How the Soviets Got the H-Bomb

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  • เผยแพร่เมื่อ 7 ก.พ. 2024
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ความคิดเห็น • 602

  • @Asianometry
    @Asianometry  3 หลายเดือนก่อน +46

    I'm joining two meetups next week. Come say hi!
    Feb 12th at UC Berkeley: www.eventbrite.com/e/asianometry-meet-up-berkeley-haas-tickets-826506512227?aff=oddtdtcreator
    Feb 15th in NYC: partiful.com/e/b3Tpey9enoNpGJT8SLAB

    • @davidlericain
      @davidlericain 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      You live in Taiwan though, right? I live in the States, but nowhere near either NYC or Berkeley. There's a better chance I'll visit Taiwan one day. That's a priority destination for me. All the same, take care and have fun with your celebrity tour!

    • @InsaneFirebat
      @InsaneFirebat 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      You cut the distance between us in half and I still can't make it. Hope you get a lot of fans.

    • @fffUUUUUU
      @fffUUUUUU 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      сомміеs напds behind the evil. Like USSR, which has breastfeeding Nazi Germany until 1941. Then baby bit the mother hard.

    • @fffUUUUUU
      @fffUUUUUU 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      сомміеs напds behind the evil. Like USSR, which has breastfeeding Nazi Germany until 1941. Then baby bit the mother hard.

    • @fffUUUUUU
      @fffUUUUUU 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      сомміеs напds behind the evil. Like USSR, which has breastfeeding Nazi Germany until 1941. Then baby bit the mother hard.

  • @leoarc1061
    @leoarc1061 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +191

    This comment section is full of nuclear physicists.

    • @micnorton9487
      @micnorton9487 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      I hate that,, I used to do the same thing... Of course I'm not a physicist or had any training in the field, I came to recognize it as just trying to make sense out of something that scares the s*** out of me...

    • @ohsweetmystery
      @ohsweetmystery 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      Why be scared of something you have absolutely no control over? Pointless, just forget about it.

    • @simon199418
      @simon199418 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      The crème de la crème of youtube 😅

    • @PanzerChicken69
      @PanzerChicken69 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      I'm here for the explosions and comments

    • @MiggerPlease
      @MiggerPlease หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@micnorton9487I'm a big gay nigga

  • @ddopson
    @ddopson 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +159

    Fusion is even harder to kindle than this video suggests. In addition to requiring "a massive amount of energy", the energy must be applied in a very precise way in order to compress the deuterium without excessively heating it, as that would increase the pressure, resisting further compression. To reach and sustain thermonuclear temperatures of billions of degrees, the plasma must be dense enough to be "opaque" to the xrays that are emitted at such temperatures (same mechanism as a space heater, or a lightbulb, but much hotter), meaning that instead of escaping, the xray photons produced by the heat bounce around inside the plasma, keeping it hot. Otherwise the plasma cools off faster than fusion generates heat, which is why Teller's original "super" proposal was non-viable -- simply exploding an atomic bomb next to a container of deuterium is insufficient. Ulam's contribution of radiation-driven implosion was the key innovation, and it took quite a bit of creativity to develop a physical configuration capable of harnessing the energy of an atomic bomb to compress the fusion stage in just the right way.
    For example, to protect the fusion fuel from premature heating, the design includes a thick uranium shield in front of the secondary that blocks both neutrons and xrays coming from the fission stage. This buys time for fission xrays to travel around the secondary, where their effect on the secondary's tamper creates tremendous implosive pressures of several million atmospheres, an order-of-magnitude more powerful, and thus faster, than an implosion driven by conventional explosives. Around the time the fusion fuel approaches maximum density, a "sparkplug" in the center start to fission, generating heat, and like a match striking dynamite, this triggers a catastrophic rise in temperature and a rapid fusion burning from a configuration dense enough that this process runs to completion within a few nanoseconds, which is quite fast even in the context of an exploding nuclear bomb. The fusion stage compresses and burns to completion before the shockwave from the fission stage can travel the several inches between the two stages. Or really, at such short distances, the fission shockwave is still dominated by radiation energy transport, rather than by the physical motion of the atoms, so in a sense, one can think of the compression of the fusion secondary as being driven by the fission shockwave's interaction with a very specific physical configuration of matter.

    • @cogoid
      @cogoid 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +22

      You are right of course. The video presents many true historical facts, but because it misses the role of compression, it greatly exaggerates the significance of Fuchs' patent. Neither Fuchs, nor anybody else understood the possibility of compressing the fuel to the point of opacity until Teller-Ulam's epiphany in 1951. Even the British had to rediscover this on their own, to say nothing about the Soviets.

    • @richardhall1667
      @richardhall1667 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

      Thank you both for rendering such an opaque subject transparent

    • @stellviahohenheim
      @stellviahohenheim 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

      Nobody cares how good you are at googling stuff

    • @katyusha1283
      @katyusha1283 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +19

      ​@@stellviahohenheimI care

    • @ddopson
      @ddopson 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@stellviahohenheim It's difficult to find good quantitative intuitions about thermonuclear compression from Googling alone, as some of the best descriptions are still found in books.
      The book that got me into this subject is Richard Rhodes, "The Making of the Atomic Bomb", which is probably my favorite history book on any subject. He gives a good overview of the physics that's at once accessible and relatively precise, although still quite high level.
      For a more technical take on this subject, see "A Technical History Of America's Nuclear Weapons", which includes several invaluable quantitative intuitions -- I would recommend the $9 Kindle version, which is searchable; it's an 1800 page book, but the sections on nuclear physics are only a small fraction of the book and are located at the beginnings of several chapters. There's no reason to read the book in order, and while I've read the best parts several times, I've at best skimmed the exhaustive weapon enumerations that dominates much of the book's content.

  • @AsbestosMuffins
    @AsbestosMuffins 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +120

    the H-Bomb layercake route isn't that complicated but it does require having a working nuclear bomb first

    • @miinyoo
      @miinyoo 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@FartGas-xe4yk The equations are pretty clear that they lead to such a result. Yeah. A 5 year old could calculate if given the tools.

    • @AsbestosMuffins
      @AsbestosMuffins 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      ​@@FartGas-xe4ykcomplicated in relation to the sparkplug design we use which requires a nuke to go off in the correct way as to compress fusion fuel and refract around the casing correctly

    • @MrGemaxos
      @MrGemaxos 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      lit no rocketsurgery ;)

    • @Mike-H_UK
      @Mike-H_UK 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      The difficulty is that it needs about 120kg of highly enriched U-235 to make a sloika (layer cake) or alarm clock type design. The maximum yield is around 720kt, tested by the British as an interim step (quick hitter) in developing a radiation implosion bomb.

    • @thelittlehooer
      @thelittlehooer 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      Reminds me of Carl Sagan's recipe for apple pie: "To make an apple pie, you must first invent the universe" and then explained how elements are created in stars.

  • @tomhalla426
    @tomhalla426 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +139

    The science was never a secret, the engineering was to some degree.

    • @cogoid
      @cogoid 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +26

      That is not correct. It took years of very intense research both in the USA and in the USSR to establish the fact that the "Classical Super" thermonuclear bomb cannot function in principle. And then it took more applied physics research to discover new ideas and to make something else that did work. The "high energy density" physics which is required for understanding the bomb is not common knowledge even today.

    • @Bialy_1
      @Bialy_1 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You do not even understand the word "science" and nothing was a secret considering the ammount of spies in USA on every stage of the development. They got spies that were acting as the most trusted advisors to the president of the USA and multiple spies in Los Alamos.
      The Soviet equivalent of Los Alamos was recognized from the air by Americans thanks to the fact that the Soviets even copied the layout of the buildings...
      I love how this video is made under the assumption that Klaus Fushs, was sitting in prison for 8 years and only counted the number of spiders on the walls... heh

    • @RepChris
      @RepChris 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      @@cogoid yeah. Nowadays most of the ulam-teller design is common knowledge (and in theory it isnt a very complicated idea), and even more of just the normal fission one is. To the point where some recent (non-nuclear) physics grads could get rather close to a design that would work within 2 years or so for a implosion style nuke, even less for a gun style, back in 1964. Of course the hardest part is actually refining the uranium/creating and purifying the plutonium, but it really isnt hard. I just recently got a youtube video recommended explaining the formula to compute the critical mass of a given chunk of fissionable material, and the derivation of the formula; pretty interesting watch for the physically/mathematically inclined
      Much of the ulam-teller design still isnt common knowledge, and it does require even more fancy engineering than the fission only weapons, given the rather high complexity of getting the radiation pressure high enough, and focused just right, but nothing a moderately well funded nuclear program couldnt do, especially nowadays (but it definitely wouldnt be easy). The actual refinement of fissionable and fusable fuel probably still is one of, if not the, major hurdle, especially if you dont have a nuclear power backing you and have to do the thing in secret/semi-secret. The lengths that the nuclear powers will go to to stop the refinement part is insane, just look at the cyber attack by the USA on Iranian centrifuges under Bush and Obama.
      Edit: Just realized i fipped the Ulam and Teller bits of the names, ill leave it because Ulam-Teller sounds a lot better in my head that Teller-Ulam

    • @hayleyxyz
      @hayleyxyz 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      I believe that's true for a pure fission bomb, but not for a fission-fusion bomb. But I am in no way qualified to speak on the subject so 🤷‍♀️

    • @tomhalla426
      @tomhalla426 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      @@hayleyxyz It is more a matter of how one defines engineering v. basic science. The Ulam/Teller H-Bomb was not obvious, but neither was an implosion fission bomb

  • @BobGeogeo
    @BobGeogeo 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +56

    Very informative and well made - and a good choice of topic. One flub: Fermi was the physics Nobel prize winner in 1938. It's a stretch to say that Teller was as "equally famed" as Fermi in Sept 1941.

  • @geonerd
    @geonerd 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

    Richard Rhodes' book, 'Dark Sun,' is a good read on the subject of Soviet bomb/super development, and much more - including Oppenheimer's post war difficulties as depicted in the movie.

  • @RoundSparrow
    @RoundSparrow 4 วันที่ผ่านมา +2

    "That is a problem Tolstoy dealt with in War and Peace. Here you have Napoleon ravaging Europe and now about to invade Russia, and Tolstoy raises this question: Is the leader really a leader, or is he simply the one out in front on a wave? In psychological terms, the leader might be analyzed as the one who perceived what could be achieved and did it." - Campbell, 1986

  • @nicholasmaude6906
    @nicholasmaude6906 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +24

    17:25 - The first US thermonuclear device was not called the Ivy Mike (That was the name of the test shot) it was called the Sausage device.

  • @jaykita2069
    @jaykita2069 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Excellent treatment of a wide range of physics and archival information. Great job - I wish I was around NYC for your meetup.

  • @johnned4848
    @johnned4848 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +16

    Ironic that the Soviet scientists realized early on the viability of combining lithium with deuterium and tritium possibly before the Americans. If American scientists had this awareness it might have prevented the surprise runaway reaction of the Mike Bravo shot

    • @micnorton9487
      @micnorton9487 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

      That's a powerful point,, you point out exactly the Yanks arrogance in thinking that they're the only people that can figure out these equations and the engineering, then they f*** up so catastrophically because of a simple miscalculation that the Russians were smart enough to avoid... TAKE THAT American stroke-offs lol...

    • @calvinhobbes7504
      @calvinhobbes7504 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      "Lithium" was understood "by the Americans" at the time. The difference was that Lithium-7 was not thought to be a player due to the missing cross section calculation. Soviets figured it out after the fact, just as America did.

    • @micnorton9487
      @micnorton9487 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      @@calvinhobbes7504 I don't think anyone's questioning the intelligence of Western scientists,, they're some brilliant mofos but the Soviets were no johnny-come-latelys either...

    • @calvinhobbes7504
      @calvinhobbes7504 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      @@micnorton9487- Oh, I don't disagree at all, sir (or ma'am) .... when it came down to "who got it first" on a lot of the physics, the comparisons were so close, it was more like who had their ink dry the fastest! :) I was just pointing out the miscalculation about lithium-6 and lithium-7 ..... and it seems both sides missed that boat. - and from what I read, that was an easy boat to miss.

    • @micnorton9487
      @micnorton9487 2 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@calvinhobbes7504 I agree,, and to the physicists who do calculations it seems easy but to the people doing the chemistry on these materials it's a lot more personal,, and handling the finished product - not something I'd volunteer to do under any circumstances....

  • @honorguardsfencingclub7322
    @honorguardsfencingclub7322 24 วันที่ผ่านมา +3

    In 1945, when General Groves said it would take the Soviets 20 years to build an atomic bomb, physicist Isidore Rabi replied, "I don't know, General. Physics is physics, and they've got some pretty smart guys over there."

    • @florinivan6907
      @florinivan6907 2 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      In his defence this was still new stuff at the time. So new people genuinely had no idea how easy or hard it would be for someone else to do it. As it turns out its not that hard. Just about any industrial society can do it.

  • @cogoid
    @cogoid 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +65

    A very good video as always, and nearly everything in it is true. But some key parts need to be added or explained more to make the story complete.
    First, the reason why thermonuclear bomb is so difficult to make and why it took so much research to create it. This reason is not just the high temperature required to ignite the thermonuclear reaction, but a rather more subtle problem.
    It is mentioned in passing in the video at 16:25 ...*before the heat is dissipated away*. This in fact is the most important thing in the whole story. The intensity of thermal radiation from hot objects increases so rapidly with temperature, that the energy in the "classical super" dissipates from the reaction zone faster than the new energy is added by the fusion. Therefore a self-sustaining thermonuclear reaction is not possible at all. There is no "trigger point", the ignition of a classical super is not possible. It took years of research to establish this fact.
    So how does the bomb function then? The absolutely key element is the compression of thermonuclear fuel. When the fuel is enormously compressed, to hundreds of times of its normal density, it becomes opaque to its own thermal radiation. This traps the heat and enables the self-sustaining reaction. This was the key discovery which became the basis of 1951 Ulam-Teller radiation implosion patent, which is when the real thermonuclear bomb was born.
    None of this was understood in 1946 when von Neumann and Fuchs submitted their patent application, so their patent is not considered to be very important. In fact, when British were working on their own thermonuclear weapon after the war, they really struggled to rediscover the idea of compression. And those were the scientists who themselves participated in the Manhattan project in the US! So this idea was very far from obvious even to the extremely knowledgeable people.

    • @davidcarr2216
      @davidcarr2216 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Thank you for this. It's not easy to find out very much about the deelopment of H bombs - for obvious reasons.

    • @cogoid
      @cogoid 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@davidcarr2216 Some things were published, other things are still classified. For example, there is an official history of the USSR nuclear project in something like 17 volumes. It reproduces the orders and reports, and what was built when, but the technical details are largely absent and the information becomes heavily censored once it gets to the time of the real breakthroughs.
      In the USA, the history of the nuclear bomb project is very well documented. But the history of the hydrogen bomb is not. Even the contents of the original Teller-Ulam paper are still classified. But Teller did outline the key milestones in his interviews. I recommend "Web of Stories" interview with Teller here on TH-cam. It's not the whole story of course, but it is worth listening to.

    • @fast_harmonic_psychedelic
      @fast_harmonic_psychedelic 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      more like compression of the neutrons released by the thermonuclear fuel, containment of those neutrons so that they trigger actual fission in the plutonium and uranium... the heat is the thing that destroys the plutonium and uranium -- its not the thing that increases the yield but actually the thing that prevents the yield from being increased. thats why the hydrogen is added- it releases neutrons and induces fast fission reactions BEFORE the heat reaches and destroys the material - while regular atomic bombs simply evaporate long before most of the uranium atoms have undergone any fission. Hydrogen bombs increase the neutrons to heat ratio, more neutrons and less heat comparatively in the early time window needed - in order to create more heat and radiation later...

    • @bakagaijin7452
      @bakagaijin7452 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

      @@fast_harmonic_psychedelic Apart from radiation release enhanced charges (like say w66) neutron flux density is hardly an issue. And what you are describing later actually happens in a conventional spark plug/primer charge cores. Li6/D is used as a booster along with a z-pinch or a similar principal device as an initiator by practically every nuclear power out there. And i never heard about a "regular atomic bomb". What those are? What makes them regular?
      Thermal radiation comes later (microseconds-milliseconds) as a result of all kind of particles scattering out and thus "cooling down" (or heating up everything around).
      Staged H-bomb (Teller-Ulam/Sakharovs 3rd) is about how to direct as much of the primer energy as possible to initiate sustainable fusion reactions. Ideal primer only ignites fusion and adds 0 kt to the final yield. From there it is possible to add arbitrary number stages. A 50+Mt Tsar bomba, for example, was a 3 stage device:
      1) fission primer < 10kt
      2) fusion

    • @cogoid
      @cogoid 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      @@bakagaijin7452 All true. Just one caveat. A "shock" has a specific meaning in hydrodynamics. Shocks are out of equilibrium, irreversible jumps in pressure and temperature. In a shock, the temperature rises much more than in a reversible adiabatic compression. If you slam the fuel with a sudden pressure jump, you generate a shock. The excessive temperature rise makes fuel less compressible. With a shock it takes much more pressure to achieve the same density compared to a more gentle, reversible, shockess adiabatic compression.
      Advanced thermonuclear weapon designs and inertial confinement fusion experiments go into a great length in tailoring the shape of the radiation pulse to achieve a *gradual* increase in pressure, in order to achieve shockless compression, or at least to break one large shock into a series of smaller ones which would closer approximate shockless compression. The goal is to first make the fuel as dense as possible, which happens the best when the fuel is heated the least, and only then to spark the reaction from the middle of the mass. This achieves the most efficient reaction.
      Of course, even without a shock the compression is still very, very rapid. The main difference is not in the speed per se, but in how the pressure pulse is shaped. A gradual rather than a sudden increase in pressure is what prevents shocking the fuel up.

  • @Brian-nw2bn
    @Brian-nw2bn 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    For the algorithm! Love the video mate, glad to have found your channel. Liked, shared, and subbed. God speed

  • @Muonium1
    @Muonium1 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +17

    It would take another 71 years after Ivy Mike to accomplish, but 3 months ago the laser inertial confinement system at the National Ignition Facility repeated its initial 2022 one-off feat of igniting a fusion capsule in 4 out of 6 more recent attempts. We have now truly entered the era of repeatably achieving the burning plasma regime in the laboratory. This is a HIGHLY nonlinear parameter space, and though the highest yield fusion shots have now produced nearly 4 megajoules (Q factor of ~2), this represents a burnup fraction of only 2% of the hydrogen fuel in the capsule. That means there is further potential for reaching gain factors in excess of 10 or 20 times the laser energy if the ignition and burn wave propagation can be controlled more precisely. these are the brightest neutron sources humans have ever created aside from weapons tests themselves last century.

    • @srijanme
      @srijanme หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      What tf are you talking about? Talk in layman's language. This is not a science forum.

    • @alaeifR
      @alaeifR หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      @@srijanme Go to bed, sir.

    • @eias3230
      @eias3230 22 วันที่ผ่านมา +3

      @@srijanme mf has a phd in yappinomics

    • @kunaldebbarma8086
      @kunaldebbarma8086 16 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      @@srijanmenobody forced you to read it either 😂

  • @jakesnakes5866
    @jakesnakes5866 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Another great video! Always a great day when you post one.

  • @simokoistinen276
    @simokoistinen276 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +13

    14:01 Fission fusion fission Pum-pum :D

  • @geneballay9590
    @geneballay9590 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    very well done. thank you for all the work and then sharing.

  • @ScottBFree
    @ScottBFree 5 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    This easily could have been an “end of civilizations” video.

  • @goobah01
    @goobah01 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +11

    Radiation implosion was Stanislaw Ulam’s concept. Teller refined it, having finally realised that ‘classical super’ was a total dead end.
    Oppenheimer, despite his qualms, called it ‘technically sweet’.
    Hence all fusion weapons, Mike onwards, use Ulam-Teller radiation implosion.
    In the USSR, Sakharov independently came up with radiation implosion.
    As did the British, but they obsessed over the more difficult idea of spherical radiation implosion.

    • @psychohist
      @psychohist หลายเดือนก่อน

      What was the British test?

  • @D43vil
    @D43vil 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    Wow, that picture of Beria and Stalin's daughter is something else.

    • @stevebabiak6997
      @stevebabiak6997 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      At 10:59 ?

    • @psychohist
      @psychohist หลายเดือนก่อน

      Or 11:04?

    • @stevebabiak6997
      @stevebabiak6997 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@psychohist - I think yours is the one …

  • @destructionfun2
    @destructionfun2 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +31

    Thank you for telling stories like this. From a perspective of a historian and weapons enthusiast, these are some of my favorite videos of yours, I'm hoping you eventually make videos on Pakistan or North Korea's nuclear programs.

    • @fernandoroncari6839
      @fernandoroncari6839 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Book ATOMIC BAZAR ... Explains Pakistan nukes

  • @sebastjansslavitis3898
    @sebastjansslavitis3898 วันที่ผ่านมา

    Beginning: "oh, I hope we not gonna burn down atmosphere, we should be careful"
    End: "make it double of what they have!"

  • @fffUUUUUU
    @fffUUUUUU 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +27

    Like they used to say in russia, "you're such a smart guy, yet still not in prison. What's wrong with you?"

    • @Redfvvg
      @Redfvvg 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      bu|| shiт

    • @user-bo4uc3el5t
      @user-bo4uc3el5t 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Do they really say that in Russia or did you pull it out from your ass again? My money is on the latter.

  • @PeterPan-hs5tu
    @PeterPan-hs5tu 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great topic, love the choice of direction ❤

  • @Peter_S_
    @Peter_S_ 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +198

    In one documentary I saw on the USSR program, it was said the information from Fuchs was not actually given to the Soviet physicists but it was instead used to double-check their work by their superiors.

    • @sg5184
      @sg5184 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +52

      I'd probably say that to if I felt like more of an imposter and not so much inventor

    • @Peter_S_
      @Peter_S_ 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +73

      @@sg5184 Nuclear fission was discovered in Germany in 1938. Both superpowers grabbed components of the German program to accelerate their respective weapons programs and Germany's program began 3 years and 4 months before the Manhattan Project began. It's the sort of thing that isn't hard to do once you understand that it CAN be done. There are many different ways to build nuclear weapons; it's not like there's a single secret beyond the one telling that it's possible to crush metal enough to make a fission chain reaction go. Once you know that, the rest is engineering details.

    • @EmsThaBreaks441
      @EmsThaBreaks441 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      ​@@Peter_S_You're the product of a German education?

    • @Peter_S_
      @Peter_S_ 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +59

      @@EmsThaBreaks441 No, I'm a nuclear historian and Sandia NL used to be one of my consulting clients. I used to design survey instruments like alpha scintillation spectrometers. Why would you say something so silly?

    • @ejomatic7480
      @ejomatic7480 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +42

      ​@Peter_S_ What are you smoking, it took a mile long building for uranium enrichment, the Manhattan project was a massive effort, and the German nuclear program was nowhere near making a viable bomb, and at best had a small research reactor. The Soviets did catch up but it took years. Literally nothing about it was easy, people died trying to make it happen; there's a difference between knowing a thing is theoretically possible and doing all the math and industrial effort to make it real.

  • @johndoughcrypto9688
    @johndoughcrypto9688 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Just wanted to say your channel is great. Thank you

  • @artistphilb
    @artistphilb 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    Don't think those photos show a first and second stage as the separation in time is in the order of milliseconds

    • @stromlo
      @stromlo 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      Try again - nanoseconds! But I agree, and was going to post the same. From memory, the total event is over in 20 nanoseconds, of which the fusion part takes about 1 to 4 nanoseconds.

  • @Kneedragon1962
    @Kneedragon1962 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you for another excellent & well researched clip.

  • @keithrange4457
    @keithrange4457 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Great vid, enjoyed it thoroughly

  • @Sir_Uncle_Ned
    @Sir_Uncle_Ned 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Oppenheimer is most remembered for his remarks about the trinity test. “Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.”
    Very apt words considering the godlike devastation even the smallest nuclear weapons leave in their wake.

    • @jesperlykkeberg7438
      @jesperlykkeberg7438 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      "Nah", Admiral Nimitz replied. "We all know it´s merely some science fiction Psy-Op propaganda nonsense intended to deny the Russians and the Chinese their occupation zones. Not a real military weapon.

    • @annoyingbstard9407
      @annoyingbstard9407 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      No. He’s most remembered for developing the bomb.

    • @pashapasovski5860
      @pashapasovski5860 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Bahagavat Gita verse
      God Vishnu putting his armor on and developing his warrior shape said
      And now I have become death destroyer of Worlds!

    • @Cjephunneh
      @Cjephunneh หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@pashapasovski5860 why was an american physicist interested in an ancient indian religious text so much as to remember it and project it on a moment like this?

    • @pashapasovski5860
      @pashapasovski5860 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @Cjephunneh relatable, before the Trinity explosion, it was possible for the entire atmosphere to burn and destroy the World!

  • @pop5678eye
    @pop5678eye 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +32

    If the Sloika design is considered 'boosted fission' then so was Ivy Mike. The latter also had nearly 80% of its yield from fission.
    In formal circles 'boosted fission' designs have less than 1% of their yield from fusion.

    • @RepChris
      @RepChris 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +10

      Most of that came from the tamper, which I dont think was there to enhance yield, and uranium was just a pretty dense material they had a lot of, and not with the (primary, it might be a secondary effect that was desired, im not 100% sure on that) of boosting yield. The US did have a boosted fission design (Alarm Clock), and the Soviet design was intended to be boosted fission.
      So in terms of intended effect, it wasnt really a boosted fission device, even if it the actual yield percentages say something different. Given that it was an early test of the idea you might forgive the different terminology

    • @johnned4848
      @johnned4848 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I think an earlier " proof of concept" test was the George shot in Operation Greenhouse. A small amount of deuterium and tritium was placed in a fission bomb. If a fusion reaction was possible it would eject nuetrons at about 14.5 MeV ahead of the blast. The test was instrumented to pick this up and confirmed a fusion reaction did occur.

    • @markdombrovan8849
      @markdombrovan8849 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      ​@@RepChrisif most of the yield doesn't even come from the fuel, but from the casing, then it's a failed design

    • @RepChris
      @RepChris 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      @@markdombrovan8849 since the point of the design was to test the idea of achiving a fusion reaction using compression by a fission bomb id argue the design was successful

    • @markdombrovan8849
      @markdombrovan8849 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@RepChris oh yeah, 100%. As an experiment, a proof of concept - it was a concept. It proved that a fusion bomb IS possible. But it didn't prove that a fusion bomb is attainable, not yet anyway

  • @johnned4848
    @johnned4848 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Great video! Subscribed

  • @KomradZX1989
    @KomradZX1989 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Your videos captivate me so much I joined your patreon a few weeks ago. Keep up the awesome work buddy! Cheers ❤

  • @billfargo9616
    @billfargo9616 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Edward Teller said that all nuclear power reactors should be build underground, but no one listened.

  • @danielmcguire3590
    @danielmcguire3590 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Ken brannaugh last name is pronounced 'brannah' not brannow

  • @kodeinBytes
    @kodeinBytes 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

    Thanks as always for the amazing content! I really enjoy when the topic contains the USSR, its always interesting as when it was the Soviet Union they indeed invested a lot in R&D and always have some kind of espionage behind.

    • @ruby_linaris
      @ruby_linaris 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      just like there are aliens behind the pyramids.

  • @Neeboopsh
    @Neeboopsh 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    i recommend, on a flight or road trip or something, Dan Carlin's Hardcore History podcast episode 59, "The Destroyer of Worlds". it talks about an insane plan he americans had. they had 300-400 atom bombs at the time. and they were going to drop 200-300 of them on the soviet union....in one day. leaving the remainder to go clean up anything they missed. this was to prevent the soviets from getting the bomb, ensuring the united states would be the only power with the weapon. but the administration and brass were debating if it was like, way over the top or not....and before they implemented it, the soviets detonated their first weapon. absolute madness. so now the genie was out of the bottle. no point wasting all those nukes. they have the knowledge, and its probably duplicated and secure.

    • @johnned4848
      @johnned4848 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      It was a part of Curtis LeMay's war plans as commander of the newly formed Strategic Air Command

    • @calvinhobbes7504
      @calvinhobbes7504 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      The United States never ever promised to "bury" the Soviet Union. Had the Soviets not made that promise, on the World's Stage, to the US, there would be no "nuclear threat" at all. History is a great teacher, but only if one chooses to enter the classroom.

    • @user-eu5in1gw2h
      @user-eu5in1gw2h 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      Run time is 5 hours 49 minutes 😮

    • @soccerguy2433
      @soccerguy2433 หลายเดือนก่อน

      No

  • @rome2totalwar876
    @rome2totalwar876 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Hi ad, it is good video, can you make a video about fusion power plant and history of fusion power plant ? Thanks.

  • @_XPEHOPE3_
    @_XPEHOPE3_ 13 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    And then the Soviet Union detonated a 50 megaton bomb and the whole world squatted down from the horror of such a bomb. The United States quickly realized that it was not worth provoking the Soviet Union, otherwise the USSR would detonate its next 200 megaton bomb

  • @coraltown1
    @coraltown1 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    What the Russian analogy to Oak Ridge (enriched uranium) and Hanford (plutonium) were for ingredients would be interesting material. They were SUPER EXPENSIVE endeavors.

  • @orangelion03
    @orangelion03 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    For an in-depth look into the development of Soviet nuclear and thermonuclear devices, read "Stalin & The Bomb" by David Holloway. An excellent companion to Richard Rhodes' books on American programs. Rhodes does cover some of the Soviet work in Dark Sun, but Holloway's work is more detailed.

  • @user-zx6mn8pz7g
    @user-zx6mn8pz7g 2 วันที่ผ่านมา

    I read that Zeldovich had interests in such different areas of physics, that it was believed that it's a pseudonym for group of scientists.

  • @Umski
    @Umski 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Loving this series on how countries got to where they did with nukes 👍

  • @JohnWilson-wg4gk
    @JohnWilson-wg4gk 10 วันที่ผ่านมา

    It is possible to synthesize excited bromide in an argon matrix. It is an eximer frozen in it's excited state. As soon as we apply a field, we couple to a state that is radiatively coupled to the ground state.
    We can extract at least ten to the twenty-first photons per cubic centimeter which will give one kilojoule per cubic centimeter at 600 nanometers, or, one megajoule per liter.

  • @subliminalvibes
    @subliminalvibes 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I can't wait for, "Episode 2: A New Stage" 👍😎

  • @billfargo9616
    @billfargo9616 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Germany's A-bomb project was deterred by Heisenberg's insistence on heavy water as a reactor moderator.

    • @dbmail545
      @dbmail545 16 วันที่ผ่านมา

      The graphite available to the Third Riech was contaminated with boron and unsuitable for a pile.

  • @Thomas..Anderson
    @Thomas..Anderson 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    21:54 I don't thinks the caption is correct. It is misleading in a sense that it shows two stages, first being fission primary and second being fusion secondary. I was under the impression that bot primary and secondary finish their process before bomb is disassembled and any visible fireball is formed. What we might see are either two consecutive moments in fireball development or two different tests. First test with only fission primary and second test with both primary and secondary. Am I wrong?

  • @GeneralThargor
    @GeneralThargor 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +25

    Didn't the Nazis gain power in 1933 not 1938?

    • @alianlammers9025
      @alianlammers9025 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      Yes.

    • @alianlammers9025
      @alianlammers9025 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      1938 was the start of ww2

    • @marcellinus_02
      @marcellinus_02 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      ​@@alianlammers9025the tension was growing since 1938, then in 1939 the second ww started after Germany invaded Poland (split it with Soviet through Molotov Ribbentrop Pact).

    • @cv990a4
      @cv990a4 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      Yes, and Fuchs in fact left Germany in 1933. I'm going to guess this was a transcription error on the part of Asianometry - that they read a 3 as an 8 (which can happen if you have messy handwriting).

    • @brag0001
      @brag0001 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

      ​​@@alianlammers9025 many starting dates have been given, but 1938 is not among them. In Europe the starting date was 1939, the Russians like to forget about their alliance with Hitler and thus put it at 1941. An argument could be made that it actually started in Asia with Japan invading China, in which case it started either in 1937 or 1931, depending on which parts you want to count as part of WWII.
      1938 doesn't make sense as that was part of the appeasement attempts by the British and French. So while this lead up to eventually WWII, it definitely wasn't part of it and rather a half-assed attempt at preventing it from breaking out ...

  • @nicholasmaude6906
    @nicholasmaude6906 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    You can in principle make multi-megaton pure fission warheads if you make them a two or three-stage design.

  • @mannymany4423
    @mannymany4423 21 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    From one of the American colleagues of oppenheimer. It was rejected by the Oppenheimer team because of the destructive forces. so, after hiroshima and nagasaki bombing, he fled to Russia to sell his idea.

  • @Publicinformation7
    @Publicinformation7 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +4

    Right after tucker😂

  • @thelittlehooer
    @thelittlehooer 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +33

    That picture of Stalin and Beria with the little girl on his lap is fucking chilling when you know what kind of predator he was. The movie Death Of Stalin protrays this in an equally chilling way. The movie is often hilarious and snaps to black-dark in a second, well worth a watch.

    • @monkofdarktimes
      @monkofdarktimes 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      I did a report and I told my teacher that I must change people because how horrible that creature was

    • @nazmul_khan_
      @nazmul_khan_ 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +12

      The girl was Stalin’s daughter Svetlana, Beria knew better than doing anything to her.

    • @geonerd
      @geonerd 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +7

      Stalin was well aware of Beria's 'tastes.' Either he didn't care that much about his daughter, or he was supremely confident that Lavrentiy would never dare...

    • @geonerd
      @geonerd 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@monkofdarktimes The only way you will ever change people for good is to effect a 'patch' to our genome. One that makes us less monstrous...

    • @karolus8485
      @karolus8485 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      You are so predictable. Is it now fashionable to mention "Death of Stalin" as the reference for bizarre anti-communism? I thought lying authors of Sovietology can give a facade of how intellectual anti-communism is, but it belonged to the past now. Now we have gutter minded people who thinks a garbage movie is enough to generate anti-communism, which mostly have no originality.

  • @iai2354
    @iai2354 20 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    The profession of science is a fickle thing. One spectrum of science can make life saving medicines and the other spectrum can create world ending device's

  • @jmi5969
    @jmi5969 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    10:47 - correction: in 1948 Beria did not have any formal ministerial appointments. He was relieved of his duties at the NKVD in December 1945, and the NKVD itself was renamed MVD in 1946.

    • @micnorton9487
      @micnorton9487 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Well someone must not have passed the memo to Beria because he was still the head of the Soviet secret police at the time of Stalin's death...

  • @johnned4848
    @johnned4848 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    About what are the temperatures needed to ignite dueterium and tritium? I understand that very briefly temperatures in a fission blast reach 100 million degrees

    • @micnorton9487
      @micnorton9487 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Jesus Christ...

  • @elijahherstal776
    @elijahherstal776 29 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Interesting how they got it, but it should have been a direct air delivery right after WW2.

    • @624Eduardo
      @624Eduardo 29 วันที่ผ่านมา

      Based

  • @womble321
    @womble321 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    How about the just built one? Do you think they can't make stuff?

  • @brag0001
    @brag0001 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

    Minor nitpick early on: the Nazis took power on 1933, not in 1938 as claimed in the video ...

  • @charleschidsey2831
    @charleschidsey2831 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +8

    Hans Bethe who was in charge of that portion of the Los Alamos research devoted to the “super” famously stated in response to a question regarding who was responsible for its ultimate fruition, “(Stan) Ulam was the father, (Edward) Teller was the mother and I was the midwife.”

  • @atheistbushman
    @atheistbushman 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I love your work!

  • @Nagria2112
    @Nagria2112 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +22

    its just crazy how a small car sized thing can blow up giant cities

    • @CraftyF0X
      @CraftyF0X 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      That is E=mc^2 for you.

    • @Nagria2112
      @Nagria2112 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

      @@CraftyF0X yes but most people forget that only a tiny tiny amount of mass if actually converted to Enegery. most of the mass is in the fission/fusion products that rain down as fallout. (Plutinium is not "gone", its split in 2 and some tiny rest energy that gets released)
      converting a car-sized bomb fully to engery would be world ending

    • @michaelotoole1807
      @michaelotoole1807 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +9

      @@Nagria2112 only a dimes worth of mass was converted into energy from the Hiroshima bomb. the rest of it was scattered.

    • @logicplague2077
      @logicplague2077 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +3

      What's even crazier is a neutron star being the size of Manhattan and containing over two solar masses worth of matter.

    • @emmettkeyser1110
      @emmettkeyser1110 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      No it’s not.

  • @paullunsford8921
    @paullunsford8921 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Excellent as always.

  • @vonzigle
    @vonzigle หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thanks!

  • @kenoliver8913
    @kenoliver8913 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    The most important information that the Soviets got from America's successful H-bomb project was the same as the most important information their spies gave them about the A-bomb. The simple fact that it could be done. Technical details were not really required as the Soviets had plenty of good mathematicans and physicists who could take it from there.

  • @SuperYTPmaster
    @SuperYTPmaster 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    The Nazis didn’t “win power” in 1938. Hitler came to power in 1933, and the Nazi party dominated Germany’s political landscape past that point.

  • @Kayblxck
    @Kayblxck 18 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Yes yes. Mmmhm yes I can confirm. I was a nuclear scientist back in my home town of Springfield

  • @advicepirate8673
    @advicepirate8673 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

    Can't quite put my finger on the feeling, fascination with learning about an object, that, its very existence I find offensive. I'll bet the Germans have a word for it.

    • @ImKinoNichtSabbeln
      @ImKinoNichtSabbeln 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      I sense a pinch of prejudice.
      Aside this: I cannot recall the German language having a special word for this specific concept.
      Athough, when evaluating the concept, a special word would be very funny, and perhsps even charatestic, and very much within the German language's typical creativity, and flexibility.
      Like there is e.g. "fremdeln" (which is a relatively new specimen, and originally had a tongue-in-cheek, btw). And there are even extremely nice, but ridiculously outdated/forgotten words like "Klupf" (the purely Germanic word for "Erde"/earth, which has a Greek lineage).
      But we can construct a legit, fitting word combination, like "interessant-abstoßend" or "spannend-widerwärtig", i.e. intestring/fascinating _and_ disgusting/repellent at the same time (that's the hyphen's purpose). And yes, both suggestions are "augenzwinkernd" (winking grounding - a nice English word in it's own right, btw).
      "Offending" is "beleidigend" btw.
      But "beleidigend" does not work too well with other adjectives "hyphenated" towards it, like "interessant-beleidigend", which sounds misfitting ambitious.
      But I am neither Goethe (who is believed to had the largest active German vocabulary), nor did I study the famous Grimm brothers' dictionary, nor am I even a Germanist.
      So, perhaps, there is a dedicated German word.
      If so, pls reply to this humble comment.

    • @CraftyF0X
      @CraftyF0X 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      how about "morbid fascination", not one word but close enough.

  • @fffUUUUUU
    @fffUUUUUU 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

    12:17 and then Andrey Sakharov ended up being imprisoned for dissent.

    • @cogoid
      @cogoid 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +14

      For the brilliant work on the hydrogen bomb Sakharov was given a princely reward. A villa with servants, a nice car with a chauffeur, a bonus equivalent to roughly one million dollars, great respect. He continued to create new weapons. One of his ideas was the torpedoes of enormous explosive power, to wipe out the US seaboard. They were not implemented at the time, because the navy considered such weapons to be in bad taste. But now of course Russians seem to have changed their attitude.
      Much later, in late 1960s Sakharov became an activist for various causes which did not follow the party line, and was indeed exiled.

    • @user-zx6mn8pz7g
      @user-zx6mn8pz7g 2 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

      ​@@cogoidIt was really hard to become member of Academy of Sciences of USSR. Sakharov was elected as acting member at the age of 32. Without being correspondent member.
      When he started his human rights activism, Khrushchev ordered to exclude him from Academy. But Head of Academy, Mstislav Keldysh, was at Baikonur, and Sergey Korolev didn't give him a plane to attend meeting.
      Sakharov lost all benefits and was sent to Nizhny Novgorod, but he remained member of Academy of Sciences.

  • @professorjulimarlopes43
    @professorjulimarlopes43 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Excelente Documentary ! Congratulations ! And greetings from brazil.

  • @johndyson4109
    @johndyson4109 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Tsar Bomba, was originally planned to yield 100 megatons. They scaled it down to 50 megatons. They were afraid that the bigger detonation might have started an atmospheric chain reaction...

    • @lavkmr1
      @lavkmr1 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

      🤨😳😳😳

  • @ToTheGAMES
    @ToTheGAMES หลายเดือนก่อน

    Funny thing is that the photo of the "Main Gate" is actually a toilet stall. :-)

  • @Numba003
    @Numba003 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I learned a lot from this video. I guess I hadn't ever really thought much about the tech behind the leap from a-bombs to h-bombs. Thank you for this video!
    God be with you out there everybody! ✝️ :)

  • @stunna7807
    @stunna7807 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    No mention of Tzar Bomba or did I miss it?

  • @markrix
    @markrix 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    A boom Boom eh? 😂

  • @johnwatson3948
    @johnwatson3948 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Very well done and accurate -

  • @davidcarr2216
    @davidcarr2216 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    This video brings togerther nicely, information which isn't widely available. So, thanks very much for this. Like many other topics you cover, it's a fascinating one.

  • @mrackerm5879
    @mrackerm5879 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    22:09 - sorry, that's not a picture of the two different stages detonating. That's a picture of the complete detonation at two times well after the burn was complete.

  • @ronjon7942
    @ronjon7942 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Chuckle. 4:42 Did some scientists actually say, “Why was there any need to build a bigger bomb?” You’d think that after spending so much time with the military, the answer would have been self evident…unless Groves and Oppenheimer really and truly kept the scientists in their naive and isolated bubble. Imagine asking LeMay if wanted bigger bombs and him replying with “nope, I’m good.”

  • @ricardokowalski1579
    @ricardokowalski1579 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Solid content

  • @fffUUUUUU
    @fffUUUUUU 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +5

    11:06 Beria was a known реdо

    • @fffUUUUUU
      @fffUUUUUU 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      It's not her daughter in the picture

    • @Redfvvg
      @Redfvvg 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@fffUUUUUU You are deeply misled by propaganda. The myth that Beria was a pedophile was invented by the Khrushchev regime to justify his murder. Beria was a responsible man, devoted to Stalin.

    • @ThePowerLover
      @ThePowerLover 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Not only pedo.

    • @ThePowerLover
      @ThePowerLover 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      @@fffUUUUUUMaybe her daughter would be safe.

    • @sheldoniusRex
      @sheldoniusRex หลายเดือนก่อน +1

      That's Stalin's daughter. Beria didn't have the balls to do anything too creepy, unless he wanted his teeth pulled out... Slowly.

  • @warboyrb
    @warboyrb 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Your image at the end does not really show two stages going off.

  • @gamereditor59ner22
    @gamereditor59ner22 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Thank you! I want to know how did it get it's hands on the hydrogen bomb.

  • @Cricketworld82259
    @Cricketworld82259 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Make a documentary on Tsar Bomba

  • @thomasfx3190
    @thomasfx3190 19 วันที่ผ่านมา +1

    Yeah those Soviets, I wish they would have designed their own stuff. I spent my late teens & twenties shadow boxing with against these guys and only figured out they were idiots much later.

  • @JulietFred-ed3bp
    @JulietFred-ed3bp หลายเดือนก่อน

    They looked up at the sky and saw a million stars.

  • @BuddyMcNugget
    @BuddyMcNugget 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Fission-Fusion-Fission Boom Boom!

  • @andrewallen9993
    @andrewallen9993 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +6

    You cannot keep the laws of physics secret,

    • @ZaphnathPanea
      @ZaphnathPanea 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      But you can delay others from figuring it out for quite long if they don't have the same level of scientific knowledge unless there's spies everywhere

  • @angeloluna529
    @angeloluna529 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    5:00 is he related to fred fuchs from avgn?

  • @uranusimploding9830
    @uranusimploding9830 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    The Nazties came to power in 1938 ?
    News to me ......

  • @sarcasmo57
    @sarcasmo57 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    We should really try to get along.

  • @armamentarmedarm1699
    @armamentarmedarm1699 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    Imagine being that Kyoto professor in 1945.

  • @landotter
    @landotter 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    fascinating.

  • @TheHilariousGoldenChariot
    @TheHilariousGoldenChariot 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    Howdy Jon

  • @richardpentelow5111
    @richardpentelow5111 3 หลายเดือนก่อน +2

    There are a lot of armchair physicists about, snapping and snarling somewhat. One or two sensible ones as well!

    • @micnorton9487
      @micnorton9487 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

      Don't you hate that?

  • @Rodneylsaac
    @Rodneylsaac หลายเดือนก่อน

    She moved forward only because she trusted that the ending she now was going through must be followed by a new beginning.

  • @alexbowman7582
    @alexbowman7582 หลายเดือนก่อน +1

    The British sent Ted Hall to the Manhatten Project and he took a train to New York walked into a Russian trade centre and proceeded to give them the workings of what was happening in Los Alamos. The Russians knew it was true because it cross referenced what others from Los Alamos had told them.

  • @andraskovacs517
    @andraskovacs517 14 วันที่ผ่านมา

    05:20 "when the Nazis won power in 1938" The Nazis won power 5 years earlier, in 1933.

  • @fungusmcbungus7943
    @fungusmcbungus7943 หลายเดือนก่อน

    0:23 I didn't know Logic was a spy

  • @Yezpahr
    @Yezpahr 3 หลายเดือนก่อน

    I caught the Science Asylum reference. (Hot hot)
    If it wasn't a direct reference then my brain is playing tricks on me, I almost instantly saw his iconic angelic pose holding inferno in his hands.