Just discovered you (watched your History of the speed of light video) and was immediately hooked! Subbed, I cant get enough. Can feel my brain being educated. Fantastic presentation and your enthusiasm is infectious :) Maximum respect to the Dr. Becky!
Dr Becky i learn so much from your channel!! 🤍 I'm still working my way through your videos so if you haven't already could you please make a video where you show us how to read and interpret papers especially diagrams/schematics etc please 😇
Speaking of meteors. Having grown up and living most of my life in cities (Berlin, Buenos Aires, London), I had never seen many until I moved to a small village in the countryside. Even when there is no shower, it's really amazing how many off them come down and how different they can look.
07:50 - Wait, that's not what I heard as I followed along with this. The 'lid' is a circular flap of kevlar, indeed jammed open with a sizable 'stone'. But they didn't manage to clear it, they just decided to *very* carefully get the sample container stowed *ASAP* so as to minimise the on-going loss of material. Thankfully nothing was sticking out to interfere with the placement of the sample container into the return container and they managed to close the lid and demonstrate it was well latched without further issues.
As a Frenchman I am offended by your Toenail Moon as we all know it is a Croissant. *In my head I am saying this in ridiculous French accent. Bon Appetit.
What is Gyroscopic? gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος gûros, "circle" and σκοπέω skopéō, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself. Free_will. This will be the longest Dr.BNSN3002, to date. Hopefully it will maintain some orientation. *What is the minimum mass -i.e., Space density to support carbon based life? That question will become important , even though it is a physics question, in the terms of weighing a thing. To my understanding there has been some experiments on board the ISS for the research of carbon . I am not sure how successful the experiments have been because I have not seen any experimental results from ISS. However, they are going much slower than Universal time. I might try putting the experiments in a centrifuge and rotating with and at the speed of the equator, for good luck. Hopefully this mirror-mage-of-things, of inside-out or reflection, up-side-down will start to make some sense. The case of the missing minute. All hands on deck, Spaceship Earth. Iff x is in lab y, then x and y are in the Same time. Is there a Universal Time? an experiment with clocks. If clock X is sitting on the lab counter 🤔. And clock y is also on the same counter except inside of a centrifuge. Both clocks on the same counter are set to 60 minutes and are started at the exact same time. The centrifuge AND its clock is one minute slower. When the still clock ticks 0: 00, the moving clock has yet 1:00 remaining. In the case of.. The Missing Minute with, I believe the spinning clock is Faster than Universal time thereby slowing down time. The centrifuge Is Spinning along the equator, in essence, seeking the future sooner, to accel a vaccination. Outside the laboratory you cannot 'spin life' , either inside out or upside down, what you get when you do is sickness in the body, a bad information strand, RNA has tautology. Also, according to the Bible, what occurs in seven years will occur in three and a half. The case of the missing minute... I guess the next thing I wonder Ken is... is the constant acceleration of Time (i.e. rate of Universal expansion), could that be the 'driving force' behind all photons issued at their place in the expanding timeline and what continues to 'propel' them due to this time-expansion? i.e. a photon issued by a galaxy in the early universe over the years would be 'pushed' by the continual time-acceleration the universe undergoes. I guess my point is, Heidegger rejects the comprehension of the subject as consciousness. He tries to explain this by going outside of being itself. The reason he does this is because he thinks there is a strain on the word human being. This load can be explained as follows; Until this time, the word human being has come to the present day with many meanings and definitions. For example: Aristotle defined human beings as rarional animals. Therefore, he does not call being a human being, he calls it dasein. He attempts to make an explanation of dasein using existential analytics. When trying to explain Dasein - what is there - that exists in what is - that exists among people - the human being asks what it is to be. Heidegger says we have forgotten that we exist. We actually know we exist, but day by day we lose the importance of our existence and from there on he elaborates... that the 'energy' in a photon depends on what it was at the time it was issued (or produced)... so if the rate-of-time increases, the 'energy' in the photon would ALSO BE EXPANDED. That seems important to me, and it might not be Photons are not acceleration and therefore do not need energy. Like everything else, they obey Newton's laws and continue in a straight line unless acted upon by an external "force" (energy). However, you make a good point about the moment they are emitted. Indeed the photon's energy is dependent upon the time rate at that moment in the location of emission. I cover this in my book and highlight the fact that higher frequency photons actually travel marginally slower than lower frequency photons. This is because, the slower you go, the more oscillations of the time wave you experience throughout your journey. Yes, if the time rate reduces through a gravitational field, or increases due to the cosmological constant, then this effects the frequency and therefore the energy of the photon. But remember, if your time rate changes, then within your frame of reference, nothing changes as far as you are concerned. The laws of nature are unaffected for you. The only affect is observation from another frame of reference that, say, did not change its time rate. That's why the past ran slower and was smaller than today, i.e. cosmic expansion. (y) So the 'expansion rate' doesn't propel the photons which have no inertia anyway, but can effect the photon's initial internal time-rate, reflected in the photon's spectral pattern shifting and thus showing the rate of time-shift from the time of the photon's original emission. Did you notice I asked whether different orientations of its rotation axis effects centrifugal time? If the axis is parallell to Earth rotational axis then it seems to me that small periodic variations in centrifugal time might exist... Could you perhaps clear up this matter? I think it may be important. But...ahem...please! Present your final result in ordinary English (Or Swedish.) That said a thought occurs to me: My experiment was modelled on the Twin Experiment and the question has been raised whether my "improvement" is only a "plagiarisation" or if my experiment has some Scientific Value on its own? I will say neither wouff nor baaah in the matter, only point out that to settle it the properties of my experiment needs to be examined. Beck'y annotations look like custom punch cards fed into a spinning platter. She seems to nearly explain the Higgs Boson starting at 13:46 "Gravity is at least 10 times that you see in stars" Okay, also, Ice floats on water to Protect Existential Life. It provides insulation from Sunlight and the mixing water through maintaining a genuine thermal kline. Some of those properties are; Ice is 10% above water and 90% below water or unseen. Ice will melt under pressure as ice skaters know, when their skates are on edge the ice below melts and forms a thin layer of water making the skates slippery on ice. A Star's brightening or dimming- Is it possible that we see more, or less, of a star's image? On Earth, we tend to give off 90% or more gravity than light, as an Inverse reflection. So..How much can 'they' see of us? Space is a giant scale, a massive light detector, to weigh on the grand scale. Most likely we see very very little of what is truly there, being on edge, is it the Earth's tilt? Biblically we were asked to give a 10% tithe so that the storehouse would rermain full. I don't think the tithe is an isotropic Inscription type of tithe, because the church cannot be filled with money if it lacks light. If only 10 percent of our day was spent with God, then we would carry the light through out the day, enough to fill the storehouse. What iff we gave off Much Less light than 10 percent? The question remains; How much mass, -i.e. Space Density, will support carbon based life? At 17:50 the optical telescope is rotating equatorialy oppositely the Milkyway Azimuth plane . . ? It is either tracking the reflection of the daystars, -i.e. with the stars as they would be shone in the daytime hemisphere, or it is observing something outside our Milkyway. Can ground based optical telescopes 'See' such a distance?
@Peter Mortensen Summarize 😒 Changing tones Non-harmonic tones dependent upon the first tone of an interval and left by a skip. A harmonic interval is when two tones of an interval are sounded simultaneously. Harmonic synthesis Contemporary harmonic writting is often a composite process, which may involve varying placement of the norm of disonance, choice of single harmonic idiom or the coalition of one with the another, fusion of tonalities, singleness of sound organization or the juxtaposition of tonal and atonal aspects. The study of harmony dealing with the variants of fundamental structure in harmony. If I were a clock, I woiuld wonder what my frequency were and iff modulation occured, from one key to another in Overtones, I would wonder why of the variants iff tonality and haromony consists of a minor second, an augmented second, and a minor second. The characteristic of the tone quality of an instrument is due entirely to the relationship among fundamentals and upper partials, which is supposed to remain unchanged regardless of the fundamental.
Summer is another term from the ancient land of Ur. Jesus spoke to the Samaritan women at the well telling of all her husbands, or the history of the land of Ur.
Arbram came out of Ur. According to his account peace came through the thicket after faith. Spaghettification might be the drawing away of the foundational elements , perhaps like Uranus or Neptune, destabilizing, thus making a hotter solar mechanic leading to a Supergiant to Supernova. Prior to the foundations breaking up, the minerals and ores scattered were contained in a water firmament below the earth. The offgasses were a mix, when through the water, is a stable environment. But that final quality split a part leading to instabilities, Winds and Storms which have since increased. The human is represented in that earth likeness, of water and minerals stability or instability.
Thank you for the Saturn tip. It was cloudy here in southern Ontario on Thursday but the next day was good and I was able to obtain an OK photo with my birding lens. It's been a long time since I have seen Saturn.
As always Becks, a very interesting and informative upload. Thoroughly enjoyed it. And then there’s the bloopers and a little singing..... super. Thank you for another one.
So much to learn from Dr.Becky's Night Sky News! And this one's about Dark matter, an icing on the cake and cherry on top!!!! Thank you so much Dr.Becky!!! Lots of love from India ❤️
The math was incredible to actually get the sattlelite to land on the meteor and grab a sample. And then come back by 2023. I forgot about this. Thank you.
Hi Dr. Becky, I hope you get the chance to answer this! @18:30 you state the majority of Dark Matter is on the outskirts of a galaxy. Is there any easy to way to explain how that force helps to keep all the normal matter in the center? I know Dark Matter is what helps to hold galaxies together, but if it's on the outside, wouldn't it's gravity pull the matter away from the center?
Re Galaxies wo Dark Matter - I understand that this is a problem for MOND. You didn't mention whether the new data about "Stripping" changes the conclusion that these galaxies cause a problem for MOND theories. Sure would be nice to be moving toward settling the question of Particles vs MOND for dark matter explanations.
A great example of branding: when a brand name becomes synonymous with the product. A bit like Velcro or Kleenex. Funny, cos nowadays nobody says, I'm gonna Dyson the carpet!
correct British people call the device that is a vacuum ( in the USA ) a Hoover not necessarily of the Brand Hoover. Just to be clear... :D :P I love being a brit in the US
@@The_man_himself_67 The term is genericide, and companies actually hate it because they lose their trademark protection if their brand becomes the common term for something.
also for anyone on a device that couldn’t display the link to Becky’s “How do we know dark matter exists?” video, here it is: th-cam.com/video/nbE8B7zggUg/w-d-xo.html
@@AndyBarbosa96 Do you remember Neptune? It was predicted to exist from the perturbations of Uranus's orbit, and there it was. So you see how it can work both ways? And yet here you are asserting knowledge where no one knows.
Thanks for the tipp with the FRB lecture, it was really great! Is there some way to find future lectures in the field of astrophysics? how do you know about these lectures? Kind regards, David
Thank you for answering my unspoken question about Pleiades! I saw it outside my cabin last week and it looked like a smear of stars or a comet maybe until I got out my binoculars. I was blown away by the density of visible stars in such a small area, but I hadn't yet looked up what I saw. Very cool!
Thank you Peter, for pointing out there are other open star clusters elsewhere in the sky. But I am pretty sure it was the Pleiades I was looking at. I see Cassiopeia and Perseus all summer long, but it is not until this time of year I get to see Orion in the early evening, and there he was lying with his back on the horizon with Taurus above him and the bright smear I was referring to over the shoulder of the bull. My cabin is fairly remote with almost no light pollution and it was the new moon on a clear night. Few people get to see the stars like we are lucky to, and on a night like that things pop out of the sky that you have never noticed before. I wasn't even stargazing at the time, just walking about before bed. The Pleiades were so bright that I had to go for binoculars to see that I wasn't looking at something else in the sky besides stars. But thanks for the tip.
She's using poetic license. It didn't actually hoover anything. It touched the surface then squirted nitrogen gas at it, disturbing the dust and pebbles which then floated up into the capture mechanism. More fun to think of it as hoovering though :)
@@EnglishMike I appreciate the explanation. That makes a lot more sense. I was honestly quite baffled at how in the universe one would vacuum in a vacuum. 🤣
yes, since I came to this episode so late, I went straight to 12.22 ! thank you and like Dr Mireia Montes explained, a galaxy without any DM would be so fragile, any small influence would just break the whole structure apart!
I love this "Sky News" segment. If I may suggest something, how about dividing it in South and North hemisphere news of what and where to look in the skies. Other than that, please change nothing. I've got you on the bell notification and on top of my small list.
I miss seeing the stars, the council here in Stoke on Trent started replacement of the sodium streetlights with those awful white led ones about 10 years ago. Before then even though there was an orange horizon glow, you could still make out most of the stars and even see andromeda with averted vision. Now you only see the very brightest objects, even seeing Saturn is a struggle. The horizon 'glow' may be gone but so are the stars, the sky mostly looks like a black empty void. :(
It seems a lot of radio sources also produce prodigious amounts of X-ray light. Do FRB's do this too? Also why are radio and X-rays so closely correlated from the same sources?
If galaxies can't form without DM, then learning how this one has managed to stay together without DM should become a huge research priority. - Is its rate of rotation exceptionally slow? - Is its central black hole exceptionally massive? - Is the stellar distribution odd, beyond the 'S' shape indicating stripping? - What about its amount and distribution of neutral Hydrogen? If the above are proven to not explain things, aren't we looking at some changes to Cosmology, and perhaps Gravity also?
DR Becky: Bennu rocks will come to earth in 2023 Me to my mom: Can we please go to Utah in 2023?? BTW thanks for sharing the video and keep making videos like this. (You are doing a great job!!!)
I'm curious what books you were using as a laptop/microphone stand during the interview. ;P Stripping dark matter should make the galaxy expand/diffuse, shouldn't it? All else being equal, reducing overall mass increases the stable orbital radius (and reduces the velocity) of remaining objects, right?
It is very sad that the Arecibo Radio Telescope is no longer viable after the damage it suffered from cable breaks and must now be destroyed. I was involved in data collection through the SETI@Home program and still have my Certificate for working my 4,000 Decryptions on my home computer.
Is the tidal stripping of NGC1052-DF4s dark matter a falsification of deep mond behavior at low acceleration scales then? I suppose that if galaxy dynamics in galaxies with basically only baryonic matter is consistent with keplerian rotation velocities, then that deviates from predictions based on MOND?
18:29 - In a galaxy, the highest density of DM (by many orders of magnitude) is in its center. On the outskirts, the density of DM is very very low (compared to the density at the center of the galaxy), but it is distributed in a much larger volume (~r^3), so its cumulative mass is high.
@xrm160xqw In terms of total (cumulative) mass yes, because of the huge volume, but in terms of density no. The highest concentration of DM (or density) is in the central ~500ly of the galactic core.
@xrm160xqw No, DM is not made by SMBH, quasars, etc. I mean, it could, but we have no reason to believe it actually is. And in addition to that, we know that DM needs to be cold - the average speed of the DM particles (whether we are talking about WIMPs or MACHOs) must be low, i.e. in the order of a few ~100km/s. Remember, DM is there from the beginning. It served and still serves as a scaffold for the ordinary - baryonic - matter to clump on it. If DM wasn't there from the beginning, the large scale structure of the Universe wouldn't look as it looks. So once again, no, DM isn't created in galactic centers. But at the beginning, it concentrated into clumps and filaments and the ordinary baryonic "grew" and "condensed" on it. Small galaxies were created around small clumps of DM and later on when galaxies collided and merged, they grew, and with them grew their DM halo. The central region of the DM halo is several orders of magnitude more concentrated than the outskirt of the DM halo, but since it is a relatively small volume the mass contribution is also small relative to the total mass of the entire DM halo.
Historically, the number of stars one could see in the Pleiadies cluster was a rule-of-thumb test for how good your prospects were as an archer. If you could see all Seven Sisters then you had really good eyesight.
Exactly. To judge the dynamics of a galaxy under MOND, the influence of neighbours must be considered, especially the EFE. Some time ago I posted a link to an article by Pr. Stacy McGaugh explaining this, look it up if you are interested...
Speaking of galaxies and dark matter being in the outskirts and a galaxy actually being larger than it appears - I'd like to see some discussion on figuring out edges for some well-known galaxies. Understanding that a galaxy's edge is somewhat like Earth's atmosphere's edge in that a sharp delineation does not exist - what are some ways of defining various edges? 95% of stars in orbit around the center? 99%? 99.9%? Or maybe the literal gravitational edge where objects placed on one side would fall toward one galaxy, or on the other side, would fall toward a different galaxy? Or some other metric?
Do we yet know which other galaxy DF4 tidally interacted with to strip its Dark Matter? Where did the lost Dark Matter go? Is it floating about in inter-galactic space, or did the other galaxy acquire it for itself? Would that have had any effect on the interacting galaxy such as slowing its rotation? Many questions here to be answered.
I guess I have a question. Why would bringing the galaxy closer not introduce forces which require dark matter? Isn't the calculation of the mass of the galaxy specifically dependent on it's radius?
Excellent and thoughtful video as usual! 🌹 3 questions: 1) Jupiter and Saturn being near to each other in the sky: is this usual or it’s the time of year or even decade or more? It’s a beautiful sight and I stare at it every night it’s clear. 2) What would that jellyfish galaxy look like if we were a planet in one of its tendrils? As you have said, and I think Mike Merrifield also said, Andromeda would actually look HUGE in the sky if it weren’t so faint. 3) Dark matter: also on that subject, how does dark matter behave with a black hole? Attracted like “normal” matter or...? You asked this in a 60 Symbols video a long time ago. I suppose until we can detect it directly it will be conjecture.
1) no it’s not common, in fact in December they will appear the closest together in the sky that they’ve got since the 1700s! 2) probably really cool! Lots of stars all over the sky rather than in concentrated in a plane like the Milky Way 3) I made a video ages ago on whether black holes grow by accreting dark matter - check it out! 👍
Wow thanks ever so much for the answers! ❤️🖖🏼 Have a good conference about CHIME. I didn’t know it was out of Montreal’s McGill U. I think Quebec universities are pretty big in astronomy. Maybe a legacy of our popular astrophysicist Hubert Reeves?
Dr. Becky, love your videos! :-) ut, I do have some questions: Can the majority of dark matter and its apparent intense gravity, actually pull stars out of the galaxy? Also, does dark matter around a galaxy present any problem to interstellar travel? If not, why not? In another vein, what would happen to a planet orbiting around a Magnetar?
I'm enjoying the sight of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds in my southern skies at the moment and Achernar just above them, followed by Canopus in the south-east.
Super cool podcast, I find looking at the moon in the evening it has a different appearance, it seems to have a larger object appearing behind it?, a binary Sun perhaps?.
Question. If dark matter is tidally stripped. Where did it go? Is their a close by (stripping) Galaxy with an abundance of dark matter? ie more than average or more than it would normally have? Interested in where things go
So the dark matter was stripped away. Where did it go? Since it couldn't just disappear (curious: can something "dark" be determined to have *not* disappeared?) shouldn't it be near whatever other galaxy(ies) have stripped it away? And if we know what other galaxy(ies) stripped it away, wouldn't that (now additional) dark matter have a measurable effect on *those* galaxies?
Dr Becky you should check to see if Andromeda is streaming our dark matter. I heard that our galaxies are so close, that our dark matter halos might already touch, right?
My question is about time travel, assuming it’s possible, you’d move in time and SPACE, so… if you went back 1 year say, wouldn’t you just appear in space? As the earth has moved in space, our solar system has moved in the galaxy and our galaxy has moved in local web. So you’d have to have an calculation/system to figure out from a fixed point the movement and speed of all objects/body’s in space and the effect of dark energy?
@Dr. Becky I just heard the Arecibo Observatory will be scrapped now as due to extensive damage. This is heartbreaking. What’s next in line for you astrophysicist’s to use??!!! 🙏🏽🙏🏽🙏🏽
Why was figuring out one of the galaxies is closer to earth than first thought change ratio of normal matter to dark matter? Does the distance from earth change how you calculate the ratio?
No it changes how much matter in stars you think is there, because if it’s closer than it’s absolute brightness drops - I.e. instead of its faintness being explained by the fact it’s further away, instead it’s because it’s got less stars in it. And so the ratio of dark matter to matter in stars changes
@@DrBecky I have a dozen follow up questions. I need to do some research on how astrophysicists figure out how many stars are in a galaxy. My company is forcing me to take the whole week off next week, now I have something to do. Thank you :)
dr becky , how can you have gas pressure without the necessary antecedent of a container and can you show me space time or gravity , either a push or a pull force will be good proof ,
So dark matter keeps outside of the galaxy center, but visible matter does not? Does dark matter have a special kind of gravity then, like a social distancing gravity?
Ma'am I've got a question for you....are you of British origin? By the way I really love your content and you are literally the first youtuber to post this much informative content with no charge included..Hats of to you miss👍Keep it raised 💯 🇮🇳Love from India🇮🇳
Toenail moon was visible Nov 18 in Canada 43’N 79’W through broken hazy cloud. I thought it was near Venus, but actually Jupiter. Thanks for helping me get my planerary bearings. It was visible till shortly before it set over Lake Erie.
Interesting. From a non-astrophysical opinion (I'm a Chemist), it seems when we have tidal interactions, something happens to the SBHs. Because, at least it appears to me, that Globular Clusters, by and large, don't have apparent SBHs. Therefore active galaxies are different, thus we calculate DM as necessary to form the galaxy. This is just an observation from a lay-astronomer.
I have a couple of objections to the term 'toenail moon' - firstly it sounds kinda icky, which 'crescent moon' doesn't, but secondly a toenail is kinda roundish or squareish in shape, the crescent shape would be more accurately described as a toenail-clipping moon! (Which also sounds kinda icky!)
Oh man 30 minutes of "Let's physics the hell outta this"... Let's go!!
Oh yeah!
'far-fletched'. That's when you put feathers imported for distant lands onto your arrows.
You beat me to it :D
Far-flung: Whenever I shoot said arrow at a target, and miss.
@@haroldhenderson2824 Far-felched: no, too far.
This is the first video I see of yours, and it's really nice how you're a weatherman but for the night sky. I love it!
I like Dr. Kaspi's presentations & talks very much. Thanks for the shoutout & keep Up the good work!
Just discovered you (watched your History of the speed of light video) and was immediately hooked! Subbed, I cant get enough. Can feel my brain being educated. Fantastic presentation and your enthusiasm is infectious :) Maximum respect to the Dr. Becky!
Dr Becky i learn so much from your channel!! 🤍 I'm still working my way through your videos so if you haven't already could you please make a video where you show us how to read and interpret papers especially diagrams/schematics etc please 😇
19:25
Dr.Becky Keeping the books under the laptop to make it even . That's me everytime in online class. LoL
I think the large red box is the boxed set of Feynman's lectures in physics.
Speaking of meteors. Having grown up and living most of my life in cities (Berlin, Buenos Aires, London), I had never seen many until I moved to a small village in the countryside. Even when there is no shower, it's really amazing how many off them come down and how different they can look.
Be. Becky, you do such a good job explaining cool stuff to us regular folk. You make it understandable.
07:50 - Wait, that's not what I heard as I followed along with this. The 'lid' is a circular flap of kevlar, indeed jammed open with a sizable 'stone'. But they didn't manage to clear it, they just decided to *very* carefully get the sample container stowed *ASAP* so as to minimise the on-going loss of material. Thankfully nothing was sticking out to interfere with the placement of the sample container into the return container and they managed to close the lid and demonstrate it was well latched without further issues.
As a Frenchman I am offended by your Toenail Moon as we all know it is a Croissant. *In my head I am saying this in ridiculous French accent. Bon Appetit.
Night sky news is my favourite because it's long
What is Gyroscopic?
gyroscope (from Ancient Greek γῦρος gûros, "circle" and σκοπέω skopéō, "to look") is a device used for measuring or maintaining orientation and angular velocity. It is a spinning wheel or disc in which the axis of rotation (spin axis) is free to assume any orientation by itself.
Free_will.
This will be the longest Dr.BNSN3002, to date. Hopefully it will maintain some orientation.
*What is the minimum mass -i.e., Space density to support carbon based life?
That question will become important , even though it is a physics question, in the terms of weighing a thing.
To my understanding there has been some experiments on board the ISS for the research of carbon .
I am not sure how successful the experiments have been because I have not seen any experimental results from ISS.
However, they are going much slower than Universal time. I might try putting the experiments in a centrifuge and rotating with and at the speed of the equator, for good luck.
Hopefully this mirror-mage-of-things, of inside-out or reflection, up-side-down will start to make some sense.
The case of the missing minute. All hands on deck, Spaceship Earth.
Iff x is in lab y, then x and y are in the Same time.
Is there a Universal Time? an experiment with clocks.
If clock X is sitting on the lab counter 🤔.
And clock y is also on the same counter except inside of a centrifuge.
Both clocks on the same counter are set to 60 minutes and are started at the exact same time. The centrifuge AND its clock is one minute slower. When the still clock ticks 0: 00, the moving clock has yet 1:00 remaining.
In the case of.. The Missing Minute with, I believe the spinning clock is Faster than Universal time thereby slowing down time.
The centrifuge Is Spinning along the equator, in essence, seeking the future sooner, to accel a vaccination.
Outside the laboratory you cannot 'spin life' , either inside out or upside down, what you get when you do is sickness in the body, a bad information strand, RNA has tautology.
Also, according to the Bible, what occurs in seven years will occur in three and a half.
The case of the missing minute...
I guess the next thing I wonder Ken is... is the constant acceleration of Time (i.e. rate of Universal expansion), could that be the 'driving force' behind all photons issued at their place in the expanding timeline and what continues to 'propel' them due to this time-expansion? i.e. a photon issued by a galaxy in the early universe over the years would be 'pushed' by the continual time-acceleration the universe undergoes. I guess my point is,
Heidegger rejects the comprehension of the subject as consciousness. He tries to explain this by going outside of being itself. The reason he does this is because he thinks there is a strain on the word human being. This load can be explained as follows; Until this time, the word human being has come to the present day with many meanings and definitions. For example: Aristotle defined human beings as rarional animals. Therefore, he does not call being a human being, he calls it dasein. He attempts to make an explanation of dasein using existential analytics.
When trying to explain Dasein - what is there - that exists in what is - that exists among people - the human being asks what it is to be.
Heidegger says we have forgotten that we exist. We actually know we exist, but day by day we lose the importance of our existence and from there on he elaborates...
that the 'energy' in a photon depends on what it was at the time it was issued (or produced)... so if the rate-of-time increases, the 'energy' in the photon would ALSO BE EXPANDED. That seems important to me, and it might not be Photons are not acceleration and therefore do not need energy. Like everything else, they obey Newton's laws and continue in a straight line unless acted upon by an external "force" (energy). However, you make a good point about the moment they are emitted. Indeed the photon's energy is dependent upon the time rate at that moment in the location of emission. I cover this in my book and highlight the fact that higher frequency photons actually travel marginally slower than lower frequency photons. This is because, the slower you go, the more oscillations of the time wave you experience throughout your journey. Yes, if the time rate reduces through a gravitational field, or increases due to the cosmological constant, then this effects the frequency and therefore the energy of the photon. But remember, if your time rate changes, then within your frame of reference, nothing changes as far as you are concerned. The laws of nature are unaffected for you. The only affect is observation from another frame of reference that, say, did not change its time rate. That's why the past ran slower and was smaller than today, i.e. cosmic expansion.
(y) So the 'expansion rate' doesn't propel the photons which have no inertia anyway, but can effect the photon's initial internal time-rate, reflected in the photon's spectral pattern shifting and thus showing the rate of time-shift from the time of the photon's original emission.
Did you notice I asked whether different orientations of its rotation axis effects centrifugal time?
If the axis is parallell to Earth rotational axis then it seems to me that small periodic variations
in centrifugal time might exist... Could you perhaps clear up this matter? I think it may be important.
But...ahem...please! Present your final result in ordinary English (Or Swedish.)
That said a thought occurs to me:
My experiment was modelled on the Twin Experiment
and the question has been raised
whether my "improvement" is only a "plagiarisation"
or if my experiment has some Scientific Value on its own?
I will say neither wouff nor baaah in the matter,
only point out that to settle it
the properties of my experiment needs to be examined.
Beck'y annotations look like custom punch cards fed into a spinning platter.
She seems to nearly explain the Higgs Boson starting at 13:46
"Gravity is at least 10 times that you see in stars"
Okay, also, Ice floats on water to Protect Existential Life. It provides insulation from Sunlight and the mixing water through maintaining a genuine thermal kline. Some of those properties are; Ice is 10% above water and 90% below water or unseen.
Ice will melt under pressure as ice skaters know, when their skates are on edge the ice below melts and forms a thin layer of water making the skates slippery on ice.
A Star's brightening or dimming- Is it possible that we see more, or less, of a star's image?
On Earth, we tend to give off 90% or more gravity than light, as an Inverse reflection. So..How much can 'they' see of us?
Space is a giant scale, a massive light detector, to weigh on the grand scale.
Most likely we see very very little of what is truly there, being on edge, is it the Earth's tilt?
Biblically we were asked to give a 10% tithe so that the storehouse would rermain full.
I don't think the tithe is an isotropic Inscription type of tithe, because the church cannot be filled with money if it lacks light. If only 10 percent of our day was spent with God, then we would carry the light through out the day, enough to fill the storehouse.
What iff we gave off Much Less light than 10 percent?
The question remains; How much mass, -i.e. Space Density, will support carbon based life?
At 17:50 the optical telescope is rotating equatorialy oppositely the Milkyway Azimuth plane . . ?
It is either tracking the reflection of the daystars, -i.e. with the stars as they would be shone in the daytime hemisphere, or it is observing something outside our Milkyway. Can ground based optical telescopes 'See' such a distance?
@Peter Mortensen Summarize 😒 Changing tones Non-harmonic tones dependent upon the first tone of an interval and left by a skip. A harmonic interval is when two tones of an interval are sounded simultaneously.
Harmonic synthesis Contemporary harmonic writting is often a composite process, which may involve varying placement of the norm of disonance, choice of single harmonic idiom or the coalition of one with the another, fusion of tonalities, singleness of sound organization or the juxtaposition of tonal and atonal aspects.
The study of harmony dealing with the variants of fundamental structure in harmony.
If I were a clock, I woiuld wonder what my frequency were and iff modulation occured, from one key to another in Overtones, I would wonder why of the variants iff tonality and haromony consists of a minor second, an augmented second, and a minor second. The characteristic of the tone quality of an instrument is due entirely to the relationship among fundamentals and upper partials, which is supposed to remain unchanged regardless of the fundamental.
Summer is another term from the ancient land of Ur. Jesus spoke to the Samaritan women at the well telling of all her husbands, or the history of the land of Ur.
Arbram came out of Ur. According to his account peace came through the thicket after faith. Spaghettification might be the drawing away of the foundational elements , perhaps like Uranus or Neptune, destabilizing, thus making a hotter solar mechanic leading to a Supergiant to Supernova.
Prior to the foundations breaking up, the minerals and ores scattered were contained in a water firmament below the earth. The offgasses were a mix, when through the water, is a stable environment. But that final quality split a part leading to instabilities, Winds and Storms which have since increased.
The human is represented in that earth likeness, of water and minerals stability or instability.
Only just discovered this channel... Now going through the back Catalog because it's nice falling asleep to science 👌
I love Dr. Becky. Her field of study is fascinating. It'd be amazing to pick her brain about astronomy
Thank you for the Saturn tip. It was cloudy here in southern Ontario on Thursday but the next day was good and I was able to obtain an OK photo with my birding lens. It's been a long time since I have seen Saturn.
Nice! Glad you managed to catch it
As always Becks, a very interesting and informative upload. Thoroughly enjoyed it. And then there’s the bloopers and a little singing..... super. Thank you for another one.
Saw the "toenail" moon last night (Montreal) with Jupiter but not Saturn (a little high thin cloud cover).
Thanks for the link to attend Professor Victoria Kaspi's lecture, I've got my ticket and I feeeeel soooo haaaappy!
Ooh, thanks for the planet spotting tip - I just saw Jupiter on my way home, thought it was Venus cos it was bright. I stand happily corrected
1:31 "the window that you usually see the sunset from". Well, i live in a basement and sunset is whenever i turn the lights off.
Dr Becky...nice sixty symbols episode as well. Question for you from your sixty symbols talk about "burps". Are the burps what cause voorwerpje?
Yep! It’s the echo of a burp
@@DrBecky voorwerpje would be a fun episode topic
Thank you so much for all your great videos Dr Becky. The content is so informative and entertaining at the same time 👍🙂
So much to learn from Dr.Becky's Night Sky News! And this one's about Dark matter, an icing on the cake and cherry on top!!!!
Thank you so much Dr.Becky!!! Lots of love from India ❤️
The math was incredible to actually get the sattlelite to land on the meteor and grab a sample. And then come back by 2023. I forgot about this. Thank you.
BTW, my favorite part is when you sing for us.
Your videos are great. I love how you hit all the topics I didn't realize I was that interested in
Dr. Becky is always so informative. Thank you so much.
Dr. Becky translates from genius to dumbass with great facility.
I walk in the early morning, and I’ve been able to see several meteors. One in particular was very bright. It was exciting to see.
Saw galaxy and dark matter,
Came faster than lightning.
Going beyond Lorentz's equations feasible solutions ☺️
Raychaudhari was laughing behind😂
Hi Dr. Becky, I hope you get the chance to answer this! @18:30 you state the majority of Dark Matter is on the outskirts of a galaxy. Is there any easy to way to explain how that force helps to keep all the normal matter in the center? I know Dark Matter is what helps to hold galaxies together, but if it's on the outside, wouldn't it's gravity pull the matter away from the center?
Re Galaxies wo Dark Matter - I understand that this is a problem for MOND. You didn't mention whether the new data about "Stripping" changes the conclusion that these galaxies cause a problem for MOND theories. Sure would be nice to be moving toward settling the question of Particles vs MOND for dark matter explanations.
Why.... the more I learn about physics the more I wonder “am I high?” These theories 🤯🤯🤯
For those not in the know, to "hoover" means to "vacuum", or to "suck", as in "Electrolux, it really sucks!".
Hoover was (and maybe still is) a brand of vacuum cleaner.
A great example of branding: when a brand name becomes synonymous with the product. A bit like Velcro or Kleenex. Funny, cos nowadays nobody says, I'm gonna Dyson the carpet!
correct British people call the device that is a vacuum ( in the USA ) a Hoover not necessarily of the Brand Hoover. Just to be clear... :D :P I love being a brit in the US
@@The_man_himself_67 The term is genericide, and companies actually hate it because they lose their trademark protection if their brand becomes the common term for something.
Also, the last name of a previous lady friend of mine. And, yes, she would. I miss her so much!
Hi Becky! What is it that makes Dark Matter tend to be on the outskirts of the galaxies and regular matter in the center?
also for anyone on a device that couldn’t display the link to Becky’s “How do we know dark matter exists?” video, here it is: th-cam.com/video/nbE8B7zggUg/w-d-xo.html
Since it only interacts through gravity, it is harder for it to lose energy than if it also interacted electromagnetically.
@@AndyBarbosa96 Then why has no one been able to come up with a theory of gravity that explains all the phenomena that dark matter explains?
@@AndyBarbosa96 Then how is it possible to find these galaxies where the understanding of gravity works perfectly and there is no dark matter?
@@AndyBarbosa96 Do you remember Neptune? It was predicted to exist from the perturbations of Uranus's orbit, and there it was. So you see how it can work both ways? And yet here you are asserting knowledge where no one knows.
I like how Dr. Becky has turned into a videographer, even on her inteview she's got the camera at a certain angle and an outboard microphone!
Thanks for the tipp with the FRB lecture, it was really great! Is there some way to find future lectures in the field of astrophysics? how do you know about these lectures?
Kind regards, David
Thank you for answering my unspoken question about Pleiades! I saw it outside my cabin last week and it looked like a smear of stars or a comet maybe until I got out my binoculars. I was blown away by the density of visible stars in such a small area, but I hadn't yet looked up what I saw. Very cool!
Thank you Peter, for pointing out there are other open star clusters elsewhere in the sky. But I am pretty sure it was the Pleiades I was looking at. I see Cassiopeia and Perseus all summer long, but it is not until this time of year I get to see Orion in the early evening, and there he was lying with his back on the horizon with Taurus above him and the bright smear I was referring to over the shoulder of the bull. My cabin is fairly remote with almost no light pollution and it was the new moon on a clear night. Few people get to see the stars like we are lucky to, and on a night like that things pop out of the sky that you have never noticed before. I wasn't even stargazing at the time, just walking about before bed. The Pleiades were so bright that I had to go for binoculars to see that I wasn't looking at something else in the sky besides stars. But thanks for the tip.
You should totally record an album with all the fun, spacey lyrics you come up with for all these pop songs. 😂😂
So serious question, how do you vacuum (hoover) material from inside of a vacuum (space)?
She's using poetic license. It didn't actually hoover anything. It touched the surface then squirted nitrogen gas at it, disturbing the dust and pebbles which then floated up into the capture mechanism. More fun to think of it as hoovering though :)
@@EnglishMike I appreciate the explanation. That makes a lot more sense. I was honestly quite baffled at how in the universe one would vacuum in a vacuum. 🤣
yes, since I came to this episode so late, I went straight to 12.22 !
thank you
and like Dr Mireia Montes explained, a galaxy without any DM would be so fragile, any small influence would just break the whole structure apart!
I love this "Sky News" segment. If I may suggest something, how about dividing it in South and North hemisphere news of what and where to look in the skies. Other than that, please change nothing. I've got you on the bell notification and on top of my small list.
I miss seeing the stars, the council here in Stoke on Trent started replacement of the sodium streetlights with those awful white led ones about 10 years ago. Before then even though there was an orange horizon glow, you could still make out most of the stars and even see andromeda with averted vision.
Now you only see the very brightest objects, even seeing Saturn is a struggle. The horizon 'glow' may be gone but so are the stars, the sky mostly looks like a black empty void. :(
Yes! 30 minutes of quality education!
Antidote to US Politics
i saw dark matter , i clicked...glad to be early
Thanks dr. Becky for amazing information
It seems a lot of radio sources also produce prodigious amounts of X-ray light. Do FRB's do this too? Also why are radio and X-rays so closely correlated from the same sources?
If galaxies can't form without DM, then learning how this one has managed to stay together without DM should become a huge research priority.
- Is its rate of rotation exceptionally slow?
- Is its central black hole exceptionally massive?
- Is the stellar distribution odd, beyond the 'S' shape indicating stripping?
- What about its amount and distribution of neutral Hydrogen?
If the above are proven to not explain things, aren't we looking at some changes to Cosmology, and perhaps Gravity also?
Thanks a lot, dr. Becky! 😊
Stay safe there! 🖖😊
DR Becky: Bennu rocks will come to earth in 2023
Me to my mom: Can we please go to Utah in 2023??
BTW thanks for sharing the video and keep making videos like this. (You are doing a great job!!!)
Great! Though I wonder why didn't you get a heart?? 🤔🤔
Wow, I also want to go with you!!
Are the rotational speeds of that galaxy inconsistent with MOND?
I'm curious what books you were using as a laptop/microphone stand during the interview. ;P
Stripping dark matter should make the galaxy expand/diffuse, shouldn't it? All else being equal, reducing overall mass increases the stable orbital radius (and reduces the velocity) of remaining objects, right?
It is very sad that the Arecibo Radio Telescope is no longer viable after the damage it suffered from cable breaks and must now be destroyed. I was involved in data collection through the SETI@Home program and still have my Certificate for working my 4,000 Decryptions on my home computer.
"Toenail moon" - has there ever been such an offputting name for something so beautiful?
I completely agree
Wow you said that so perfectly. It takes away the magic.
I’ve never heard of a toenail moon except here. Only crescent moon or rarely sickle moon.
Isn't that a manga character?
Always looking up to your videos on my thursday
Is the tidal stripping of NGC1052-DF4s dark matter a falsification of deep mond behavior at low acceleration scales then? I suppose that if galaxy dynamics in galaxies with basically only baryonic matter is consistent with keplerian rotation velocities, then that deviates from predictions based on MOND?
18:29 - In a galaxy, the highest density of DM (by many orders of magnitude) is in its center. On the outskirts, the density of DM is very very low (compared to the density at the center of the galaxy), but it is distributed in a much larger volume (~r^3), so its cumulative mass is high.
@xrm160xqw In terms of total (cumulative) mass yes, because of the huge volume, but in terms of density no. The highest concentration of DM (or density) is in the central ~500ly of the galactic core.
@xrm160xqw No, DM is not made by SMBH, quasars, etc. I mean, it could, but we have no reason to believe it actually is. And in addition to that, we know that DM needs to be cold - the average speed of the DM particles (whether we are talking about WIMPs or MACHOs) must be low, i.e. in the order of a few ~100km/s. Remember, DM is there from the beginning. It served and still serves as a scaffold for the ordinary - baryonic - matter to clump on it. If DM wasn't there from the beginning, the large scale structure of the Universe wouldn't look as it looks. So once again, no, DM isn't created in galactic centers. But at the beginning, it concentrated into clumps and filaments and the ordinary baryonic "grew" and "condensed" on it. Small galaxies were created around small clumps of DM and later on when galaxies collided and merged, they grew, and with them grew their DM halo. The central region of the DM halo is several orders of magnitude more concentrated than the outskirt of the DM halo, but since it is a relatively small volume the mass contribution is also small relative to the total mass of the entire DM halo.
If we ever build something to specifically study magnetars it really needs to be called Perseus.
@Peter Mortensen I got it wrong. Theseus slew the Minotaur. Magnetar, Minotaur. It's a pun.
Historically, the number of stars one could see in the Pleiadies cluster was a rule-of-thumb test for how good your prospects were as an archer. If you could see all Seven Sisters then you had really good eyesight.
So , could this galaxy be behaving according to MOND , could it be the external field effect . Or this will be completely unrelated ??
Exactly. To judge the dynamics of a galaxy under MOND, the influence of neighbours must be considered, especially the EFE. Some time ago I posted a link to an article by Pr. Stacy McGaugh explaining this, look it up if you are interested...
Where can we see all the footage of Osiris-Rex 'touching' Bennu...
I'm a bit curious about the debris behavior after the 'touchdown'...
Speaking of galaxies and dark matter being in the outskirts and a galaxy actually being larger than it appears - I'd like to see some discussion on figuring out edges for some well-known galaxies. Understanding that a galaxy's edge is somewhat like Earth's atmosphere's edge in that a sharp delineation does not exist - what are some ways of defining various edges? 95% of stars in orbit around the center? 99%? 99.9%? Or maybe the literal gravitational edge where objects placed on one side would fall toward one galaxy, or on the other side, would fall toward a different galaxy? Or some other metric?
Do we yet know which other galaxy DF4 tidally interacted with to strip its Dark Matter? Where did the lost Dark Matter go? Is it floating about in inter-galactic space, or did the other galaxy acquire it for itself? Would that have had any effect on the interacting galaxy such as slowing its rotation? Many questions here to be answered.
I guess I have a question. Why would bringing the galaxy closer not introduce forces which require dark matter? Isn't the calculation of the mass of the galaxy specifically dependent on it's radius?
Really love watching all of your videos - thanks so much for sharing your talent, knowledge, and passion.
19:24 Love the innovative "adjustable" box and book computer stand :-)
From previous comments about Dr Becky's laptop stand I believe the box is the cased set of Richard Feynman's lectures in Physics.
Kiwiko does not deliver in India. ☹️
I was impressed about their products though.
Excellent and thoughtful video as usual! 🌹
3 questions: 1) Jupiter and Saturn being near to each other in the sky: is this usual or it’s the time of year or even decade or more? It’s a beautiful sight and I stare at it every night it’s clear.
2) What would that jellyfish galaxy look like if we were a planet in one of its tendrils? As you have said, and I think Mike Merrifield also said, Andromeda would actually look HUGE in the sky if it weren’t so faint.
3) Dark matter: also on that subject, how does dark matter behave with a black hole? Attracted like “normal” matter or...? You asked this in a 60 Symbols video a long time ago. I suppose until we can detect it directly it will be conjecture.
1) no it’s not common, in fact in December they will appear the closest together in the sky that they’ve got since the 1700s!
2) probably really cool! Lots of stars all over the sky rather than in concentrated in a plane like the Milky Way
3) I made a video ages ago on whether black holes grow by accreting dark matter - check it out! 👍
Wow thanks ever so much for the answers! ❤️🖖🏼
Have a good conference about CHIME.
I didn’t know it was out of Montreal’s McGill U.
I think Quebec universities are pretty big in astronomy.
Maybe a legacy of our popular astrophysicist Hubert Reeves?
Awesome !! I have Seen The Geminids Meteor Shower. Have You Come across Moon Jupiter Saturn Conjunction 👍🏻🔭
Nice Video, thanks for the all information.
Do you watch nasa space walk live stream? And where can i buy your book?
I just love being a fly on the wall with these discussions. Of course, "still there" is thanks to the Foundation.
Dr. Becky, love your videos! :-) ut, I do have some questions:
Can the majority of dark matter and its apparent intense gravity, actually pull stars out of the galaxy?
Also, does dark matter around a galaxy present any problem to interstellar travel? If not, why not?
In another vein, what would happen to a planet orbiting around a Magnetar?
Hello Dr....is there any way to be contact with you please
Bennu may be small, but he's trying his best.
I thought she said 'Xenu' for a minute. I almost unsubscribed. 🙉
Bennu's last name is Hanna
I'm enjoying the sight of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds in my southern skies at the moment and Achernar just above them, followed by Canopus in the south-east.
Super cool podcast, I find looking at the moon in the evening it has a different appearance, it seems to have a larger object appearing behind it?, a binary Sun perhaps?.
Question. If dark matter is tidally stripped. Where did it go? Is their a close by (stripping) Galaxy with an abundance of dark matter? ie more than average or more than it would normally have?
Interested in where things go
21:33 DAMN! That is a nice mic! What kind of mic is that?
So the dark matter was stripped away. Where did it go? Since it couldn't just disappear (curious: can something "dark" be determined to have *not* disappeared?) shouldn't it be near whatever other galaxy(ies) have stripped it away? And if we know what other galaxy(ies) stripped it away, wouldn't that (now additional) dark matter have a measurable effect on *those* galaxies?
Dr. Becky, I have a question: If dark matter only interacts with baryonic with gravity, does it mean it can also "fall" to black holes?
I made a video on this a year or so ago (warning: made before I figured out good audio) - th-cam.com/video/9Qis5VDOd18/w-d-xo.html
@@DrBecky Thank you, you are awesome, love your videos! :)
Does this finding make modified gravity impossible?
Dr Becky you should check to see if Andromeda is streaming our dark matter. I heard that our galaxies are so close, that our dark matter halos might already touch, right?
I have a question: is out solar system due to be forever a 1 star system?
My question is about time travel, assuming it’s possible, you’d move in time and SPACE, so… if you went back 1 year say, wouldn’t you just appear in space? As the earth has moved in space, our solar system has moved in the galaxy and our galaxy has moved in local web. So you’d have to have an calculation/system to figure out from a fixed point the movement and speed of all objects/body’s in space and the effect of dark energy?
@Dr. Becky I just heard the Arecibo Observatory will be scrapped now as due to extensive damage. This is heartbreaking. What’s next in line for you astrophysicist’s to use??!!! 🙏🏽🙏🏽🙏🏽
Why was figuring out one of the galaxies is closer to earth than first thought change ratio of normal matter to dark matter? Does the distance from earth change how you calculate the ratio?
No it changes how much matter in stars you think is there, because if it’s closer than it’s absolute brightness drops - I.e. instead of its faintness being explained by the fact it’s further away, instead it’s because it’s got less stars in it. And so the ratio of dark matter to matter in stars changes
@@DrBecky I have a dozen follow up questions. I need to do some research on how astrophysicists figure out how many stars are in a galaxy. My company is forcing me to take the whole week off next week, now I have something to do. Thank you :)
Did Sean Bean falling on the Arecibo telescope, cause the damage?
How do you Hoover stuff up in a vacuum?
dr becky , how can you have gas pressure without the necessary antecedent of a container and can you show me space time or gravity , either a push or a pull force will be good proof ,
So dark matter keeps outside of the galaxy center, but visible matter does not? Does dark matter have a special kind of gravity then, like a social distancing gravity?
Ma'am I've got a question for you....are you of British origin?
By the way I really love your content and you are literally the first youtuber to post this much informative content with no charge included..Hats of to you miss👍Keep it raised 💯
🇮🇳Love from India🇮🇳
One day, Dr Becky is gonna sing to us. Maybe a 200k special?
Stephen King formed a band with other authors...
Toenail moon was visible Nov 18 in Canada 43’N 79’W through broken hazy cloud. I thought it was near Venus, but actually Jupiter. Thanks for helping me get my planerary bearings. It was visible till shortly before it set over Lake Erie.
I'm sorry -- which *date* for the Geminids ? I heard "mid-December" and "midnight to two Am"
The 14th
Interesting. From a non-astrophysical opinion (I'm a Chemist), it seems when we have tidal interactions, something happens to the SBHs. Because, at least it appears to me, that Globular Clusters, by and large, don't have apparent SBHs. Therefore active galaxies are different, thus we calculate DM as necessary to form the galaxy. This is just an observation from a lay-astronomer.
Concerning Bennu, how would water ice on the surface interact with Solar radiation?
I have a couple of objections to the term 'toenail moon' - firstly it sounds kinda icky, which 'crescent moon' doesn't, but secondly a toenail is kinda roundish or squareish in shape, the crescent shape would be more accurately described as a toenail-clipping moon! (Which also sounds kinda icky!)
Is it possible for black holes to be a super dense area of dark matter?
This video didn't show up in my subscribed feed and i had to search for it because i remembered you uploaded
First time with Becky
Conspiracy
I bought one of those kiwico crates for a child in my life.