🚩 Sources for this one are quite scarce, so it was a bit tricky piecing it together. I hope you'll enjoy the show! Today we have the Battle of Tolbiac, which took place in Gaul during/after the collapse of the last fragments of the Western Roman Empire. Despite being fought in AD 496 (or 506, depending on who you ask) it marked the beginning of what would one day become modern France.
I won't call this late antiquity anymore. This is early medival history. But yeah, this is literally just when late antiquity ended so the differences is not a lot.
@@67cudaksa34 I know it's more complicated, but the simplified story we learned at school is Clovis first french king. And the catholics love that with the baptism and all...
I've been a huge fan for 4 years. Why have you guys decided to discontinue the Hannibal series? No episode 20. It's been 1 year + 3 months, and 67 other videos later, since episode 19. It seems to be your most beloved series. It starts out with ~3,000,000 views on episode 1. And still gets >400,000 views by episode 19. Your most recent videos have been getting ~200,000 views. Why have you guys decided to discontinue the Hannibal series?
This is a very understudied time in history. Like, the most famous person of this period was Belisarius, and he himself lives in obscurity when compared to many others. I'm glad that you guys are doing videos on it!
In classical Latin, Clovis would have been pronounced "Clo-wees (like modern Cloe)". Drop the hard C and you get Louis (Lo-wees). (In later French the S becomes silent.) It even matches the spelling with the Romans using V for U.
Clovis is only the latin spelling. - At that time the Franks language was Frankish. Frankish has nothing in common with latin. So the right pronounciation of the kings name in his own language is Chlodwig. - It is still hundreds of years to come until the (West) Frankish language evolves into French.
@@jaber70599 Interesting. When did they start speaking Latin? Was it before Charlemagne? That aspect of French history is mystery. How a Germanic tribe adopted Latin, similar to Visigoths I suppose.
@@stevo271 Yes. the Franks did the same as the Visigoths did. On the other hand are the saxons in England. They did not adopt the Latin language. - First: Franks served as soldiers and even generals in the Roman empire army for a long time. We must assume that at least higher ranks Franks have a good command of the latin language. - Second: After defeating roman power and establishing Frankish rule the Franks did not destroy the local roman administration and clerical organisation. Frankish rule was just a military coup. Not an invasion. Then in the western part of the Frankish territory the Franks slowly merged with the Romans.Their languages merged into the now French - We know for sure that shortly after Charlemagne the Franks in the western part of the country did not speak the same language any more as the Franks in the eastern part. They speak Old French and Old German and a they needed a translation.
Historymarche! Your work, visuals and narration are second to none! You always knock it out lf the Park! Suggestion: Battle of St. Quentin of 1557, the battle that ended french ambitions in italy for good.
As a french lad i support this suggestion. Saint Quentin is indeed a good topic although i think the subject of french/italian relationship, wich has been very interesting over centuries, would maybe need a few videos before getting to the battle of St Quentin itself, at least some broad recap of how relations evolved and culminated to this important battle as people not informed on this specific subject may find themselves a bit lost without proper explanation :-) Great idea though, a series between 1450 to 1700+ or so about french and italian history could be a link to the later napoleonis wars, wich has already been developped in detail on the channel !
In France we were told of the miracle of Tolbiac, it seems a desperate Clovis calls for the christian god's help and a few minutes later the king of the Alemani dies and the battle turns side. Of course this was probably spread by Clovis after the battle, Clovis needed his christian subjects (the majority in his new empire) but could not be baptized without fearing that his frankish realm would rebel, so he needed a "miracle" to convince them. Sneaky politician! Great video once again!
Source? A battle can go really anyway so obviously he'd turn to the almighty Jesus Christ. Not sure where you're getting all of this from like it was written down or something. Christians prayed before battle so that they may win (Obviously).
"Ofcourse this was probably spread by Clovis..". Source: Trust me bro. 😂 Something good happen in a perfect timing, they would call it luck or others would call it miracle from God. Doesnt matter which one is right, it can happen. Its more make sense and believable than whatever movie script you wrote.
@@JayzsMryes but he was one of the nicer Merovingians his son clothair killed both of his nephews and burned alive his son whole family after he rebelled.
@@JayzsMr Not that. Again, this is very indicative of who Clovis was...As recounted by Gregory of Tours, who wasn't there, but the memory was still very vivid at the time: After the siege of Soissons and the pilfering of the Cathedral (remember that Clovis was still a pagan at the time), the booty was to be distributed to all the warriors, and, as the Franks were all equal in this matter, it had to be done by the odds. But Bishop Rémi, the Bishop of Reims, who was trying to woo Clovis and make him a Catholic, asked him to return a magnificent "vase" to the church, probably an ornated calyx. Clovis wisely and diplomatically wanted to oblige, but when he told his warriors, one of them broke ranks, shouting "King! You'll only have what will be given to you by the odds!" and broke the "vase" of Soissons with his battleaxe in front of the whole army. Clovis didn't move and stood silent. One year passes, and the first troop review for the new campaign comes...All warriors are inspected by the King, who, when identifying the warrior who humbled him, tells him that neither his clothes nor his arms are well-kept, takes said arms from him, throws them down, asks him to pick them up, and, as said warrior is bending towards the ground, cracks his skull open with his own battleaxe, shouting in a rage "THIS IS WHAT YOU DID TO THE SOISSONS VASE!"...Typical Clovis! Savage and wise at the same time, and especially resentful! All the kids in France learn history with the "Vase de Soissons" episode 😃
I have to say that this was made quite well. I’m not that familiar with this period of history in Western Europe, but before the battle sequence, I had become very invested in the Alemanni and Clovis. Fascinating that this is such an important battle and it seems to have evaded me thus far. Excellent video 👍
This is a very intriguing video as we can see the beginning of Frankish power. It’s so interesting…Clovis story it’s so similar with other stories like Philip II or Osman’s. One man to set the foundation of a great empire. Thanks for shedding light on this unknown, but most important, episode of history.
Awesome. In France, despite being atheist, the catholicism is so mixed into the historiography of early and medieval French monarchical history that they dont teach you proper context to understand the relevance of these episodes of history. This was extremely helpful, thank you.
@@عليياسر-ف4ن9ك no i mean Catholicism. The historiography about these early eras of French history is written by medieval Catholic monks, as well as pious/nationalist historians between the 1830s and 1970s who's idea of makes a good king is a pious king rather than one who did right by his people.
Awesome video! I wanted to name my youngest son Clovis, but my wife objected strongly. I showed her every second of this video. Pretty sure if it was around seven years ago, I would have won that battle.
@@histguy101 If I wanted frankish savagery I'd just look to the present, with two tribes of barbarians fighting for power, while stuck in the middle Macron is trying to defend the smallest bit of decency.
Wow this was a particularly epic video from this channel! You guys always do a fantastic job, but I feel like this video had especially excellent writing
I've just been studying Frankish history recently because I'm working on a couple of sequel books and this is perfect material for one of my sequels which I will call "The Cross and the Crown." Also, when it came to writing my first book called "The Way the World Ends: A Tale of the Fall of Rome," you were a major source of intel that I used for my research. Thank you! Do one about Clovis against Gundobad next, or the battle of Aurelianum/Orleans in 463.
Thanks an amazing ( history Marche) channel for sharing this magnificent historical coverage episode about Franklin and a great Clovis emperor fingerprint in the 4th and 5th century AD of France 🇫🇷.
Nice video. I hope there will be some more about this era. There is a couple mistakes in the footnotes (name of Clovis’ daughter in #2 and « Timur the Lame » in #3).
Hello HistoryMarche! I'm a big fan of your content, your narration and your mapping is just great!! Hope more content on Mughal Empire and Ottoman Empire! Can I become your vassal state😅😅😅
The battle of Soissons is incredibly underrated, the Romans having a lasting enclave in modern day France is cool ofc but the fact that if defeated the Franks would have returned to their Rennish petty kingdoms and the whole of Gaul ends up becoming Balkanized makes for incredible alternate history.
please make a video about the gulden sporenslag in 1302, a small group of flemish knights defeated the kingdom om france here in Kortrijk! its an legend story here in Belgium and i would love it if you made a video about it.
I love the videos about the Roman Empire during its peak and especially about the Roman Republic or Julius Caesar. Although I would also like to see some videos on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, seeing as how during the 15th Century Lithuania was the biggest state in Europe
Interesting information about the Alemanni..My family came from southern Germany. My sympathies lay with them and sorry they got their ass kicked as usual.
There's a somewhat recent Italian song about Clovis. It's hilarious in how it praises him as generous and nice while also listing his massacres (and yes, the band did it on purpose).
The last decree of the Roman Senate in the West that we know of was in 603. It probably vanished completely in the decades after that. At this point Constantinople had its own Roman Senate which had taken over the role and many of the actual senators.
One could argue that the Frankish Kingdom was the true successor of the Roman Empire. The kingdom spoke and preserved Latin. Continued many Roman cultural and legal customs. And acknowledged the authority of the pope.
![fellow fellow - พรุ่งนี้ไม่มีใครรู้ feat. INK WARUNTORN [OFFICIAL MV]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/QP6JyjYx_W0/mqdefault.jpg)
🚩 Sources for this one are quite scarce, so it was a bit tricky piecing it together. I hope you'll enjoy the show! Today we have the Battle of Tolbiac, which took place in Gaul during/after the collapse of the last fragments of the Western Roman Empire. Despite being fought in AD 496 (or 506, depending on who you ask) it marked the beginning of what would one day become modern France.
You always make My day! Thanks For this 😊😊😊❤❤❤
😊😊
Thanks for the knowledge ❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️❤️
Thank you for sharing your great knowledge with us
Disagree but both are great
Late Antiquity and History Marche together is magic
I won't call this late antiquity anymore. This is early medival history.
But yeah, this is literally just when late antiquity ended so the differences is not a lot.
@@johnpijano4786 late antiquity is between 250-700 ad. Look up any historian comment on subject
@@johnpijano4786 late antiquity is 250-700 ad. Look up and historians view of the area
@@johnpijano4786 late antiquity is defined as 250-700 AD. Look up almost all historians, as this is the defined time period.
@@christopherevans2445 I do not care. The Middle Ages began after the fall of Rome. Rome fell in AD 476. It is that simple.
It’s always a pleasure to wake up on Saturday and see a historymarche upload
This sounds like a normal campaign in crusader kings.
He even changed his religion to have a casus belli against other countries.
Ahahahah so true 🤣
I'm french, and even if Clovis is (like you said) considered the first king of France, I never learned details like this.
Many thanks.
he was nit, he was king of the franks. the first real king of france was Charles the Bald
@@67cudaksa34 I know it's more complicated, but the simplified story we learned at school is Clovis first french king.
And the catholics love that with the baptism and all...
I've been a huge fan for 4 years. Why have you guys decided to discontinue the Hannibal series? No episode 20. It's been 1 year + 3 months, and 67 other videos later, since episode 19. It seems to be your most beloved series. It starts out with ~3,000,000 views on episode 1. And still gets >400,000 views by episode 19. Your most recent videos have been getting ~200,000 views. Why have you guys decided to discontinue the Hannibal series?
It's coming, just got a little lost in the Alps.
Exactly..
@@rafetizer 😂
@@achetmollier578 Thanks for the support guys! See Mago (HistoryMarche)?? Hannibal (2nd Punic War) Part 20!!
It's crazy because this channel is amazing but in all comments about Hannibal you never see a response why!?...
This is a very understudied time in history. Like, the most famous person of this period was Belisarius, and he himself lives in obscurity when compared to many others. I'm glad that you guys are doing videos on it!
And it's probably one of the most important periods in human history
In classical Latin, Clovis would have been pronounced "Clo-wees (like modern Cloe)". Drop the hard C and you get Louis (Lo-wees). (In later French the S becomes silent.) It even matches the spelling with the Romans using V for U.
Clovis is only the latin spelling. - At that time the Franks language was Frankish. Frankish has nothing in common with latin. So the right pronounciation of the kings name in his own language is Chlodwig. - It is still hundreds of years to come until the (West) Frankish language evolves into French.
@@jaber70599 Interesting. When did they start speaking Latin? Was it before Charlemagne? That aspect of French history is mystery. How a Germanic tribe adopted Latin, similar to Visigoths I suppose.
@jaber70599 chlodwig-ludwig
germanic blood both them
@@stevo271 Yes. the Franks did the same as the Visigoths did. On the other hand are the saxons in England. They did not adopt the Latin language. - First: Franks served as soldiers and even generals in the Roman empire army for a long time. We must assume that at least higher ranks Franks have a good command of the latin language. - Second: After defeating roman power and establishing Frankish rule the Franks did not destroy the local roman administration and clerical organisation. Frankish rule was just a military coup. Not an invasion. Then in the western part of the Frankish territory the Franks slowly merged with the Romans.Their languages merged into the now French - We know for sure that shortly after Charlemagne the Franks in the western part of the country did not speak the same language any more as the Franks in the eastern part. They speak Old French and Old German and a they needed a translation.
@@jaber70599Frankish evolved into Dutch. Not into French.
Historymarche! Your work, visuals and narration are second to none! You always knock it out lf the Park! Suggestion: Battle of St. Quentin of 1557, the battle that ended french ambitions in italy for good.
As a french lad i support this suggestion. Saint Quentin is indeed a good topic although i think the subject of french/italian relationship, wich has been very interesting over centuries, would maybe need a few videos before getting to the battle of St Quentin itself, at least some broad recap of how relations evolved and culminated to this important battle as people not informed on this specific subject may find themselves a bit lost without proper explanation :-) Great idea though, a series between 1450 to 1700+ or so about french and italian history could be a link to the later napoleonis wars, wich has already been developped in detail on the channel !
Funny was just reading about the ascension of Clovis and this battle was mentioned. As soon as i open youtube, here you are. Thanks!
Always a good day when historymarche posts a video.
In France we were told of the miracle of Tolbiac, it seems a desperate Clovis calls for the christian god's help and a few minutes later the king of the Alemani dies and the battle turns side. Of course this was probably spread by Clovis after the battle, Clovis needed his christian subjects (the majority in his new empire) but could not be baptized without fearing that his frankish realm would rebel, so he needed a "miracle" to convince them. Sneaky politician! Great video once again!
But he is a Nestorian Christian 😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂😂
And not all influenced by later Christian writings...
Clovis in reality: "God damn this is a tough fight! I pray I can win!" 😂
Source? A battle can go really anyway so obviously he'd turn to the almighty Jesus Christ. Not sure where you're getting all of this from like it was written down or something. Christians prayed before battle so that they may win (Obviously).
"Ofcourse this was probably spread by Clovis..". Source: Trust me bro. 😂
Something good happen in a perfect timing, they would call it luck or others would call it miracle from God. Doesnt matter which one is right, it can happen. Its more make sense and believable than whatever movie script you wrote.
I love your content! I can’t wait for Hannibal part 20! Take your time but please do not forget!
It's so painful to see the Roman Empire from Theodosius the great to have it be mutilated.
It is impressive that you can upload video like every week❤❤❤❤❤❤
Great work HistoryMarche
Finish up Hannibal series please🙏, I love this channel and it's unique content💙
Another excellent video, thank you HistoryMarche, top notch channel
Clovis I ! The father of france! Thanks For covering this! He's such an amazing figure 🫡🫡🫡🫡🔥🔥🔥🔥
Father to other countries as well, I believe.
I thought you were gonna say he’s your father figure lmao 🤣
@@rc8937 Sigebert would be the father of Germany then since Clovis couldn't care less about the Ripuarian Franks and didn't helped them
So you are saying France is actually Germanic?
@@ommsterlitz1805 How about Belgium?
It's always a great day when HistoryMarche posts a video!
Great video on a forgotten battle ! Vive la France!
Fantastic video, that ending was beautiful
History marche never disappoints with the quality of his videos.
The Merovingians were so brutal clovis was one of the nicest one
Wasn’t there a story where he axed one of his men on a whim?
@@JayzsMryes but he was one of the nicer Merovingians his son clothair killed both of his nephews and burned alive his son whole family after he rebelled.
Yes.@@JayzsMr
@@Nicholas-ch5lnnope
@@JayzsMr Not that. Again, this is very indicative of who Clovis was...As recounted by Gregory of Tours, who wasn't there, but the memory was still very vivid at the time: After the siege of Soissons and the pilfering of the Cathedral (remember that Clovis was still a pagan at the time), the booty was to be distributed to all the warriors, and, as the Franks were all equal in this matter, it had to be done by the odds. But Bishop Rémi, the Bishop of Reims, who was trying to woo Clovis and make him a Catholic, asked him to return a magnificent "vase" to the church, probably an ornated calyx. Clovis wisely and diplomatically wanted to oblige, but when he told his warriors, one of them broke ranks, shouting "King! You'll only have what will be given to you by the odds!" and broke the "vase" of Soissons with his battleaxe in front of the whole army. Clovis didn't move and stood silent. One year passes, and the first troop review for the new campaign comes...All warriors are inspected by the King, who, when identifying the warrior who humbled him, tells him that neither his clothes nor his arms are well-kept, takes said arms from him, throws them down, asks him to pick them up, and, as said warrior is bending towards the ground, cracks his skull open with his own battleaxe, shouting in a rage "THIS IS WHAT YOU DID TO THE SOISSONS VASE!"...Typical Clovis! Savage and wise at the same time, and especially resentful!
All the kids in France learn history with the "Vase de Soissons" episode 😃
You guys are awesome! Thanks for making such amazing content, it's a real pleasure watching your videos!
Amazing work as always HM!
Thank you for this post, very educational.
Best history documentaries on all of TH-cam
I have to say that this was made quite well. I’m not that familiar with this period of history in Western Europe, but before the battle sequence, I had become very invested in the Alemanni and Clovis. Fascinating that this is such an important battle and it seems to have evaded me thus far. Excellent video 👍
Another amazing video!
This is a very intriguing video as we can see the beginning of Frankish power. It’s so interesting…Clovis story it’s so similar with other stories like Philip II or Osman’s. One man to set the foundation of a great empire. Thanks for shedding light on this unknown, but most important, episode of history.
Such an epic and pivotal point in European history! Thanks for another fine video.
excellent as always
Awesome. In France, despite being atheist, the catholicism is so mixed into the historiography of early and medieval French monarchical history that they dont teach you proper context to understand the relevance of these episodes of history. This was extremely helpful, thank you.
You mean Nestorianism?
@@عليياسر-ف4ن9ك no i mean Catholicism. The historiography about these early eras of French history is written by medieval Catholic monks, as well as pious/nationalist historians between the 1830s and 1970s who's idea of makes a good king is a pious king rather than one who did right by his people.
@@Miamcoline These same foolish Catholics sanctify the Nestorian Christian monks established by Constantine
Awesome! Thank you for the detailed video 👍
Always a pleasure to watch your videos. Keep up the excellent work.
Awesome video! I wanted to name my youngest son Clovis, but my wife objected strongly. I showed her every second of this video. Pretty sure if it was around seven years ago, I would have won that battle.
Im a simple man, I see a new HistoryMarch Video and I Like.
I was not expecting such amazinf today but i got it great job man
'Her uncle, who'd killed her father and her mother, thought it unwise to refuse marrying her off'.
Dark age politics go brrrr. 😆
If you think that's exciting, you should see Frankish politics in the classical era when they were true savages
@@histguy101
If I wanted frankish savagery I'd just look to the present, with two tribes of barbarians fighting for power, while stuck in the middle Macron is trying to defend the smallest bit of decency.
Wow this was a particularly epic video from this channel! You guys always do a fantastic job, but I feel like this video had especially excellent writing
I've just been studying Frankish history recently because I'm working on a couple of sequel books and this is perfect material for one of my sequels which I will call "The Cross and the Crown." Also, when it came to writing my first book called "The Way the World Ends: A Tale of the Fall of Rome," you were a major source of intel that I used for my research. Thank you! Do one about Clovis against Gundobad next, or the battle of Aurelianum/Orleans in 463.
Thanks an amazing ( history Marche) channel for sharing this magnificent historical coverage episode about Franklin and a great Clovis emperor fingerprint in the 4th and 5th century AD of France 🇫🇷.
It’s rare for me to see a video on a battle I’ve never heard of on YT; thank you K&G !
my evening is complete....thank you HM
May this comment be a sacrifice to the Algorithm in honor of HistoryMarche.
Detailed histories of the Visigoths and Lombards would be great too!
Im so glad you finally covered Merovingians ❤
Love your shows. Look forward to the next!
OK I gonna have to download this audio for my playlist of historymarche 🎉🎉❤❤❤❤🎉🎉🎉
All very good but Hannibal when? It can't be that hard to research when you can publish videos on such more obscure battles and campaigns
Nice video. I hope there will be some more about this era. There is a couple mistakes in the footnotes (name of Clovis’ daughter in #2 and « Timur the Lame » in #3).
Hopefully you do the Battle of Vouillé some day.
Thank you. Always well done and worth watching.
I absolutely love this video you don’t get many video during this time
This was great, I'd love more content during these immediate post western Roman collapse time period.
That was amazing. Do more of late antiquity and the rise of charlemagne
Great video! Love it very much! Thank you
Hello HistoryMarche! I'm a big fan of your content, your narration and your mapping is just great!!
Hope more content on Mughal Empire and Ottoman Empire!
Can I become your vassal state😅😅😅
Agree
Nice video. Could you add figures of the worriors to get a better idea of the men clashing at the battles? Think it could help.
All hail the algorithm! Great video as always!
Hi HistoryMarche I believe there was an error with the last portion of your #3 footnote. Loved the video!
Always interesting, thanks, HM!
The battle of Soissons is incredibly underrated, the Romans having a lasting enclave in modern day France is cool ofc but the fact that if defeated the Franks would have returned to their Rennish petty kingdoms and the whole of Gaul ends up becoming Balkanized makes for incredible alternate history.
mr history marche you are a great storyteller..
And thank you for the great video..💪
Enjoyed ur historical vid.. I'll be waiting for more 😊
Great video keep it up you're doing amazing things 😁👍
Always worth the waiting
Please do more of Clovis I would love learn more!!
Hello people!
hello, last week you didn't post a video, I was looking forward to seeing it,,,,,
Another great historical video.
please make a video about the gulden sporenslag in 1302, a small group of flemish knights defeated the kingdom om france here in Kortrijk!
its an legend story here in Belgium and i would love it if you made a video about it.
Clovis should be called Clovis the Great because his legacy is still alive.
Fr I like his name
I play Aoe, Manorlords and like medieval pc games... it is so awesome to be able to play, watch and listen to this. It makes everything so immersive.
Beautiful story that fully explains the reason to have a Tolbiac Paris metro station
Great video. Now, I have a firm knowledge about Clovis ❤
Historymarche is real history but the way they present it feels more like Game of throne or fantasy. Really entertaining.
great video!
Great video! Please make more videos like the Prince of destruction! 🎉
I love the videos about the Roman Empire during its peak and especially about the Roman Republic or Julius Caesar. Although I would also like to see some videos on the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, seeing as how during the 15th Century Lithuania was the biggest state in Europe
That was brilliant 😊👍
Interesting information about the Alemanni..My family came from southern Germany. My sympathies lay with them and sorry they got their ass kicked as usual.
"Germany" is "Allemagne" in French, so they've been immortalized
@@skun406 yes, I know. That is nice.
Very interesting - thanks!
awesome video, learnt a lot!
There's a somewhat recent Italian song about Clovis. It's hilarious in how it praises him as generous and nice while also listing his massacres (and yes, the band did it on purpose).
Very interesting as usual
I wonder when the last time the Roman Senate had an official meeting and what they discussed.
There had to be a last one whether they new it or not.
We know they were still meeting in the 590s. Probably they were discussing how to handle the Lombards invading Italy.
The last decree of the Roman Senate in the West that we know of was in 603. It probably vanished completely in the decades after that. At this point Constantinople had its own Roman Senate which had taken over the role and many of the actual senators.
I learned something new. Thanks
One could argue that the Frankish Kingdom was the true successor of the Roman Empire.
The kingdom spoke and preserved Latin.
Continued many Roman cultural and legal customs.
And acknowledged the authority of the pope.
One could also argue that the Roman Emperor was the true successor of the Roman Empire.
The same can be said of the Visigothic Kingdom of Spain
Love these!
God be praised indeed
Man, I love these vids!
the thrown spears and axes that day must have been madness
Good video as always.
Its impressive to overcome being named Clovis and achieve so much.
love from TAIPEI. i spotted a mistake ln your last footnote. "nickname Timur the Lame". Must be a lot of timetravel on this channel LoL
Viva la HistoryMarche!
awesome video, make a series on this please!!
I love late antiquity, scarce sources but very interesting
the historian Bruno Dumézil is a monster in this very hard field
The 6th century is very rich in sources compared to the centuries before it
Great vid and great channel .