I just stumbled upon your amazing channel…and I am so looking forward to viewing everyone of your offerings. Previously, I received a degree in zoology/paleontology. Then the Vietnam War interfered with my life and upon my return I charged full forward pursuing degrees in geology. What followed were multiple decades working as an exploration geologist…and it has, indeed, been just a wonderful career. Your videos have helped me relearn many aspects of the science that I have long forgotten. You present yourself so very well and are such a credit to the field we are both so passionate about. Keep these videos coming…you are awesome!
Thanks so much Donald! These compliments mean so much coming from a seasoned geologist like you! Sounds like you and my parents spent some time together in Alaska, what a small world😀
@@barbaradurfee645 Barb: I just stumbled on your comment and noticed I failed to reply. My apologies. Yes, I recall you didn’t have many opportunities to do field work but I also recall how you (and your husband) were involved in so many high profile projects and that you always had the total respect of your superiors and peers alike. I was extremely fortunate to have the opportunity to perform field work in so many of Alaska’s provinces and, yes, what a thrill it was to have the helicopter set down on some rocky exposure never before trod on by mankind. So many wonderful memories. Hard helicopter landings. In 1980 finding our missing helicopter totally destroyed west of Umiat with 4 severely injured occupants and I had to resort to my Army medical emergency training. Many bear encounters and one requiring the death of a bear that attacked my field partner and I. I love bears, but it had to be done. So many stories…I truly feel blessed. Without a doubt, however, my greatest memory was finding my future wife (yes, a geophysicist!) and the love story that followed which ultimately led to our two children…my grand opus.
@@donaldbrizzolara7720 Don, so glad to catch up with you. You are such terrific contributor to Rachel’s confidence as she has been creating and sharing content. I wanted to thank you for setting such a good example of information and idea exchange. I credit you with setting the standard that other people are meeting when they comment on videos. I love that her channel can be a place where experienced professionals of your stature can keep mentioning younger scientists like Rachel and I also love the war stories of folks who’ve gone places and done things that I haven’t!
You always cover such a wide scope in every topic. It's amazing. So many scientists are zoomed in to a tiny point and can't even turn their heads. You bridge all the gaps 🙌
Thank you for noticing!! I was so worried about becoming too narrowly focused when I started grad school so that was actually one of the reasons I started my youbtube channel, and I am so glad to hear you say that because that means it is paying off! :D
Fungi appearing first on land makes sense because the tides in the early years of the earth/moon system would have been ginormous. There's an interesting thread on Quora regarding the height of the tides when the earth rotated faster and the moon was closer to Earth. I can't reproduce the math here but suffice it to say that the bulge of water attracted to the moon (and its antipodal analog) that the earth rotates into which we call a tide, were up to a kilometer high or more. The continents would have been smashed by tsunamis twice a day for billions of years! No wonder life had a hard time getting a foothold on land. And the organic detritus deposited upon the sterile continents would have rotted under the harsh sun providing a yummy niche for fungi to take advantage of. Eventually the moon's orbit pushed outwards, the planet's rotation slowed, and tides ceased being tsunamis. Other organisms could then exploit the organic matter accumulating on the continents thanks to the fungal pioneers. Early earth was very different from the modern version and early tides would have been amazing as they inundated millions of square miles of the first continents twice a day with those days being considerably shorter than ours are.
This was the missing information that I was wondering about. Fungi generally lives off of other lifeforms, so I was wondering how fungi could have invaded land first. The perpetual tsunami tides would however make it difficult to Foster the reasonably stable transitional zones that would encourage life to start moving to land. Although on the other hand a kilometre deep intertidal zone gives a lot of real estate to develop in.
@@crabby7668 sometimes a snippet of information or two can float around until one day something clicks and another piece of the puzzle falls into place and the wonder of the universe grows a little more amazing. Unfortunately, there have been known to be further discoveries that dislodge the falsely-placed puzzle piece and a deeper, truer picture emerges. I can't cite any peer reviewed papers, or for that matter even a eer reviewed TH-cam video, to substantiate what has been posited so take it with a grain of salt. It does evoke a satisfyingly common-sense image of Earth's early years to me.
@@76rjackson yes good point. I hadn't heard anything about fungi invading land before plants, before this video and given modern fungi dynamics it seemed a bit counter intuitive. The theory that you posit at least gives a method of that happening, otherwise you have to start thinking that prehistoric fungi was somehow different to its contemporary forms.
I LOVE that you go into detail in your videos. I really enjoy the high-level overview of PBS Eons, but they often gloss over the specifics of the evidence used to reach the conclusions they present. Your presentations are very well put together, detailed, and still accessible.
YES! I am so glad you see that and appreciate that! I have always loved PBS Eons, SciShow and others alike, but wish they would have more details for those of us that want to know the 'why' behind every single statement haha, so I have always made sure to make videos very detailed and explain the reasons behind everything ;) Thank you for your kind words!
@@GEOGIRL You didnt explain anything. you just said this evolved and that evolved. Then eucaryote showed up. I guess im just a wet blanket. Why dont you take a shot at some kind of explanation as to how the first life, a bacterium could have formed. That should include how the peptydoglycan layer might have come about.
@@bobdobbs943 Yeah, no. There are an infinite number of levels of abstraction, and just because @GEO GIRL picked a different one than you doesn't mean you can make black-and-white statements about it. I don't explain actual shape of the electromagnetic field through circuits or how quantum fields interact with them when I try to get my students to understand why motors turn, but I still go into much more detail than "attach these to each side of a battery". You can and should be more respectful of all GEO GIRL's hard work. If you want to see more of a certain kind of detail, say that. But you just dismissed a thorough, informative video as if it were nothing. And more importantly, would you have made this same comment if she were a male scientist? Probably not... Be more inclusive. She's doing great work and you should encourage her to go further, not rag on it.
Well Mother Nature certainly has a really interesting way of testing out her creations. And as Dr. Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) once so eloquently put it, “Life will find a way.” This world is nothing short of absolutely fascinating and remarkable.
Oh that is so funny, I just rewatched Jurassic Park the other day! I agree, life is remarkable. In studying for this video, I was humbled by the amazing & diverse abilities of fungi, I hope to someday make more videos about fungi and their journey through Earth's history :D
@@GEOGIRL Oh wow, what a coincidence. I’m going on a Jurassic Marathon in preparation for Jurassic World Dominion. So anxious for the epic conclusion of this timeless franchise. I’m so glad we’re always in agreement with each other. I’ll continue to give you and your channel my full support to help you make those videos. I look forward to learning more with you my friend. 😊❤️😉👍
@@GEOGIRL Yeah I can tell that it’s going to be awesome. You’re very welcome my friend, my support is all yours. 😉👍 You’re absolutely amazing Rachel. ❤️😊
Thank you for doing the research on fungi and for presenting it simply but with error bars. Also, I think your slides are well-designed and your visuals well-chosen.
Great video. I have to say, I was hoping for something a little more specific though, like a picture of some early lungfish, and you say, "it was this guy. We'll call him Bill, he spotted a grub in the mud just out of reach, at least, with him in the water. So, he went out to get it, and everybody else saw it, and then they all did it too, because, you know, peer pressure. We also think it happened on a Monday". Then we would all just quietly hate Bill, because the world is just a mess now, and it's all his fault. Him and that stupid grub. Oh well. Maybe next time :)
Something I rarely hear anything about is the dependency of the evolution of amphibians on the emergence of kidneys in fish. The oldest function of kidneys is to regulate blood salinity, and fish couldn't even approach deltas and estuaries where fresh water met sea water until kidneys evolved to do this. Arthropods didn't need kidneys because their hard shells could maintain proper body salinity, and perhaps this is why they arrived on land before vertebrates. I think you can see this in the Devonian rocks of the Catskill Mountains in New York State, which was a large shallow delta fed by several rivers 380 million years ago. The rocks in this area contain many brachiopod fossils, while fish fossils are extremely rare despite the Devonian being "The Age of Fish". I think about this every time I ride a chairlift at Hunter Mountain Ski Area.
I’ve often thought it went something like this. Nice to see it laid out in detail. I sometimes wonder how scientists a hundred million years from now would characterize life transitioning into space would be. The first pioneering settlements would resemble the fungi & Cyanobacteria in that scenario. What types of life evolves into once leaving land is a fascinating speculation of mine.
Thanks! And the fungi would've eaten bacterial and archaeal organic matter, since these microbes came to land before fungi and many are autotrophic (meaning they can convert inorganic matter into organic). ;)
Yep! Exactly, these early land fungi would've had to snack on bacterial and archaeal organic matter. But again, I think it is still debated whether they came before plants or not, so more work needs to be done to actually confirm this :)
You mentioned something that's of great interest to me--abiotic source of carbon. With an abiotic source of carbon is it possible to have abiotic source of oil? I'd love to see a video on the subject.
Nope, abiotic C-containing rocks are mostly things like carbonate (limestone/dolostone, magnesite, siderite, etc.), which cannot produce oil. But you are right, that'd be a great video idea! I actually discuss a little bit about abiotic vs biotic C rocks in my upcoming radioactive vs stable isotope video coming out on the 1st of Jan, so keep an eye out! ;D
When life moved to land Love your elegant lucidity. More interesting: a detailed elaboration of the interaction of fungi (and lichen, not mentioned) with plants in terms of seed and root development. Also, first land invertebrates (crawling, flying, dates?) as carriers of seed and non-seed plants to diverse habitats first colonized by fungi and lichen, also first soil micropatches from insect waste and bodies. Also, bacteria and viruses we tend to dismiss with a wave of the hand, as if they were not the dominant life forms on this planet, and will be so long after humanity, and its clunky vertebrate ancestors they have tailored all along, are forgotten. In science fiction galactic lore, there is much talk about mysterious elder races creating, grooming, sponsoring, and mentoring junior races, including us. Is that not what those other Kingdoms have done already? What we do not know overshadows what we merely guess at plus or minus 30%, which overshadows in turn what little we are nearly certain about (too much info for one human brain to handle). Humanity’s ignorance is staggering, proportional to its certitude of being right.
Is interesting how those new species adaptations that grow exponentially to the point of causing a mass extintion forcing species to evolve is kind of comparable with the modern concept of invasive species, like the cane toad in Australia. Maybe the process of when a "super" species is the first one in an area and pretty much overpopulates the ecosystem should have a nickname of some short, maybe that concept is just normal in evolutionary terms (maybe the human expansion is not so unnatural after all; nature is like: "ah, yea, one of those".) By the way, is there a theory about animals being the reasons for plants to conquer the land? like the animal droppings helping the natural evolutions of plants or so, can you make a video about the symbiosis between plants and animals and when it started? Thanks for the good content. Sorry for too many questions, you channel is awesome!
now I know why the shiitake mushroom goes so well in salad 😋and why geologic evidences are interpreted so differently in books😶 you read & present books very well & with very good video charts.
dunno, but I've always heard it "pernounced" like "flow'em!" Thanks for updated info on the Paleozoic- most of my young life was spent in Silurian and Devonian territory. Plants digesting rocks is majorly important, and animals keeping plants from smothering themselves- Weren't birds from dinosaurs?
this is awesome.. like reading this stuff several times still isn't the same as listening to a cool teacher. I had Charlie Love as an instructor it was beyond amazing so I totally understand the importance of a passionate intelligent instructor.
I remember first learning of the microbial mats in the 1986 Planet Earth video series. It's still the best imo. About the only big developments since its time is supervolcanoes and iceball Earth. The Nemesis hypothesis has been disproven. I'm thinking the Gaia theory is more proven than ever! The original Planet Earth series, from 1986 is up on youtube. I prefer the the Kurdistan Planetarium uploads, just because I think it's cool there was some open minded Iraqi's somewhere in that part of the world! I don't think whoever ran that youtube is around anymore; they haven't posted in like a decade now. I post my updates on the origin of life, and other things there as well!
I love the content of your videos (which is the most important part), but I find the picture on the corner distracting. I think it would be better to mix narration and image.
Excelente video como siempre, hace unos días encontré tu canal y no podía creer la cantidad de información. As a mine engineer I just studied this topic briefly compared to geological engineer, anyway it is amazing work and thanks. Pd Sorry for my English, not perfect yet 🤣.
Thank you so much! And don't worry about it, your english is still better than my spanish ;) Best of luck with your geological engineering career! Are you a student or professional?
So glad you enjoy and learn from my videos! I myself learn a lot in the creation of them, so I am glad I am not the only one that gets something out of this haha ;) Thanks for the comment! :)
Excellent video and nicely laid out timeline! This transition of life from sea to land has always fascinated me, which ones came first, etc. I've always wondered if eggshell laying was a genetic artifact of the emergence of plate armor fish and thick bones to repell jaw and biting problems when jaws first evolved from gills.
Hi! I really appreciate your concise, transparently-sourced presentations! It makes it easy to follow up on a lead if I have questions. I only comment on this because it’s like the third video you’ve talked about it, but I’ve always heard “flow ‘em”, which appears to be correct.
Uh... reptiles did NOT evolve into mammals, because the only other extant lineage of amniotes, synapsids, evolved into mammals, and now mammals are the only extant synapsids, because a taxon less specific than a genus cannot be evolved out of (which I should know, because my username is "Bipedal Cynodont", which I originally created in December 2021 to express my knowledge of evolution and taxonomy, but HILARIOUSLY, it gained a completely unforeseen double meaning when I joined the Furry Fandom in January 2023). Saying that reptiles evolved into mammals is almost exactly like saying that armadillos evolved into elephants, because like how extant amniotes are either reptiles or synapsids, and both of those taxa appeared at roughly the same time in the Carboniferous and shared a common ancestor, extant atlantogenatans are either xenarthrans or afrotherians, and both of those taxa appeared at roughly the same time in the Cretaceous and shared a common ancestor. I don't want to sound rude, but I can 100% see why this channel has "GEO" in its name instead of "PALEO" or "BIO" (or "ZOO", for that matter, but "ZOO GIRL" makes even more sense to avoid because it would sound like you're a zoophile, which for all I know is completely accurate, but that would still be horrible marketing nonetheless).
I love your content. Thank you for making it. Check out a band called The Ocean that has a bunch of albums on basically the history of earth. Their latest albums are called Phanerozoic I and II
In the Major Land Animal Evolutionary Steps, I would point out that reptiles did not evolve into mammals. Amphibians evolved into synapsids and diapsids, and synapsids evolved into mammals, diapsids evolved into reptiles (and birds).
You are saying that birds evolved from reptiles. I was just curious, as you seem to have overlooked and entire family of critters called dinosaurs, from which birds originated from.
Well I tried to explain what is currently around and currently we call them birds, but I also don't discriminate between birds and dinosaurs, so just imagine every time I say birds, I mean dinosaurs because they are dinosaurs ;)
Is it just me who gets irritated by the language used in life sciences? Dominate. Rule. Kingdom. These are human concepts, indeed human concepts that we ought to have ditched long since as a way of organising human societies. Organisms may proliferate, flourish, thrive, but they don't dominate other species. No doubt some will object that it's just a figure of speech, but it skews how we conceive of natural processes, and then is used as an excuse to justify dominance in human relationships.
I agree that we put too much 'human' language and concepts onto animals and biological constucts, but I think the word 'dominate' is necessary because it means more than just proliferate or thrive. It means that it proliferated more than any other species so it's just a shorter way of saying that. I don't think that dominate has any sort of negative connotation when used this way, it just gets the point across. For example, in my research (I study the behavior of trace metals in aquatic environments), I will often say that one metal compound was the dominant metal species in the solution because that is the best way to get that point across. Sometimes you can say 'most abundant' but sometimes that doesn't work with biology because most abundant doesn't necessarily mean dominant. For example, dinosaurs dominated terrestrial environments in the Mesozoic because they were large, diverse, and abundant. Mammals and other non-dinosaur terrestrial animals may have been just as abundant, but they weren't as diverse or large or successful and therefore weren't dominant. Anyway, that's my two cents, but I definitely see where you're coming from and I think these conversations are super interesting and important to have ;) And if you find an acceptable alternative for dominant or dominate, I am all ears! ;D
An amazing history of so many millions of years compressed into 24 minutes! I'll have to watch this video a couple more times to get that much information. Thanks a lot!
also, does the carbon and oxygen cycle work the other way? if more of one is being released is the other getting captured more? or have many studies been done looking at this?
Yep, in general the C and O cycles work that way (the sink of one increases the source of the other & vice versa). And yes, there are many studies that show this relationship and also studies that use this 'rule' to interpret data of one of these elements to extrapolate about the other element. Thanks for the great questions! Gives me ideas for future videos ;)
@@GEOGIRL so as we (humans) release more co2 the ecosystem is capturing more o2, if i am reading you correctly. i am full of questions and ideas. as a content creator myself (mostly behind the scenes for numerous channels) i need to be. if you ever want or need footage from northern Utah i would be happy to take my camera out and shoot for you. or help with editing from time to time. i do about 60 hrs a week currently so not lots of available time, but i love helping.
@@jadefinchscene5644 Wow what a cool job you have! Thank you for the offer ;) And yes, you are correct, the increase in CO2 is causing a decrease in O2. But O2 is also decreasing due to other human activities like our increase in fertilizer use & waste because we create nutrient (P & N) rich run off that runs into coastal marine environments that leads to phytoplankton blooms due to the nutrients. Then below these blooms, the O2 gets all used up causing what we call 'dead zones' where fish and other macroorganisms die due to lack of O2. In short, yes, the amount of O2 in the atmosphere and oceans is decreasing.
@@GEOGIRL thank you so much for the bonus information. i find the chemical and temperature balances to be quite fascinating, so much of my thinking and questions tend to involve those topics. extremophiles also being high on my radar.
Absolutely! Or at least that's the most common hypothesis that I've heard ;) I know that when plants came to land they made the soil much deeper, but I think bacteria and especially fungi played a huge role to start the soil formation process :)
Your videos are excellent! I'm continually being bowled over by the sheer amount of quality palaeontological / geological etc. content available on TH-cam. Keep it up! Your passion for the subject is infectious.
You seem to have missed the role likens played in breaking down rock, making sand with organic components, or are you including them with the non-vascular plants?
Well lichens would be included in bacteria and fungi, right? Because they consist of cyanobacterial/algae & fungal filaments I believe. (I could be wrong about that though, I am not a lichen expert ;)
My mistake! It seems that weathering, caused by plate movement through high weather systems, did more to make organic soil from rocks and non-vascular plants and fungus. This according to another post on your channel. Thank you.
Yes absolutely, but not at this point in earth's history. The ozone layer had developed by about 2.4 billion years ago, so by the time life was transitioning to land it was present. However, early life pre-2.4 billion years ago, that lived in the photic zone of the ocean may have been affected. There is some evidence that photosynthesizing microbes at the time had the ability to protect themselves from harmful UV radiation by secreting mineral coatings, I talk more about this possibility and early phototrophs in this video if you're interested: th-cam.com/video/x5wVW3OGg7c/w-d-xo.html :)
If we count the GOE, the Ordovician and Devonian extinctions and the Carboniferous rainforest collapse; there's been four occasions where photosynthetic lifeforms almost ended the world.
Absolutely! I don't know much about the species that live in marine and fresh water environments, but I know that they exist and have existed throughout Earth's history. Aquatic fungi even evolved before terrestrial fungi, but I am not sure whether the first fungi was marine or fresh water fungi.
The amniotic egg didn't evolve as a way to move away from water, as the pre-amniotic egg was already terrestrial. But it made respiration easier, which allowed both a higher metabolism with faster embryonic development, and eggs that could increase in size. Either way, it was a big breakthrough.
Geo, Thank you to Your Profession for the Significant Amount of Knowledge You have Obtained from Earth's Geology. However at this Stage there is Insufficient Proof that Life Began in the Oceans rather than Life Began on the Land or on Land Rivers/Lakes. Hence Life May Well have Begun on Land and Migrated to the Oceans. However what is Truely Amazing is that, Huge amount of Lifeforms Flourished on Earth's Land and Oceans. Truely Amazing Diversity.
Originally I received my degree in Biology with a great deal of Chemistry and Physics, but today realize that my understanding of life was limited by a lack of understanding of Geobiology. Thank you for expanding my informational base and making it more complete with your Geology, presented excellently and integrated into both Biology and Paleobiology. Any serious study of Biology should incorporate what I believe you are lecturing, which I call Geobiology.
I don't think it is correct to call the ancestors of mammals reptiles, since all reptiles are derived entirely from within sister groups, definitively within Sauropsida, if not further derived. Last I heard turtles were the main question, but are now believed to be archosaurs, so true reptiles would only be the last common decendent of archosaurs & lepidosaurs and all its decendants, which is a heck of a long way away from the synapsid fork in the road. After all amniotes are not just equal to reptile, otherwise what is even the point of that term, even if that may be the simplistic school textbook explanation.
A recent paper discussed in a video by Anton Petrov indicated that the Earth seems to have temporarily lost its magnetosphere for perhaps 50 million years about 540 million years ago when the Earth's core solidified. I'm wondering if increased solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface during this time may have accelerated evolution by quickening mutations. If so, might this have an effect on the dating of very old species via the molecular (genetic) clock scheme? I think this scheme depends on a fairly constant long-term mutation rate for it to be accurate. It might explain the discrepancy in the dating of land fungi between the fossil record (500 millions ago) and the molecular clock (1 billion years ago), perhaps making the fossil record more accurate. I very much enjoy these videos, I love how they teach complex subjects without condescension. I almost want to take written notes for each of them. Thank you!
6:09 Not as off as you think, since the (incomplete) fossil record is *younger* than the genetic record. It would be Very Bad, though, if the genetic record was significantly younger than the fossil record.
We also should mention the unexpected co-occurrence of taxa previously known only in early Paleozoic or in middle-to-late Mesozoic strata demonstrates that some Early Triassic ecosystems were much more phylogenetically diverse and functionally much more complex than previously thought, which challenges Darwinism a great deal too. The Paris Biota illustrates the oldest occurrence of derived characters in several clades and it shows that Early Triassic marine communities include very diversified marine life for which we have evolutionary build up as they appear suddenly. Litogaster turnbullensis is a very interesting species being related to today's Lobsters 🦞 they appear in this sediments too clearly recognisable as Lobster like. We casually say they "evolved" but we have no development in the fossil record. They appear suddenly in early Triassic fossils and therefore it's a bit of strange to say they "evolved" since we see no gradual build up...
Are we assuming or do we know whether the first land funghi were like lichen? I mean they didn't have anything biological on land to feed on in the way other funghi do today. So unless they were doing some kind of chemosynthesis, lichen pretty much becomes the only option, right?
Interesting to hear that plants keep causing glaciations , naughty plants! Never really heard about the effects of weathering stressed so much before listening to your videos. So it is interesting to see these developments in understanding the processes I would guess that the lobe finned fish and the air breathing adaptations came from living in a seasonal obstructed environment such as flooded forests, where all the branches and other detritus in the water would make pre limbs useful for crawling through submerged obstructions. The air breathing would be useful in static low oxygen pools such as environments inhabited by lung fish etc today. Combine the two, and land here we come! With insects etc already on land where they could avoid water bound predators, there would be incentives for fish to predate on an otherwise untapped food resource. Just think of mudskippers and even archer fish today, and how they unnaturally exploit their surroundings.
Plants did NOT evolve directly from marine algae, but rather from fresh water algae, in this sequence: Spray from ocean waves created sprays of airborne algae and cyanobacteria. These sprays were carried absolutely everywhere on the land surface. Hence, the moist areas of the land were inoculated with eukaryotic algae immediately after these algae appeared in the ocean. The ocean spray also contained salt which created a semi-marine environment at low places (lakes, ponds, etc) suitable for these algae. As time passed, the land algal forms moved to fresher water areas, wherein they lost their tolerance for sodium. Land plants then evolved from these sodium intolerant fresh water algae. Sodium tolerant plants later evolved secondarily from intolerant plants along ocean margins. Note that most plants have a very low tolerance for sodium, which they do not use in significant quantities.
Questions for You on youtube content 1. How long does it take to make a video with prep time and editing time? 2. Do you write out a word for word script? 3. Do you give these lectures to students live? 4. Do you get credit for making these videos in the Phd program? 5. Do you watch any other TH-cam geo channels that you would recommend? Questions for You 1. What sport did you play? 2. Do you still play it? If not why not? 3. What part of the country did you grow up in? 4. Do you plan to teach when you get your PhD? Comments on video content 1. I find it easier to remember terms if each time you bring a name into a video you describe the meaning of the roots of the name i.e. Ceno=Recent Zoic=Life 2. I find I have a natural rate of listening i.e. I listen to British Books or East coast New Yorkers on Audible at 0.9 speed where as a Southern, Southwest, Midwest narrator I might listen at 1.1 speed. I would like to slow your delivery down to 0.9, but the 0.75 on TH-cam is just a little too slow (but I do use it on your videos sometimes). Perhaps you could try to slow down a little? 3. I would like to see what Laboratory work, equipment, procedures a geology upper level student is trained to use.
Answers to the YT questions: 1. Editing time is minimal, ~2-5 hours. Prep is extensive. Depending on whether I have good background knowledge on the topic, it can take a couple days to a few weeks (but that is obviously not continuous, it is the total amount of time it takes as I weave the youtube stuff into my research heavy schedule). 2. No, I never have a word for word script. My script is basically the bullet points on the PPT although I don't like to read it word for word but instead expand on it or talk about a figure I show on the slide. I do, however, have the books I need nearby in case some of the parts of the lecture aren't my forte and I need to re-read something, but I never read directly, I always read and then paraphrase or try to say it in a way that is easy to understand and exciting. 3. Yes, I as a teaching assistant I give many of these lectures to students live (mainly the historical geo ones since that is the class I teach, the others, however, like the metamorphic, igneous, paleo, geobio, etc. those are just for my youtube audience as I do not teach those classes). 4. No hahaha, I don't get credit. I don't even think many people in my department know that I make these yt videos. It does however help me stay motivated to make interesting and well put together lectures for my students. :) 5. I don't really watch any other geo-specific yt channels regularly. The educational content I watch these days is mostly space-based as I am really into the astrobiological applications of my research right now. The space channel I like is SciShow Space. I actually modeled my channel after the SciShow sister channel, Crash Course, which has educational content about all sorts of stuff but not much about geology, so I tried to make a geo version of it (although without a research, writing, editing, or graphics team, so mine aren't quite up to par with theirs hahaha). I will answer the other questions in a separate comment ;)
Answers to questions about me: 1. I was a gymnast for most of my early life (from ~6-16) during which I competed nationally and planned to be a college gymnast, but unfrotunately had to quite before college due to injuries, so then I switched to golf (the only thing I could do with my big clunky knee brace at the time) and I ended up getting a scholarship to play in college and played throughout my undergraduate years. 2. I still play golf sometimes but not very often as it is pretty time consuming and expensive and money and time are hard to come by as a grad student hahaha! I still do cartwheels and handstands sometimes, but could never again do what I used to in terms of gymnastics unfortunately lol. 3. I grew up near Dallas TX. 4. Yes, I would love to teach after obtaining my PhD but I may do research only for a few years before looking for a professor position. Thanks for the input on my videos! And if you'd like to see the euipment I use in the lab and my experiments, you can become a channel member at either the geo expert or geo extraordinaire level (by pressing the 'join' button near the subscribe button) to see lab vlogs ;D
@@GEOGIRL Since your into astrobiology, do you have a way to confirm asteroids? I've got some really very interesting chunks of very old space rocks, please excuse my layman's terms. But I've become downright convinced that I've uncovered an unique episode within Earth's early history. Some of the specimens I do believe have pockets in them that have remained sealed for a very long time. However I do worry, as the deposition layers I'm finding them in. Seem to have some pretty ugly stuff associated with them. Some kind of new fungi, that has seemingly taken over the whole town. I know that sounds mighty crazy, but I'm far from kidding. I highly suspect it's not only happening here, but anywhere else these layers are exposed. And it unfortunately spreads like wild fire, if you're interested I'll explain further. But I've been looking for someone who can examine these specimens under high magnification. And possibly identify some of the odd minerals, and metal alloys they seem to contain. I've become convinced that the bulk are lunar in origin, I'm just about sure of it. But there are also what I'm equally convinced are martians as well. I'm not sure exactly how it happened, but it would appear that.. Some rather large, and small, volcanic chunks of Mars slammed into the moon in the ancient past. And sent lunar regolith melt, along with basaltic chunks, and other debris, down to Earth. These deposits are mixed with martian lavas, and duricrust. Although the volume of martian materials, is scarcer then the amount of lunar materials deposited. But there are also tektites galore, many are Stony, but also have got some siliceous ones. Some are stonys wrapped in siliceous melt. The lunar regolith melts are mighty interesting, they all appear to have slightly varying compositions. Some obviously contain some very heavy metals, compared to the others. But if you have the equipment necessary to look at some samples, let me know. The only concern I have is the possible spread of fungal spores. But from what I've observed already, I would be very surprised if it hadn't already spread far and wide. It's seemingly not designed to harm humans, or animals. But it does seem to infect most plants, especially those with reproductive parts, such as grain. And yes it gets in humans if they eat infected crops, or breath in spore loads from heavily infested areas, or enclosed spaces. I suspect the impacts hurled large volumes of fine particles, which formed thick blankets in the upper atmosphere. Which then refracted all light from reaching the surface, and created the perfect habitat for fungal growth. Anyway let me know if you're interested, it would not offend me if you don't want to touch this with a ten foot pole, haha. I'm looking for someone trustworthy to help with examining these specimens. And you're the first I've considered sharing them with so far.
Would you happen to know of anyone doing research on what happens to continents after glaciers erode and rivers cut. these kinda areas change massively and i get curious about what it does to the evolution of the area itself, i can note evolution occuring within deer population in towns vs deer in the wilderness, any reccommended reading?
We got out of the water because everything wanted to eat us, kinda like in outback Australia. Now, we have an insatiable craving for seafood, especially big predator species. Are we moving back to the ocean? If so, we have really high hopes for being apex predator again.
i think biologists have come to the conclusion that life starting in mineral and salt saturated oceans is too difficult a problem to overcome and come to the conclusion life began in fresh water conditions.
Microbes :D (bacteria were likely already spreading on parts of land as the fungi did and they probably fed on each other, but that is not to rule out fungi eating fungi, I am sure that happened as well, as did bacteria eating bacteria)
When my neighbor's mother in-law moved to his house- and the disastrous consequences. He'd really like an analysis on her evolutionary tree- we hypothesize the imprint she leaves sitting on the couch cushion clearly indicates a whale common ancestor.
I just stumbled upon your amazing channel…and I am so looking forward to viewing everyone of your offerings. Previously, I received a degree in zoology/paleontology. Then the Vietnam War interfered with my life and upon my return I charged full forward pursuing degrees in geology. What followed were multiple decades working as an exploration geologist…and it has, indeed, been just a wonderful career. Your videos have helped me relearn many aspects of the science that I have long forgotten. You present yourself so very well and are such a credit to the field we are both so passionate about. Keep these videos coming…you are awesome!
Hey, GeoGirl's mom worked with a Don Brizzolara in Alaska, if that's you, then Hi from Barb Durfee! Small world :)
Thanks so much Donald! These compliments mean so much coming from a seasoned geologist like you! Sounds like you and my parents spent some time together in Alaska, what a small world😀
I agree. This young lady is like someone you'd find under the Christmas Tree.
@@barbaradurfee645 Barb: I just stumbled on your comment and noticed I failed to reply. My apologies. Yes, I recall you didn’t have many opportunities to do field work but I also recall how you (and your husband) were involved in so many high profile projects and that you always had the total respect of your superiors and peers alike. I was extremely fortunate to have the opportunity to perform field work in so many of Alaska’s provinces and, yes, what a thrill it was to have the helicopter set down on some rocky exposure never before trod on by mankind. So many wonderful memories. Hard helicopter landings. In 1980 finding our missing helicopter totally destroyed west of Umiat with 4 severely injured occupants and I had to resort to my Army medical emergency training. Many bear encounters and one requiring the death of a bear that attacked my field partner and I. I love bears, but it had to be done. So many stories…I truly feel blessed. Without a doubt, however, my greatest memory was finding my future wife (yes, a geophysicist!) and the love story that followed which ultimately led to our two children…my grand opus.
@@donaldbrizzolara7720 Don, so glad to catch up with you. You are such terrific contributor to Rachel’s confidence as she has been creating and sharing content. I wanted to thank you for setting such a good example of information and idea exchange. I credit you with setting the standard that other people are meeting when they comment on videos. I love that her channel can be a place where experienced professionals of your stature can keep mentioning younger scientists like Rachel and I also love the war stories of folks who’ve gone places and done things that I haven’t!
You always cover such a wide scope in every topic. It's amazing. So many scientists are zoomed in to a tiny point and can't even turn their heads. You bridge all the gaps 🙌
Thank you for noticing!! I was so worried about becoming too narrowly focused when I started grad school so that was actually one of the reasons I started my youbtube channel, and I am so glad to hear you say that because that means it is paying off! :D
Thanks a lot for including fungi! They unfortunately often get overlooked
I know right! I hate that my textbooks kind of just skip over fungi, I wish there was more readily available information about them out there!
@@GEOGIRLWhere did the fungi come from? Are there any in the sea, or in sweet water? We are so used to them having spores, blowing in the wind..
Fungi appearing first on land makes sense because the tides in the early years of the earth/moon system would have been ginormous. There's an interesting thread on Quora regarding the height of the tides when the earth rotated faster and the moon was closer to Earth. I can't reproduce the math here but suffice it to say that the bulge of water attracted to the moon (and its antipodal analog) that the earth rotates into which we call a tide, were up to a kilometer high or more. The continents would have been smashed by tsunamis twice a day for billions of years! No wonder life had a hard time getting a foothold on land. And the organic detritus deposited upon the sterile continents would have rotted under the harsh sun providing a yummy niche for fungi to take advantage of. Eventually the moon's orbit pushed outwards, the planet's rotation slowed, and tides ceased being tsunamis. Other organisms could then exploit the organic matter accumulating on the continents thanks to the fungal pioneers. Early earth was very different from the modern version and early tides would have been amazing as they inundated millions of square miles of the first continents twice a day with those days being considerably shorter than ours are.
This was the missing information that I was wondering about. Fungi generally lives off of other lifeforms, so I was wondering how fungi could have invaded land first. The perpetual tsunami tides would however make it difficult to Foster the reasonably stable transitional zones that would encourage life to start moving to land. Although on the other hand a kilometre deep intertidal zone gives a lot of real estate to develop in.
@@crabby7668 sometimes a snippet of information or two can float around until one day something clicks and another piece of the puzzle falls into place and the wonder of the universe grows a little more amazing. Unfortunately, there have been known to be further discoveries that dislodge the falsely-placed puzzle piece and a deeper, truer picture emerges. I can't cite any peer reviewed papers, or for that matter even a eer reviewed TH-cam video, to substantiate what has been posited so take it with a grain of salt. It does evoke a satisfyingly common-sense image of Earth's early years to me.
@@76rjackson yes good point. I hadn't heard anything about fungi invading land before plants, before this video and given modern fungi dynamics it seemed a bit counter intuitive. The theory that you posit at least gives a method of that happening, otherwise you have to start thinking that prehistoric fungi was somehow different to its contemporary forms.
There were still rivers and freshwater bodies without tides 💀💀💀
@@crabby7668 Bacterial mats built up on land over millions of years like soil
I LOVE that you go into detail in your videos. I really enjoy the high-level overview of PBS Eons, but they often gloss over the specifics of the evidence used to reach the conclusions they present. Your presentations are very well put together, detailed, and still accessible.
YES! I am so glad you see that and appreciate that! I have always loved PBS Eons, SciShow and others alike, but wish they would have more details for those of us that want to know the 'why' behind every single statement haha, so I have always made sure to make videos very detailed and explain the reasons behind everything ;) Thank you for your kind words!
@@GEOGIRL You didnt explain anything. you just said this evolved and that evolved. Then eucaryote showed up. I guess im just a wet blanket. Why dont you take a shot at some kind of explanation as to how the first life, a bacterium could have formed. That should include how the peptydoglycan layer might have come about.
@@bobdobbs943 Yeah, no.
There are an infinite number of levels of abstraction, and just because @GEO GIRL picked a different one than you doesn't mean you can make black-and-white statements about it. I don't explain actual shape of the electromagnetic field through circuits or how quantum fields interact with them when I try to get my students to understand why motors turn, but I still go into much more detail than "attach these to each side of a battery".
You can and should be more respectful of all GEO GIRL's hard work. If you want to see more of a certain kind of detail, say that. But you just dismissed a thorough, informative video as if it were nothing.
And more importantly, would you have made this same comment if she were a male scientist? Probably not... Be more inclusive. She's doing great work and you should encourage her to go further, not rag on it.
Well Mother Nature certainly has a really interesting way of testing out her creations. And as Dr. Ian Malcolm (Jeff Goldblum) once so eloquently put it, “Life will find a way.” This world is nothing short of absolutely fascinating and remarkable.
Oh that is so funny, I just rewatched Jurassic Park the other day! I agree, life is remarkable. In studying for this video, I was humbled by the amazing & diverse abilities of fungi, I hope to someday make more videos about fungi and their journey through Earth's history :D
@@GEOGIRL Oh wow, what a coincidence. I’m going on a Jurassic Marathon in preparation for Jurassic World Dominion. So anxious for the epic conclusion of this timeless franchise.
I’m so glad we’re always in agreement with each other. I’ll continue to give you and your channel my full support to help you make those videos. I look forward to learning more with you my friend. 😊❤️😉👍
@@Smilo-the-Sabertooth Thanks so much friend!
And yes! haha That's why I was watching it too! I am also preparing for the new one lol
@@GEOGIRL Yeah I can tell that it’s going to be awesome.
You’re very welcome my friend, my support is all yours. 😉👍 You’re absolutely amazing Rachel. ❤️😊
I don't remember saying that 😁
Thank you for doing the research on fungi and for presenting it simply but with error bars. Also, I think your slides are well-designed and your visuals well-chosen.
Great video. I have to say, I was hoping for something a little more specific though, like a picture of some early lungfish, and you say, "it was this guy. We'll call him Bill, he spotted a grub in the mud just out of reach, at least, with him in the water. So, he went out to get it, and everybody else saw it, and then they all did it too, because, you know, peer pressure. We also think it happened on a Monday".
Then we would all just quietly hate Bill, because the world is just a mess now, and it's all his fault. Him and that stupid grub.
Oh well. Maybe next time :)
Hahaha! I should've done this LOL the 'on a Monday' comment is so great 😂
Something I rarely hear anything about is the dependency of the evolution of amphibians on the emergence of kidneys in fish. The oldest function of kidneys is to regulate blood salinity, and fish couldn't even approach deltas and estuaries where fresh water met sea water until kidneys evolved to do this. Arthropods didn't need kidneys because their hard shells could maintain proper body salinity, and perhaps this is why they arrived on land before vertebrates. I think you can see this in the Devonian rocks of the Catskill Mountains in New York State, which was a large shallow delta fed by several rivers 380 million years ago. The rocks in this area contain many brachiopod fossils, while fish fossils are extremely rare despite the Devonian being "The Age of Fish". I think about this every time I ride a chairlift at Hunter Mountain Ski Area.
Oh how interesting! I will have to look into that, maybe someday I can make a video about it, thanks for mentioning this, it's so cool! :D
@@GEOGIRL Thanks! I'd love to watch any videos where you discuss this. Thanks for responding, your videos are awesome!
12:29 I’ve always heard those pronounced “Zy-lum” and “Flo-um” or “Flo-em”.
I’ve often thought it went something like this. Nice to see it laid out in detail.
I sometimes wonder how scientists a hundred million years from now would characterize life transitioning into space would be. The first pioneering settlements would resemble the fungi & Cyanobacteria in that scenario. What types of life evolves into once leaving land is a fascinating speculation of mine.
The most disastrous result of life moving to land is humans.
Just found your channel, subscribed within 5 minutes! - Now, I have a question - If fungi preceded plants onto land, what were they "eating"?
Thanks! And the fungi would've eaten bacterial and archaeal organic matter, since these microbes came to land before fungi and many are autotrophic (meaning they can convert inorganic matter into organic). ;)
how can land fungi predate land plants? what were the fungi decomposing? bacterial mats?
Yep! Exactly, these early land fungi would've had to snack on bacterial and archaeal organic matter. But again, I think it is still debated whether they came before plants or not, so more work needs to be done to actually confirm this :)
You mentioned something that's of great interest to me--abiotic source of carbon. With an abiotic source of carbon is it possible to have abiotic source of oil? I'd love to see a video on the subject.
Nope, abiotic C-containing rocks are mostly things like carbonate (limestone/dolostone, magnesite, siderite, etc.), which cannot produce oil. But you are right, that'd be a great video idea! I actually discuss a little bit about abiotic vs biotic C rocks in my upcoming radioactive vs stable isotope video coming out on the 1st of Jan, so keep an eye out! ;D
When life moved to land
Love your elegant lucidity. More interesting: a detailed elaboration of the interaction of fungi (and lichen, not mentioned) with plants in terms of seed and root development. Also, first land invertebrates (crawling, flying, dates?) as carriers of seed and non-seed plants to diverse habitats first colonized by fungi and lichen, also first soil micropatches from insect waste and bodies. Also, bacteria and viruses we tend to dismiss with a wave of the hand, as if they were not the dominant life forms on this planet, and will be so long after humanity, and its clunky vertebrate ancestors they have tailored all along, are forgotten.
In science fiction galactic lore, there is much talk about mysterious elder races creating, grooming, sponsoring, and mentoring junior races, including us. Is that not what those other Kingdoms have done already?
What we do not know overshadows what we merely guess at plus or minus 30%, which overshadows in turn what little we are nearly certain about (too much info for one human brain to handle). Humanity’s ignorance is staggering, proportional to its certitude of being right.
Is interesting how those new species adaptations that grow exponentially to the point of causing a mass extintion forcing species to evolve is kind of comparable with the modern concept of invasive species, like the cane toad in Australia. Maybe the process of when a "super" species is the first one in an area and pretty much overpopulates the ecosystem should have a nickname of some short, maybe that concept is just normal in evolutionary terms (maybe the human expansion is not so unnatural after all; nature is like: "ah, yea, one of those".)
By the way, is there a theory about animals being the reasons for plants to conquer the land? like the animal droppings helping the natural evolutions of plants or so, can you make a video about the symbiosis between plants and animals and when it started? Thanks for the good content.
Sorry for too many questions, you channel is awesome!
now I know why the shiitake mushroom goes so well in salad 😋and why geologic evidences are interpreted so differently in books😶
you read & present books very well & with very good video charts.
dunno, but I've always heard it "pernounced" like "flow'em!" Thanks for updated info on the Paleozoic- most of my young life was spent in Silurian and Devonian territory. Plants digesting rocks is majorly important, and animals keeping plants from smothering themselves- Weren't birds from dinosaurs?
this is awesome.. like reading this stuff several times still isn't the same as listening to a cool teacher. I had Charlie Love as an instructor it was beyond amazing so I totally understand the importance of a passionate intelligent instructor.
I like these videos. I can imagine teachers would find them to be a usefully concise additional resource to supplement their lesson plans
I remember first learning of the microbial mats in the 1986 Planet Earth video series. It's still the best imo. About the only big developments since its time is supervolcanoes and iceball Earth. The Nemesis hypothesis has been disproven. I'm thinking the Gaia theory is more proven than ever!
The original Planet Earth series, from 1986 is up on youtube. I prefer the the Kurdistan Planetarium uploads, just because I think it's cool there was some open minded Iraqi's somewhere in that part of the world! I don't think whoever ran that youtube is around anymore; they haven't posted in like a decade now.
I post my updates on the origin of life, and other things there as well!
I love the content of your videos (which is the most important part), but I find the picture on the corner distracting. I think it would be better to mix narration and image.
I put forth great effort to stay focused on your professional & comprehensive presentation, but the angelic image in the corner makes that difficult!
Thank u so much Love from INDIA
We have officially moved into the new era of Geo Girl! Brava, signorina! ❤🎉😊
The disastrous consequences of life moving to land? Now we gotta pay rent.
Very good presentation. I particularly enjoyed the emphasis on the fungi. :)
Excelente video como siempre, hace unos días encontré tu canal y no podía creer la cantidad de información. As a mine engineer I just studied this topic briefly compared to geological engineer, anyway it is amazing work and thanks. Pd Sorry for my English, not perfect yet 🤣.
Thank you so much! And don't worry about it, your english is still better than my spanish ;)
Best of luck with your geological engineering career! Are you a student or professional?
@@GEOGIRL I am still a student, 3 more semesters and I will be graduating 😀.
@@angeldavidmamaniguardia1531 That's so exciting! You are almost there ;D Best of luck ;)
so clearly explained, geo girl thanks, now i can correct my notes in better way
Just wanted to say your videos are really informative! They definitely help me fill some gaps in my knowledge!
So glad you enjoy and learn from my videos! I myself learn a lot in the creation of them, so I am glad I am not the only one that gets something out of this haha ;)
Thanks for the comment! :)
What the heck were the fungi eating?! Each other? I need a fungi primer it seems
Based on your thumbnail I would say the thumbnail pic I would say the pic in the lower left corner.
I ♥️ GEO GIRL.
You would be correct! ;D
I learn so much from you doctor 👩⚕️.
Excellent video and nicely laid out timeline! This transition of life from sea to land has always fascinated me, which ones came first, etc. I've always wondered if eggshell laying was a genetic artifact of the emergence of plate armor fish and thick bones to repell jaw and biting problems when jaws first evolved from gills.
Hi! I really appreciate your concise, transparently-sourced presentations! It makes it easy to follow up on a lead if I have questions. I only comment on this because it’s like the third video you’ve talked about it, but I’ve always heard “flow ‘em”, which appears to be correct.
Thank you! ;D
You got my subscription GEO GIRL :-)
Uh... reptiles did NOT evolve into mammals, because the only other extant lineage of amniotes, synapsids, evolved into mammals, and now mammals are the only extant synapsids, because a taxon less specific than a genus cannot be evolved out of (which I should know, because my username is "Bipedal Cynodont", which I originally created in December 2021 to express my knowledge of evolution and taxonomy, but HILARIOUSLY, it gained a completely unforeseen double meaning when I joined the Furry Fandom in January 2023). Saying that reptiles evolved into mammals is almost exactly like saying that armadillos evolved into elephants, because like how extant amniotes are either reptiles or synapsids, and both of those taxa appeared at roughly the same time in the Carboniferous and shared a common ancestor, extant atlantogenatans are either xenarthrans or afrotherians, and both of those taxa appeared at roughly the same time in the Cretaceous and shared a common ancestor. I don't want to sound rude, but I can 100% see why this channel has "GEO" in its name instead of "PALEO" or "BIO" (or "ZOO", for that matter, but "ZOO GIRL" makes even more sense to avoid because it would sound like you're a zoophile, which for all I know is completely accurate, but that would still be horrible marketing nonetheless).
I love your content. Thank you for making it. Check out a band called The Ocean that has a bunch of albums on basically the history of earth. Their latest albums are called Phanerozoic I and II
OMG that's so cool! I will have to check them out, thanks for letting me know ;D
Thankyou for taking time to teach us🙏 you are smart and cute.
I wonder how botanistes pronounce fun guy.
In the Major Land Animal Evolutionary Steps, I would point out that reptiles did not evolve into mammals. Amphibians evolved into synapsids and diapsids, and synapsids evolved into mammals, diapsids evolved into reptiles (and birds).
Yep, you are not the first to point this out haha, that was totally my bad, thanks for catching that! ;)
You are saying that birds evolved from reptiles. I was just curious, as you seem to have overlooked and entire family of critters called dinosaurs, from which birds originated from.
Well I tried to explain what is currently around and currently we call them birds, but I also don't discriminate between birds and dinosaurs, so just imagine every time I say birds, I mean dinosaurs because they are dinosaurs ;)
Is it just me who gets irritated by the language used in life sciences?
Dominate. Rule. Kingdom. These are human concepts, indeed human concepts that we ought to have ditched long since as a way of organising human societies.
Organisms may proliferate, flourish, thrive, but they don't dominate other species.
No doubt some will object that it's just a figure of speech, but it skews how we conceive of natural processes, and then is used as an excuse to justify dominance in human relationships.
I agree that we put too much 'human' language and concepts onto animals and biological constucts, but I think the word 'dominate' is necessary because it means more than just proliferate or thrive. It means that it proliferated more than any other species so it's just a shorter way of saying that. I don't think that dominate has any sort of negative connotation when used this way, it just gets the point across. For example, in my research (I study the behavior of trace metals in aquatic environments), I will often say that one metal compound was the dominant metal species in the solution because that is the best way to get that point across. Sometimes you can say 'most abundant' but sometimes that doesn't work with biology because most abundant doesn't necessarily mean dominant. For example, dinosaurs dominated terrestrial environments in the Mesozoic because they were large, diverse, and abundant. Mammals and other non-dinosaur terrestrial animals may have been just as abundant, but they weren't as diverse or large or successful and therefore weren't dominant.
Anyway, that's my two cents, but I definitely see where you're coming from and I think these conversations are super interesting and important to have ;) And if you find an acceptable alternative for dominant or dominate, I am all ears! ;D
An amazing history of so many millions of years compressed into 24 minutes! I'll have to watch this video a couple more times to get that much information. Thanks a lot!
You're welcome, so glad you enjoyed it :D
Such an amazing story of life
also, does the carbon and oxygen cycle work the other way? if more of one is being released is the other getting captured more? or have many studies been done looking at this?
Yep, in general the C and O cycles work that way (the sink of one increases the source of the other & vice versa). And yes, there are many studies that show this relationship and also studies that use this 'rule' to interpret data of one of these elements to extrapolate about the other element.
Thanks for the great questions! Gives me ideas for future videos ;)
@@GEOGIRL so as we (humans) release more co2 the ecosystem is capturing more o2, if i am reading you correctly.
i am full of questions and ideas. as a content creator myself (mostly behind the scenes for numerous channels) i need to be. if you ever want or need footage from northern Utah i would be happy to take my camera out and shoot for you. or help with editing from time to time. i do about 60 hrs a week currently so not lots of available time, but i love helping.
@@jadefinchscene5644 Wow what a cool job you have! Thank you for the offer ;)
And yes, you are correct, the increase in CO2 is causing a decrease in O2. But O2 is also decreasing due to other human activities like our increase in fertilizer use & waste because we create nutrient (P & N) rich run off that runs into coastal marine environments that leads to phytoplankton blooms due to the nutrients. Then below these blooms, the O2 gets all used up causing what we call 'dead zones' where fish and other macroorganisms die due to lack of O2. In short, yes, the amount of O2 in the atmosphere and oceans is decreasing.
@@GEOGIRL thank you so much for the bonus information. i find the chemical and temperature balances to be quite fascinating, so much of my thinking and questions tend to involve those topics. extremophiles also being high on my radar.
@@jadefinchscene5644 Oh me too! I mean I guess that's obvious considering I made a whole video about extremophiles haha!
Thank you so much for this lovely essay......just subbed and rang the bell.
Yay! Thank you so much! So glad you enjoyed the video, I hope you will like the others on my channel as well ;)
So so so beautiful look..👌👌👌..and also amazing video..🙃🙃
Thank you! ;D
@@GEOGIRL most welcome..🙃🙃
Have you considered doing a review of Prehistoric Planet by Apple?
I'll have to check it out! Sounds like a good idea, thanks! ;D
I heard bacteria and fungi broke down the Rock and made the first soil for the plants to use. Is this true?
Absolutely! Or at least that's the most common hypothesis that I've heard ;)
I know that when plants came to land they made the soil much deeper, but I think bacteria and especially fungi played a huge role to start the soil formation process :)
What did the first land fungi feed on if land plants still weren't around back then?
Microbes! :) (bacteria & archaea)
I love this subject. Thanks for your videos.
Thanks! I'm so glad you do ;D
Beautiful shirt and u also
Thank you! ;)
I’ve listed to you talk for hours and still can’t get enough. 😍
So glad you are enjoying my videos! ;D
Your videos are excellent! I'm continually being bowled over by the sheer amount of quality palaeontological / geological etc. content available on TH-cam. Keep it up! Your passion for the subject is infectious.
Well done and interesting video
Well,,,!!! Hello cheeky ;-)
Thisvideoidolikealotitsarealgoodvideothankyouforthisvideo
You are very welcome ;) So glad you liked it!
This surely is the long, detailed video over this topic
I love that bacteria can eat rocks
I know right, there are so many things that make bacteria and archea so cool! ;D
You seem to have missed the role likens played in breaking down rock, making sand with organic components, or are you including them with the non-vascular plants?
Well lichens would be included in bacteria and fungi, right? Because they consist of cyanobacterial/algae & fungal filaments I believe. (I could be wrong about that though, I am not a lichen expert ;)
My mistake! It seems that weathering, caused by plate movement through high weather systems, did more to make organic soil from rocks and non-vascular plants and fungus. This according to another post on your channel. Thank you.
Did the evolution of the ozone layer constrain life on land?
Yes absolutely, but not at this point in earth's history. The ozone layer had developed by about 2.4 billion years ago, so by the time life was transitioning to land it was present. However, early life pre-2.4 billion years ago, that lived in the photic zone of the ocean may have been affected. There is some evidence that photosynthesizing microbes at the time had the ability to protect themselves from harmful UV radiation by secreting mineral coatings, I talk more about this possibility and early phototrophs in this video if you're interested: th-cam.com/video/x5wVW3OGg7c/w-d-xo.html :)
If we count the GOE, the Ordovician and Devonian extinctions and the Carboniferous rainforest collapse; there's been four occasions where photosynthetic lifeforms almost ended the world.
Is there any species of fungi that lived/lives in the sea? Either extant or extinct?
Absolutely! I don't know much about the species that live in marine and fresh water environments, but I know that they exist and have existed throughout Earth's history. Aquatic fungi even evolved before terrestrial fungi, but I am not sure whether the first fungi was marine or fresh water fungi.
Hello geo girl
Hi there, hope you enjoyed the video! :D
The amniotic egg didn't evolve as a way to move away from water, as the pre-amniotic egg was already terrestrial. But it made respiration easier, which allowed both a higher metabolism with faster embryonic development, and eggs that could increase in size. Either way, it was a big breakthrough.
Geo Girl knows her stuff
Geo, Thank you to Your Profession for the Significant Amount of Knowledge You have Obtained from Earth's Geology.
However at this Stage there is Insufficient Proof that Life Began in the Oceans rather than Life Began on the Land or on Land Rivers/Lakes.
Hence Life May Well have Begun on Land and Migrated to the Oceans.
However what is Truely Amazing is that, Huge amount of Lifeforms Flourished on Earth's Land and Oceans.
Truely Amazing Diversity.
Originally I received my degree in Biology with a great deal of Chemistry and Physics, but today realize that my understanding of life was limited by a lack of understanding of Geobiology. Thank you for expanding my informational base and making it more complete with your Geology, presented excellently and integrated into both Biology and Paleobiology.
Any serious study of Biology should incorporate what I believe you are lecturing, which I call Geobiology.
I want my fossil record to impress the cutest female studying homosapiens sapiens 200+ million years into the future!
This is my new favorite science channel, so well and clearly explained!
So glad to hear that! Thank your for the support ;D
I don't think it is correct to call the ancestors of mammals reptiles, since all reptiles are derived entirely from within sister groups, definitively within Sauropsida, if not further derived. Last I heard turtles were the main question, but are now believed to be archosaurs, so true reptiles would only be the last common decendent of archosaurs & lepidosaurs and all its decendants, which is a heck of a long way away from the synapsid fork in the road.
After all amniotes are not just equal to reptile, otherwise what is even the point of that term, even if that may be the simplistic school textbook explanation.
Forgot to say that I really enjoy your videos
Thank you very much! ;)
A recent paper discussed in a video by Anton Petrov indicated that the Earth seems to have temporarily lost its magnetosphere for perhaps 50 million years about 540 million years ago when the Earth's core solidified. I'm wondering if increased solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface during this time may have accelerated evolution by quickening mutations. If so, might this have an effect on the dating of very old species via the molecular (genetic) clock scheme? I think this scheme depends on a fairly constant long-term mutation rate for it to be accurate. It might explain the discrepancy in the dating of land fungi between the fossil record (500 millions ago) and the molecular clock (1 billion years ago), perhaps making the fossil record more accurate. I very much enjoy these videos, I love how they teach complex subjects without condescension. I almost want to take written notes for each of them. Thank you!
6:09 Not as off as you think, since the (incomplete) fossil record is *younger* than the genetic record. It would be Very Bad, though, if the genetic record was significantly younger than the fossil record.
We also should mention the unexpected co-occurrence of taxa previously known only in early Paleozoic or in middle-to-late Mesozoic strata demonstrates that some Early Triassic ecosystems were much more phylogenetically diverse and functionally much more complex than previously thought, which challenges Darwinism a great deal too. The Paris Biota illustrates the oldest occurrence of derived characters in several clades and it shows that Early Triassic marine communities include very diversified marine life for which we have evolutionary build up as they appear suddenly. Litogaster turnbullensis is a very interesting species being related to today's Lobsters 🦞 they appear in this sediments too clearly recognisable as Lobster like. We casually say they "evolved" but we have no development in the fossil record. They appear suddenly in early Triassic fossils and therefore it's a bit of strange to say they "evolved" since we see no gradual build up...
Are we assuming or do we know whether the first land funghi were like lichen? I mean they didn't have anything biological on land to feed on in the way other funghi do today. So unless they were doing some kind of chemosynthesis, lichen pretty much becomes the only option, right?
You❤😍😍😍
Interesting to hear that plants keep causing glaciations , naughty plants! Never really heard about the effects of weathering stressed so much before listening to your videos. So it is interesting to see these developments in understanding the processes
I would guess that the lobe finned fish and the air breathing adaptations came from living in a seasonal obstructed environment such as flooded forests, where all the branches and other detritus in the water would make pre limbs useful for crawling through submerged obstructions. The air breathing would be useful in static low oxygen pools such as environments inhabited by lung fish etc today. Combine the two, and land here we come! With insects etc already on land where they could avoid water bound predators, there would be incentives for fish to predate on an otherwise untapped food resource. Just think of mudskippers and even archer fish today, and how they unnaturally exploit their surroundings.
Plants did NOT evolve directly from marine algae, but rather from fresh water algae, in this sequence:
Spray from ocean waves created sprays of airborne algae and cyanobacteria.
These sprays were carried absolutely everywhere on the land surface.
Hence, the moist areas of the land were inoculated with eukaryotic algae immediately after these algae appeared in the ocean.
The ocean spray also contained salt which created a semi-marine environment at low places (lakes, ponds, etc) suitable for these algae.
As time passed, the land algal forms moved to fresher water areas, wherein they lost their tolerance for sodium.
Land plants then evolved from these sodium intolerant fresh water algae.
Sodium tolerant plants later evolved secondarily from intolerant plants along ocean margins.
Note that most plants have a very low tolerance for sodium, which they do not use in significant quantities.
Now I want a Geomicrobiology textbook for my collection library!!
Yes!! Geomicrobiology is the best! :D
Located a copy yesterday! I’m ridiculously pleased. I’ll be curled up on the couch with it today.
Thanks for that. You've given the first cause for glaciation I've ever heard.
not much you describe would have happened without the Sun!🌞🌞🌞
Where fungi on land before plants, then what they lived on? What they metabolized?
Questions for You on youtube content
1. How long does it take to make a video with prep time and editing time?
2. Do you write out a word for word script?
3. Do you give these lectures to students live?
4. Do you get credit for making these videos in the Phd program?
5. Do you watch any other TH-cam geo channels that you would recommend?
Questions for You
1. What sport did you play?
2. Do you still play it? If not why not?
3. What part of the country did you grow up in?
4. Do you plan to teach when you get your PhD?
Comments on video content
1. I find it easier to remember terms if each time you bring a name into a video you describe the meaning of the roots of the name i.e. Ceno=Recent Zoic=Life
2. I find I have a natural rate of listening i.e. I listen to British Books or East coast New Yorkers on Audible at 0.9 speed where as a Southern, Southwest, Midwest narrator I might listen at 1.1 speed. I would like to slow your delivery down to 0.9, but the 0.75 on TH-cam is just a little too slow (but I do use it on your videos sometimes). Perhaps you could try to slow down a little?
3. I would like to see what Laboratory work, equipment, procedures a geology upper level student is trained to use.
Answers to the YT questions:
1. Editing time is minimal, ~2-5 hours. Prep is extensive. Depending on whether I have good background knowledge on the topic, it can take a couple days to a few weeks (but that is obviously not continuous, it is the total amount of time it takes as I weave the youtube stuff into my research heavy schedule).
2. No, I never have a word for word script. My script is basically the bullet points on the PPT although I don't like to read it word for word but instead expand on it or talk about a figure I show on the slide. I do, however, have the books I need nearby in case some of the parts of the lecture aren't my forte and I need to re-read something, but I never read directly, I always read and then paraphrase or try to say it in a way that is easy to understand and exciting.
3. Yes, I as a teaching assistant I give many of these lectures to students live (mainly the historical geo ones since that is the class I teach, the others, however, like the metamorphic, igneous, paleo, geobio, etc. those are just for my youtube audience as I do not teach those classes).
4. No hahaha, I don't get credit. I don't even think many people in my department know that I make these yt videos. It does however help me stay motivated to make interesting and well put together lectures for my students. :)
5. I don't really watch any other geo-specific yt channels regularly. The educational content I watch these days is mostly space-based as I am really into the astrobiological applications of my research right now. The space channel I like is SciShow Space. I actually modeled my channel after the SciShow sister channel, Crash Course, which has educational content about all sorts of stuff but not much about geology, so I tried to make a geo version of it (although without a research, writing, editing, or graphics team, so mine aren't quite up to par with theirs hahaha).
I will answer the other questions in a separate comment ;)
Answers to questions about me:
1. I was a gymnast for most of my early life (from ~6-16) during which I competed nationally and planned to be a college gymnast, but unfrotunately had to quite before college due to injuries, so then I switched to golf (the only thing I could do with my big clunky knee brace at the time) and I ended up getting a scholarship to play in college and played throughout my undergraduate years.
2. I still play golf sometimes but not very often as it is pretty time consuming and expensive and money and time are hard to come by as a grad student hahaha! I still do cartwheels and handstands sometimes, but could never again do what I used to in terms of gymnastics unfortunately lol.
3. I grew up near Dallas TX.
4. Yes, I would love to teach after obtaining my PhD but I may do research only for a few years before looking for a professor position.
Thanks for the input on my videos!
And if you'd like to see the euipment I use in the lab and my experiments, you can become a channel member at either the geo expert or geo extraordinaire level (by pressing the 'join' button near the subscribe button) to see lab vlogs ;D
@@GEOGIRL Since your into astrobiology, do you have a way to confirm asteroids? I've got some really very interesting chunks of very old space rocks, please excuse my layman's terms.
But I've become downright convinced that I've uncovered an unique episode within Earth's early history. Some of the specimens I do believe have pockets in them that have remained sealed for a very long time.
However I do worry, as the deposition layers I'm finding them in. Seem to have some pretty ugly stuff associated with them. Some kind of new fungi, that has seemingly taken over the whole town.
I know that sounds mighty crazy, but I'm far from kidding. I highly suspect it's not only happening here, but anywhere else these layers are exposed. And it unfortunately spreads like wild fire, if you're interested I'll explain further.
But I've been looking for someone who can examine these specimens under high magnification. And possibly identify some of the odd minerals, and metal alloys they seem to contain.
I've become convinced that the bulk are lunar in origin, I'm just about sure of it. But there are also what I'm equally convinced are martians as well. I'm not sure exactly how it happened, but it would appear that.. Some rather large, and small, volcanic chunks of Mars slammed into the moon in the ancient past.
And sent lunar regolith melt, along with basaltic chunks, and other debris, down to Earth. These deposits are mixed with martian lavas, and duricrust. Although the volume of martian materials, is scarcer then the amount of lunar materials deposited.
But there are also tektites galore, many are Stony, but also have got some siliceous ones. Some are stonys wrapped in siliceous melt.
The lunar regolith melts are mighty interesting, they all appear to have slightly varying compositions. Some obviously contain some very heavy metals, compared to the others.
But if you have the equipment necessary to look at some samples, let me know. The only concern I have is the possible spread of fungal spores. But from what I've observed already, I would be very surprised if it hadn't already spread far and wide.
It's seemingly not designed to harm humans, or animals. But it does seem to infect most plants, especially those with reproductive parts, such as grain. And yes it gets in humans if they eat infected crops, or breath in spore loads from heavily infested areas, or enclosed spaces.
I suspect the impacts hurled large volumes of fine particles, which formed thick blankets in the upper atmosphere. Which then refracted all light from reaching the surface, and created the perfect habitat for fungal growth.
Anyway let me know if you're interested, it would not offend me if you don't want to touch this with a ten foot pole, haha. I'm looking for someone trustworthy to help with examining these specimens. And you're the first I've considered sharing them with so far.
_Your Inner Fish_ is one of my favorite books; I'm glad you gave it a shout out :)
I suppose Cooksonia made its appearance during the Ordovician.
Thank you very much for providing this further earth history upload!
Would you happen to know of anyone doing research on what happens to continents after glaciers erode and rivers cut. these kinda areas change massively and i get curious about what it does to the evolution of the area itself, i can note evolution occuring within deer population in towns vs deer in the wilderness, any reccommended reading?
It could breathe through its eyes!! Omg nature you weirdo! 😍
We got out of the water because everything wanted to eat us, kinda like in outback Australia. Now, we have an insatiable craving for seafood, especially big predator species. Are we moving back to the ocean? If so, we have really high hopes for being apex predator again.
The Cambrian explosion and its consequences have been a disaster for the human race.
Hi smart girl
i think biologists have come to the conclusion that life starting in mineral and salt saturated oceans is too difficult a problem to overcome and come to the conclusion life began in fresh water conditions.
What did the early fungi live on if there were no plants around?
Microbes :D (bacteria were likely already spreading on parts of land as the fungi did and they probably fed on each other, but that is not to rule out fungi eating fungi, I am sure that happened as well, as did bacteria eating bacteria)
I heard it was Rock. I do know there is a bacteria called lactic acid that can eat Rock
When my neighbor's mother in-law moved to his house- and the disastrous consequences.
He'd really like an analysis on her evolutionary tree- we hypothesize the imprint she leaves sitting on the couch cushion clearly indicates a whale common ancestor.
"Breathing with their eyes" can be seen on the documentary Men in Black.
👍👍
🤗🌎🌏🌍
Where did the peptydoglycan layers come from?
So that means there was plenty of life in the oceans before this migration took place