Asphalt milling 101 Overview

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 27 ม.ค. 2025

ความคิดเห็น • 132

  • @clearedhot7030
    @clearedhot7030 2 ปีที่แล้ว +16

    I love seeing these machines work. Every time I pass one, I turn into a 3 year old and want to stop and watch.

  • @zaptor1514
    @zaptor1514 5 ปีที่แล้ว +26

    Thanks for a great narrative and no obnoxious whacko music. Most educational. We use triaxel dump trucks as we can fill the whole box.

  • @haktankondu
    @haktankondu 5 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    I am currently taking the course of Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation, we have practiced a lot with this content, thanks a lot appreciate it.

    • @internazisuite
      @internazisuite 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      easily one of the worst examples of milling iv ever seen

    • @KTobi999
      @KTobi999 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      Yeah I've operated a Wirtgen for a few years and this doesn't show you a darn thing

  • @chickey333
    @chickey333 2 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Excellent presentation. I was an inspector working with many building materials and structures. I learned more about my job over the years from the contractors who actually did the work then anyone else.

  • @CJPhillips6648
    @CJPhillips6648 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    I learned how the worn out road asphalt is used. Great video!

  • @Construction_King
    @Construction_King 5 ปีที่แล้ว +11

    Very informative content here. I'm going to school for construction management and this is the industry that interests me the most. Thanks for the video.

    • @robbyabrahams1299
      @robbyabrahams1299 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      I know high school drop outs on drugs that can run these machines u dont need school u need a job

    • @gcsugirl
      @gcsugirl 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      @@robbyabrahams1299 He probably won’t be on the site very much.

  • @jfchonors8873
    @jfchonors8873 2 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Thanks for explaining the difference between milling and profiling

  • @LandNfan
    @LandNfan 2 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Interesting video. I liked the shot of the cutting head. Very similar to the cutter on underground continuous miner.

  • @ryanfrogz
    @ryanfrogz 3 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Very nice video! I’ve been interested in this process since I was very young, and now I’m finally learning how it actually works.

  • @thomaskoshinsky7768
    @thomaskoshinsky7768 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    good job.nice match.we mill in pa with older cmi.great machine.we have to mill out a section with 5 inches of concrete, 4 inches of ashfalt, and 2 inches of dirt and stone.total of 11 inches in one pass.did half last year and the rest this year.alot to take out

    • @jond1536
      @jond1536 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Worked on a job with the CMI, yep they can (all machines really) can make quite a deep cut, just go slower and need more trucks. Great video

  • @tylerchapman3605
    @tylerchapman3605 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Appreciate you making this video. I’m working on airport taxiways and runways and needed to get an idea of what is actually going to be happening on this side of things. Glad I now have an idea of what I’ll be looking at!

    • @VanessaSilvaCampos
      @VanessaSilvaCampos ปีที่แล้ว

      ❤❤2eruggt8t Tig8ohohk 9uhodfiigo. Bb87i ወተት pra a 5245y7rff87rurtffv. Tdyutyir ለ. G88o. አይ. 🎉

  • @thegreatgazoo2334
    @thegreatgazoo2334 2 ปีที่แล้ว +12

    I remember seeing, somewhere between 40 and 50 years ago, a roadworking machine that was an all-in-one road resurfacing machine. The road in front of the machine was all crappy and pitted, etc, and the road behind it was nice pristine steaming asphalt road surface. Never did find out why it didn't become widely used, or if it's even used at all.

    • @RDC_Autosports
      @RDC_Autosports 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      not to many here in the states that i know of

  • @mrfanman2u
    @mrfanman2u 4 ปีที่แล้ว +16

    Something to add from a safety standpoint... Never, ever stand behind the mill when the drum is down. Every once in a blue moon, the track leveling system drops the drum too fast and the machine will take off backwards FAST on the drum, usually throwing the operator off the machine. It then becomes a runaway machine. That's one of the reasons there are so many emergency stop switches on the machines.

    • @internazisuite
      @internazisuite 4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      These newer wirtgens are good for safe on traveling backward, they have multiple settings for drum speed plus load control. With the older mills iv been on a few for that backwards boogie, both roadtec. Never on a Wirtgen

    • @harryballsacky
      @harryballsacky 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      THANKS MR. FLINTSTONE

    • @timsmychynsky6807
      @timsmychynsky6807 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Who the hell is “operating” the machine when that happens? Maybe a hydraulic issue if your mill drops. wtf. Lol

  • @andyng3666
    @andyng3666 3 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    I really like the sound of the engine when the operator switches on the part which activates the milling drum to process the milling of the asphalt. So quiet that I don't even sense the activation of the engine.

  • @scotsmanofnewengland7713
    @scotsmanofnewengland7713 2 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    Here in New England as there is a lot of milling and repaying why don’t they off set the lane they pave so the lane gaps aren’t on top,of each other ? Nice video and very informative. Thanks

  • @bentonthurmond8609
    @bentonthurmond8609 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Clean the spray tip on spray bar. Clean the tips on the lower conveyor the two clean the two tips on the upper conveyor, clean the two tips for the spray for the fan that should be on so there’s no dust. I ran a milling machine for 25 years.

  • @jeanmi974caterpillar3
    @jeanmi974caterpillar3 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    super video,génial le systéme des bennes pour vider.

  • @HeavyDutyCharlie
    @HeavyDutyCharlie 3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Man, I would LOVE to do this out here in California. I already have my Class A. Had it for about 6 years. I want to reach out to my local Union for this.

  • @davidplata1302
    @davidplata1302 5 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Nice video

  • @CivilSrikanta
    @CivilSrikanta 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very nice video.👍👍👍

  • @Awes418
    @Awes418 5 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    thank you for making this video, I am a graduate civil Eng, this made a lot of sense.thank you again

    • @csims4247
      @csims4247 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Dr Chris sims PhD M.D. medical engineer management family medicine

  • @paulreynolds8245
    @paulreynolds8245 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Flagged here in tn. for Highways inc., Patty Construction, Weeks Paving, and Phaltless in Chatt. Need a GOOD set of flaggers to keep the traffic away. Lots of fun, can be very dirty especially if the miller runs out of water.

  • @markschloemer727
    @markschloemer727 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Pretty cool Ober. I bet Gunther could do that with just his Kubel, Lol!

  • @gtpmike2000
    @gtpmike2000 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Great commentary one of the reasons I subbed hope to see more from you.

  • @tracemanning7088
    @tracemanning7088 4 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    Just retired from pavement recycling in the United States. We operate the machine and depth control with only the top operator. I count three men on the ground.

  • @ronm3245
    @ronm3245 3 ปีที่แล้ว +6

    One of these machines is operating right past my house as I watch this.

  • @porscha901
    @porscha901 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Very informative thanks guys

  • @johnpirie3800
    @johnpirie3800 ปีที่แล้ว

    I noticed the road base layer (in its milled/planed state) below the running surface also had cracks running through the pavement. The new matt may start to show similar signs of failure in the not to distant future. You may need to plane/mill deeper, as there appears to be a problem at a deeper level.

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  ปีที่แล้ว

      This particular job was a mill and seal project and its aim is to simply replace the wearing course and buy the road another 8 -10 years before a more comprehensive Mill, Base and Seal. When we want to slow down reflective cracking we will use a Full or Partial depth recycling mix then base and seal.

    • @johnpirie3800
      @johnpirie3800 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Ober447 Good man; you've bought yourself some time. Best wishes from Scotland.

  • @patrickbeisel1972
    @patrickbeisel1972 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    1 Caterpillar Skidsteer that is yellow with black and orange stripes and has a brush on the front of it and the number on the Skidsteer is 2720 .

  • @Papascoffs
    @Papascoffs 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    My question is. What do they do with the old asphalt? Does it get colored darker, reconditioned and put back on the road?

    • @joepep3241
      @joepep3241 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Goes through a shaker put into separate piles at the asphalt plant then added into fresh asphalt as a filler according to the type and size of stone

  • @olandodavid4095
    @olandodavid4095 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Very informative video, great job to you! My only concern is that too many of the workers weren't wearing any dust masks.

  • @stevemollis5416
    @stevemollis5416 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Help.......I have a concrete driveway, previous owner put asphalt over the concrete.......can the asphalt be stripped back down to the concrete?

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      Yes, by means of a milling machine or an excavator with a smooth edge ditching bucket. However you will never get the asphalt stains completely erased

    • @stevemollis5416
      @stevemollis5416 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@Ober447 thanks for the ideas!

  • @RDC_Autosports
    @RDC_Autosports 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    i use to roll with the mill….one company that i’d haul the milling for in FL was a jerk he wouldn’t taper it and you’d get that drop off or huge bump at the end ✌🏻

  • @aloggins69
    @aloggins69 3 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    I love seeing road construction and hope yall get a lot of money from the infrastructure bill.

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  3 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Kinda have mixed emotions on that, America can't afford all this crazy spending.......I mean someone has to pay the bill later.

    • @po4RP20361
      @po4RP20361 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      @@Ober447 Not enough of us have that mentality. Thank you for saying it.

  • @michaelg1060
    @michaelg1060 9 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    That's the easy way, guy don't have to keep start and stop...but when you had a bunch of Tri-axles, it was tough on the driver.

  • @academyofartscienceandphil2106
    @academyofartscienceandphil2106 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    What is the forecast for paving the entire highway?

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Another 5 days for base, seal and shouldering to completion.

    • @academyofartscienceandphil2106
      @academyofartscienceandphil2106 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Ober447 , thank you. Communist congratulations!

    • @po4RP20361
      @po4RP20361 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@academyofartscienceandphil2106 Communism sucks and only losers that cannot do anything for themselves promote it.

  • @TheMegaVoter
    @TheMegaVoter 4 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    How thick of asphalt pavement can you remove from a single pass?

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Typically 50mm or 2" for most paving jobs.

  • @jamesritz6331
    @jamesritz6331 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    How many times can you recycle that asphalt?

    • @williamgibb5557
      @williamgibb5557 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Unlimited. They blend it percentage wise with fresh sand and stone preheated then add the oil.

  • @Aussietimk
    @Aussietimk ปีที่แล้ว

    This was so helpful for me man thanks for the video bro

  • @easymac79
    @easymac79 5 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    15:22 I don't think I've seen that often. Usually they just leave a bump. In reality, it's miniscule if you are used to driving on dirt and gravel roads, but some traffic treats it like a cliff and goes 1/2MPH.

  • @andresrincon7240
    @andresrincon7240 3 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Truly beautiful

  • @azshooter348
    @azshooter348 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    What's the pay rate for the loafers standing around with their hands in their pockets? Where do I apply?

    • @jond1536
      @jond1536 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      What would you have them do? all road jobs, local, state or federal REQUIRE a minimum number of employee as specified in the contract. It will depend on what the job entails. so the so-called "loafers" most likely have a critical part in the ENTIRE job, just not at the moment of video. 15 or more hour days are not unheard of and again what the contract specifies some jobs go 24/7.

  • @mashedpotatuh
    @mashedpotatuh 5 ปีที่แล้ว +16

    What's with the lack of traffic control? That's a major hazard for these workers unchecked.

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  5 ปีที่แล้ว +19

      The TCPs don't stay with the grinder, they stay at set stations in intervals of one kilometer. So the grinder works within a 1 Km work zone and stays in that zone until the area is completed. At that point there is a brief pause while Flaggers move to another station and milling resumes. This is also a very low traffic road with less than 1000 cars per day and speed limits are reduced 20 km/h in work zones. If things become unsafe we implement a "follow me" vehicle and convoy traffic through the site.

    • @sumatrican5990
      @sumatrican5990 2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Not enough room to use cones to separate from traffic. The gate on the side of machine dictates the depth of cut and cones just get in the way sometimes

  • @michaelg1060
    @michaelg1060 9 หลายเดือนก่อน

    That's the only job I hated driving dumps for many years, most of us did--damn milling. You couldn't crawl slow enough for those damn machines back in the day. Even in granny, you'd have to push in the clutch, let it out slow and the guy would make the slow down sign again. That's the only time I ever needed a clutch adjustment in my life was when there was a milling job lasted a month!
    Whole fleet needed clutch adjustments!!
    For you kids out there who have only drove the automatics, we most of us never used our clutch except to put her in gear....and the DAMN MILLINGS!! LOL!! Hell, I miss hauling asphalt so much I wouldn't bitch about a milling job never again!! Would of been nice to have an automatic, MILLINGS Made Easy.

  • @desmondorsinelli8850
    @desmondorsinelli8850 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Thanks. I learned a lot.

  • @CreamedAgain
    @CreamedAgain 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    In Australia we sideload semi trailers to make use of the room up front in the bin

  • @pqworks9019
    @pqworks9019 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    Is that asphalt going to be recycled or just left there?

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  5 ปีที่แล้ว +8

      We will screen it down to 1 1/4" (0-31.5mm) and haul it back out and use it for the shoulders. Anything else leftover will get trucked to the nearest maintenance depot. We do at times recycle milled asphalt back in new hot-mix but only at about 15-20% content. We have gotten away from recycled mixes in favor of warm mixes in recent years.

    • @pqworks9019
      @pqworks9019 5 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Ober447 That’s good. Thanks for the reply

    • @pakeergouda.spatil8850
      @pakeergouda.spatil8850 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      @@Ober447
      I need milling machine,

    • @darrylmargrave1933
      @darrylmargrave1933 ปีที่แล้ว

      Usually the asphalt once it gets chewed up and spit into the dump truck goes to the asphalt plant to be recycled into the new mix

    • @darrylmargrave1933
      @darrylmargrave1933 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I've been doing this kind of work in particular for the last thirteen years I drive a quad axle dump truck and I love it, especially when it comes time to pull the hot mix from the plant and repave the road with it

  • @bturner2030
    @bturner2030 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Here I am sitting in my cubicle wishing I was operating a big ass construction machine!

  • @jamescampbell7780
    @jamescampbell7780 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    No obvious concerns about the amount of dust generated. Once this dust hits the lungs, it’s there for good!

  • @tomjones1396
    @tomjones1396 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    How much does it cost do that for a small dirt driveway?

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      These companies specialize in highway work and employ equipment too large for smaller projects like driveways. I would suggest contacting one of you local paving companies and asking for an estimate, most do free estimates. Hire the company with the best reputation because using the lowest bid always means poorer quality asphalt being used.

  • @Garylee17
    @Garylee17 6 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    Very nice video!!!!

  • @DLSWV
    @DLSWV 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    👍😉. Awesome.

  • @whoisharo4689
    @whoisharo4689 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Anyone know what those two large diameter hose lines are on either side if the conveyor? The black ribbed hoses.

    • @tsfullerton
      @tsfullerton 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Vacuums perhaps.

  • @maarcoo76
    @maarcoo76 4 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great Video, thank you for making it, I've learned a lot !!!

  • @jond1536
    @jond1536 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Been on lots of these jobs, by the way the tailings are ECO-inert, so no special handling as it rains. most plants reuse a % into the mix as it saves money, the oil aka asphalt didn't go anywhere its in the tailings.

  • @AlwaysThinkingPositive
    @AlwaysThinkingPositive 3 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    That dust can’t be good for those people who are working

    • @RDC_Autosports
      @RDC_Autosports 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      it’s more of a hot rubber smell

    • @jeff7764
      @jeff7764 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      They’re not very smart at all.

  • @obilorpaschalemeka2803
    @obilorpaschalemeka2803 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Pls what is the name of this mechine

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  2 ปีที่แล้ว

      Wirtgen WR200

  • @JamesMcGillis
    @JamesMcGillis 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Great video on an otherwise obscure subject.

  • @garykennedy526
    @garykennedy526 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    How many teeth on the cutting head?

  • @joventinoaraujo2390
    @joventinoaraujo2390 ปีที่แล้ว

    Eu não falo inglês tem como fazer uma tradução pra português

  • @PravahanSalunke
    @PravahanSalunke 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    What is there immediately below the milled asphalt layer? Its that a pavement of reinforced cement concrete or cement treated base or something else?

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Its base asphalt with light colored aggregate making it look like conctete

  • @ajnabeeindia1827
    @ajnabeeindia1827 ปีที่แล้ว

    Wow

  • @prowelderno1
    @prowelderno1 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Don’t put the asphalt through a screen, it removes the fines….put it through a small crusher, set to between 1/2 inch and and 1 inch.
    You will get 100% re-usable material ….goes down better and compacts way better ….
    All round nice video

  • @bruceanderton1518
    @bruceanderton1518 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I gave up on this because there was absolutely nothing happening initially...

  • @shawnroy8514
    @shawnroy8514 4 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Tighten them holders up

  • @549BR
    @549BR 2 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    It's kind of funny how the narrator pronounces asphalt as "ash-phalt" rather then as "ass-phalt." Otherwise, a very interesting video. 😉

  • @dennissherry970
    @dennissherry970 2 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    Why do many mispronounce the word asphalt? It is pronounced ( as-fault) not (ash- fault) .

  • @patrickbeisel1972
    @patrickbeisel1972 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    1 Red Dump Truck with a black trailer 2 White Dump Trucks with black trailers and 1 Dump Truck that is Light Blue with Dark Blue stripes and says Kingston on it .

  • @gerrycomfort7027
    @gerrycomfort7027 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    HEY IS WHAT HEY IS A

  • @stephaneracicot791
    @stephaneracicot791 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    hats of boys that job told me to go back to trade school never ever again il do paving

  • @tracemanning7088
    @tracemanning7088 4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Zero traffic control?

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  4 ปีที่แล้ว +4

      Full depth recycling Works in a 2km work Zone. Traffic control or set up at each end of the 2km Zone with a follow me truck leading traffic through the site. If you watch closely you'll see it pass, I believe it's a red Chevy half ton

  • @ashtoncolston2348
    @ashtoncolston2348 ปีที่แล้ว

    Try 14 hr days milling 3 miles to dead end were from New Albany Indiana😂💪🏽

  • @chrisanderson2487
    @chrisanderson2487 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    I can smell this video

  • @VIP_966
    @VIP_966 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    ‏إنني سواق عليها كيف يمكنني آتي إلى المانيا وكم راتبها

  • @WesternSouthDakotaRailfan2006
    @WesternSouthDakotaRailfan2006 5 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Noice

  • @DrSmackAttack
    @DrSmackAttack 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Ober447 - very important question/request for you, I am finishing up a construction safety video, part of which ties in with silicosis - for those who breathe in way too much dust from the ground, breaking rocks, concrete, or this crushed concrete - the very common dust crystalline silica - though I've noticed people really have to breathe in a ton of the dust over a period of years - or extreme exposures like the breathing in the dust from the twin tower collapse to get an issue from only single exposures. But anyways - I was needing to find some footage of someone milling asphalt to illustrate the crystalline silica that is kicked up in that task also - would I have permission to incorporate just a small bit of the clip showing the miller kicking the dust up? I can include just parts where you aren't talking. Just let me know if that would be okay. I do intend to sell this/strategically give it away for free to those who need it. In exchange for this - I can give the final product to you at a highly discounted rate if you are looking for a modern construction safety video (mostly specific to concrete construction) including modern medical treatments. In any case just let me know if that would be okay.
    Thanks you for your time

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I would need to get permission from all the individual people that are shown in this video and unfortunately that's not possible as many have moved on to other jobs.

    • @DrSmackAttack
      @DrSmackAttack 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      @@Ober447 Ah I see - a creative solution I have is what if I blurred out the people shown in the video - I'd likely be just showing 10 seconds of your entire clip

  • @MatthewSchneider-w9j
    @MatthewSchneider-w9j 10 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Change some teeth too pattern looks bad hopefully they have the grade up a few clicks so when they take that shoulder pass at full depth there is no ridge and they better run the petntiometer or slope cause that shoulder is definitely higher than 2 inches

  • @EricCampbellUAV
    @EricCampbellUAV 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    ya asphalt. there’s another one my resume could land

  • @erniezsigo3926
    @erniezsigo3926 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Where the hell is flag person .big lack of safety

  • @ВячеславМикушин
    @ВячеславМикушин 2 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    По моему держатели открутились. На старте.

  • @roybrown4944
    @roybrown4944 3 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Just like that

  • @TsunauticusIV
    @TsunauticusIV 2 ปีที่แล้ว

    Asphalt. Not ASHphalt.

  • @Locate2024
    @Locate2024 ปีที่แล้ว

    What the farthest that thing can dog down to

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  ปีที่แล้ว

      Typically 2" but it can mill up to 6"

  • @claudionasser1233
    @claudionasser1233 3 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    THE PROBLEM DOSENT
    RECICLED THE RAP 100%

  • @epistte
    @epistte 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I thought that the safety geek in the green hard hat was going to get run over at 7:00. He had very poor situational awareness.

    • @Ober447
      @Ober447  4 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      Good observation......green hats are first year employees and typically only stay one season. Paving isn't for the faint of heart.

    • @epistte
      @epistte 4 ปีที่แล้ว

      @@Ober447 . I wasn't aware those were rookies. I'm a mechanical engineer and on some jobs, it is the safety geek in the green hat.

  • @samtwumasi-ankrah7681
    @samtwumasi-ankrah7681 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    I trust qq