Particle Physics Explained Visually in 20 min | Feynman diagrams
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- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 22 พ.ค. 2024
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If you didn't understand this video, these may help:
• Why & How do the 4 fun... -- Mechanism of the fundamental forces
• QFT: What is the unive... -- What are quantum fields?
0:00 - Intro & Fields
2:22 - Special offer
3:09 - Particles, charges, forces
6:32 - Recap
7:13 - Electromagnetism
10:04 - Weak force
12:19 - Strong force
16:53 - Higgs
If we generalize the concept of bosons interacting with particles, we can get all fundamental particle physics. Complex math, but physicist Richard Feynman came up with a simple way to view these interactions - Feynman diagrams.
The 12 fermions are depicted as straight lines with arrows in the diagrams. The arrows represent the “flow” of fermions. No two arrows point towards each other. If time is in the x direction, then fermion arrows going forwards are matter particles, and those going backwards, antimatter particles.
All 6 quarks have color charges. All particles with color charges interact with the strong nuclear force. Quarks also have an electric charge, so they also feel the electromagnetic force.
Leptons can be divided into the electron and its heavier cousins, the muon and tau particles. These all have electric charges but no color charges. Neutrinos do not have a color charge or an electric charge, so they are not affected by the strong and electromagnetic forces.
All fermions carry something called weak isospin. This can be thought of as the “charge” of the weak force. It can be +1/2 or 1/2. All fermions interact with the weak force. But weak isospin can also be -1, 0, and +1 - the W boson has a weak isospin of -1, W+ has +1, Higgs has -1/2, and Z boson and photons have a weak isospin of 0. Note that this zero is not the same has having no isospin. Everything in the standard model has a weak isospin except gluons.
The weak force has the power to turn one particle into another particle. It is the only force that can do that.
To recap, quarks interact with all forces, electron like particles interact with electromagnetism and the weak force, but do not interact with the strong force. Neutrinos only interact with the weak force and nothing else. Only quarks and gluons carry the strong force. Higgs bosons do not interact with photons or gluons. They confer mass to fundamental particles, so all fundamental particles with mass interact with Higgs.
The simplest force is electromagnetic which interacts with quarks and leptons. Repulsion is depicted in Møller scattering. Attraction is shown in Bhabha scattering. When electrons and positrons are near each other, they can annihilate or attract each other.'
Weak force is felt by all of the standard model particles, except gluons. W-boson can do something very special. They can change the identity or flavor of the particle - a neutron to a proton. We probably would not exist without it.
Z-boson has no electric charge and can mediate interactions with electrically neutral particles like the neutrino and the Higgs.
The strong force is the most complicated mathematically, but since it only relates to quarks and gluons. A pair of quarks can change color. This happens all the time inside protons and neutrons, and is the glue that binds the quarks together.
Because gluons themselves contain color charges, they also interact with each other via complicated diagrams. This is what flux tubes are made of. These tubes are formed when you try to pull quarks apart.
Mesons are formed when a quark tries to leave a nucleon. These mesons are a combination of a quark, anti-quark pairs which mediate the strong force between protons and neutrons.
Pi mesons exchanges colors and quarks between protons and neutron. This is what keeps them glued together. Color charges must be conserved. Either red, blue, and green must combine, or color anti-color must combine to form a neutral color charge.
The most prominent process used at the Large hadron collider to make a Higgs boson is called the gluon fusion process. During high energy proton-proton collisions, two high energy gluons can be produced. Strong force interaction can turn these into top quarks which fuse together via a loop of top quark, anti-top quark creation and annihilation. The energy of this can create a Higgs boson.
#particlephysics
#fundamentalforces
When particles decay, they tend to decay into the next highest mass particle.
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Further reading: t.ly/fKKD - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
If you're new to this topic, or want to review some of the preliminary background, these videos would be helpful:
th-cam.com/video/xZqID1zSm0k/w-d-xo.html -- What is the mechanism of the fundamental forces?
th-cam.com/video/jlEovwE1oHI/w-d-xo.html -- What are quantum fields?
For more details on QCD and QED:
th-cam.com/video/KnbrRhkJCRk/w-d-xo.html - How the strong force works: quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
th-cam.com/video/PutOOpAkjQ4/w-d-xo.html - How electromagnetism works: quantum electrodynamics (QED)
if neutrons are made of a certain success criteria say a hydrogen atom is made of 1 proton and 1 electron, what difference does it make if the quarks in its neutron have different colour charges? it is still a proton so it is still a hydrogen atom.
Arvin, I have a question about Color charge. Do we know if the 3 fermion colors have differing properties associated with them?? I understand that each quark that are held together, making up the nucleon, must have its own color that varies from the other quarks.
But do each of these differing colour charges have some distinction between them? Or are they all considered equal or neutral to each-other? How was “Colour Charge” first conceived or detected?
Like for example, Would colour charge “Green” differ from “Cyan” or “ Magenta”?? Due to some arbitrary reason? Like It having more energy, or having a wider “Spectrum” of colours compared to the others?
Or is the “Colour Charge” just different yet elaborate way to say that each quark entangled by gluons, within their resident fermions, cannot simultaneously have the same quanta of energy?? Im Generally very curious.
@@brianpj5860 It would be helpful if you saw my video on QCD. The link is in the main comment. It is important to remember that "color" charge is just a metaphor for how the various charges interact. It has nothing to do with optical colors. The way they interact with each other is what sets them apart.
@@dwilliams435 Not sure I understand the question. There is no no neutron in a normal hydrogen atom. But in order for any neutron to exist, its three quarks would all have to have a combination of RGB, it doesn't matter which color the three quarks individually have, as long as it's a combination of the three colors.
@@ArvinAsh so that answers my question, the point of the question is do colour charges affect the behaviour of atoms and their subatomic particles
This is an excellent example of what I want: "above my head, but not out of reach". Thank you.
I am a small student of class 7 elementary school 12 year old from india and I make videos related to quantum physics relativity, quantum field theory, quantum phenomenons, quantum mechanics equations etc etc but I am a small student and a small creater and started making videos on TH-cam 2 months ago that's why no one supports me please support my channel channel name physics chemistry and quantum physics channel link : th-cam.com/channels/no5qmhFA4S07N4TEpWH3dQ.html please visit to my channel support it and subscribe to it
The explanations are very incomplete tbh. There's almost no way of understanding what he means by isospin for instance.
Awesome phrase. Thanks for sharing that
Hah, well put!
@@marcusrosales3344 That was way out of scope of this video. You cannot expect someone to explain to you all of those terms in a short video on a certain topic. If there are things (unrelated to the topic of this video, i.e. Feynman diagrams) that you don't understand, you'll have to investigate further. By, for example, watching videos on the weak nuclear force, or perhaps more specifically, on QFD (Quantum FlavourDynamics), the quantum field theory describing the weak interaction. Or perhaps even better, look into the electroweak theory (EWT).
Anyone who can turn math into pictures is unequivocally a science rockstar.
Agreed.
Feynman was the Ulta max pro og science Rockstar
@Science Revolution maybe what the physicists are showing us is an over generalisation of what's going on which leads to some conflicting arguments. if the maths checks out idk
@Science Revolution nothing is absolutely incompressible in solids molecules are vibrating in about a fixed mean position
2.Columns force is stabilized in certain atomic orbitals thats the Bohr's model of atom. The Columb's force balances the centripetal acceleration.
Columb's force is just 1 among the fundamental forces there is strong and short forces in play between subatomic particles.
@Science Revolution you sound like the classical physicists from long ago, all your questions now have answers in modern physics. Learn to let go of your intuition because it's only holding you back
I'll never get tired of saying this:
Thank you Arvin and your team behind all these amazing videos, you're the best.
I have learned a lot with you.
Many blessings my friend
Absolutely true mate
Here to agree with you :)
Oooióóox
I have never liked physics until I found this channel.
Thank you Arvin.
If Richard Feynman could see this video he would be so happy!
thank you.
Arvin, I'm gonna frame this as the quote of the year:
6:10 *"It's a stretch to call the Weak Force a **_force._** It's more like a **_power._** The Weak Force has the **_power_** to turn one particle into another particle."*
That is the best, most succinct explanation of the Weak Force that I've ever heard. Accuse me of seeking confirmation bias if you will, but it ameliorates the biggest unease I've had about calling it a "force." Ever since my school days, to me, _force_ in physics is anything that can cause acceleration. Or, to use General Relativity terminology, anything that can change the straight-line trajectories of particles in space-time.
I'm also happy that you reaffirmed gravity's status as a force. The fact that it's not included in the Standard Model doesn't nullify its ability to change trajectories.
Of course, I have misgivings about calling the Weak Force a _power_ as well, since _power_ too has a technical definition in physics-the rate at which _work_ is done. I'd probably go with "... *ability* to turn one particle into another." There, last nit picked and done.
Good point about the technical definition of "power". "Ability" is not a bad substitute. The weak force is a special beast indeed.
But weak interaction can also act as an attractive or repulsive force (though significantly weaker than electromagnetism), and electromagnetism can also transform a particle into another (for example, a neutral pion decays by means of electromagnetic force, usually into a pair of photons).
I want to become a particle physist and this video was very helpful sir.. Thank you!!
I love you so much, man, and I love the way you explain, you sound like a great artist like Robert De Niro or Al Pacino, I often don't press skip ad to support you.
I agree, I don't skip ads, and he's more like Robert Plant or Roger Waters to me...
Haha, I Appreciate that!
Me too
Dido! What he said. 😋
" I often don't press skip ad to support you." It doesn't make a difference as far as i know. You're just wasting your time.
Im 11 years old and am still fascinated by this. Keep it u Arvin! Merry xmas!
Arvin, this is an EXCELLENT video on Feynman diagrams and simplified particle physics. Thank you for making this! I always look forward to your videos.
So if i understand correctly...
The down up anti color charge isospin with down left-right strong anti pi meson +5/6 color charge interacts with the higgs anti photon pair and anti blue anti green positron which causes a change in anti-momentum forming a new anti-anti particle with charge equal to 3 quarts + 1 pint sugar plus an anti mexico-meson pair.
I audibly chuckled at your comment! lol. Wonderful! But I think you forgot the 2 cups of flour, an egg, and 4 pints of beer!
noob
I think you've pretty much nailed particle physics
Was that a subtle James Joyce reference?
Hey, thanks for taking the time to put this together - this was really great. I got my pen and paper out for this one and I've been casually following along slowly with this video for the past couple of days. You really helped clarify Feynman diagrams and now I can have a better understanding of what's going on when I see them. Keep the good content coming - Thanks.
Arvin Ash is the best teacher I have encountered.
it is really astonishing, seeing a person on youtube who can explain complex physics very well without introducing its maths........ love from india..
Arvin Ash this is my favorite channel about the standard model particles, your work to simplify and teach is amazing! Great job ! I am studying this topic with your channel 👌 and is really appreciated
Great content, thank you Arvin Ash. Your video are motivating to go and study quantum physics in a more depth :)
best few videos I've watched on this subject! Thanks!
Being able to hear you explaining things makes me feel blessed
Very informative video for us.
Thanks a lot Arvin Ash👍
Perfect content 👏
Dude, you're an absolute genius at describing complex things simply! Brilliant as always!
Beautifully done!!
You are a brilliant educator ... And you strike a good balance of technical depth and simplicity
Arvin, I wish you a Merry Christmas .. thank you for all the videos
Thank you so much for this video and the message 🙂🙏
Excellent Video!! 👍🏻👍🏻
The video was very easy to understand and I appreciate your efforts and style to explain the strange workings of the Universe👍🏻👍🏻
Thanks Arvin. That was awesome!
We love to watch your videos again and again ....
Thank you for the great video. It is magnific!
You are amazing at explaining things! Great videos
Best explanation ever, great job!
What a great video from Arvin Ash! Wow!
I LOVE THIS VIDEO! Thank You!
Great video, thank you for these 👍
What a great video. Thank u for starting my Sunday off right good day to u sir.
This was helpful. Thank you.
Thank you for sharing this knowledge the way you do.
Best explanation I've heard yet!
Wow! Arvin, thanks for sharing your Knowledge, Cheers 🍷,
This is great. I gotta say though: the uninterrupted powering through of the strong force section is what I want to show people who ask me how particle physics works to get them to say "ok nevermind" lol.
Thank you for the amazing explanation video.
This is the greatest Christmas present I've ever received. Thank you so much!
Just fantastic, thanks
Loved your video sir...
Hey man, I want to thank you for making my year a lot better. I hope you have an amazing Christmas and I will hopefully see you in many next videos my friend!
I appreciate the warm wishes. Merry Christmas my friend!
Your animations are supero heroic and inspiring, exactly my taste
Thank you so much for your amazing manner and mind. The name of your series is so accurate in that truly unimaginably complex ideas (for me) are rendered in a way that I engage with and am able to relate to. I'm a plumber in Cape Town South Africa and this stuff fascinates me, even if I cannot understand it. It prompts me to ask fundamental questions about chance, existence, the laws of physics and whether or not they are fundamental or only fundamental in our universe.... gosh, in short, I get stimulated and I love that people like you give of your time. Thanks again.
If you're ever in Cape Town......
Next time I travel abroad, I will let the audience know. Cape Town has been a place I've wanted to visit.
Thank you so much for my understanding of the feyman diagrams
This is the most intuitive explanation of particle physics i have looked at.
Superb explanation.... ❤🔥
Totally addicted
Love your content
Superb!!! Animated Feynman diagrams are GREAT!!! Please do more like these, but with many dots flowing through at once, faster.
Excellent thanks.
Arvin Ash is a terrific communicator.
Well organized video, thank you very much, didn’t understand much
Thanks, Arvin!
this is possibly one of the greatest TH-cam channels out there. You do great work Arvin!
Thanks. I Appreciate that!
YOur vids are so well put together, Ash! Always enjoy them
Well explained.
Thank You!
Excellent presentation
This is awesome sir.
Wow... Thank you!
You always inspires me and give us endless knowledge . " Sir god bless you ❤️❤️❤️❤️" ( Love from India
Great video i love quantum mechanics. Look the video wearing headphones you'll be amazed by the sounds i did so... Thanks once again to bring me closer to my love quantum mechanics.....👍👍
Wow ..... You must get noble prize for teaching such complicated things in such simple language ......
I love this channel. Just wanted to say that.
Nicely explained
Thanks for giving good information
This video is perfect for "I understand these things seperately, help me unify my understanding."
These TH-cam videos are so rare it's honestly sad.
Basics, or super advanced, and never in between.
This man is amazing!
Thank you Arvin!
My pleasure!
That was the best explaination well done
Very good introduction to Fundamental Particles Physics updated to 2020 . I bought a 2-thousand-pages Modern
Physics book in 1999 ,all the 6 QUARKS had been found .Today 2020/21 Standard Model further summarised everythings and addin darkEnergy/darkMatter/BlackHole/QuantumGravity .Atleast my knowledge is updated. Thanks for your 18 minutes animated video .
Merry Christmas Arvin and team!
Merry Christmas my friend!
OK, this guy has literally summarized 2 years of my graduate studies in 18 minutes
That's what I'm saying.... The only thing college is good for is the labs. The information today cost a few minutes of watching ads... Kind of amazing..
@@brandong6766 Not true. Don't forget being a graduate student mean exploring a problem no one has ever solved. You are actually no longer a student.
Thank you. I just started digging into Feynman and needed this. Your channel has helped me learn so much.
Thank you !
This was so helpful
that's great! Thx so Much and thx to Richard Feynman!
Super Arvin! Il a réussi a tout expliquer en une seule vidéo. Chapeau and Many thanks Arvin.
Je vous remercie. Heureux que vous ayez apprécié.
The best summary on this topic I've seen do far!
A few things puzzle me however.
5:14 Weak isospin.
As I understand it, the numbers given in the diagram 3:17 for each particle are
mass/energy
(em)charge
weak isospin
But the numbers given text (from 5:26) do not correspond to these. What am I missing? On Wikipedia they talk about T3 being the '3rd component' of the isospin T. Is that the key to understanding this?
Where does the W0 boson fit in the standard model?
9:55 Does this actually work with a single photon? I always understood that annihilation results in two photons, because otherwise it could not preserve both momentum and energy (and in a PET scan, the detected γ are 511 keV, corresponding to the energy of an electron).
It is very unfair that this channel does not have a million subscribers
Спасибо огромное, ваши видео самое удивительное и вдохновляющие, что только можно встретить на простора Youtobe!
спасибо за просмотр, мой друг. Кстати, я поставил на это видео русские субтитры.
damn Arvin, I tried but kept feeling my conscious slip in and out there. Awesome video though! It's truly inspiring that any one person can amas that amount of knowledge about something so truly fundamental to our cores.
That's what pause, rewind and play are for: they dig you out, or rather, they allow your mind the time it needs to absorb and emit understanding.
Thanks sir for making such videos😇
Best complete explanation of particle physics ive ever seen. Damn good work Ash
Quarks are dual to anti-quarks.
The electron is dual to the positron synthesizes the photon.
Quarks are dual to leptons synthesize force carriers.
Thesis is dual to anti-thesis creates converging thesis or synthesis -- the time independent Hegelian dialectic.
The Ricci tensor is dual to the Weyl tensor synthesizes Riemann geometry -- Sir Roger Penrose.
Positive curvature is dual to negative curvature -- Gauss, Riemann geometry.
Curvature or gravitation is therefore dual.
Convergence is dual to divergence.
Apples fall to the ground because they are conserving duality.
Potential energy is dual to kinetic energy.
Action is dual to reaction -- Sir Isaac Newton.
Gravitation is equivalent or dual to acceleration - Einstein's happiest thought, the principle of equivalence (duality).
Energy is dual to mass -- Einstein.
Dark energy is dual to dark matter.
The big bang is a Janus hole (point) or composed of two faces = Duality.
"Always two there are" -- Yoda.
Duality creates reality!
Clear and interesting
Well, I'm going to watch this at minimum 5 times. Explained simply however there's nothing simple about the quantum realm. I thank you for this awesome video. I don't understand the math so channel's like yours are great because you can explain it in a way that is comprehensive.
Merry Christmas, Arvin. I hope you continue to do TH-cam in 2021.
Merry Christmas my friend! If I don't croak, I will still be doing it. But, as you know, tomorrow isn't guaranteed for anybody.
@@ArvinAsh You know what they say, "Only the good die young". You have been misbehaving some, haven't you?
Thank you, merry Christmas
Merry Christmas my friend!
Muy buena explicación
Amazing video... sounds like all of physics at once...
and he said merry Christmas 🤓😎
Alvin - once again, many thanks for this brilliant overview, but it has brought me into even more focus in regard to the current malaise in particle physics. We must remember that these diagrams are only the mathematical rules we have devised to model reality and not reality itself. There are still so many fundamental things about reality we do not know, like what is mass or charge and why mass appears to bend spacetime. As you concluded - hopefully you will inspire the next Einstein to give us more understanding of actual reality. Wishing you a very happy and enlightening new year.
Indeed, almost all our theories describe how nature works, not what it actually is.
His videos are so awesome
THANK YOU...
DR. ARVIN ASH...!!!
It is a very good lesson for the learners who are interested in knowing what is happening around us and in the WONDER FILLED PRAPANCHAM...!!!
Question : Is it how certain species of insects and creatures like chameleons change their colour for survival... ( The Adaptability )...!!!???
(I mean about QCD ).
THANKS AGAIN...!!!
Thanks Marvin
You're the real science hero
Really dig this channel - thanks for making these videos - GODS WORK
I know this video isn't really about Richard Feynman, but I just wanted to say, when I was about 12 years old I read one of his biographies and it really changed my perspective on scientists as people. There is this tendency (among children and young people) to believe that a person's identity and character are largely defined but what they do as a job or career, and while that's not strictly untrue, the real truth is far more complicated. In other words, Feynman's book taught me that scientists are complex as people, just like people in any other field or discipline. Richard Feynman would often talk about the joy of understanding things on a deeper level, and I think his book was able to do that for me. I still remember it many years later.