a couple of speeches, thus the reason of changing it's name. You cannot have a Turkish city under a greek name even if it the actual accousma ( Aristotle) of it. ( the way turks could understand what the native inhabitants of the city were referring to their as such Same thing occurred - was repeatedin many cases as culture - civilization was copied by the turks from all civililized tribes connected to their journey from Altai steppes to Vienna mainly no doubt by the tribes in minor asia greek Armenians or persians and arabs - writtenalphabet). The principle of Turkishm Ziya Gökalp book
What about Venice and San Marino? They were founded by Romans, with Roman-like values and institutions, why not consider them the true sucessors of Rome?
The overall theme of this channel seems to be that the WRE simply took a bit longer to finally collapse and go away in many places (including Theodoric's Italy), but it was still basically over in the next couple of centuries.
Why did the Vandal kingdom not cover all the African territory of the Western Empire, and, when the Eastern Empire took it back, why did they not take back all the area?
The ERE didn’t retake the entire provinces of Mauritania Caesariensis and Mauritania Tingitana primarily due to a limit of funds/manpower, but this outcome was also greatly impacted by terrain/sustainable defences, and because the _praefecti_ in the early years were busy fighting a serious insurrection by tribal Berbers (when the empire had the most funds and manpower available - it got worse with time as more urgent crises flared up elsewhere). From the very beginning, there were issues holding on to the restored pretorian prefecture of Africa. Solomon, the first _praefectus,_ and a very competent administrator, spent his whole appointment trying to put down a series of Berber revolts (who were mostly tribal, from the mountainous regions, as opposed to the romanized Berbers of the coastal cities). He died at the battle of Cillium trying to quell the rebellion. The local administration finally did manage to quell the revolt, but was chronically low on manpower as they had been fighting a guerilla war for decades. Geographically, it didn’t make sense to expand to the South-West to restore the remaining provinces and to try to hold them with the little resources available - which were barely enough to hold things together as it was. The unrestored regions lied beyond the Aures mountains and the Chelif valley, which were the natural borders of the restored prefecture. If you look at a topographic map, and a map of late Roman settlements, you’ll notice a pattern of geographic isolation past certain impassable boundaries - it was just too far overextended to hold for a meaningful period of time, so the Roman administration (correctly) made a decision to maintain control over what they had for as long as they could rather than lose it all instantly come the first crisis after getting overextended.
The term Berber is misused to claim fake identity by the Arab speaking North African population that descend from African tribes and Eurasians. In the West, Berber is used to de-Africanize the history and heritage of North Africa (ironically the original home of archtypical majority Africans of the E1b1 haplogroup who now inhabit most of South of the Sahara). There is no such thing called "Berber people" or Berber race. The Ancient Greeks referred to the native African tribes of the Mediterrenian as Barbarians (Berber). These tribes were the Mande speaking Gaetuli of the Maghreb, ancestors of Moroccans (who are now mixed), Malians and Senegalese. The other were the Khazani of Algeria who were recruited by the Romans forming the Black Legions that manned Roman Britain, Germania and Panonnia. They even supplied Rome's only Black senator. The other were the Afuri of Tunisia whom the continent of Africa is named after. The Afuri are depicted in Minoan art as extremely Black skinned, and very large or fat. The other at the Libu of Libya who are still there forming a small Black minority of Libya. The other are the Garamantes described by Herodotus in 428BC as inhabitants of eastern Libya, and being very Black and tall. Modern North Africans are therefore Eurasians (descendants of Ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans), Mixed Eurasian & Africans often called Mauri who were or are culturally Roman and Arab. The third group being the native African tribes who still speak African languages. In Western academia, the latter are called Berbers. In reality, they are native Africans
I feel as though the north african history of Rome is usually sidelined due to the cultural divide that came when Islam and Christianity split the Mediterranean in half. Also im not to sure on this but I'm guessing not alot of North Africans see Rome The same way that most Europeans see Rome. As many berbers and arabs probably respect the history but see the romans as far more European. That's probably due to years of battles against Christian neighbors, but the heritage in North Africa is still very wealthy. From Egyptians to pheonicians to greeks to Romans to Germanic barbarians and later arabs and finally berber muslim dynasties
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Roman North Africa and its history in general is underexlored, especially compared to Roman Europe.
That’s an anachronism. Historians speak more about Roman Africa than they do about Roman Spain
Well, for sure it's overlooked when thinking about carthaginians being dropped no matter the date when North Africa and its inhabitants were romans in a roman province, and for centuries at that.
And Roman Kingdom? I haven't even found any pictures of Rome in 753 BCE.
@@caim3465because the Information about the Romab kingdom is very rare to find
images of Mauro Romans is pretty difficult to find.
- kahina's name was Dihiya
- the kingdom of Altava was the last mauro-roman kingdom to fall in early 8th century
- Decius persecution is still remembered for Algerians 'it's from Decius time' when referring to something old or outdated
- many Latin words have been amazighized and still in use as
Galinarium ---> Gennayru
Ager -----> Aggel (Field)
Pulus ----> fellus (chicken)
Pugno -----> bunya (Fist)
Villa ------> Villa (a large house)
Cattus ------> Qattos (Cat)
Capsa ------> Qabsa (Box)
- the Julian calender still in use in form of Berber calender, 12 January ( Gregorian calendar) is celebrated to be the first day of the year called yennayer .
I'm Algerian, who the heck is Decius
@@zakback9937 عام دقيوس
technically Romans did reconquer Carthage at one point but by that time they were called Italians :D
Kabyle here, we don't use any of those Laton words in our language
@@sahararaptor7600 you don't for sure but other parts were Amazigh languages were spoken used these terms for example Tasnussit of western Tlemcen Provence, unfortunately a dead Language by now.
Wishing you continued growth and success for your channel in 2023. Thanks for covering Roman Africa after the fall of the WRE, Roman Africa is too often overlooked by historians and Romaboos alike!
Hello friend, thanks a lot, I appreciate your kind words. Indeed, yes, Roman Africa is extremely fascinating, and over time we will basically analyze in detail all remnants or successor states of the Western Roman Empire, so that hopefully at some point we get a full picture of how life was after "The Fall".
The fall and cultural change of these areas is endlessly fascinating. Imagine if ideas of nationalism existed in these times? Or if the Romans had been unusually far-sighted and implemented a public, state-sponsored education system?
In an alternate universe where these existed, I could see the Western Roman Empire slowly reassembling itself over time. Look at how these ideas today make it nearly impossible for a foreign military to impose its will permanently on a local population.
The concept of nationalism might only fragmented the empire even further, I think.
nationalism is a modern construct, back then people were fragmented, even today it's far from easy to keep a nation unite considering independentist sentiments in certain regions
the romans of rome considered themselves "The true Romans" compared to the barbarians who do not come from rome. it is already a form of nationalism.
@@shivas3003 no, it is not because Rome is a city, not a nation
if they had been able to really consolidate and create a "Roman" identity in the sense of a 19th century nationalism, it probably would have never fallen and instead of the EU slowly crumbling we might be seeing the Roman Empire slowly crumbling. *shrugs* definitely an interesting "what-if".
Cheers
There was in fact a village in Armorica that resisted Roman conquest long after Julius Caesar had conquered all of Gaul, thanks to its clever warriors, and a magical potion brewed by its druids that gave the villagers super-human strength...
I think that was a mere asterisk in terms of history, there was but one obelisk and no one can find the vital statistics about this village.
@@GetRidOfCivilAssetForfeiture I know it's controversial: but I'm a dogmatic believer.
Hhahaahaha :)
Also the Scottish druids had the secret recipe for moonshine!!!
Are you condoning performance enhancing drugs 🤔???
This channel is one of the best organized, most reliably researched, beautifully presented, not only of TH-cam, but as measured against most collegiate courses on Roman Antiquity. I am grateful, and attentive!
its very good. Somtimes it would seem borderline too romantic from some historians but I agree on his views. Its a great balance and counter to the older traditional outdated view on the late roman empire
Thanks a lot friend, I really appreciate the kind words. It means a lot to me to see that so many poeple seem to share the love of the late Roman Empire, and are as interested as I am in that time period. We are like a small little family of completely die hard Rome nerds, it warms my heart :)
@@Maiorianus_Sebastian Oh, thank you, very sincerely, Sebastian, for that great message. You describe me well, yet I only recently discovered the steadfast community of TH-cam's loyal little Roman community (Romanulae?), with its Latiophiles and Roman Empire gamers and academic historians, and history lovers, obviously, but also scholars of Comparative Literature of Antiquity, History of Europe and Western Asia, of Latin-Derived Languages, fluent Latin speakers and student learners, all of whom pack international Latin-only conferences and, of course, university archeologists and classicists and dig organizers and on & on.
I am humbled by so much expertise, because I have none, strictly speaking. I come to Rome not to praise Caesar but to learn how to read menus & order dinner! I haven't even been to Rome, Sebastian--but that is a lapse in irony more than piety, because no-one on Earth had a childhood more saturated in Res Romanum. My first memories are in Latin . . .
My Irish family was so devout--more Catholic than the pope--that my grandmother took us to Mass every day she could grab our hands or hair! With the boyhood love of serving Mass (" . . Et cum spiritu tuo") and wonderful memories singing Mozart, Schubert or Franck (The Church did not allow Protestant composers until John XXIII introduced some glasnost in the early 1960s), and growing up surrounded by copies of Raphael madonnas, my Roman citizenship is circa Boethian, and in fact I chose the "philosophical influence of Boethius on plainchant" for my college thesis in music theory.
And, of course, that in Catholic elementary school we studied GrecoRoman history with an obsession far greater than for U.S. history, my youth prepared me for both later studies in music, and then work as a science & medical writer. Latin is still a lingua franca through time and for perspective, not just across the ghostly geography of Empire.
But that's more peregrinatio from me than you wanted! Thanks again, Sebastian--I am really so happy I found your channel. It's like returning to a little villa on the Mediterranean, perched high above the harbor commotion, sharing dinner with dear Lusitanian & Carthaginian friends ~ Atlas Mountain quail roasted with olives and figs!
In considering Rome's + Byzantium's 2,000 years, I love to imagine many balmy evenings when friends could sip date-palm wine on the Omphalos Rim ~ under the arc of stars that zephyrs cast akimbo, from a dark-wine sky to the Boethian-blue sea.
So... it can be said that the Mauro-Roman Kingdom is definitely a new country after the Western Roman Empire collapsed but it is not one of those Barbarian Kingdoms either, right?
yes, no invasion of any tribe came to the mauro-roman kingdom, and it ended due to the eastern roman empire's conquest
Yes, this is fascinating! But there was another such Roman-ethnic blend -- the Britain of King Arthur! Behind all the accretions of chivalric mythology is a very real dux bellorum who stopped the Germanic invaders for a whole generation and preserved the (admittedly fading) culture of Rome by his victory at Mt. Badon. You might want to cover that sometimes.
Thank u for mentioning this
You should do an episode on another 'remnant' of the Empire: the Keszthely culture in Pannonia.
Agreed!
One thing to clarify, Carthage was destroyed to prevent it from being taken again, they use the material to built a new city a few kilometers, called Tunis. I wonder if Tunis would have looked similar in its early times because of the bricks and other materials reused.
In Algeria, there is a city literally named Constantine.
Yes, under the Emperor name Constantine 1st, there's few Roman ruins such as the Aqueduct leftover and coloumn bits in the masjid el kebir. Prior it was the Numidian capital called Cirta.
@@zakback9937 wish Roman Africa remained Christians
@@arolemaprarath6615 Thank God we are not. I see no point in following a failure to what made the West secular and Rootless.
@@zakback9937 West was successful because of Christianity. Look at Islamic countries. Poor and chaos
@@arolemaprarath6615 Other way around. West was a crap hole, West became successful by trading with the Muslim world and then finding other revenues from the Americas. Islamic countries are successful,
Very interesting stuff, love hearing about the late roman empire
I live not far from Tipaza and Mauretania Caesariensis (modern day Cherchell). Greetings from Algeria.
It would be really interesting if you could make a video about the Roman holdout of corduba in Spain in the 6th century. I’ve always wanted to learn more about that but can never find any information
Nice you made the video about this but somethings
1. It's Dihya, Kahina was a title by the Arabs meaning Witch
2. That art isn't her there's a more closer and accurate images but more difficult to find.
And the Arris is pretty much the Aures today.
witch is an apt description, no way a women could lead an army, never mind winning a few battles.
for some reason its always barbarians that are led by crazy women and then getting defeated, maybe its just a niche war propaganda to dehumanize the barbarians as lesser beings led by women?
@@Jack-he8jv what the fuck are you talking about
We don't actually know her real name. Ibn Khaldun wrote that 600 years after her death based on genealogists (often fanciful) stories. Yves Modéran calls her "the queen of the Aurès". We barely know anything about her beyond legends, just like king Arthur.
A most gorgeous documentary. Very interesting, very beautifully presented... One thing that is overlooked is that even though local Berbers continued to speak their language, a good portion spoke a Maghrebi version of late Latin, who survived for many centuries later
Thanks Lucian, very kind of you. I always want to cover unknown and obscure topics about the "Fall" of the Western Roman Empire, so I am really happy to see when people share the same interest. Interesting with the language, thanks for sharing.
*Fun fact:* Ptolemy, the last King of Mauretania (the land of the Berbers) was invited to Rome by his relative Emperor Caligula for a party, not knowing that it was a trap to kill him and annex his kingdom to the Empire. As Caligula stabbed him in the stomach, he whispered to his ear "I need your kingdom, Ptolemy". Even so, Mauretania would not be annexed to the Roman Empire until the reign of Claudius.
Funfact 2: Ptolemy was Caligula's uncle (via Mark Antony)
@@alberto2287 what
Ptolemy was also the maternal grandson of Mark Antony and Queen Cleopatra.
Prior to that was the Takfarin/Tacfarinus rebellion in North Africa
@@septimiusseverus343 theorically severan dynasty come from Cleopatra
Keep up the great work! It’s amazing, this makes you wonder what would have happened if Majorian had a successful invasion of North Africa, as he brought Marcellinus and Dalmatia, and Syagrius with Gaul back under Roman influence. Majorian could have brought the Mauro-Roman kingdom back under Roman influence as well making it easier for him to reconquer and govern North Africa.
I'm not complaining but there's always a lot of chaos in the maps that like in 1:47 show the area at the north of Hispania not controlled by the Suevi and the Visigoths so if there's anyone interested:
In that area there would be roughly three possible cultures west to east: the Astures, the Cantabri and the "Basque" peoples.
First the Astures. The Astures the lived north of the Cantabrian Mountains were to the east of the Gallaeci or Callaeci and to the west of the Cantabri. Then we know that the Suevi controlled the territory of the Gallaeci or Callaeci but we really don't know how much territory of the Astures they controlled, we don't know where the frontier was. If you search for maps of the period you will see that there are many different theories. There are some theories based on toponyms but we don't know for sure. So we don't really know if the Astures existed as a political entity or not but it's assumed that if they were ever controlled they regained independence because we know that at some point they were at war with the Visigoths. I think that the most plausible answer is that maybe some Astures nobles were vassals of the Suevi but it seems that they were not very integrated in the kingdom if they were part of it.
Now the Cantabri. The nation of the Cantabri was to the east of the Astures and the west of the "Basque" region. In the map of 1:47, even if we accept those borders, roughly half of the territory would be for the Cantabri. But I think those borders are inspired by the contemporary autonomous communities because it shows that all the territory of the modern Asturias, named after the Astures, was included in the Suevi kingdom while all the modern Cantabria, named after the Cantabri, was not. The reality is that the territory of the Astures don't match Asturias and the same goes for the Cantabri and Cantabria. So even if we accept that all the territory of the Astures was included in the Suevi kingdom the map at 1:47 is giving part of the Cantabri territory to the Suevi. But anyway it's all quite confusing because, fun fact, the same territory it's later the core of the early Kingdom of the Astures and where the first capital is located. I don't blame Mairorianus for talking only about the Basques even if he did the map himself because for some reason many maps don't show the Cantabri at this period only for them magically appearing in later centuries. It's a confusing period.
Anyway, to the east it was the territory of the "Basques". The thing is that I don't really know if "Basques" it's the correct term. I think the intention was to name the peoples that spoke Euskara in the region because the historians tought that those peoples spoke Euskara. But the thing is that there's quite a lot of evidence (the old debate of where does the Euskara come from it's going extinct) that it's was approximately to the end of the Western Roman Empire when people from Aquitania brought the Euskara with them to the region that would be later considered Basque. And as they didn't displace or kill the native population the latter would still be speaking Latin and their Celtic languages. So, are they really Basque at this time? I know that they are the ancestors of the Basques but I don't think that they could be considered Basques that early. They are the romanized tribes of the Autrigones, the Varduli, the Caristii and the Vascones (I'm quite sure it was concluded that they didn't speak Euskara either but I'm not totally sure right now, I'll look it up) with the Aquitani newcomers but it was probably not a cohesive group at the time.
Well, that's all. As I said, I'm not complaining, it's really good for the information that's often avalilable of the topic (I mean about this part in particular).
Thanks again and happy new year.
Hi William, thanks a lot for your kind donation, I really appreciate it :) And a happy new year to you as well, all the best for 2023 :)
I never fail to be amazed about how much I learn from this channel....another superb video.
I love your way of storytelling ! It's very uplifting ! Keep it up !
Knowing about this Roman Cultural Influence completely recontextualizes Justinian’s conquest of North Africa in the 530s for me.
Hello Majorian, could you answer who holds African part of tangier and Gibraltar during this era? Cause neither vandals nor Maori-Roman map in ur video shows the above mentioned places in their possession.
berbers
It was ruled by local berber tribes
Great video. Perhaps you could address another post-Roman leader, Ambrosius Aurelianus in Britannia.
Awesome video. Can’t say I agree with the conclusion, most historians do consider the Roman-Berber Kingdom to be a continuation/rump state of the Roman Empire, but super awesome nonetheless
Gratia Maiorianus, for your excellent research and presentations! You might consider doing videos on even more little known and often overlooked fascinating episodes of Roman history in Africa...
1) Roman expeditions to southern Libya, southern Nubia, Mauritania (not Morocco), [what is now] Timbuktu, Chad, Nigeria, etc...
2) The ancient Roman(ised), Roman era city of Rhapta in what is now Tanzania
3) Roman naval travels to the Canary Islands and West Africa
The Roman Mauros (Berbers) still speak a dialect of Latin in that region today, I believe...🤔🙂💡
This is some great content, great info, from a great channel!!! Thank You!!!
id like to see you one day visit the still intact roman construction located in Armenia. would be cool if you did a vacation to rome and all roman ruins around the world
Around the Mediterranean.
Thank you for making this. I found myself wondering exactly what happened after the dissolution of the Roman Empire. I couldn't imagine everyone just packing up shop and walking away from everything in front of them
Well, you're welcome for introducing you to the topic MAIORIANVS
Really cool topic!! Hope to see you in the next Roman Theory Iceberg with all the other Roman history channels
it would be cool to see you do a video on later (charlemagne era, early dark ages, ect) european leaders claiming to have roman heritage, if it happened
Hi Sean, that is really an excellent idea, and I do have videos planned on the germanic successor states of the WRE. We shall look at every one of them individually: Visigothic state, Suevi state, we did already the Ostrogothic state, and of course the Frankish state will be the biggest topic. All planned, but so many topics to cover. I am not gonna lie, I have 200-300 topics for future videos on my list, hehe, so I don't know exactly when what topic is going to materialize as a video. But every single topic will come sooner or later :)
I love this channel, even though it makes me sad
Unrelated to the video but i must say i really love your maps. Now unless I've already started suffering from Prion disease i remember that you did one during the rule of Constantine in 336-337. There are many interpertations of Rome in that year but yours seemed the most accurate. But, ive watched all your shorts and all videos which mention the ERE and i still can't find it. I'd appreciate if you could find it and link the video or anyone who remembers.
Besides the reconstructions I like to see the remaining structures and places as they are today, also.
Very interesting, thank you Maiorianus.
I'm curious about the mechanics of the economy in this area that made it more self-contained than others. food production, metal working, buiding trades, pool to draft an army from etc. it seems like supply chains broke else where in the empire but not here.
You should make a video about the Nubian kingdom, a remnant of Byzantine supremacy in Africa that survived the Muslim conquests by many centuries and in the process adopted Greek as a eucharistic and official administrative language using titles like Basileus, exarch, eparch, domestikos and others.
Would you agree that Wales is a sort of remaining part of the Roman empire, except for its western counties maybe which were sort of Irish colonies ?
Excellent video. Greetings from Argentina 🇦🇷
This is an interesting video. Thanks. I didn't know about these berber-ruled Romanized Kingdoms.
does anyone have the image source for 2:03 i've been looking for it for ages and can't find it
Thank you. Fascinating video!
the name is dihya, interestingly enough kahina is an ancient arabic term meaning something similar to priest , cognate with term “cohen” in hebrew
Maiorianus: VERY INTERESTING & INFORMATIVE video!
Finally someone talks about this
please do a video on the border limes
hi our hero Majorian , who were the main inhabitant of gallia , hispania and roman north africa before the germanic tribe migrated into the Empire ?
For Gallia its... both easy and hard, its just a bunch of Celtic tribes like the Parisii Namnetes etc... all divided, most rivals, with differing culture
Hispania is a f***ing pain because you got like 4 differing culture group in the region alone etc...
For Africa, it was mostly Amazirgh (Berbers, the romans called them "Numidians") in the rural areas, and Romanized people who had largly replaced the Carthaginian Phoenicians in the cities.
@@Freedmoon44 Eh, that was the case before the Romans took them over. By the times of the Germanic invasions both were majority Latin speaking, with more remote regions in Galiia like Brittany still being dominated by celts.
In Iberia the North was also still largely Celtic with the Basques in a larger area than today.
@@xenon9030 a great many if the Carthaginian were Punics of Libyan origin
I see that your interest is in late Roman Empire. Could you publish about the Bagaudes, semi-independent Gallic people defying the landowners and Rome in Gaule?
Even today we can see the North African remnants of Roman Spain. There are several enclaves of Spanish rule, with port cities in North Africa.
Thank for info
This reminds me another video about the romance languages on North Africa after the fall of Rome and there were latin speaking catholic monasteries so late as the 10th century far after the ismalic conquest of the region.
i have some questions about the topic:
is the use of morro-roman therme refering to a one group of people or two distinct groups and the therme was use to promote unity in the kingdom?
To what extent the roman costumes did exist in the area?
And finally what was going the same time in mauritania tingitana?
Morro-roman is a modern term, like Gallo-roman, to name ehtnic group deeply influenced by the Roman culture in law, agriculture (villa), construction, language, art.
@@gengis737 what about the title of the king of that kingdom?
@@ilyasbouriaz1767 You are right.
It was recovered by me in eu4 and all of Egypt and Mesopotamia
Rome was the best thing to ever happen to Africa.
Great vid 👍
The best conserved roman cities I have seen are in Spain. Like Baelo Claudia, in the province of Cadiz, or Merida (Emerita Augusta), in the province of Badajoz. I could imagine how the Romans live there.
North-west-Africa and Iberia were very Romanized. Latin was still a spoken language in north-west-Africa up until the 12century until Arabic became the majority language. Also in al-Andalus Latin was a recognised and used (in literary) language.
Not too long ago in northern Spain a large Muslim grave has been found of the medieval period. Although Muslim Iberians, they had an Ibero-Roman culture.
North-west-Africa even has more Roman ruins than the entire Italic Peninsula.
The fact that the Eastern Roman Empire didn't even called themselves as eastern but Roman itself
I believe this place is equivalent to modern day Argelia, is it not? I did always want to visit there. So much history.
It is modern day Algeria yes
In Romance language we call Algeria Argelia,dont asky why.
@@xmaniac99 Indeed, I´m a native portuguese speaker, so I got confused for a second there lol.
Excellent video
Knowledge
Please continue the series of how Constantinople would have looked. I think only two dates are remaining: 1204 and 1453.
Fascinating.
Well the newest City build by the Roman empire is actually Hamburg, as the Catholic Church was and is still a body of the western Roman Empire.
If you don't belive me, the language spoken by merchants and govenrours in Hamburg was latin until the 14th century.
Have you done a video on Syagrius and Soissons?
Yeah I think he did
Can we see more videos of Roman heritage in the middle east as we don't really see alot of this heritage remembered with the Schism between the west and eastern Rome.
Many claim that it was Odacer’s rule of Italy was still Roman, this is how I think of the Mauro Roman Kingdom.
The difference here is that although you could consider the Italians under Odacer still “roman people’s”
And the Berbers under Masuna and beyond as “Roman people’s”
It was Theodoric under increasing force of Arianism that changed the culture and eventually Eastern Rome came and undertook a Re-Romanization.
The Mauro Roman Kingdom here never required a “Re-Romanization”
And so even though they were a different political entity, they were in every way still Roman.
Much the same way Cyprus and Greece are both “Greek”
Or
Iraq and Syria today are both Arabs.
Sygarius and Nepos are different in kind because;
1) they didnt last long enough to be anything more
2) they were Western Roman Remnants as a result and not able to be something more.
If for example Sygarius’ kingdom lasted much longer I think we today would be classifying it in the same category if the Mauro Roman Kingdom.
Great video though just some thoughts!
Do we know what was going on in Morocco and Libya back then? They're always blank spots on the maps. Were they just wholly abandoned?
From I heard libris to tanjir in 552 ad and south spain tanjir held till 709 ad Byzantine spain held to 624 ad
Can you compare Mauro Romans with Transnistria?
The Roman África Was A Amazing History.
I wonder how history would have changed if Islam wasn't able to spread to North Africa. It would be interesting seeing the potential Romance languages and kingdoms that could have been
Also it would be further interesting seeing an untouched Roman Northern Africa being a cultural and economic center of the post antiquity world
Romans in Italy were in fact nationalist. Anyone outside the Italian peninsula was a barbarian. It was much later that citizenship was granted to the provinces. It was to be able to tax them during a critical time.
Remember Theodosius, ruler of the Ostrogoths was recorded as saying: "Utilis Gothicus imitatur Romanum" - "It is proper for a Goth to copy Roman things!"
Your work is fascinating. I read a lot about Algerian history but never heard about this Roman continuation. Perhaps because when ancient history became a science in 19th century, Europeans would not be pleased to say that Moors continued latine civilization for centuries while Europe regressed to barbaric state. And also because local populations did not identify themselves as inheriting from the Romans.
Beautiful remains of Roman cities can be found at Tipasa, on the shore a few miles from Algiers; nearby Cherchell (former Caesare) museum with mostly unknown great pieces of art melting Roman style and Moorish characters; and at Timgad, deep in the south east. I don't know if they were part of the Romano-Mauri kingdoms.
Mauritania Caesariensis. Briefly occupied by the Vandals, but then returned to the empire.
Depends from where your mauri were living first. South of the limes or inside roman territory? little bit it is like the Franks some living in the empire some living outside before the collapse of the empire
Have you thought all about uploading your content to Odysee as well?
As someone who really likes your subjects you cover, but not so much this platform, I feel doing so would definitely help in reaching out to audiences that don’t use TH-cam so much
I hope you consider that idea if you haven’t already, and in any case, I always look forward to you putting out more videos like this
Kahina is not a name but a title means priestess
Was a title meaning Witch from the Arabs
@@zakback9937 No it doesn’t, it means something similar to priestess , it’s cognate with cohen
@@jaif7327 yeah it does. Even during examples like the Riddah wars some would be called witches with that title.
Even berbers were romanized , they still speak berber language and have berber costums and traditions ... Amazighs never assimilates that easy ... i am one of them by the way
Never assimilates that easily? Why do they speak Arabic then why they’re under the rule of Arabians?
@@Kuwait_Anezi because it lasted long that why its like bullkans
the pictures - ikons shown here of the time on northern african roman part of the empire are inscribed - they have signs in greek of that time. Why?
Because its Byzantine one
@ricky yacine byzantine is à German term. The eastern roman empire had à main characteristic that made the segregation of roman empire in two possible. Lang. Latin and greek
@@nezperce2767 yeah I call Byzantine for easy pronounce ik hre was jealous
@ricky yacine byzantine is à German used turns to enable justify the christening of the pope towards the German empire as the holy roman one in 800AD ( aprox) and preserve his post as the eastern was the only legit of the time. The latter was divided to the west up to its death in 470 AD on lang basis. Noble Romans from scratch realised thatgreek knowledge could make them strong Cato turned this off, while the part of the eastern Romans sticked to what they had known up to the koment that constantinople was occupied by the turks. No doubt for a period if time eastern ruling in constantino city spoke latin after all dakians and illirians did ( constantin - justinuan Last part of western roman empire under nepos) Theodosius was Spanish thus the preservation of the ruling class lang while greek dominated the area art everyday life or science. The city fell, while the last King in greek told everybody the city is not to be given to anybody in a couple of speeches, thus the reason of changing it's name. You cannot have a Turkish city under a greek name even if it the actual accousma ( Aristotle) of it. ( the way turks could understand what the native inhabitants of the city were referring to their as such Same thing occurred - was repeatedin many cases as culture - civilization was copied by the turks from all civililized tribes connected to their journey from Altai steppes to Vienna mainly no doubt by the tribes in minor asia greek Armenians or persians and arabs - writtenalphabet). The principle of Turkishm Ziya Gökalp book
Did Vandals wear sandals?
What about Venice and San Marino? They were founded by Romans, with Roman-like values and institutions, why not consider them the true sucessors of Rome?
The overall theme of this channel seems to be that the WRE simply took a bit longer to finally collapse and go away in many places (including Theodoric's Italy), but it was still basically over in the next couple of centuries.
Did the Mauro-Roman Kingdom continue to speak Latin/a variant of African Romance during this period?
They were essentially romanophile
Are Berbers R1b, at least partially ?
imazighen are haplogroup E
What were the languages spoken in these post-Roman provinces?
Probably a mix of local indigenous languages and Late Vulgar Latin
Latin.
Berber, and Vulgar African Latin
Quaeso, hunc alveum custodias exitum, omnes te valde appretiant.
Truly, ROMA INVICTUS
ive always thought it was soissons.
Why did the Vandal kingdom not cover all the African territory of the Western Empire, and, when the Eastern Empire took it back, why did they not take back all the area?
And while this video covered some of it, what about the area opposite Gibraltar?
They took back quite a bit considering their limited resources and the other major problems, chiefly Persian, they had to deal with.
The ERE didn’t retake the entire provinces of Mauritania Caesariensis and Mauritania Tingitana primarily due to a limit of funds/manpower, but this outcome was also greatly impacted by terrain/sustainable defences, and because the _praefecti_ in the early years were busy fighting a serious insurrection by tribal Berbers (when the empire had the most funds and manpower available - it got worse with time as more urgent crises flared up elsewhere).
From the very beginning, there were issues holding on to the restored pretorian prefecture of Africa. Solomon, the first _praefectus,_ and a very competent administrator, spent his whole appointment trying to put down a series of Berber revolts (who were mostly tribal, from the mountainous regions, as opposed to the romanized Berbers of the coastal cities). He died at the battle of Cillium trying to quell the rebellion.
The local administration finally did manage to quell the revolt, but was chronically low on manpower as they had been fighting a guerilla war for decades. Geographically, it didn’t make sense to expand to the South-West to restore the remaining provinces and to try to hold them with the little resources available - which were barely enough to hold things together as it was. The unrestored regions lied beyond the Aures mountains and the Chelif valley, which were the natural borders of the restored prefecture. If you look at a topographic map, and a map of late Roman settlements, you’ll notice a pattern of geographic isolation past certain impassable boundaries - it was just too far overextended to hold for a meaningful period of time, so the Roman administration (correctly) made a decision to maintain control over what they had for as long as they could rather than lose it all instantly come the first crisis after getting overextended.
Because they couldn't.
They were in fact rapidly losing territory, much less taking it, thanks to Berber invasions and raids
Our rich history 🇩🇿🇩🇿❤
My history of my line
@@zakback9937 all the same brother we're all Proud Algerians arab or amazigh Islam unites us ❤ from one Amazigh to another!
@@Eternalyouthenjoyer Islam means arabism
Always put the flag
@@arolemaprarath6615 Islam means truth.
And then they went on to conquer Espana . Such is life .
Yes they did Byzantine commander liberis toke south spain in 552 ad and lasted till 624 ad
_The Berbers...my father's people..._
Same with me -_-
The term Berber is misused to claim fake identity by the Arab speaking North African population that descend from African tribes and Eurasians.
In the West, Berber is used to de-Africanize the history and heritage of North Africa (ironically the original home of archtypical majority Africans of the E1b1 haplogroup who now inhabit most of South of the Sahara).
There is no such thing called "Berber people" or Berber race.
The Ancient Greeks referred to the native African tribes of the Mediterrenian as Barbarians (Berber). These tribes were the Mande speaking Gaetuli of the Maghreb, ancestors of Moroccans (who are now mixed), Malians and Senegalese. The other were the Khazani of Algeria who were recruited by the Romans forming the Black Legions that manned Roman Britain, Germania and Panonnia. They even supplied Rome's only Black senator. The other were the Afuri of Tunisia whom the continent of Africa is named after. The Afuri are depicted in Minoan art as extremely Black skinned, and very large or fat.
The other at the Libu of Libya who are still there forming a small Black minority of Libya. The other are the Garamantes described by Herodotus in 428BC as inhabitants of eastern Libya, and being very Black and tall.
Modern North Africans are therefore Eurasians (descendants of Ancient Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans), Mixed Eurasian & Africans often called Mauri who were or are culturally Roman and Arab. The third group being the native African tribes who still speak African languages. In Western academia, the latter are called Berbers. In reality, they are native Africans
@@ohlangeni Touch grass
septimius was punic
@@jaif7327 basically a Libyan with Phoenician culture/tongue
Cool
I believe this "Roman" Berber kingdom was not really much Roman as it was berber.
I feel as though the north african history of Rome is usually sidelined due to the cultural divide that came when Islam and Christianity split the Mediterranean in half.
Also im not to sure on this but I'm guessing not alot of North Africans see Rome The same way that most Europeans see Rome.
As many berbers and arabs probably respect the history but see the romans as far more European.
That's probably due to years of battles against Christian neighbors, but the heritage in North Africa is still very wealthy.
From Egyptians to pheonicians to greeks to Romans to Germanic barbarians and later arabs and finally berber muslim dynasties
Why does this guy sound like Sebastian from Jixuan and Sebastian?
Didn't Odacer proclaim himself Ceasar and conquered Italy a continuation of the Western Roman Empire?
No, he was considered a patrician under the Emperor Zeno
There one city that never was conquered by the barbarians et remained romanised: it's Venice of course.