Why did Muslims lose in Spain and Portugal
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 28 พ.ค. 2022
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Hi! Welcome to Al Muqaddimah, my name is Syawish. For almost 800 years, the Iberian Peninsula existed as a pocket of Islamic Civilization, away from the Middle East, in Europe. Islamic Civilization thrived there and connected the Islamic World to Europe, opening the way for the exchange of ideas. It created not just one but two golden ages, the Golden of the Caliphate of Cordoba and the Golden Age of the Sephardic Jews. It was an abode of tolerance and collaboration. Slowly but steadily, the Muslim polities were pushed off the Iberian peninsula and sent packing to North Africa. After this, the Muslim population was told to convert, leave or die.
This fascinating story is too often told from a religious point of view, the clash of two great religions, the victory of Christianity over Islam. However, the story is more complicated than that. Muslims often allied with Christians against other Muslims and Christians often allied with Muslims against other Christians. While religion certainly played a part, this conflict should be seen as a conflict between ambitious people coveting more and more power by any means necessary.
Another simplistic view of the collapse of Muslim Iberia is that the Muslims were too decedent, bogged down by harems full of women and chalices full of wine. But again, the story is much more complicated than that. So, let’s take a look at some of the reason behind the fall of Muslim Iberia.
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Spanish removing the Arab colonialists like true chads.
Wow. Same day when kings and Generals also released a video on calipha Abdu Rahman 1 of Andalus. Do u guys plan with each other
Update ur discord link
@@ruzzsverion2728 The final expulsions of Muslims, Jews and Christians who were deemed not Christian enough, was not only horrific, but also breathtakingly stupid. It ruined the economy and decimated the population.
@@sagaramskp Please read the book "Abd Ak Rahman Al Dahil, El principe emigrado" by Daniel Valdivieso.
Rahman was a Nestorian Christian, Islam was not born yet.
He was a son of a preacher or monk in Sergiopolis(Resafa) Syria.
The battles that false history is telling are lies, those battles never happened.
Read the book, La revolucion Islamica de Occidente" by Ignacio Olague.
They hate him because he uncovered the lies and myths of the governments.
As a Spanish i find this video very interesting. In high school, when we study medieval history of spain, we dedicate almost a whole year to Al Andalus, but we do not focus so much on the reasons for its decline. Rather, the emirate of Cordoba, the Caliphate, the Taifas, the Almoravides, the Almohades... their political organization and culture... are explained chronologically. But do not explain tha way. Congrats for your video and thank you from Spain
Sounds like Spain learns more about Islamic history than Turkey for instance
@@smavi4133 Yes, we study Al Andalus as a part of our own history as well we study Rome or the germanic invasions
Viva Espana !
I remember being fascinated by it in school all from Abderramán to Boabdil
Same in Portugal! 🇵🇹❤️🇲🇦❤️🇪🇦
As a portuguese I find this video very interesting and informative. Our schools don't teach these details about the reconquista period. Mostly it is thaught as a conflit between christians and muslims, and the muslims were the ones always unprepared or weak. But this video actually explains way more. The fact muslims and christains allied to fight other christains and muslims lords for power is something really impressive.
You did a great job :) Keep it up
wait, you are not taught about the history of Muslim Iberia? Here in Spain they taught us about everything, the economy, society and cultural aspects from 711 to 1492, very detailed explanations about the caliphates, emir and even the names of important muslim generals. Basically all the info from this video and more with more details.
@@alfrredd In Portugal, the only things they teach us (in 5th, 6th and 7th grade [between ages 10 to 14]) is the muslim expansion, roughly what is islam and basially what years, and what portuguese kings conquered (or reconquered) what cities, in what year. They never tell us about the caliphates, generals, great battles or when christians and muslims fight together against other christians and muslisms. Sometimes, our teachers, mention briefly some monastic orders (like the templars and hospitaller orders, and with some luck, one might mention the order of the knights of Santiago), but never big details or even giving good explanations for why this happened like this. I only found out about these alliances and aids, between muslism and christains, through the legend of the visigotic king Rodrigo, or even the tale of El Cid (Age of empires courtesy that one :) ) But aside of this? Nothing else sadly. I don't know if it is pride, or ignorance, or not being aware, or if it is something else. I'm sorry for being so long. But I hope I did answer to your question. And apologize for any grammar mistakes.
Looks like your schooling was really really biased towards Muslims. I mean they DID represent a presence in Iberia for 700 years. But I guess the Portuguese and Spanish would rather raise their own culture rather than foreign ones. The same can't be said of former Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas. 😒
@@alfrredd Les empezamos a decir "Árabes" a ustedes así como nos dicen "Hispanos". Son Árabes ahora.
@@eduardoferreiradesa5716 Oh, I see. We did learn about the Almohads, Almoravids, Ibn Tariq, Abd Al Raman III the caliphates, the taifas, the language (moz-arabic) and many many more things.
As always, my favorite content creator on Islam and its history. But in defense to al andalus not even the Roman's, Charlemagne, or anyone else found it easy to subjugate the Asturias.
charlemagne didn't try tho
Cuz we Spaniards are strong people
@@Skeety08 everybody is strong people if the terrain(or population level) favors them.
@@Skeety08 and Portuguese 🇵🇹🇵🇹 we kick Spanish in the but many times 😬😬
@@Skeety08 Spaniards didn't exist during the Roman period. You probably mean "Iberians". Yet, during the Roman period the people of Asturias were known as Astures (they gave the region its name), a Hispano-Celtic people. Genetically speaking, they definitely make up the majority of the DNA of modern day Asturians, but linguistically and culturally they're almost extinct, as "Spaniards" are part of the Romance language family.
You know, just like how the "Belgicae" aren't Belgians. Sure, there's definitely a lot of shared genetics, but the Beligicae were a Celtic peoples and Belgians are a mix of Romance and Germanic peoples; so they're not even one people (and thus Belgians claiming that Caesar called them "the strongest" is a ridiculous attempt at designing a nationality).
So, basically the main reason is the same why the Visigoths lost Iberia when the Muslims first invaded it: bickering and internal conflicts among the Visigoths themselves.
the geography of the area always dectates the poltics no matter the religion
@@krimokrimov6050 not really.
@@baneofbanes exlpain more
@@krimokrimov6050 the Kingdom of Spain has lasted longer and for the most part more stable than either the Visigothic kingdom and Al-Andalus, and yet has not fallen apart.
@@baneofbanes they learned from the past kingdoms and they had the gold of the Americas to keep the kingdom stable
As Iberians, our oldest cultural identity is Celtic (Celtiberian) but we accepted Roman identity and culture gladly after the conquest. We were fully romanized and lived the Roman way for centuries. We generally even pride ourselves in having been Romans in the past and see ourselves as their cultural descendants. We don’t identify at all with the other cultures that ruled here: Carthaginian, Visigothic / Germanic or Arab / Muslim. Religiously, we completely forgot our Polytheistic past and are (at least culturally) fully Christian.
We Iberians see ourselves as distinct from North African and Northern European cultures. Most uninformed Iberians outside Andalusia don’t even know they had Germanic or Arab rulers in the past.
But every Iberian knows they were Roman in the past. We keep building residential and government buildings / architecture in Greco-Roman style, and see Italy and Greece as the closest cultures today (southern European mediterranean culture).
We also produced a lot of architecture in Germanic / Gothic style (particularly during the Middle Ages, mostly castles and churches) - most Iberians not even knowing why. While Arab architecture, as much as we like it, we never adopted it at all - the remains of it here in Iberia sit as tourist attractions in the dry south of the peninsula.
What about the Basques? They're pre-Indo-European.
Franco allied with the arabs and he had a great respect to Morocco
And leftists today have great respect to the islamic past and the many many mosques were built since 1975 when they took power
@@SamAronow Basques are a distinct culture too.
@@12gmkk29 good point, yes we allow the construction of places of worship of other cultures too (such as synagogues). But we see them as things of foreign cultures - meaning we didn’t adopt that architecture as our own (as we did with Greco-Roman architecture).
@@AntonioBrandao gladly accepted roman culture? 😂😂😂Hispania was one of most rebellious and and hard to control provinces of Rome the Romans regarded for most of its history as romans regarded Hispanics as ungovermnble savages. It took more than 300 for the province to become stable and not in endless state of rebellion
Excellent video..I'm a history teacher from eastern europe...and sources here on islamic history are very scarce...this channel is a new goldmine for me...
Al Muqqadimah: How Muslims lost in Spain and Portugal
Me: how Muslims Spain and Portugal lost
Many Jews were actually left for the north during the Almohad and Almoravid times, as the two dynasties were too intolerant for many of them, and the Christian kingdoms were not actually that intolerant (yet).
During the inquisition, Jews left Iberia to other Muslim lands. Shows who was relatively more tolerant.
@@Azhar_shaikh1 Catholic Spain was quite intolerant, that is for certain. The problem is that we fail to acknowledge the intolerance that also existed in the peninsula when the Moors were in power (lesser, indeed, but still).
@@anotheranon3118 It was quite intolerant when the inquisition occurred. Before hand it even signed a peace that protected Muslim faith. This of course changed, but inaccurate to portray a simple “tolerant Muslims and intolerant Christians” when it fluctuated depending on who was ruling.
@@bobettethedestroyerthebuil1034
That's true, people always picture Iberian Christians as utterly intolerant of Muslims because of the inquisition but it wasn't always like that
War played a big role in that fluctuating tolerance from both sides
@@Azhar_shaikh1 inquisition only prosecute jews that had converted to christianity, as it only deals with heretics, not other religions.
Just came from a video of Kings and Generals about how that Umayyad Prince fled to Iberia but the channel forgot that there are more contries in Iberia than just Spain but you, a smaller channel, remembered. Thank you. Also, great video btw, your channel helped me a lot in my Medieval Islam History in college!
Muslims make videos about Iberia because they are sad they lost it. And would try to take it again. Don't be nice to this islamist clowns
I’d argue too, the Christian kingdoms always had the aid of the larger Christian European world, while the Muslim sultanates could really only see aid from Northern Africa, as they were far removed from most other Islamic kingdoms.
They did receive aid from North Africa in the form of Almoravids and Almohds. They were the reason that Muslims lasted so Long. Otherwise Reconqiesta would have completed in 300 years.
Even when Morocco lost it's lands in Iberia they kept launching expeditions in Iberia and sending help and soldiers to Andalusia that was independent from both Morocco and Spain
@@rawahakamran9544 I said that. However the thing is, the Maghreb is far smaller than the rest of Europe.
@@bobettethedestroyerthebuil1034 not all of Europe supported them all the time. There were a few episodes where they received aid from the pope that's all.
@@rawahakamran9544 Christian military orders in Iberia were set up across Europe to procure funds and manpower, similar to the military orders of the crusader states such as the knights hospitaller. Also France especially early on aided, and France was so populace at the time 1/4 of all Europeans lived in France at the time.
Excellent summary of a complex subject. Thanks for your great channel!
very interesting video, as with all major historical events, there are many factors that come into play
"Ever since starting his reign, Mohammed had to put out fires left, right, and center."
- Do you have any idea how little that narrows it down when talking about Islamic history? 😂
This is the best history narrator on TH-cam. Keep it up brother
Fantastic video keep it up your doing amazing job
ASA, I appreciate the nuance of the title of 'how' it occurred, but not necessarily 'why'. The theories I find most interesting is the collapse of Khalifal legitimacy culminating in the rule of Mansur and the onset of the Medieval Climate Optimum that led to favorable climactic conditions in North West Europe.
The former is interesting in light of the fact that the eastern khalifates were able to resolve the political crises thru a new political arrangement between a Khalifa and a sultan. The latter is interesting in that, as discussed in "the collapse of the eastern Mediterranean" by Ellenbaum, the east experienced unfavorable climactic conditions so it would be interesting to know if the same occurred in Andalus.
Great video, keep up the good work.
Thats an excellent point rarely put foward discussing this subjects.
What eastern caliphates? You mean abbasids?
@@MohamedRamadan-qi4hl I meant the fatimids and abbasids as opposed to the umayyad in spain.
There was no disaster except the catastrophe of the Abbasids’ invasion of the Umayyads and the destruction of their capital, Damascus, and the escape of the only prince, Abd al-Rahman I who escaped the killing and went to Spain and established the Caliphate of Cordoba.
My man, one thing most history comentators do undermine the Portuguese contribution to the conquest of the territoy from the Arabs to which is Portugal today within the Iberia peninsula. Further. We where the gratest navigators, the first global power (1500/1570) we lead and others follow. Somehow, most of the westren world make very little mention of this fact...
yeah but you did wiped out native South Americans so dont complain
How is Portugal now? Sleeping?
therefore the Muslims trapped themselves in a system of hereditary transmission of power (dynasties) and thereby alienated the populations who were nevertheless also Muslims.
this seems to continue even today except that the form of government has little or nothing to do with Islam.
thank you for your effort and for sharing and good continuation.
greetings from Algeria.
Correct! Greetings from Morocco brother.
As someone who was brought up Muslim and who converted to Christianity, I agree with you very much.
Main factor for fall of muslims in Andulus/Spain is disunity in Muslims
@@canaryinacoalmine7267 welcome brother from Croatia ✝️❤️
If its the dominant system betwen muslims, hen you cannot say it has nothing to do with Islam.
See West.
Nowhere in christainity said people to be individualist and democrat, but due to the catholic church, christians became individualists, and then democrats.
There is more in religions than sacred books says.
Ibn Khaldoun said clearly tha what you said is the way of rule in Islam, or at elast in arab culture.
Nice video. But it's also important to understand that most of Iberia were not under moslim control this long. "For almost 800 years the Iberian Peninsula existed as a pocket of Islamic Civilisation" is a huge overstatement. To name a few more realistic periods: it seems in 720 all Iberian was in moslim control. The Battle of Covadonga in 718 or 722 marks the beginning of the Kingdom of Asturias. Asturias was under moslim control since around 715 as well as most of Northern Iberia. This means that moslims stayed in control there for only 7 years. Porto was reconquered in 868, so 153 years of moslim control and not 800. Coimbra in 1064, so around 349 years of muslim control, counting from 715. If the whole of Iberia was under moslim control for 800 years, there probably wouldn't have been any christianity left. The reconquista took as long as there were muslims in Iberia because they were foreign rulers. "Historian Joseph F. O'Callaghan says the remnants of the Hispano-Gothic aristocracy still played an important role in the society of Hispania. At the end of Visigothic rule, the assimilation of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths was occurring at a fast pace. Their nobility had begun to think of themselves as constituting one people, the gens Gothorum or the Hispani." "During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims." Iberia was under moslim control for a long time, but it has never been truly moslim.
"Subject to a tax", yes, the jizyah. Extortion money to keep Muslims from killing you. Wonderful arrangement. So fair and compassionate. We live like slaves and pay you not to kill us while you live like sultans and lord it over us. Minor detail.
Actually Andalus slowly became Muslim magority especially around 10 to 11 centuries and by the way the arabs were not any more foreign to the land any more than goths and Romans were
@Willy Nil the Romans and goth are native to Iberia? Because that is my point
Did muslims there kidnapped the Christian children to make thejm into soldiers like Ottomans did with Janisaries?
@@MohamedRamadan-qi4hl The population of Iberia was Roman. Even with the Visigoths there was a distinction between the Germanic ruling class and the rest of the romanised population. So while I can agree that aside from religion the Visigoths and Muslims weren't as different, the Romans left a bigger and longer lasting legacy.
Thanks for covering this chapter in Iberian history.
From what I understand the average Iberian peasant was Christian and both Islam and the Muslim Renaissance on the Iberian peninsula were limited to the elite, mostly because, as you said, the Muslim states were against active conversion. This might have played a role in the decline of Islam on the peninsula.
It also would've been difficult to do forced conversion on a continent where you are the only Muslims and wouldn't want to start a crusade. So it was simply logical at the same time it also meant they didn't have true control over the region and it was always destined to be temporary.
@@jamese5936 most of Andalusia became Muslim during the 10 and 11 centuries
@@jamese5936 most of andalusia did become muslim, forced conversions are impossible to do because they provide less jizya and mess up the social order
The reason that the reconquista was a sucess in Spain and Portugal, was that were a great number of catholics in this countries, and this cristians moçarabs supported the cruzaders, but in Syria and Egypt because of the cism monophysite, the Christians prefere maintained in the muslin domain that support the cruzaders, and loose his religious indentity
Usually the case. In-house fighting, adopting enemy of my enemy is my friend politics, and eventually all parties lost out to that enemy of my enemy. By 1258, everything was gone except Granada.
It was never theirs in the first place, so don’t feel too bad.
@@rossmanchario4874 500 years says otherwise. Besides, I'm not Berber so why would I feel bad?
@@syedahmed7130 Sorry, they were colonizers who were slaughtered and removed from the land. Iberia was catholic before they got there and it remained catholic after they were thrown out.
@@rossmanchario4874 it remained catholic because of the pograms installed after reconquista. If I recall, it was not a Catholic majority when the visogoths were there. They were not colonizers. They made that land their home with the native population still intact. On the other hand, the Brits and Europeans who went to North and South America wiped out the native population while making that land their own.
@@syedahmed7130 “they made the land their home”. Yes they did through conquest and subjugation. You talk as if they were invited in. They were foreign invaders who ruled until the natives finally organized well enough to slaughter them!
Wow great Channel. Je suis un francophone qui suit passionnément votre chaîne surtout sur l'histoire d'Al Andalus.
Can you also make videos on subsaharan Muslim empires like Mali and Songhay.
Nice analysis. Great video;)
Another great video! One video I think would be pretty cool is the effect the Arabic language had on Spanish seeing as they were so intermingled for so long and were so close as neighbors/trading partners as well as most if not all Latin American Spanish is from the most southern region of Spain in Andalusia. Since Spanish is so prevalent here in American society I think a lot of people would find interesting.
I learned Spanish and some Latin in high school, then took a year of Arabic in college. I was always suuuper curious about the possible influence, but had to just rely on guessing. I'd love a video on this too!
Languages influence other languages in the areas where they have superior technology. Arabic influences Portuguese and Spanish almost exclusively in areas such as vocubalary of the farming products they introduced and irrigation techniques and some farming tools. In some furniture and clothing and some of the administrative vocabulary. You can also find arabic based names of places or geographic features like some mountains and rivers.
But all in all the influence is still reduced. The grammar of the iberian languages is latin (well....romançal, the post classical latin, much simplified grammar). Portuguese, Spanish and Italians barely have to study eachothers grammars and French grammar just a little harder. It is more a matter of checking the bits that are different and then learn the vocabulary which, more often than not has the same root, either from latin or from one of the modern romançal languages.
@@mendesjosr4438 this is correct.
I know that lots of words starting with 'Al-' originates from arabic. In southern Portugal places like Algarve, Albufeira, Alentejo, all originate from arabic.
@@rodrigojds yes the south is full of localities that preserved their Arabic names. Same in southern Spain. We also still use quite a few Arabic words for food products, like Alface (lettuce).
Glad Portugal and Spain regained Christianity.
Not Constantinople
Nice video, greetings from Barcelona, Spain!
Thanks! We treasure all the knowledge and influences left. Those are part of our origins and culture. Keep up the good work! Best Regards from Portugal ❤🇵🇹
Porque fuimos fuertes, creimos en nuestra fe, fuimos muy astutos y Tambien, porque Al-Andalus se fracmento en pequeños estados que fueron anexados progresivamente por los Reinos de Portugal, Castilla y Aragon. Estos 2 ultimos formando la actual españa.
¡Santiago, cierra! By the way great video, as usual!
Por Santiago! Por Jesús Cristo!
Very thoughtful summary - awesome .
What’s your name ( I could ever make it ) , secondly were either of the two who rules after ummayids were abbasids ?
As always, great video. Also thanks, because this will help me write my alternate history novels on an alternate Muslim Iberia. I have several comments though:
1. A small correction: The Almohads didn't come from the desert, they came from the mountains because their tribe, the Masmuda, were sedentary villagers, as opposed to the Sanhaja Almoravids, who were desert nomads.
2. I think that a united Muslim Iberia could have survived under a Kharijite Dynasty. This is because this sect, unlike the Ummayads, didn't discriminate based on ethnic origin. As such, the major ethnic divisions that plagued Al-Andalus throught is history wouldn't have happened, and Kharijism could have opened the door for local Mawalis to rise to the position of ruler. A united Islamic Iberian polity could have also eventually invaded the North, and thus crush the Christian Kingdoms for good, and so evade the threat of Reconquista.
3. Had the Almohads in particualr reformed their system and placed more troops in Iberia, then they would have kept the Al-Andalus.
4. Maybe the problem of lack of soldiers could have been solved by creating, much like the Christians and some Muslims (like Saladin) did, a force of voluntier jihadists to fight against the Christians in the frontiers. To do that, maybe the ascending Sufi orders could have contributed by recruiting people (like the Christian Military Orders).
Also big problem by my opinion is that Abbassids failed to conquer Iberia from Umayyad prince when they invaded i think if Abbasids completed the conquest they woud have also allowed non arabs to higher postions in the hyerarchy ,but on the other hand one of the reasons for flourishnes and growth of Al-Andalus were Ummayads who lost their power in muslim wordl, and then put everything into Andalusia.It just doesen't get into my head how could the muslims in Spain and Portugal did not realize they are close to destruction and never again united...
Iberia was not an isolated region, crusaders from the kingdom of the Franks and northen europe were active participants aswell as the italian maritime republics, as for conquering the north, the cold damp weather, rugged mountainess terrain and densely forested regions negated bereber/arab warfare style of rapid mobilization and manuevers and forced them to traverse narrow passages and valleys forced to fight in close quarter combat with christian heavy infantry and lancers which holded the edge.
Muslim forces tended to be lightly armour better suited for speed and agility than the type of brute melee combat more typical of western europeans.
@@alenkadric635 Because there was not such thing as a cohesive muslim identity in Iberia other than as an ideal hardly capable of practical implementation.
@@XxLIVRAxX The terrain was like that even when muslims first came with Tarik Bin Ziyad , and they stormed all the way to southern France. And in the time of the Cordoba Caliphate Empire was safe so there was a possibility in unity and posibility to keep Spain muslim. When Cordoba was broken muslims were done, as soon as you hear that muslims joined other cristians to attack fellow muslims you know Allah will not forgive them that,and it will eventuay lead to their end. People usualy say Europeans were getting to strong and even if the Caliphate survived they woud have completed the reqonquista but Allah knows the best , it's still one of the greatest losses in muslim history, all those books mosques buildings....
@@alenkadric635 Raids in the north did not translate into permanent ocupation, one the main reasons was geography and attrition, thats the reason the Kingdom of Asturias a succesor state to the Kingdom of Hispania was succesfully established.
In france the Muslim occupation of several coastal towns was rapidly reversed, distance from the logistic centers of Muslim occupied Iberia and Northafrica made it difficult to hold.
Also the type of heavy infantry and lancers I reference was an evolution of medieval warfare by 900s onwards, innovations in tactics and command plus new military orders did manage to stop the tide of Muslim expansionism and reverse it.
Geography and terrain has always condition military campaings, Muslim armies mostly made of berebers were not well adapted to the rigors of the climate of the north fighting against warlike mountaniers and experienced commanders who knew the terrain and how to exploit it.
I love your research.
Thank you for the video, very good summary, as a portuguese historian i fully agree with your analysis. P.s: i find it very funny that you mention the adventurer Giraldo Sem Pavor, a certified anti hero, worked for Afonso I of Portugal and supposedly died in Morocco while on a spying mission on the Almohads.
Very good video and good analysis & summary by the Brother...Keep up the good works..Thanks, from Malaysia
Nice show! However.... how, under your perspective, did the conquest of Ceuta (سبتة) by the Portuguese in 1415, followed by Alcácer Ceguer (القصر الصغير) in 1458, Tangier (طنجة) and Arzilah (أصيلة) in 1471, Mogadouro-Essauira (الصويرة) in 1502 in Marocco, and the prevailing warring climate, "helped" christians conquest of Iberia?
Portugal is hot than morocco
Man I literally just watched Abdarrahman I's video from Kings & Generals and youtube throws this at me now. All right here we go
Of course both videos were sponsored by Paradox for their new alAndalus DLC
As a Portuguese person, obviously, i'm glad Muslim Iberia fell. Learning about how Catholics survived in the mountains in Asturias and never fell to the great Muslim empires and kingdoms and then went on to reconquer the whole peninsula after centuries of Muslim occupation was always one of the most fun parts of our history curriculum. Sadly it was never in detail and it was slightly biased against Muslims when we learned it in school but thankfully we have the internet to get different sources. Appreciate the video about my land, always nice to see
Very Informative.
Make a video about Somalia please, the ajuuran empire, the adal sultanate had a very rich history I hope you dive into it
Thank you man
Not alot of people are out here talking about somali sultantes
We sailed the waves of the Indian Ocean for over a millenia
From sofala to Hyderabad
From berbera to mallaca
A somali sultan ruled the maldives and somlai sailors sailed on the great fleets of Zheng he
Greeks knew us as opone, mufune, mundus
The persians knew us as macrobians
The Egyptians knew us as punt
“Gardez chaque morceau de sol Franc avec vos vies.”
- Charles Martel
Toujours, Toujours !!
Apocryphe datant de la fin du 19e siècle.
@@zvi4954 mais ils l ont fait
!!!Viva Cristo Rey y su santísima iglesia católica!!! 🇻🇦
?
Thanks for sharing; take care
Lesson learned...Utmost important for Muslim to be united and strong, to do 'amar maqruf and nahi mungkar and not to fight and have grudges to each other...
You did great! The main snowball that started it was the greed from the Arab governors who taxed amazigh muslim and also mistreated them when they were 90% of the soldiers that took Iberia. That greed started to rébellion which led to the fall of the western caliphate. But without that you would have the North Africa countries we have today.
Why indian or pakistani muslims say that we lost spain ...Most probably during that times they were hindus or buddhist
Identities and convictions change. You now identify with people which just a few hundred years ago you would've considered strangers of a foreign kingdom and probably killed without a second thought regardless of religion or creed when in conflict.
It's absolutely weird lol
Lo g ek or chutiya aagya..in chutiyon ki quom ne aaj tk machar Fatah ni Kiya..vo bhenchod gyaan chodney aajaaty hein
wannabe arabs
@@abed5144 I mean, only the top brass (to use typical military jargon) were arabs. And a minority of the garrisoned troops. Most muslims in (S)pain were Muwallad converts and some berbers.
Thank you for this fantastic work. I really wanted to know how come such a powerful muslim dynasty that called Iberia home is non-existent today. May Allah bless you for sharing this valuable information.
Nice video!
Very good point. It's extremely naïve to divide geopolitics simply into one religion Vs another when it's usually more messier than that
Only the religious with a political agenda do so.
It got nothing to do with Muslims and Islam, rather it was the loss of Arabs and Amazighis reign in Iberian Peninsula
Lol they were
Muslim majority
It has almost everything to do with Islam
so when muslims lose then it has nothing to do with religion but when they win then allah has willed it 🤣🤣🤣🤣
@@uzochiokeke4328 That's only what emotional layman tell that
@@zer0enrage What do you mean by occupier of Makkah and Madinah?
It’s because of the ungrateful berbers always causing political instability to Arabs when Arabs are the very reason berbers have any relevance in history
Great video! Greetings from the Netherlands.
Great video
I think what you have indicated in this excellent analysis is that the Muslim states of Iberia needed Turks if the wished to expand.
Actually tolerance was only there for a short while then the forced conversion and barbaric treatment of those who refused to pay Jyzia or convert was implemented.
500 years is no short time.
Oh, people paying taxes! The calamity!
@@adamnesico that’s 300 actually because it was mainly under umayyads by the time of the nasrids most andalusians were muslims
I recognize and appreciate the history and explanation. I find it very well done. The only concept I have a difficulty grasping is the concept of “slaves” acting as soldiers or warriors. How was it possible to depend upon slaves to fight for the caliphate?
in Islam...most slaves convert to islam and get higher ranks both in Muslim elite class and armies...
there are two most famous Muslim slave dynasties;
1 Slave dynasty of Muslim India
2, Mamlooks means Slave dynaty of Egypt....
Indian slave dynasty founded first Muslim Empire in India under its slave king...Qutub ul din Aibak....
and Egyptian Mamlook dynasty of Egypt defeated Mangols invasion to Syria and Egypt
You take them when they are young and indoctrinate them.
Children were kidnapped from Christians and other countries and learning them the Qur'an and Islam from a young age so that they would be fighters in the future Also kidnapping Slavic kids Saqaliba and preparing them by learning Quran and hadith and Islamic stuffs and when they grow be as fighters for Caliphate somthing like Hitler Youth
We didn't lose Spain and Portugal. We lost Andalusia.
Hispania and Portus Callús long pre existed "Al Andalus"
@@noelbensted3389 Both Spain and Portugal did not exist as a country. Go study their history for fuck sake dude.
No you didn't, It never happened.
The Nestorians invented the story.
"We" didn't lose shit lmao. Are you the official spokesman for the Amazigh population?
@@CjqNslXUcM Yeah people can be weirdly tribal and loyal to groups that they aren't even a part of.
I was raised Catholic but I don't identify with the Catholic Iberians in any way.
I don't why but the Iberian peninsula has more Moorish feel to it than Arab the architecture is identical to what they have in Morocco unlike whatever arab architecture is like if they have one that is, since tents are more suitable to the desert climate
Wow that is a stupid comment
Finally some one talking about geopolitics without religious bias. My friend you spoke simply, with truth and without pointing fingers at anyone. I’m Portuguese and know my history. Thank you brother
Hi Al Muqaddimah, been following your channel for a while now and I like the content you put out, but might I suggest that the channel expand its content to also cover Islamic civilisations in other continents like Africa (West, Central, South and East) and East Asia. There’s a whole lot of history there to learn and analyse
Almohads and almoravids took back a lot of cities such as Valencia, Murcia, Trujillo, Calatrava, Zaragoza, Silves. They were decent at siege warfare, its just that they had a lot of instability in north africa that prevented them from defend andalusia at times
@@baneofbanes at all? what you call the reconquests by the almoravids/almohads that i listed then?
Portuguese here, it's pretty interesting learning about my county's Muslim history. A lot of words I never think twice about using have Arabic origin
It's a wonderful blend of cultures. I'm currently in Andalucia and I'm very happy to see how the people have preserved that culture.
@@AlMuqaddimahYT its a shame you people still dont have basic human rights. oh wait its just how you lot are
There is no blend of cultures, nobody wanted to be muslim around Iberia. Nobody wanted to be enslaved, sent to the lower stracta of the society in their homelands, pay the Gizya of pay the ultimate price. Let's not foguet that muslim were invaders, they were the Russian orcs of those days.
There wasn't anything really relevant for muslim to teach to Roman-like Iberia. In Portugal there is absolutely nothing left and yet we have 9000 roman archaeological sites, hundreds of neolithic sites but nothing from the islamic times... no roads, no buildings, no religion, no language, no names, no family names, no folk... no nothing really.
So, talking about blend of cultures, I really have no idea of what you might be talking about.
@@1vespa actually very wrong. We have lots of buildings from that period. If you go to any old church in southern Spain, it most likely used to be a mosque, the language did also heavily influence Spanish and Portuguese. Approximately 8% of Spanish vocabulary has Arabic origin, words such as Aceite meaning cooking oil comes from Arabic "Azzayt", Hasta meaning until comes from Arabic "Hattah", Alcohol comes from Arabic "Kuhl". Pretty much any word in Spanish and Portuguese starting with Al comes from Arabic. As for names I think you would be surprised to find lots of Fatima's, Theresa's, Omar's and Alejandro's that all have Arabic roots too. As for folk, the vast majority of the Arab and Berbers on Iberia were banished or killed but the few that stayed converted to Catholicism and integrated into the population. On average we have about 10-15% of our DNA from North African stock. My personal test only said about 5% though, which is still a pretty substantial amount.
So yes I partially agree with you, for the most part Iberia is barely any more of a blend of cultures now as any other European country but in the middle ages it sure was and to deny that is to deny reality. They gave us a lot of things that sets us apart from other European countries. So I really have no idea what you might be talking about.
@@GenericUsername1388 Actually wrong??? Not so so fast.
Well, i'm Portuguese not Spanish and Portugal isn't southern Spain. Name me a building in Portugal today that was built by the muslim.
About language, you are so wrong, I guess somebody must have told you that. We have about 1000 words of arabic origin and about 300 of those are toponymy. Let's just say that we have some 120000 toponymic names and I have a dictionary with 230000 words... this means what that the arabic language influence in the Portuguese language must be around... less than 0,2%. We could also say that most of those 700 words aren't even used anymore and that the ones that we use are about 120 to 130, the same number as the English language uses... were there any islamic in England too?
Excellent views, channel
Hi, I was agreeably surprised by the quality of this video, and I'll have to watch more from this channel. The only issue I have is with the use of the word "Morocco" - in my view this would require a prior explanation, or else one could use a different term. Nonetheless, everything is well explained.
The muslims of Spain being least capable in war is sorta true especially in second half after 1100. It remind me of Balkan where the people there are very capable warrior themselves that give ottomans huge headaches or people of north Italy that with their independent nature that stopped the influence of aragon or other Christians monarch from having total control over them. The good thing they serve as good soldiers in almost many ottoman/habsurgs armies. Bad thing is they also cause the most revolts among the respective empires provinces
This is why, pragmatically (and not just because it sounds good), democracy is a good thing. Especially with local, state and federal governments being separate. Imagine if those guys had full local autonomy but foreign policy and trade depended on either the Ottomans or the Habsburgs(who themselves would be replaced by a democratically elected government based on what different states/provinces vote for, basically turning into Ataturk's Turkey and the EU). There would be no reason to revolt.
@@jhonshephard921 Revolts can and did happen in a democracy as well
Saracens and Berbers, actually. Religious identity was a secondary attribute here. As to the question posed, the answer is simple: the Spaniards fought back and won the decisive battles.
as a descendant of the Almohads tribe (the masmouda tribe) i can assure you we are mountainous men (high atlas) nothing to do with the desert to the contrary of almoravides that were mainly from znaga (sanhaja in arabic) that were a nomadic tribe
Hang on... As desolate as morocco was... I heard Maghribi region (dunno which part of morocco it is, all I know is that it's in Africa northwest) is quite popular as agricultural center. Was that not enough to sustain siege campaign in Iberia?
What this guy doesn't know is that the desert is in the south of Morocco, the are régions have mediterranean weather.
This guy's arguments doesn't mean anything.
Yacub Al Mansur the almohad caliph, stoped the siège of Toledo (after winning the battle of alarcos) because the Castillan kings wife and his daughter and mother went outside crying and asked mercy from Yaacub Al Mansur, and he showed them mercy and went back to the south.
You won't know these details if you can't read arabic.
Whta I just said is written on books from Historians who lived in that time.
@@AdamAzzr Khoya can you sent me the source so I can read that
The end of the Umayyad caliphate of Spain was one of the biggest catastrophe to befall the muslims. Fascinating era, and really important for muslims to take lessons from !
I have a series on my channel covering Almoravids and the Muslims taifas, so basically 50 years after this.
Very good video as usual!
Interestingly, people say that the fall of Constantinople was one of the biggest catastrophes to befall Christendom...
People do think alike, it seems.
@@guilhermesavoya2366 One side's catastrophe is the other's blessing I guess ? 😀
@@animatedislamichistory Yeah, your catastrophe in Iberia is considered to be one of Christendom's greatest achievements
...when the ruling arab classes started to behave like dicks and increasingly intolerant towards the local population, that was the beginning of the end...
Other than for sentimental reasons, Al Andalus was not a major catastrophy for the Muslim world, powerfull Islamic empires would emerged including the Ottomans, Safavids, Mamluks and Mughals.
It was however a powerfull symbolic change of fate and signaled the rise of the Christian west.
Iberian Christian: "Hey Mr Englishman why have you sailed so far south? Where are you headed with all those well armed men?"
Englishman: "Why we're on a crusade to fight the Muslims and retake the holy land."
Iberian Christian: "Fight Muslims huh? You know the holy land is really far away and there are plenty of Muslims around here that you could fight. Could give you a chance to practice all those crusading skills."
Englishman: "Is this a holy land?"
Iberian Christian: "Well it's certainly holy to me."
Englishman: "Good enough for me. Come on lads let's go ashore and get a work out in. There's something about fighting African Muslims that just sounds right to my Norman ears."
Iberian Christian: "I think this could be the beginning of a beautiful friendship."
Ironic it was the English that invited the muslims back to Iberia after nearly 300 years of expulsion albeit in smaller numbers.
Has a spaniard i got to that even tjough we are very much christians the muslim legacy is not looked on badly. For example the 'plaza de toros' (bullfigthing ring) of madrid is made with a mozarabic architecture even if made of brick.
Nice video
*Could it possibly be that over the course of centuries, the Spaniards came to prefer Christ's Compassion over Muhammad's belligerence* ?
No, bith sides were belligerent.
Although certainly many Christians ended fleeing north tired of discrimination.
And the last jews and christians of alAndalus were expelled by the almohads.
An eastern European rose from being a slave to leading Muslim armies in defense of his Mediterranean island home? That is pretty freaking epic, and makes me wish there were TH-cam videos about him.
if that surprises you, wait until you hear about the mamluks.
Wait until you hear about Malik Amber. Check out the video on Kings & generals.
'Antarah ibn Shaddad
Their women controled our caliphate as puppet 😖
Why you didn't make any video on Abi Al Mansoor , very important role on decline of caliphate !
I live in Spain, and visited Toledo recently. Fascinating place, and seminal too x
Everytime I hear about how Iberian peninsula was taken away from Muslims..it just hurts really..
It means a better life for the people of the iberian peninsula...so goo riddance
@@RoninTF2011 should I say the same thing about Constantinople as well?good riddance?
The same we Orthodox Christians feel about Constantinople my friend.
@@inamdurrani9259 Ottoman Empire were more liberal and better than Arabics. They had taken good care of Constantinople (present day Istanbul).
@@andy8357 No they weren't. They pretty much brought islam to a dark age. Compare the caliphates to the ottomans. The caliphates outclassed them in everything and if they stayed in power the islamic world would be in a much better place
Dude you got sponsored by Crusader Kings! Congrats!
Superb video as always Syawish! But I want to address a minor issue. I don't know where the illustrations are coming from, but the depictions of the Emirs Abd al-Rahman III and Hisham II are slightly stereotypical. This is because from Emir Abd al-Rahman II (822-852) the favourite concubines and wives were of Christian origins converted and not, with blond hair and light eyes. I want to highlight this because, as you say in the video, the interconnection between ethnic groups was not like we imagine.
Thank you for pointing that out. I appreciate that.
Al muqaddimah which software you use
It's very funny when Christians were celebrating taking back Andalusia Muslims were celebrating taking anatolia the bulkans and it's dimond Constantinople.
History it's very funny
The answer: Some governor decided to walk through a mountain pass in hostile territory starting the longest war in history
Sweet, makes me excited for the new ck3 dlc.
The about page says this channels content comes from a liberal and secular perspective. Don’t know how history can be put religiously lol!! But the liberal part … any people know enough if is being orientalist?
This channel is heavily pro-islamist. Very disgusting of this dude to label himself as "liberal" and "secular" perspective with the amount pure islamist propaganda he is spewing.
@@alangervasis What’s pro-Islamised? I just hope he tells the best credible truth because I don’t know this history myself. Due to colonialism and imperialism, the history of the global south is complicated so hope he uses many different sources for his research.
@@beadmecreative9485 He says he is from Pakistan, I doubt it is biased by orientalism
I am impressed by your indepth knowledge of the Islamic history
I think the beginning of weakness in the Islamic nation when the Caliph Al-Mu’tasim replaced the Persian soldiers with the Turkish soldiers who killed the Abbasid Caliph, after which the soldiers mwwaaly began interfering in the politics of the state
Therefore, we began to see semi-independent states from the Abbasid Caliphate, such as the Fatimid, Ayyubid, Ottoman, etc.
The catastrophe that befell the Muslims is the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad at the hands of the Mongols, then the Mamluk slaves became masters of the Islamic world and marginalized the Abbasid Caliph
The biggest catastrophe is the Ottoman invasion of the Arab countries and the overthrow of the Mamluk state and the overthrow of the Abbasid Caliphate in Egypt.
Then we found many books about the great tragedies of the Ottoman Empire against the Arabs
That is why there are Arab books that chronicled the Ottomans’ crimes against the Arabs in killing and the lack of reconstruction of the Arab countries in terms of education, health, poor security, ethnic racism, etc..
So these were some of the reasons for the Great Arab Revolt of Sharif Hussein, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad pbuh against the Ottomans
The new catastrophe is Western colonialism, despite their very serious crimes, but they had a good impact in some Arab countries and did what the Ottoman Empire did not do.
And now Islamic countries have good models, and most of them are bad models
We hope to see a real unity of the Islamic countries in the example of the strength of the Umayyad state, which had a great role in the prestige of the Islamic state in the world as a whole
As long as you don't repeat the mistakes of Ummayeds and Sharef Hussein
Ummayeds played favourites with Arab clans and overtaxed the Muslim Ajam and Mawali
Sharif Hussain was used as pawn against the weak corrupt Ottomans and instead of a united Arab kingdom Britain & France made Sykes Picot thus Israel came about
The umayyad also pracriced etnic discrimination: they are very well known to hinder islamic conversion which include taxing acording to ethnicity. The devision between political power/ military power made it all doomed to fail, albeit it took a really long time for the failure to acure. Just my opinion and I consider myself ignorant (as in still learning about all of this history of the world).
@Rock John why Gazali f*** everything up? I'm curious to know about islam. I'm Portuguese and know Gazali trough a Turkish tv series about the Seljuk Turks and there's a characther named Gazali at Malik Sha court in Isfahan. A religious wise man, he's basically the legal, and religious "minister" of the Sultan.
But most scholars seem to doubt the Almoravid conquest of Ghana. Still enjoyed the video
This isnt true, Sheryl Burkhalter has refuted fishers reinterpretations of Arabic sources and the traditional stance is still mainstream even in history books such as the Cambridge History of Africa
@@vaktus3380 really? I thought it was still in dispute and mainstream opinion saw it as influence rather than conquest
@@MsFrancois1 In 1982 David Conrad
and Humphrey Fisher made a claim that it was naively dependent on Arabic sources then they tried to reinterpret the same Arabic sources without having studied the Arabic language to support their narrative, Sheryl Burkhalter who has studied the Arabic language refuted this in 1992, it is clear with contemporary historians that we rely on nevertheless that there was some annexation of at least most of Ghana which they referred to as their capital. The nature of how this annexation took place will never be known for sure but it is likely the almoravids took their advantage after instability with Ghanas muslim and non muslim population. In the end they had had access to a large abundance of Gold and thousands of black soldiers were used as slave soldiers in Iberia. The dynamic in west Africa was fascinating as religious allegiances completely transcended ethnicity let alone 'race'
I’ve seen this Paradox a few places, interesting
Seeing the Emirate of Toledo without Toledo at 5:29 made me feel genuinely bad for them... :(
Once Spain got reunified the Spanish Monarchs expelled the Muslims several times, but few left Spain. They had been living in Spain for so many centuries that see Spain as their home. Some historians say that by the time Muslims were effectively expelled from Spain in 1608 there were approximately 100,000 Muslims in Spain. As it happened to the Spanish Jews, around half of them went to North Africa and the rest remained in Spain, working the lands of the Christian feudal lords. Even if modern Spaniards are unaware their Muslim past, the footmark of AL Andalus is visible everywhere in Spain, starting with the Spanish language.
Where you able to go see Medina al-Zahra now that the pandemic has subsided?
Another important factor that worked in favour of the Christian Iberia was the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Crusade. This single factor ensure there was constant reinforcement of men, money and military assets to fight the Muslims.
Reconquista Forever !
The reconquista was one of the most glorious justified wars in history against an evil oppressor! King Roderik would be proud!
The amount of massacres they committed is staggering. Where is the support for the oppressed?
@Jeffery the reconquest revealed by God to the faithful Greeks will be divine. That which was stolen will be returned to the heirs of Heracles and Alexander.
@@Judge_Magister facts
@Lord Sergi From Spain 🇪🇸
Or mean that pedofile could also do proficies!? 👀
“reconquista “. Fascinada por la obsesión cuasi-romántica que tienen los fachas de fuera por la Reconquista. Una lástima que no sepan que es una leyenda y que, en el fondo, ni reconquista ni ná.. La lucha contra el Islam invasor" Abderramán III era más blanco que Iniesta por esta afición de los nobles medievales a casarse con peña que tenía un ejército grande sin importar la religión.
You should start with 711, when Tarik invaded Iberian peninsula and occupied from the Visigoths
Well done !
Finaly, someone explains things, that happend, without religious terms, like 'It was G*d's will or punishment. But with processes that can be seen history; 'Due to dinishing tax-revenues..., Due to weak Military..., Due to tolerance/intolerance...
I think both European and Muslin History teaching has suffered way too long under those semi-religious explanations.
You earned my sub!
You can't hold any territory if the population is against you. Muslims held Andulus because the Local Arrians wanted them to, to protect from Catholic oppression. Once the Muslims became the oppressors after the Muwahidoon and others, the public didn't want them so the enemy beat them easier. It's like the difference for Russia between Donbas and Kiev.
No, for the vast majority of the population in those days it was about survival: so long there was hope for the next meal they couldn't care less. What u are doing is presentism with a political agenda, a very imoral act.
You seem to be confused, the hispanorromans were catholic, the visigoths were arrians.
Arrianism had ceased to be major influence in Hispanic politics with the conversion of the visigothic monarchy to Catholicism, the Muslim invasion was opportunistic in nature and used the dynastic civil strife in Hispania to take control of a rich territory, from a conquerors perspectives it was a smart move.
It had nothing to do with any noble intentions, just good old pragmatism.
@@XxLIVRAxX That's total nonsense the ruling class "converting to Catholocism" has nothing to do with the people and the majority of the Arrians population remained as they were and as a result had to be repressed by the same puppet junta you describe as 'Arrian royalty', puppets who 'converted' for obviously contrived political reasons, and at the threat of Death/War from the Catholic states. The North African Muslims with their Dhimmin system, which is basically taxation which has to be used for infrastructure and so on of the Dhimmis, was much preferable to the brutal Catholic repression, burning at the stake for differences in creed and so on. When the Muwahidoon from Morroco came they basically immitated the Catholics, behaved like for example Saudi or Daesh, the 'takfiris' behave today. And they basically played the role of Muslim Catholocism 😂 So the same thing happened to them. Stop coping you are obviously a Catholic who even writes apocraphal accounts and attribute things to the dead post-mortem to falsify History.
@@WildSpartan3000 The central Catholic church was repressing the native population for differences in Creed
Lisboa felt in 1143! There were also fragmentation of Christian kingdoms during this period
Spain and Portugal would continue to be Muslim countries if they had been treated well, the rulers treat the people very badly and ended up rising up.
@Arne Nilsen 🏳🌈