It's not 10x more maintenance. In general, don't get any rc car if you aren't slightly mechanically inclined and willing to turn screws. Electric will require knowledge and upkeeping of batteries and charging. putting them in storage mode etc... A nitro will require keeping engine lubricated during storage and keeping fuel out of carb/engine. Tuning is not what most people describe it as. It takes very slight adjustments as needed. Electric motors and ESC are very finacky. You need to be well skilled in soldering connections properly. I found electronics much more annoying to troubleshoot. Dealing with programming etc... Nitros are all mechanical when it comes to issues. Once you learn the basics, there are clear reasons why you may have trouble starting an engine, or issues with the drive gear. I find it more satisfying to work on and more rewarding when working. Adjusting little things to have the car behave differently and get more power/speed. With electric you can change the gearing or put a different battery pack. Changing both of these usually lead to engine/esc overheating and seizing or fires. Nitros you can change many things from fuel type, exhaust/header, carbs and carb adjustment, gearing, upgrading crankshafts/bearings.
Looks like the grave digger has started digging its own grave 😅. The double shock conversions Kev's done seems to be standing the test of time; no bent or broken stand-offs so far.
Huge thanks to you and (the crew Andy, Clair, 8s and so on) for all your videos on so many different vehicles. I finally got a cheaper buggy, and it put a big smile on my face . Looking forward to progressing in this hobby via your vids. Thanks so much for your time.
OMG Kev! I gotta go old school and pick the grave digger. It's just so big loud and obnoxious. That one air you pulled off in the skatepark where you got inverted and then brought it back down was soooo sick. The slowmo of that super jump into the grass was epic too. Imagine how high that would have been scaled up to monster truck size? It would have to be like a ten to 15 story jump!! When you stuffed the front end on landing in slow mo it looked like someone breaking their ankle😅😂
I'm a big fan of the gas/nitro rc stuff, I know it's slower but it's the tinkering aspect of it that interests me. I love tuning, adjusting a real combustion engine. The noise and smell are also reasons. I do have some electric rcs and their way faster and more reliable and I enjoy them just as much but it's hard to beat an old fashion smoke blowing noise maker
Hi Kev I love how you have been posting more gas and nitro content. And when I saw your revo videos it inspired me to get one. Love the videos, keep up the good work 👍👍
Kevin I’m a long time fan. If you want rear wheel steering to work at speed you need more CASTER. The caster effect is what a shopping car wheel does to stay straight. Same thing for a “safety bicycle.” It is absolutely required in a 2 or 4 wheel vehicle to get the front wheels to return to center. With rear wheel steering at high speed I would assume you need caster in the rear too… ✌️good luck I enjoy your content
To be honest, I was quite surprised to see the gas powered having a better top end than the brushless! 👀 Nitro is all cool for the smell and noise, but since electric got seriously quick I haven't looked back once! But the race outcome was very surprising. 💯👌🏻
Imagine this truck having a Nitro engine on it... wish those running v8 model engines had the power to run this truck. That would be the engine to have.
I always remember growing up and started on electric cars and had tamya's but the batterys never lasted long so went on to electric then gas engines . I cant believe how good battery rc cars have become in 20 years
To lock the rear steering you could have just done what pontiac did with the fiero: lock the tire rods to the diff/mount and kept the hubs the same. that way you could adjust toe in/toe out on the rear wheels if you had an alignment issue or tracking problem.
I love them petrol models, however my community was not so welcoming to my Losi Baja Truck. Switched it to electrics, nobody complains anymore (or at least not for the noise ;))
Well, if you properly maintain the gas one, it's no diff than a lawnmower. The ISSUE is they are so small, the carbs etc are prone to clogging, and they are more sensitive to atmospheric pressure etc which is why all cars are EFI now. The computer measures how much air is going in, how dense it is, then adjusts the fuel amt accordingly. You're the computer in carbed engines.
Extra complexity, heavy, and then you’re dealing with the hazards and downfalls of both lithium batteries and combustible fuel, the limited cycle life of the batteries, and the maintenance of internal combustion… all the downsides of both options but no performance gain beyond what either is capable of.
I’m with you, I’ve had gas cars in my younger years and they are tons of fun! There’s nothing quite like having a two stroke rc! But….. I think you can get way better performance overall with electric. I think we will be seeing electric drag cars topping the charts in the near future.
honestly, which i'd do depends what i'm doing with the car, if i'm building a car that i want doing tricks and jumps i'm probably going electric, for crawling and racing i'm probably going with combustion and i'm probably using as many metal parts as possible, including a metal shell
You should have flipped the servo then shortened thr servo arm.. Thanks for the channel btw. Big thanks. Your channel made me buy my son an rc car for christmas .😊 He was watching my youtubes.😂
Kevin does it right he doesn't choose between electric and fuel he just says I love both and I'll take both and I'll take the best of both worlds and it looks like it's the biggest also thanks again for all the information you've given out over the years
Hey Kev, with the rear steer set up on the Raminator, does it have any rear toe-in or can it be given any? Just a lot of trucks I've seen running rear steer tend to run parallel/0 degree rear wheels, which does not help at all with directional stability. If you do end up going back to rear steer it might be worth looking at setting it to 3-4 degrees of toe in. (If it can be done, or isn't already)...
Electric. Just plug in the battery and enjoy. I do have a gas engine (MK-17) for a model airplane. Seeing on videos how hard it is to get it running, along with the cost of the fuel, discouraged me from trying altogether. Maybe I'll try in the future but electric is just hassle free compared to gas, also much simpler and cheaper to maintain
Petrol all day of the week, much fun to be had in the sand dunes , probably get a lot of air. A couple of cameras for fpv and away you go, kids would love the sound of the petrol over the electric. Nice cars me wants but 6000 is my cars price.
Gas for me... Add fuel, keep going. Just need a spare RX pack for all those servos. Gotta have the roar of a gas engine for such a massive beast. Electric version, I would have to carry more lipos for a days worth of fun, and I know that beast is not running on 2 or 4s lipo. So big bucks for your "fuel" cells. Saw one of these at my LHS. Its a beast. I would love to have one. Just like Losi's DBXL buggy. I have the gas version. Couldn't talk me into getting electric version.
Love the Grave Digger Kev! I would probably take mine in electric, all though the sound, and top end speed almost has me convinced for the petrol version! That is a hard decision to make!
Hey Kevin! I just got the primal grave digger and have a Taylor 80 supreme ready for it. What are the must have upgrades to handle the power, and has anyone used high speed gearing with the big block? Thanks for another great video!
Thats pretty much a toss up in my opinion. Thats insane the top end the Taylor engine pulls when it gets up to speed. Plus the realism and noise of petrol is obnoxious. I think it suits the Gravedigger well especially if you love to tune an engine. Something about it is satisfying 😌 Man Kev, that off camber jump in the skatepark and torque twisting it back to land on all fours got me pumped. But the low speed torque of the brushless is unbeatable🤔 Plus the plug and play ease of use and flexibility of running different batteries is pretty sweet too. Man, id have to get both lol!
Its so massive, Id think cheaper to maintain if its electric powered. Id have a hard time justifying that petrol units noise to fun ratio. Great video Kevin !
I love these but I think the laws of physics makes them inherently fragile when bashing them hard, through no fault of their own. It's so critical so make nice flat landings with no throttle etc, anything else is very unforgiving. I guess just like a real MT You scale up the RC but you can't increase the tensile strength of the raw materials used to build it, and you can only compensate so far whilst still having parts that function like they are supposed to before the size/weight becomes inhibitive. Makes me all the more grateful that people like KT are willing to push the limits for our enjoyment.
Fantastic video Kevin Talbot it's a shame about the crave digger it broke like that I think you might be throttle it to much so when it fly so so high in the air it lands bad did you have the space bits to sort it out again. Let me know 😊😊😅
Keep up the excellent content Sir Kevin!!! I love your videos soo much!! Keep up the good work!!! Much appreciated!!! FYI electric for me!!! Cant do the noise here but wont say No!! Lol
Fantastic videos and demonstration of how far you can go with these RC cars. Is there a supplier in the UK were you can purchase electric RC cars. Thanks for posting these videos.
Both are nice. Maintenance is just part of the hobby. Working on the trucks is just as much fun as running them. The Grave Digger just keeps calling my name🎉
I'd go the electric. It's just a no go for nitro that size where I live. It would be like running a chainsaw. Fun vid though. I thought the petrol truck was handling the skate park really well. I gotta be honest, I'd like to build one of these far more than I'd like to own or run it. All the parts just look so awesome. Ahem! I bought a ticket or two tbh.
I would definitely change the stroke on that gas one so it sound more like a dirtbike and less like a nitro car, I thing that would be sick or maybe put a cr125 engine in it
If I won one I would go for the electric one. the gasoline will give you a lot of headaches with adjusting the caberator. Even if you get it adjusted correctly, you will eventually have to adjust it again yourself after a while. and the electricity is a lot quieter, which means fewer people complaining.
At this size it would have been awesome with a 4 stroke larger motor for more torque and much nicer sound! But I guess the added weight would impact durability.
Gas. I like the sound and it takes 4 seconds to fuel up unlike with electric where you have to put it on the charger for an hour. Plus if it stops working you can see which part broke as compared to seeing what part of the computer malfunctioned.
🚗Win one of my cars raffall.com/kevin_talbot
If you're a newbie avoid gas/nitro. It's 10x more maintenance and if you can't maintain a electric rc, you won't be able to maintain a nitro/gas
Nitro is a pain in the but but petrol not too bad
It was the 1st thing I did, couldn't get use to the engine, to much messing around trying to start it, I never looked at Rc's again
so true. But the petrol one is soooo cool
@@Deekm69 get an electric rc youll have a blast
It's not 10x more maintenance. In general, don't get any rc car if you aren't slightly mechanically inclined and willing to turn screws. Electric will require knowledge and upkeeping of batteries and charging. putting them in storage mode etc... A nitro will require keeping engine lubricated during storage and keeping fuel out of carb/engine. Tuning is not what most people describe it as. It takes very slight adjustments as needed.
Electric motors and ESC are very finacky. You need to be well skilled in soldering connections properly. I found electronics much more annoying to troubleshoot. Dealing with programming etc...
Nitros are all mechanical when it comes to issues. Once you learn the basics, there are clear reasons why you may have trouble starting an engine, or issues with the drive gear. I find it more satisfying to work on and more rewarding when working.
Adjusting little things to have the car behave differently and get more power/speed. With electric you can change the gearing or put a different battery pack. Changing both of these usually lead to engine/esc overheating and seizing or fires. Nitros you can change many things from fuel type, exhaust/header, carbs and carb adjustment, gearing, upgrading crankshafts/bearings.
Looks like the grave digger has started digging its own grave 😅.
The double shock conversions Kev's done seems to be standing the test of time; no bent or broken stand-offs so far.
Brushless all day for me. Look at the chassis twist; so much torque! And that ESC can handle 16S. I think you know what you need to try, Kevin! 🤣
Is that bloke in the office still watching you ? 😁
Haha probably!!
@@KevinTalbotTV
Take a drone and watch him 😆
Lol
What have I missed? Bloke and office 🤔
@@Deekm69 In one of his previous videos there was a guy in the top floor of the office next to the road where they did their speed runs.
Kevin: that was a fun day
Me: but its all broken 😅
I found the problem. Ground vehicles are NOT air vehicles. :)
@techpriest4787
the flying is not the problem
its the landing 😋
Omg these two giants, are insane
Huge thanks to you and (the crew Andy, Clair, 8s and so on) for all your videos on so many different vehicles.
I finally got a cheaper buggy, and it put a big smile on my face .
Looking forward to progressing in this hobby via your vids.
Thanks so much for your time.
Kevin sitting in between them really puts them in perspective how massive these are.
and how small kevvie is hahahah
OMG Kev! I gotta go old school and pick the grave digger. It's just so big loud and obnoxious. That one air you pulled off in the skatepark where you got inverted and then brought it back down was soooo sick. The slowmo of that super jump into the grass was epic too. Imagine how high that would have been scaled up to monster truck size? It would have to be like a ten to 15 story jump!! When you stuffed the front end on landing in slow mo it looked like someone breaking their ankle😅😂
My neighbors would LOVE me to drive this around my garden on weekends!
I'm a big fan of the gas/nitro rc stuff, I know it's slower but it's the tinkering aspect of it that interests me. I love tuning, adjusting a real combustion engine. The noise and smell are also reasons. I do have some electric rcs and their way faster and more reliable and I enjoy them just as much but it's hard to beat an old fashion smoke blowing noise maker
It’s like they need the weight balance a little farther back, so hard to keep the front up in the air! Love that sound 👍
wild because the engine and everything is mid. The battery and controller is in the rear as well.
Hi Kev I love how you have been posting more gas and nitro content. And when I saw your revo videos it inspired me to get one. Love the videos, keep up the good work 👍👍
Kevin I’m a long time fan.
If you want rear wheel steering to work at speed you need more CASTER. The caster effect is what a shopping car wheel does to stay straight. Same thing for a “safety bicycle.”
It is absolutely required in a 2 or 4 wheel vehicle to get the front wheels to return to center.
With rear wheel steering at high speed I would assume you need caster in the rear too…
✌️good luck I enjoy your content
To be honest, I was quite surprised to see the gas powered having a better top end than the brushless! 👀 Nitro is all cool for the smell and noise, but since electric got seriously quick I haven't looked back once! But the race outcome was very surprising. 💯👌🏻
Imagine this truck having a Nitro engine on it... wish those running v8 model engines had the power to run this truck. That would be the engine to have.
I always remember growing up and started on electric cars and had tamya's but the batterys never lasted long so went on to electric then gas engines . I cant believe how good battery rc cars have become in 20 years
To lock the rear steering you could have just done what pontiac did with the fiero: lock the tire rods to the diff/mount and kept the hubs the same. that way you could adjust toe in/toe out on the rear wheels if you had an alignment issue or tracking problem.
Adds a point of failure.. and hes said many times that he hates RCs that have that to lock the rears.
Exactly what Kev said, Gas powered is great but noisy. Electric is easy to use and you don't get chased by old people on mobility scooters.
I like them both, each one has its own place. That Taylor sounds healthy!
#1 RC Guy on the planet.👍
I love them petrol models, however my community was not so welcoming to my Losi Baja Truck. Switched it to electrics, nobody complains anymore (or at least not for the noise ;))
8:29 sick recovery!
I like the smell and sound of a 2 stroke engine but electric is definitely less of a hassle.
Well, if you properly maintain the gas one, it's no diff than a lawnmower. The ISSUE is they are so small, the carbs etc are prone to clogging, and they are more sensitive to atmospheric pressure etc which is why all cars are EFI now. The computer measures how much air is going in, how dense it is, then adjusts the fuel amt accordingly. You're the computer in carbed engines.
I would love to see an X-Maxx this size!
I would love to see a hybrid Rc Car
to get the worst out of both concepts? as in 1:1 it’s awful. go electric or go petrol
Extra complexity, heavy, and then you’re dealing with the hazards and downfalls of both lithium batteries and combustible fuel, the limited cycle life of the batteries, and the maintenance of internal combustion… all the downsides of both options but no performance gain beyond what either is capable of.
@@emersonb5764I think it would just be an interesting project,Maybe a trying to make one tank last awhile
You know that the grave digger is loud when we’re struggling to hear kev shouting over the sound of the engine
I love gas/nitro. It's harder to maintain, but man, the smell and sound are what it's all about, right?
The” Trololo “song when “wasted” is pure genius 🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🤣🙌🙌🙌😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭
I’m with you, I’ve had gas cars in my younger years and they are tons of fun! There’s nothing quite like having a two stroke rc! But….. I think you can get way better performance overall with electric. I think we will be seeing electric drag cars topping the charts in the near future.
Electric for me. Seems to have quicker throttle response in watching the video but slower top speed. Can’t go wrong with either.
honestly, which i'd do depends what i'm doing with the car, if i'm building a car that i want doing tricks and jumps i'm probably going electric, for crawling and racing i'm probably going with combustion and i'm probably using as many metal parts as possible, including a metal shell
I never knew RC stuff had got so large until watching this channel and i do not even own any RC stuff. Great channel Mr. Talbot...
Yeah these two trucks are almost 15k
My car second hand new car cost me a 5th of that 😲
2 stroke powerrrrrrrrrr💯🏁🚗🇬🇧💪
I like them equally, they both have their merits and owning either would be fun regardless.
You just don’t get how loud it is in the video but awesome. Great stuff makes my savage xl look like a granite 😂
I have to admit, it looks very fun.-)
Talbot got me into nitro, so, thanks for that!
Awesome video Kev 👍 I always like the Raminator and 1/5 content. Those things are so huge in person!
You should have flipped the servo then shortened thr servo arm..
Thanks for the channel btw. Big thanks. Your channel made me buy my son an rc car for christmas .😊
He was watching my youtubes.😂
Kevin does it right he doesn't choose between electric and fuel he just says I love both and I'll take both and I'll take the best of both worlds and it looks like it's the biggest also thanks again for all the information you've given out over the years
This year is gonna be amazing on your channels and we can’t wait. Thanks Kev ✌🏼❤️😎
Hey Kev, with the rear steer set up on the Raminator, does it have any rear toe-in or can it be given any? Just a lot of trucks I've seen running rear steer tend to run parallel/0 degree rear wheels, which does not help at all with directional stability. If you do end up going back to rear steer it might be worth looking at setting it to 3-4 degrees of toe in. (If it can be done, or isn't already)...
It’s when you hit a bump
Hey Kevin I'm a big fan and a soon to owning a X-maxx myself! It's been fun Building it slowly and ordering parts every weekend
First time I seen kevin bummed out about breaking one lol
Electric. Just plug in the battery and enjoy. I do have a gas engine (MK-17) for a model airplane. Seeing on videos how hard it is to get it running, along with the cost of the fuel, discouraged me from trying altogether. Maybe I'll try in the future but electric is just hassle free compared to gas, also much simpler and cheaper to maintain
Thanks Kev! I just bought the Grave Digger, and I was considering the 4-wheel steering conversion. Not now :) 👍👍👍👍
Hello, what to you with about the new Max6 G2 for the X-Maxx and what kind of pinion you think are good for speed and jump. Thx
Petrol all day of the week, much fun to be had in the sand dunes , probably get a lot of air. A couple of cameras for fpv and away you go, kids would love the sound of the petrol over the electric. Nice cars me wants but 6000 is my cars price.
Dude it sounds so awesome in slow motion ❤
I swear you couldve saved that last landing😂 throttled it out😅
Fantastic big machines 🤩🤩
Gas for me... Add fuel, keep going. Just need a spare RX pack for all those servos. Gotta have the roar of a gas engine for such a massive beast.
Electric version, I would have to carry more lipos for a days worth of fun, and I know that beast is not running on 2 or 4s lipo. So big bucks for your "fuel" cells.
Saw one of these at my LHS. Its a beast. I would love to have one.
Just like Losi's DBXL buggy. I have the gas version. Couldn't talk me into getting electric version.
Love the Grave Digger Kev! I would probably take mine in electric, all though the sound, and top end speed almost has me convinced for the petrol version! That is a hard decision to make!
Does the brushless conversion kit come pre installed?
No it’s separate
Fit twin gearbox to either ramminator
Hey Kevin! I just got the primal grave digger and have a Taylor 80 supreme ready for it. What are the must have upgrades to handle the power, and has anyone used high speed gearing with the big block? Thanks for another great video!
Thats pretty much a toss up in my opinion. Thats insane the top end the Taylor engine pulls when it gets up to speed. Plus the realism and noise of petrol is obnoxious. I think it suits the Gravedigger well especially if you love to tune an engine. Something about it is satisfying 😌
Man Kev, that off camber jump in the skatepark and torque twisting it back to land on all fours got me pumped.
But the low speed torque of the brushless is unbeatable🤔 Plus the plug and play ease of use and flexibility of running different batteries is pretty sweet too. Man, id have to get both lol!
The guy in the window must be real jealous of those! Lmao!
Its so massive, Id think cheaper to maintain if its electric powered. Id have a hard time justifying that petrol units noise to fun ratio. Great video Kevin !
Last words an RC car hears before breaking a bone: OOOOOOOHHHHHH!!!!
I love these but I think the laws of physics makes them inherently fragile when bashing them hard, through no fault of their own. It's so critical so make nice flat landings with no throttle etc, anything else is very unforgiving. I guess just like a real MT
You scale up the RC but you can't increase the tensile strength of the raw materials used to build it, and you can only compensate so far whilst still having parts that function like they are supposed to before the size/weight becomes inhibitive.
Makes me all the more grateful that people like KT are willing to push the limits for our enjoyment.
I enjoy seeing others use my city Milwaukee tools 👍🏾💪🏾💪🏾💪🏾💪🏾
Love the digger, I had an all aluminum T-Maxx that unfortunately got stolen from me look just like that but smaller. Love your bashing videos.
Fantastic video Kevin Talbot it's a shame about the crave digger it broke like that I think you might be throttle it to much so when it fly so so high in the air it lands bad did you have the space bits to sort it out again. Let me know 😊😊😅
you know your RC is serious when fire is a practicable tool =p
Back flipping a Raminator!!! Awesome video!!! Happy RC’ing Y’all!!!
Keep up the excellent content Sir Kevin!!! I love your videos soo much!! Keep up the good work!!! Much appreciated!!! FYI electric for me!!! Cant do the noise here but wont say No!! Lol
Does it come with the conversion kit already installed or do you have to do it yourself?
flipping huge monster madness 👌💪💪👍😀 love it 😀👍💪💪
MyFavorite rc car TH-camr I like the gas one best it is so cool and loud
That gravedigger is awesome I would love to have one of those
I love the electric. The gravedigger is awesome and man do I really want him as I live in Seattle area where Dennis is from!!!
These rc cars are cool
😮😮
Fantastic videos and demonstration of how far you can go with these RC cars. Is there a supplier in the UK were you can purchase electric RC cars. Thanks for posting these videos.
I’ve never seen a grave digger do a whip lol love the vids kev keep up the good work 😃
Imagine one of those raminators with a giant nitro engine that has like 50 hp or more in it, that would be epic
Have you tried the new DDF-350 dumborc transmitter. Got mine today and it's got so many features for a cheaper hand set. 👍
Both are nice. Maintenance is just part of the hobby. Working on the trucks is just as much fun as running them. The Grave Digger just keeps calling my name🎉
Those raminators look super fun!
this is the video we all wanted to see
Love your vids keep it the good work can you try a delorean body on a drift car
I'd go the electric. It's just a no go for nitro that size where I live. It would be like running a chainsaw. Fun vid though. I thought the petrol truck was handling the skate park really well. I gotta be honest, I'd like to build one of these far more than I'd like to own or run it. All the parts just look so awesome.
Ahem! I bought a ticket or two tbh.
I would definitely change the stroke on that gas one so it sound more like a dirtbike and less like a nitro car, I thing that would be sick or maybe put a cr125 engine in it
Hi Kevin you are amazing thank you for my smiles tonight.
Those diff guards need to be bigger and become more of a bumper to stop that nose dive damage
If I won one I would go for the electric one. the gasoline will give you a lot of headaches with adjusting the caberator. Even if you get it adjusted correctly, you will eventually have to adjust it again yourself after a while. and the electricity is a lot quieter, which means fewer people complaining.
Cool video, Kev. Too bad we can't enter draw here in Canada.
Cheers.
👍🤠🇨🇦
I prefer the petrol RC, both are stunning pieces of eye candy!
Install a moped/scooter muffler from malossi or bidalot , you will have a nicer sound and less noise.
OHHHH Say can you SEEEE, Kevin Talbot IS the MAN, He may be WEEEE, but he's mighty as HELL! 😂Kevin Talbot 2024 POTRCW!
GAS ENGIN BRINGS ME BACK WHEN I HAD THOSE WHEN I WAS A KID I WILL BE 54 YRS OLD ON SATURDAY THE TENTH
I bought a Axial Ryft Yesterday, thing is a beast.
At this size it would have been awesome with a 4 stroke larger motor for more torque and much nicer sound! But I guess the added weight would impact durability.
When you say strip the diff cup. Is the the ring gear??
Electric all day hands down! (No one will never know why this comment got so many likes 😂)
Jjjjjj
I'll do 12 oz. curls for every 👍
All my cars petrol I love the smell noise and tuning real man's toy lol
Electric for Kevin, great content mate always worth a watch
Get to push up😂.... Next week it will be 6.8k lol
Hey I love your videos thank you so much every time I watch them you make my day thank you so much BOOM 🤯💥
You have the best RC Cars ever lol 😂❤❤❤
The gas one needs a muffler its way to loud.
Hey Kev! Have you done a similar video like this before? I remember there being a video similar to this a while ago
Gas. I like the sound and it takes 4 seconds to fuel up unlike with electric where you have to put it on the charger for an hour. Plus if it stops working you can see which part broke as compared to seeing what part of the computer malfunctioned.