ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 พ.ค. 2024
- Archaeocyathids were very widespread & successful reef builders in the early Cambrian, but suddenly went extinct in the mid Cambrian and no one knows why!
In this video, I talk about the incredible diversity and success of Archeacyathids and the mysteries that surround them. The two major mysteries regarding Archeaocyathids are their classification and their extinction. For a long time we had no idea how to classify them, whether they were sponges, corals, or something else entirely. Now, we typically classify them as sponges, but some scientists still believe they belong in their own separate phylum. The second mystery, their extinction, has also puzzled scientists for decades. Here, I go over a few different hypotheses for why Archeaocyathids went extinct, but ultimately, we still don't know for sure what brought their incredible success to an end. I encourage you to pursue this field of research if you are interested as it will help us solve these mysteries! ;D
GEO GIRL Website: www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)
0:00 Ediacaran Faun & Cambrian Explosion
0:46 Mysterious Cambrian Animal
1:19 What were Archaeocyathids?
3:48 Why were they so successful?
6:05 Why did they go extinct?
References:
Prothero, D.R. (2013). Bringing Fossils to Life: An Introduction to Paleobiology- amzn.to/46V2BBT
Porifera | Digital Atlas of Ancient Life- www.digitalatlasofancientlife...
Erwin & Tweedt, 2012 (Ecological drivers of the Ediacaran-Cambrian diversification of Metazoa): doi.org/10.1007/s10682-011-95...
Vera, 2022 (Introduction to Paleobiology and the Fossil Record- 2nd Edition): doi.org/10.5710/1851-8044-59....
Pruss et al., 2010 (Carbonates in skeleton-poor seas): doi.org/10.2110/palo.2009.p09...
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Sorry for the echo-y audio guys! My mic wasn't attached correctly so I had to use my backup which catches more backgound noise. I hope you still enjoy this video as much as I enjoyed making it! ;D
I am getting no echo at all. The audio is perfect for me.
@@whiskeytango9769 That's great! Thanks for letting me know ;D
How you make videos and how you do research? Please share with us
You still have a soothing voice.
Sounds perfectly fine for me.
Leave it to Geo Girl to show how even faceless creatures can be important and exciting. 😊
Life is life. My argument against some vegans.
Rachel: Indeed a mystery. Eons ago when I took invertebrate paleontology at UC Berkeley our professor was dumbfounded on the cause of their extinction. That loss of answers remains to this day. I agree with your final word that it was like due to completion from more advanced and resistant forms of life. Still factors involving paleotectonics, climate and sea level changes as well as sea water chemistry could have contributed to their demise. It’s also interesting that two other enigmatic sponge-like groups the Radiocyatha and the Cribricyatha also went extinct in the middle Cambrian.
They went extinct because something bigger with sharper teeth ate them 😂
Thank you for delivering such informative account on the Archaeocyathids. I wouldn’t have known about it. Another well delivered educational video! 👍
Below the title it shows how many views & 10 d ago, on your comment it shows 1 mo ago. I'm confused, can you help me understand why the difference?
I loved learning about Archaeocyathids, a species that I wasn’t aware of before. In Maryland, we have the Antietam Formation, a quartzite that contains Early Cambrian age fossils. The whole region has gazillions of Skolithus tubes, plus I found a Coriphoides (they have 2 tubes). From reading, I know that the trilobite Olenellus is sometimes found in the Antietam Fm., and also in the Araby Formation, which was once considered to be part of the Antietam. Moving west towards the Appalachians, the predominant Cambrian - Ordovician fossils are stromatolites. I hope one day to get to those outcrops and do some hunting. Who knows? Maybe I'll find an Archaeocyathid :)
I'd always read past Archaeocyathids and never gave them much attention. but wow, actually a very interesting group, super diverse and an enigmatic demise. What's not to like?! :-) And don't forget kids - geology is a field subject, so get out there with your hammers and chisels! Great vid, keep them coming!
Yup, field work is essential and re-exploring areas every generation or so is worthwhile since consents and tools keep evolving.
Geo Girl is totally awesome! 😊🎉❤
Audio isn't echoing for me. I mostly just listen, and so "as I mentioned on the previous slide" reminds me that some videos are meant to be watched. :) Keep up the good work, this channel is filling in a lot of knowledge gaps. Also raising new questions and then answering them.
Good to hear! And thanks for the kind words, so glad you enjoy me bringing up questions nobody asked and then answering them hahaha ;D It's great fun for me so that is wonderful news! ;)
Itis very colourful presentation thank you geo girl brilliant
Haha I love the group name Problematica, too funny! Maybe they were slower growers than the corals which would allow the corals to cover them out like trees would to shrubs...Oh to be able to go back in time and look at these things in person!
I know right! Imagine how much we'd know if we could go back and look :D
fascinating topic, thanks for this video!
My wife calls me an early cordite because I don't have much of a spine lol
Fascinating and very informative. Thank you for your work on this. So grateful to be able to listen to your presentation!!
Thank you. What a great age to live in.
Fascinating! You know I love a good Cambrian video ;D
Another fascinating branch of life and evolution.
Their phylogenetic affiliation has been subject to changing interpretations, yet the consensus is growing that the archaeocyath was indeed a kind of sponge, thus sometimes called a pleosponge. Scuba divers have discovered living calcareous sponges, including one species that -- like the archaeocyathans -- is without spicules, thus morphologically similar to the archaeocyaths - Rowland, S.M. (2001). "Archaeocyatha: A history of phylogenetic interpretation". Journal of Paleontology. 75 (6): 1065-1078.
However, one cladistic analysis (though and older one) suggests that Archaeocyatha is a clade nested within the phylum Porifera (better known as the true sponges) - J. Reitner. 1990. "Polyphyletic origin of the 'Sphinctozoans'", in Rutzler, K. (ed.), New Perspectives in Sponge Biology: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Biology of Sponges (Woods Hole) pp. 33-42. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Thank you for sharing these great references and insights! ;D
I've been searching so long for an archeocyathid video!!! Great work! (as always lol)!☺
Wow really! That's awesome, normally people have no clue what these are, so glad you enjoyed it ;)
It could be a combination of more than one, but I guess most of logical reasons of their demise is covered. Problem with all of these is humongous deep time we are dealing with. They might gone extinct/reevolve during 50 million years span and we couldn't notice it from so sparse precise timed sediments from that period on disposal. Heck, even 5 million years from that period would be indistinguishable. And we all know what can happen in that amount of time. Yeah we know, for instance; "scorpion" lineage is older than all of the trees on earth, but most of the living animals really do change all the time.
Interesting material - thank you very much for sharing this!
Audio seems fine to me. Deeply fascinating video - I had never heard of these animals.
Fascinating stuff, as always!
Hi Rachel, Thank you for this superb and very interesting composition 📚! The archaeocyathids 💐 had a good 20M yr run. Maybe they were eaten up or maybe some weed took their spot, but at least they didn't burn 🔥 up the planet 🌎.
I am not looking for research (doesn’t have the opportunity) into the sudden mysterious extinction of the Archaeocyathids in the mid-Cambrian, so I have to go with your non-expert opinion but definitely better than nothing: the most likely scenario or largest contributing factor to Archaeocyathids extinction was probably competition with newly evolved reef building organisms like corals and other sponges that maybe just did it a little bit better than Archaeocyathids did. 👍
Wiwaxia was named after Wiwaxy peak. When exploring this region for fossils, I'm sure Charles Walcott was struck by the many rock hoodoos on the surface of this peak and when he discovered Wiwaxia in the Burgess Shales, it was obvious what he had to name the beast.
What always gives me pause is when the numbers are trotted out and I think about them in terms of the duration of homo sapiens' existence. "Oh these things existed, but then they died out..." Yeah, but after 22 MILLION years. That's 100 times as long as homo sap. That's very possibly 100 times as long as we will manage.
Haha yea as a geologist I always think on such long time scales and forget how long they really are, but you are absolutely right these guys probably lasted way longer than we will and we are even much more successful (well I guess it depends on how you view success, but we are everywhere lol) ;)
I would question a bit if such a comparison would be accurate. Archeaocyathids was a group of animals and not a single species. So most probably it would be better to compare them with Hominids (or maybe even Primates) instead of humans. Hominids exist at least since 15 million years but maybe already existed 20 millions years ago. Therefore the difference is not that big.
I now have an insatiable yearning for more Problematica.
Yes! Me too! Ever since I learned about that I have been thinking about it lol, I will find more info on the problematica animals for future videos for sure ;D
Here is what I got: land life emerged from sea life. Seeing the coral and sponges as bone and marrow makes me think about a piece of music I heard once that was about some greek philosopher talking about how originally life was made of differenct parts running around separately.
Geology major here, your videos are great, and very informative.
Hi Rachel,
I strongly suspect that, we cannot classify them in one of this lineages, because they are the ancestor of living sponges and corals. 🤷🏽 In other words, although they have died out, buuut they have diversified into the two groups for the reasons you mentioned. 😉
You can thank me later for the Nobel Prize in Biology. 😅
Thank you for another exciting and informative video. 🤓 🤗
Thank you for these! Love ancient biology
Thanks geo girl for this information
I fondly remember the benthic life. Archaeocyathids were good, quiet neighbors. 😊
Awesome!!👏👏👏🔝💐💐
All those poor little Archaeocyathids, so gentle and beautiful...all gone now. They just didn't have the mitochondria to carry on! I miss them still. 😊
Great Video! The audio is clear and i dont hear an echo (at least not for me). Do you have a video about the phyla that didnt survive the Ediacaran and/or Cambrian? If not i would love to see a video specifically about those phyla. Also, what ever happened to trilateral symmetry?
Also, i love the level of details you include in your videos. Would it be possible for you to do a video on the mistaken point assemblage and a video specifically about Eurypterids?
I looove the Anomalocaris.
Very interesting, thank you. I can now confidently say that I learned something new today :)
0:38: 🦠 The video discusses an ancient Cambrian animal called archocyathidés, which has intrigued scientists for decades.
2:52: 🦠 The classification of archéocyathidés is still uncertain, but they were likely early versions of sponges or cnidarians.
5:37: 🌊 The sudden extinction of archéosathids in the middle of the Cambrian period has intrigued scientists for decades, with one hypothesis suggesting changes in ocean chemistry as a possible cause.
8:17: 🐚 Coral evolution and increased predation may have contributed to the extinction of archosanthids and archocyathids.
10:46: 🤔 The reason for the long existence of trilobites and the mystery behind the extinction of archéocyathidés
Recap by Tammy AI
An extinction that hints of unknown survival mechanisms...
...even if a failure, is so intriguing to me
I am painfully curious about astrobiology, you know, little green organisms on Mars 😃
This may hint of new ways for life
Thank you
I don't know much about this subject but species have extinction rates, it may be slow or fast but it is inevitable.
Interesting, and I love the conclusion - we don't know ... because we don't have enough information, yet ...
Problimatica : used for organisms whose classification cannot be decided
I love this period!
I saw a documentary narrated by Brian Cox the Scottish actor (not the English Physicist) and he mispronounced _Anomalocaris_ as AN-o-MAL-o-CARE-ris. It was a right nightmare to listen to! Unlike you!
But then, I used to mispronounce it AN-o-mal-OCK-a-ris, until I saw a documentary with someone saying a-NOM-al-o-CARE-ris.
I figured that was probably more correct than either me or Brian Cox (the Scottish actor)!
{:o:O:}
Did anyone bring up if there are multiple unrelated unrelated groups and they kind of seem like a ideal group for extinction by adaptive radiation. They kind of look like a filtering tube that looks pretty easy to evolve and build on plus it looks like a lot of modern sponges and corals have revolved the configuration.
THANK YOU
I have the hypothesis that if we colonize planets, our colony building should not be a static building but a moving building with the ability to "eat" stuff from the surroundings and move as if it was a living creature.
In the meantime we should have giant manned robots, Let me elaborate. A spacesuit is a plastic bag, it can be popped and perchlorates will get inside. The only way to avoid problems is to add the spacesuit a docking ring in the back so the suit stays outside and people can get out of it without contamination. In time the bag will pop and will contaminate everything. So the docked plastic bag is a bad idea too. What will not pop? a Giant robot.
Mars has less gravity than Earth, so structural strength of a huge metal structure would be better suited. A robot could dock fine. And it can have hands and feet so they can serve as construction robots. It also means that a blacksmith to build robots is needed as well as the iron extraction processes..
I thought sponges skeletons were primarily built from collagen not calcium-carbonate.
I think that most make theirs out of either calcium carbonate or silica, but I think some augment their calcareous or siliceous skeletons with a protein based material called spongin :)
Oh I just looked it up and it seems there are some that use spongin as their main skeletal material and these are referred to as 'soft sponges' :)
I think you have to consider the effect of sheer luck on the evolution of species. Stephen Gould's contingent evolution fits the bill, as to categorize the evolution of the Ediacaran (or Vendian) fauna as not able to evolve rules out the random circumstances of the environment. If certain areas of Earth had experienced different environmental circumstances, the Vendian/Ediacaran might have become the dominant form.
That's so true, that is always a great point to keep in mind when thinking about the chance involved in evolution/extinctions in nature. :)
Man you are one huge nerd 😂 and I mean that in the best possible way great video I learned things keep up the good work.
I agree with your title: Geo Girl should not have gone extinct, but alas, there is only one of her. She should try searching for her name, and see what happens.
I have wondered what paleontologists would make of sperm whales if all we had were bones? Would they ever realized that most of their head was a big bag of oil?
The same thing they make of all the extinct whales?
Now I am curious whether there are fossil diatoms to test whether the calcium carbonate levels changed over time?
Please, please. I would love to find a biology/ paleontology science communicator (and you do a great job!! I mean that) rigorously avoid terms that make it sound like organisms are "waiting" to leap into new niches.
So if sea temp or chemical changes then what was happening to impact these inputs?
I love the pre-Cambrian/Ediacaran period. Thanks for this!
{:o:O:}
I love your videos. You are very beautiful vary smart and extremely well researched. I'm fascinated... keep up the good work. I'm a huge fan now that I've seen two of your videos ... Binge watching it entirely possible plus plugging your channel to friends as well. I learned a lot here.😊❤
I'm just glad that seahorses are still around. I have a thing for seahorses and I don't care who knows it.
I got some friends that need to be classified as problematica. I won't be going into detail :D
Problematica, a group of mysterious animals? That reminds me of the Mystery Class of Dragons, from the How To Train Your Dragon movies, like the literal two-headed Hideous Zippleback. Though that class of dragons is could instead be known as the “Unique Class” because of the class’ members having unique or unusual traits found nowhere else
Corals live in quite narrow range and thus the competition hypothesis doesn't seem to cover the whole mystery. Probably very many reasons.
Big things with teeth being the leading candidate 😂
Those creatures must have been tastier than the dodo!
What about radiation resistance, electromagnetic or particulate? Were there any supernovae in the nearby area to the Solar System when they disappeared? The Universe can be extremely dangerous to life due to extra-Earth effects, including asteroids and supernovae, among other things. Radiation resistance is much more a specific weakness than a large-area extinction event result. Just a thought...
Sounds like a thoroughly deadly pandemic situation.
How about changing water pH? Well, no, like changing Ca availability, it should affect other calcium carbonate organisms.
How quickly did they disappear??
💙
All life is experimental until it's not. The nagging thought I have is... if I could travel back in time , the reason might be so obvious. Thanks.
IIRC the Cambrian explosion started 542 million years ago.
😎
My theory: death by bacteria/viruses
Cambrian COVID?(or some other sort of marine pathogen)
Great hypothesis! If only we could see pathogens in the rock record.. maybe someday we will find a biomarker molecule that indicates some sort of pathogen-specific signature. That’d be cool!
It was still more related to microbes. That change within every generation. And something that remains stationary can easily be destroy by a single animal. Or even a change such as being stagnant. Or in a point with no or too much movement. Even shock within normal movement. A day of one degree. If you sent a kid through your garden, it hadn't existed anymore. These are relatively new learning animals. It didn't have much time to adaptation. It can recreate something new. Forming its ability to be act. Even if you hadn't seen something that doesn't do nothing, it's still in doing something else. You could have stayed jungle plain. Haven't moved that environment.
Some just really hadn't, you know.
It seems that most organisms have not gone extinct but have evolved to be some facsimile of what they were. Then when a niche` is sorta open another species will fill it that once was filled by a completely different organism. Convergent evolution is a trip. ;-)
Where did all calcium carbonate ions? come from, there is so much limestone around?
Anyone who doesn't accept kimberella as a mollusk is wrong.
Could they have lost their skeleton, rather than going extinct?
They went extinct because they didnt eat their vegetables when their mom told them to.
*boops the Archaeocyathids*
Do you have a PHD?
Nope, but I am in my last semester of grad school so I will in a few months! ;D
🧽🧽
They dissappeared around the same time early humans developed spears and hunted them into extinction. The bible says so.
wiwaxia = 我i蛙下 = I am under the frog.
Problematica sounds like a waste-basket taxon.
She cute!
They didn't go extinct, they evolved.
I blame Republicans and Big Oil.
Wikipedia has an interesting page about "Problematica": en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis