Fascinating discussion and I am in amazement that so few people have watched this. This discussion is at the forefront of current physics and needs hundreds of thousands of views. Not only does this greatly diminish the idea of MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) capturing the spot light and replacing Dark Matter but it offers other intriguing theories that might reveal the truth of the matter.
I always enjoy watching Katy Freese. Oddly enough I'm currently about 3/4 of the way through her book "The Cosmic Cocktail" right now, and also about half way through Brian Greene's book " Until the End of Time" so this video was a special treat. Thank you to both Katy and Brian. 😀
The ability of humans to devise experiments that dissect the thin red line into what actually is from what we want to be, but is not, is one of the marvels of our specie. It’s good for young students to see this process up close and personal, as in the dialogue of this video, so they know it is possible and don’t get discouraged. Thanks.
There's no reason to brag about it. Does nothing but inflate the human ego. Fact is that aren't we aware of the kind of technologies and scientific discoveries that have been made in the other parts of the universe by beings far more intelligent and evolved than humans. Neither are we aware of what's happened in the 13 billion years so far and that which is to happen in the trillions of years to go in the future. Not to mention, this only applies to the universe that we are part of.
I only hope that mankind eventually and collectively unites to focus upon what lies beyond the void veil. That is the most important, unknown journey of all, and yet humanity hasn't really bothered with it for at least 1200 years. Sure, perhaps PRIOR to that, the concept may have been on certain beings' minds, but if so, that data is either lost or being kept extremely secure and secret under proverbial lock & key. 🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨ "Before I start, I must see my end. Destination known, my mind's journey now begins. Upon my chariot, heart and soul's fate revealed. In time, all points converge; hope's strength, resteeled. But to earn final peace at the universe's endless refrain, we must see all in nothingness... before we start again." 🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨ --Diamond Dragons (series)
I love these shows. It's good work. Brian, I'm sure you have little time for reading comments but I wanted to say, I appreciate your efforts. You are an excellent educator.
He saved my life during the dark days of the pandemic. I listened to every last one of his Daily Equation podcasts. What a treasure and a treat they are. I still can’t believe he took the time to do that for us - for FREE. . .
Alma materHarvard University (BS) Magdalen College, Oxford (DPhil). At Columbia, Greene is co-director of the university's Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics (ISCAP) and is leading a research program applying superstring theory to cosmological questions. Greene has lectured outside of the collegiate setting, at both a general and a technical level, in more than twenty-five countries. In 2012, his teaching prowess was recognized when he received the Richtmyer Memorial Award, which is given annually by the American Association of Physics Teachers. - from Wikipedia
"Dark matter particles annihilating with each other"??? We don't know anything about the dark matter particles, so how can we suggest that they "annihilate with each other" which is not all that common in normal matter.
The inconvenient problem with dark matter is that in order to make the galaxy spin as observed, it cannot have a disk-shaped distribution around the center of the galaxy. It must be more spherical. A disk can rotate and maintain an orbit. A spherical cloud has to collapse. Dark matter does not appear to have collapsed, or is doing so very slowly. or it is magical since it is attracted to normal matter but not itself. This is an elephant in the room that i don't hear a lot of discussion about.
Two questions: If dark matter exists within our galaxy and is five times more abundant than normal matter, should we not be seeing its effects on the motions of the planets and even artificial satellites like GPS? Second, is dark matter being sucked into the black holes at the center of the Milky Way and other galaxies?
I have studied mathematics in schools for more than 20 years in my now distant youth, but not once was I smart enough to add a fictitious factor or term when my equations did not add up and declare this factor/term necessary and existent. Most of my teachers weren't geniuses, but none were stupid enough to be convinced by such a thing.
@@soppaism Ptolemy''s numbers were correct, too, thanks to his epicycles. There's a difference between a fundamentally flawed theory "saved" by fudge factors, and a sound physical theory.
The standard model of particle physics has been so successful that people think everything in terms of particles even the dark matter. I think dark matter effects could be just some unknown features of the space-time fabric and believe that can potentially help in understanding gravity.
"I think dark matter effects could be just some unknown features of the space-time fabric" I. e. one has to modify General Relativity. Did you miss the fact that people have been trying that for several decades already, so far, without any success?
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 yes but we know GR isn't 100% correct given Q Mechanics, so a new theory (maybe spacetime related) could explain this and would when/if we have the understanding.
@@PhilipHurrell Again: People have been trying to find such a new theory for several decades, so far, without any success. And that doesn't change the fact that your sentence above ("people think everything in terms of particles even the dark matter") was simply wrong. Yes, lots of physicists think like that, but by _far_ not all of them.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 "one has to modify General Relativity. Did you miss the fact that people have been trying that for several decades already, so far, without any success?" Did you miss the fact, that people have been trying to find dark matter for at least as long -- without any success? Dark matter does really only exists on paper -- in form of gravity adjustment distributions in space.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 they haven’t tried having energy fields move in time only except when displaced by matter which moves in space. They don’t think a star’s past trajectory has to coincide with their location for them to see the star. They think everything revolves around their frame of reference.
Thinking that any missing 'mass' must be something like normal matter but 'just invisible' speaks to a massive failure of imagination and a lack of open mindedness. We really should not call it dark 'matter' at all. It drives thinking and takes it somewhere that may be fruitless.
Dark matter is metaphysics, not physics. The only self-contained physical theory of the universe is Plasma Cosmology. No "dark" stuff needed to make the numbers come out.
Thanks again to Prof. Freese for more insight on her 5 objects found by John Ma and John Gardener. The talk of bubble observations is important as our research group has observed also how bubbles can be associated with black hole removal from the Milky Way Galaxy as an energetic way they are not allowed to interfere with the supermassive as smaller individual black holes. Prof. Freese, it is a very long way from Austin to travel for a talk with Prof. Greene. Thanks for your research on how axions may power dark stars. There are cosmology realities when only fusion exists before the elements started clumping, and it is good you finally got time with the JWST to look back upon the 5 objects, or the three. Thanks again to the WSU staff for another incredible show. Prof. Freese spent time in Nordik Institute areas, so does she know their challenge of 10x greater North radiation than we have in the non- polar regions? When do we have our radiation shielding in place that protects our moonbase Astronauts? They are too vulnerable. CLG
The Bike Wheel analogy is deceptive in an overall mental way for most people. It is about gravity being active over time.. long long time, with billions of other mass/stars adding mass to the entire galaxy system... bike wheel causes a person's attention to other reasons a block in intellect. Gr8! Peace ☮💜Love
Dude. Im a regular guy that enjoys this kind of thing. Im glad I was around before and after TH-cam really took off. World Science Festival, this is immense shit your doing. I can only imagine the next generation of kids that grow up with this at their fingertips. Inspiring stuff.
Something is not clicking for me, in the collision part you have red zones (visible stuff) in the middle becasue of interactions but blue zones are on the edges because they interact less, but what kind of interaction you have is gravitational one (as we know in the case of collision of galaxies phisical interactions are extremely rare) but dark matter is postulated based on gravitational effect they produce, so they have a gravitational effect on visible matter but gravity has little effect on them In the end in the image presented with the collision in the right side you have 2 galaxies 1 of "red" matter and one of "blue", that means in time in the Universe you would have galaxies of visible matter and galaxies of dark matter (invisible), but the origin of theory is based on speed of the stuff in visible galaxies. Like String theory Dark matter theory become more close to faith then science like believing in Santa Klaus. My theory about dark is that more than dark matter in Universe are dark spots in our knowledge about how gravity works and other stuff related to particles and interactions in Universe.
Here seems to be your misunderstanding: "... they have a gravitational effect on visible matter *but gravity has little effect on them* ..." According to the model/hypothesis: dark matter is affected by the gravity as much as the visibly matter.
@@EneriGiilaan This is my view as well, but in the image they showed what they say is dark matter was more distant from the center of gravity then visible matter, if gravity efect is the same for both type of matter why that difference in spread ?
@@raulepure9840 Because - as she says in the video - the normal matter has also other types of interactions. In this case practically electromagnetic forces.
@@EneriGiilaan Do you know how big are distances betwen stars, can emf have an impact at that scale, it seems ridiculous for me, but im no phyzicist. Gravity can impact things at year light distances, how emf can be relevant at that scale?
@@raulepure9840Stars have magnetic fields and stellar wind halos that extend way out into the interstellar space. However - the issue here is not the stars or individual galaxies but two galaxy clusters each containing thousands of galaxies. And specifically the collision between the dust and gas halos of these clusters.
From the gate, I've resisted the notion of both simulations and multiple universes, but the more I learn about dark energy and dark matter, the less resistant I become.
@@chaoticmoh7091 They are right in every other case. We don't have any other evidence that supports the fact that they're wrong. And if they are wrong, they shouldn't also be right in a billion ways. The simplest explanation is that there is a ton of diffuse matter there.
People have been looking for modifications of General Relativity for several decades. So far, they have not been able to come up with a better alternative.
Tell me if I am missing something but how do we know that so called dark matter is not just ordinary matter which (in the center of galaxies) has not just exhausted its fusion material and stopped emitting light?
So we only know about Dark Matter because we observe galaxy rotation not throwing out stars at the edges? Could it be that perhaps we are measuring the speed of stars incorrectly in those galaxies?
Dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in our understanding of the universe, making up the majority of its mass, yet we still haven’t directly detected it. Have we really failed to identify most of the cosmos, or are we just missing the right tools or theories to fully grasp what dark matter is? What new approaches or experiments are being considered to finally solve this cosmic puzzle, and how might it change our understanding of the universe if we do?
Henceforth, when some "Modified Gravity" fool pushes their crap online, I'm simply responding, "Explain the Bullet Cluster with that." There were already numerous other arguments against MOND, but that's much easier.
6:40 but i have a question, if time itself is variable and we know it is, wouldn't the speed difference of time alter what we perceive as velocity looking from the outside? This would also explain a lot of event horizons... and make the entire dark matter concept wrong, right?
I'm not sure if I've seen an explanation for this concept before, but is it possible that Dark Matter is simply "peaks and valleys" in spacetime caused by spacetime being twisted circularly by the black hole at the center? Could matter just be getting stuck in a "valley" in the spacetime that's causing it to "roll" in an orbit instead of being flung outward? Maybe there are a bunch of observations that rule something like this out, but I haven't really seen anyone discuss it yet.
*literary cooking TV show* Brian: “So, in 1915, Albert Einstein predicted that, if someone is cooking stuff, that stuff, we can say that matter, is cooked.” 💀 P.S. I love both Albert and Brian ❤
What would Einstein's "Spooky action at a distance" play into the structure as it's seen compared to how it appears to be? The experiences people have don't align with how things appear to be, and we call it a miracle. Are those experiences just taking place in those spaces that we can't 'see' but for the effects. As in; 'The Light shines in the Darkness but the Darkness beholds it not.' Is there no hint yet that that Dark Mass is nothing more than an Infinite Ocean of Awareness/Consciousness. That's what IT said It was and what we see as 'the Universe' is the least of IT's Mass, just a thought expressed to express IT'l Glory and Wonder. Our consciousness is but a drop of IT. For that reason our consciousness has dominion over the whole of IT at this level of awareness. Many are becoming aware that ten thousand years ago persons had said just this as a direct experience. How could they have said such things without having 'science' applied but rather saying it's knowledge that came from expanded awareness of Being and finding that 'It is all Consciousness, call It what you will. The term God got zeroed in on.
A deeper understanding of gravity gives you a deeper understanding of the universe. The earth is flat locally the same as the speed of light is the same locally but not on a larger scale. The earth is round on larger scales and the speed of light depends on the measures of time and distance which change depending on the amount of gravity in the surrounding area. This means that distant starlight arrives instantaneously from distant galaxies which aren’t as far away as they appear to us to be with our measures of time and distance and the time is also passing by at a much faster rate since there’s no matter between us and distant galaxies to slow down time or shorten distance according to general relativity which is now an observation and not just a theory. …and the converse of things approaching a black hole look stopped to us because of how slow they are moving. So causation is faster outside of a galaxy and things happen slower inside of a galaxy. The changes in time and distance compound the changes in the speed of light as observed from our frame of reference. The measured speed can’t change. When time and distance used to measure the speed change the actual speed changes. Do the following thought experiment. Hold your hands a foot apart representing 186,000 miles saying “one thousand and one” representing one second while pretending to see an imaginary photon going from one hand to the other. Now expand the distance between your hands saying “one thousand and one” as fast as you can. You should notice that the speed of the imaginary photon increases the more distance expands and the more time speeds up just same as the farther away from the center of the galaxy it is. The opposite is also true. Someone moving in the direction of a black hole will seem to us to be stopped. *If you change the size of a cubit you will change the size of the house that you build with it.*
There’s a colossal amount of wildly speculative theorizing, extrapolative conclusions and complicated math often based upon shaky observations and falling far short of what’s needed for valid inductive reasoning--and from that we’ve constructed a conception of reality. We’re essentially like ants crawling about in the fruit bowl on someone’s dinner table in a huge banquet hall. The more we think we know, the more we should realize what we don’t know. And while wasting resources, effort, money on trips to Mars, particle study, quantum computing, AI, and entertaining ourselves, we’re destroying the only known habitable planet, and the plants and animals we share it with. We are not wise.
The best artists don't do it just for money. If money is the driver, the creative output is driven by money. Don't say you "believe" in science and then tell me it's not an art, or a business.
We know that matter beyond a certain density collapses to a black hole. We also know that the early universe was beyond that density. It seems possible to me that there would have been a point where the densest areas of the early universe would have been above that threshold while the less dense areas in between were below it. The dense pockets could have collapsed into PBHs and further lowered the density of the rest, allowing it to spread more freely.
I agree. There should be many primordial black holes including tiny and huge ones. But it seems to me that WIMPS and Axions could also contribute. I see no reason why Dark Matter is only one thing.
@@Tstopmotion If that is true then why not assume that the majority of the 'missing mass' of the universe is trapped in black holes? It's a scam, mate; 'we' don't know _anything_ for certain.
When are scientists going to figure out that the changes in the measures of time and distance due to the amount of gravity in the vicinity change the speed of light relative to our measures of time and distance where we are inside of a galaxy? Scientists can’t seem to figure out that where gravity changes time and distance it changes the speed of light and the rate of causation. Space is not flat in the measures of time and distance on larger scales just like the Earth is not flat on larger scales. Light MUST indeed *always* travel 186,000 miles an hour at the speed of light C. When distance is stretched from having less gravity, light must still complete traveling that distance in the time determined by C. That means the light is traveling faster as perceived by us in a more contracted frame of reference where there is more gravity. Add to that the fact that a second passes by faster away from the center of mass which increases the speed light MUST travel even more. It’s really not complicated. It’s so simple. It’s the very reason things appear to be moving faster than the speed of light moving away from the center of the galaxy because they are moving faster away from the center of the galaxy yet without exceeding the speed of light. I don’t know why that is so hard to understand. There are three rates to consider. 1. The diminishing effect or draw of gravity away from the center of mass. 2. The increasing rate of time away from the center of mass. 3. The increasing measure of distance away from the center of mass. Speed is measured by time and distance which both change and that changes the speed of light and causation. Things happen faster. Distance gets longer without gravity and time goes by faster, both of which combine to speed up causation. The light has to arrive at a farther distance faster when distance is stretched *and* time also goes by faster. *Then* there is the first thing to consider and that is the diminishing draw of gravity the farther away it is from the center of the galaxy which means things eventually slow down the farther away they are from the center mass of a galaxy. (It's not complicated. No dark matter is needed.) 😎 Redshift happens when light leaves a galaxy. Blueshift happens as light enters a galaxy. All things being equal, the light will be redshifted as it leaves a galaxy and then blueshifted back again as it enters our galaxy. Except we already know galaxies are different sizes. The distant galaxies that we can see are very large and the distances between here and there is excessive causing more redshift than our small galaxy can blueshift back to its original spectrum. The more distant a galaxy is the more accumulated gravity there is from nearby masses causing more redshift.
As a non-scientist, the thing that baffles me is that whilst both matter and dark matter warp the 'fabric' of spacetime (a warping whose effects we call gravity), what *is* this fabric? Surely it must be a 'thing' of some kind, or else how can it be warped? But what 'thing'?
Over half an hour and the only somewhat true claim I heard was that” We don’t have a clue about 95% of what’s going on “. I think 95 is even a stretch. When they do realize they don’t have a clue, it is labeled dark matter, or another one of their favorites, singularity. The source of their revenue must always be considered, especially regarding anything to do with climate change. They say what they are paid to say, and that is a fact. And those that do not follow the program are quickly dealt with accordingly.
"Right now I find myself lying awake at three in the morning, wondering if everything I've ever done is wrong," wrote Allison Kirkpatrick, an astrophysicist at the U. of Kansas. She soon recanted, as did Galileo, saving her career.
From a pure science standpoint the work of cosmologist and theoretical physicist is awesome and inspiring. As an applied scientist working for the US government I cannot get funding for basic laboratory equipment, instruments and people while watching billions of dollars going to yet another space-based satellite, program or sensor array that supports the tireless work of multiple PhDs who could not care less about the rest of science. I support what WSF is trying to do, education is fundamental to science, but the politics in play are applied with brutality to those of us whose names will never matter to anyone but our fellow laboratory friends and family.
@@mrhassell What a little mean one, you went straight to the typing error so you can happily evade the essence of the comment. The new type of "science" so used today.
Your comment was excellent use of word play and highly amusing. 😆 You could not have delivered that in any possibly better context. I'd assumed being intentional, as it's quite clever. (Having some idea for the reason). You guy's (Government funded Scientists) do so much for Science (which in turn means all of humanity benefits), yet are rewarded abysmally! (How the rates are justified as set out in policy, is even more bizarre.) Doing the real work that, if was not for I.T (information tech/computer science/engineering), being so highly in demand today (and the past 30+ years), often stealing Scientists away, before ever working in their vocation studied, happening more than anyone would reasonably assume), everybody would otherwise be doing exactly what you are! With these 2 facts, I'd say this places yourself as being worthy of recognition. Possibly, this makes you one of the most noble men of Science, in a World that's guided by Science, by proxy this means in all of the World and amongst every possible forms of highly noble roles, humanly possible! The humor in your wordplay, made it impossible not to react (absent friends, and I would find ourselves engaging in exactly this for entertainment... quite a long time ago now but remain amongst my personally fondest memories, at least in this life). So, I figured by responding in detail, I was showing a level of respect, rather than making a hit and run smart remark (implied, in another comment), yet apparently, not everyone shares the same sentiment, ha! Proof, right there. Pleasing everyone, is highly over rated. Anyways... Thanks for your reply Neil! I'm a bit of a fan (sincerely). I too worked in multiple Australian government department's, computer science field, for around a decade (closer to 2), it might be fair to say, with one or two things in common being gifted to us both, with a sense of humor! Very useful quality, sometimes absent in modern perception (although, quite rarely). 😁 P.S - What are the chance's? If you're interested in an exact figure, I can calculate this to 2% of 100% accuracy. Highly accurate statistical figure, you won't obtain from any A.I. Evaluated manually, by combining set theory/types with a partial differential equation. The polynomial distribution, Bayesian modelling is based in Lorentz's Chaos theory, used in Deep Learning-Machine Learning (A.I - ChatGPT - Gemini), provide best case certainty, 94% as an optimistic outcome. 4% - nothing between friends. If millions of dollars was at stake, easy to see how 98% is a better start, aiming to reduce 2% to 0% - anyways - Should you ever have needs for anything of this kind, for yourself, it would be my pleasure! let me know (also the reason, why A.I will never replace gifted individuals, regardless of their flaws).
What about a new state of the vacuum? Maybe at a certain temperature or mass, the vacuum has a phase transition to a new, undiscovered phase/state. Or how about magnetic monopoles?
W=(8.809/8.753)^2*80.42939=81.5 Gev : weak interact massive particle[WIMP] for dark matter ch/3=pl*pm*c^2/2 by electron decay from strong force g(p)=g*m^2/pm^2=g*(pl/4.1888*l)^2=1.13*10^28 which by graviton g*m^2=ch/2pi : solution of GR field equation ch=8pi*g*(m*c^2/2)^2/c^4 oscillating between Planck scale l=g*m/c^2=(h*g/2pi*c^3)^0.5=1.616231*10^-35 meter which can deduce ch=2pi*g*m^2=8pi*g*(m*c^2/2)^2/c^4=(4.9154)^3*pm : vacuum energy : solution of GR field equation under critical mass [6^3*pm] as dark energy can expand our universe, proton scale pl=g(p)*(4pi*pm/3)/c^2=8.809*10^-16 meter which can deduce ch/3=pl*pm*c^2/2 shrink proton radius to 8.753*10^-16 meter , produce r=En=ch/L=chR=me*(c/137.036)^2/2=13.6*e=W*p*6pi for regular matter ch/6pi can emit light spectrum r=13.6*e*((1/1^2-1/2^2)+(1/2^2-1/3^2)+...+(1/n^2-1/(n+1)^2))=(h/2pi)*(f1+f2+..+fn) from vacuum ch=(2*A1*137.036*pm*c^2)*(4pi*A*137.036)=En*L where A1=A*(128.4980143128.51991), A=5.29177282*10^-11 meter : hydrogen Atom radius, pm=1.672621868*10^-27 kg : proton mass, deduce ch +ch/3 + ch/6pi = En[100%] : oscillation between dark energy ch[72.13%], dark matter ch/3[24.04%], regular matter ch/6pi[3.83%], deduce experiment data from Planck satellite at bullet cluster when two galaxies collide emit blue light indicate hot dark matter have 26.8% from WIMP, cold regular matter 4.9% by 3.83=(4.9-3.83)+(26.8-24.04), dark energy 68.3%=72.13-3.83.
I wholeheartedly applaud the brilliant efforts of our best scientists to tackle the NON-TRIVIAL problem of decoding nature. I would caution those who accept the current belief that 95% nature is “dark”… that science has a history of conquering up “dark” stuff to make current incomplete or incorrect understanding work. Remember “Caloric” or the “Luminiferous Aether”…
You ignore the many, many examples where physicists tried to explain observations by something "dark", and it later turned out that they were actually right.
It’s dark energy that is responsible for the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. That’s pretty impactful in that in hard to imagine timeframe of the future there will be nothing. Recommend Brian’s Until the End of Time.
A very interesting discussion, as it always is with World Science Festival. The credits misspelled dr.Freese's first name. Keep up the good work, I can't wait for the next discussion!
X-rays, infrared, radio waves simply put they are energy that travel at the speed of light. The three are subsumed under the term "electromagnetism" i.e. electricity, magnetism, light, but only termed electromagnetism as they travel at the speed of light, but are fundamentally different aggregate like apples and oranges are different, but come under the title fruit. "X-rays, radio waves, you know these are electromagnetic spectrum..." Electromagnetism/electromagnetic force: X-rays, Infrared, radio waves are only combined, defined, not constituted in electromagnetism by any more than that they travel at the speed of light. The way Mr. Green spins it {physics) I feel is lacking. I'm not a physicist and that reflects in my opinion, and that may by why I catch my self repeating "wait a minute" a dozen times in a video presentation lol , it's what I like to call "Brian speak".
The Stark effect (probably the first), used in radiography and nuclear medicine, makes use of radiation and "Thermionic Energy", not defined in the Standard Model or by General Relativity, yet witnessed in light bulbs, is only matched by something equally as fundamental and missing as well in both, the fifth state of matter - plasma (stars/the sun).
Maybe this proves that we live in a negative universe and the positive universe is parallel to this one. "There is no way of telling whether we are living organisms in a positive universe, or pseudo-living organisms in a negative universe.. The difference is really one merely between the two directions of time, and, though those two directions are opposite to each other, they have no physical properties which are in any way different." -William James Sidis
Dark matter is dilated mass. Mass that is dilated is smeared through spacetime relative to an outside observer. It's the phenomenon our high school teachers were talking about when they said "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". A graph illustrates its squared nature, dilation increases at an exponential rate the closer you get to the speed of light. A time dilation graph illustrates the same phenomenon, it's not just time that gets dilated. Dilation occurs wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. This includes the centers of very high mass stars and the overwhelming majority of galaxy centers. The mass at the center of our own galaxy is dilated. This means that there is no valid XYZ coordinate we can attribute to it, you can't point your finger at something that is smeared through spacetime. In other words that mass is all around us. It's the "missing mass" needed to explain galaxy rotation curves. Dilation does not occur in galaxies with low mass centers because they do not have enough mass to achieve relativistic velocities. It has been confirmed in 6 very low mass galaxies including NGC 1052-DF2 and DF4 to have no dark matter. In other words they have normal rotation rates. All binary stars have normal rotation rates for the same reason.
@@shawns0762 seems more likely to me that density of space only has room for so much mass to pass through it at one time. When you increase the rate that mass is passing through it then the amount of time that can pass through it begins to drop off. This increased density means you need exponentially more energy as you increase the speed. As you circle into a black hole the density increases with the gravity and time once again is forced to slow down.
@@Tstopmotion I had a video made on the subject "dark matter is dilated mass". The best way to understand dilation is to imagine a spaceship traveling at a constant acceleration rate. When the ship reaches 50% light speed, as viewed from an Earthbound observer with a magically powerful telescope, it would appear normal because as the graph shows nothing has changed at that point. When the ship reaches 75% light speed it would appear fuzzy because as the graph shows relativistic effects would be noticeable at that point. When the ship reaches 99% light speed it would not be visible because every aspect of its existence would be smeared through spacetime relative to an Earthbound observer. This is the state of mass in our galactic center. It's not just there, it's everywhere.
@@shawns0762 I’m a mathematician with a youtube channel myself. I’d be very interested in a link to published research on this idea. My channel only covers published reseaech.
@@Tstopmotion I am an older science/physics nerd. I realized dilation explains dark matter a few years ago. Over a thousand people agree with me. It is provable. The video has more information. If you agree perhaps you can help me post onto arxiv.
People claim that the bullet cluster and other similar examples of cluster collisions rule out modified gravity as an explanation for the “dark matter” problem but I think we should not draw such a conclusion so quickly. It is possible that the gravitational lensing we see near the bullet cluster which is offset from the matter is due to a large scale propagating gravitational disturbance which radiated out from the collision. We know that gravitational waves are generated from the collision of massive objects. This is just my own speculation, I am bringing it up just to point out that there is at least a possible mechanism to explain the gravitational lensing around the bullet cluster collision in a modified gravity theory without dark matter.
Looking at the graphics of this collision, I assume that dark matter doesn't even interact with itself? Or are there fainter signs to be found? I bring this up because it seems to me, that if dark matter is composed of some type of dark particles, then some of them would collide with others. This should at least produce something of a trail leading back to the strike zone. Conversely, no trail whatsoever, would indicate that this is a 'force', and not a 'thing'. (No, I haven't thought about the type of forces that could be disguised as things, and behave as things in a gravitational manner. Refer here to the famous line by the character Sherlock Holms about seeming impossibilities.😁) ADD: if I think of spacetime as a seafloor, and consider that the Universe is expanding in every direction from every point at Hubble's (inconsistant) Constant, then that force which is emergent is like a bubbling up into and through the brane, (if that's what it is), it looks like 'dark matter' is the fabric we don't see but exists just the same. Okay, now my head hurts as a result of 'Dark Matters'.🤣
If you are tired of headaches. try Plasma Cosmology, the only self-contained physical theory of the universe. No "dark" stuff needed to make the numbers come out right.
If 95% of the universe is dark matter we might want to be thankful that we can't see it. It seems like it would obscure our view of stars galaxies and etcetera
Subatomic particles exist in fields beyond the range of human perception. The exception being plasma from a star gone supernova, not reformed into any new form of a celestial body (star/planet/proto-planet), where it simply is stagnant in empty space for up to billions of years, growing cold and dying thermal death or radiation decay, which is the same way that entropy will eventually consume the entire universe. It's an inevitable fate, we appear to have been fortunate to see in it's starting phase and can be seen in detail with observations made in any number of surveys. Heat death and the big chill, is how the lights go out someday and either never come back on, or if they do, results in the big crunch. Sir Roger Penrose, CCC - Conformal Cyclic Cosmology. His views on the Big Bang, is "the most widely accepted view" shared today by a large part of the scientific community.
Don't let me get started on gravity...well, ok. Tire is on a wheel. You don't hear turn the tire. A car has four wheels, the whole wheel thing get's complicated (I'll drop it at that.
Not really. Fluid dynamics can be complex in linear and differential equations, that's why Euclid's work was progressed through Lorentz as waves of probability and a probability matrix, used in everything from AI, Machine Learning to the Stock Market. Chaos theory takes this complicated nature, reducing it to trivial cycles in sets as reducible logic, which lead to set theory and Bertrand Russell's "Theory of Types", which catches the complexity problem of self violating rules. The reason why C/C++ is considered an outdated, dinosaur language DARPA (Tractor) invested millions (not billions), chump change, encouraging people to migrate to RUST and replace all of non-type safe languages (many exist), which are the source of the vast majority of memory violations, in buffer under runs and buffer overflows, leading to null pointers and exceptions once exposed and termed "vulnerabilities", hackers utilize to gain unauthorized access to systems. Once any system is compromised, it should rightfully be considered permanently compromised. (Nord etc..). - Because, it takes longer to fix a broken wheel, than making a new one. Set theory and "Principia Mathematica" by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, sits at No. 23 - of the greatest books of the 20th century.
Brian Greene is an inoressive human being and an even more impressive theoretical physicist. But to have nearly every single World Festival event hosted by the same person over and over again makes it feel old and stuffy to me. I need some variations and simply cannot listen to the same person constantly. Edit: spelling
It sounds like circular logic is used in their Bullet Cluster discussion. Their argument boils down to: "The current theory is correct, therefore the proposed theory is wrong." MOND posits that the current theory of gravity is incorrect, but the Dark Matter (the blue color in the image) is detected using gravitational lensing -- which is a prediction of the current theory of gravity. But at its core, MOND questions the validity of the current theory. So essentially they have "proved" MOND is wrong by *ASSUMING* that the current theory is correct. That doesn't make sense to me.
"Reflection is key to unlock celestial mysteries beyond the void veil..." --DD4 🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨ "Before I start, I must see my end. Destination known, my mind's journey now begins. Upon my chariot, heart and soul's fate revealed. In time, all points converge; hope's strength, resteeled. But to earn final peace at the universe's endless refrain, we must see all in nothingness... before we start again." 🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨ --Diamond Dragons (series)
Dark Stars are not necessarily Black Holes. Collapsed core implosions, might result in an immense sudden production of mass only interacting matter, cold dark matter. The two have always been closely related and one exchanged in terms of the other. Sagittarius A* observations showed that there may in fact be more than one type of black hole and the dark star, took on a new lease of living in darkness.
I think we have a long way to go to understand the universe. It would not surprise me if we find things about the universe in the future that would previously make no sense whatsoever in our current understanding/ technology.
You mean a paradigm shift. One is definitely overdue. Try Plasma Cosmology, which is based on proven EM forces, and doesn't need "dark" stuff to make the numbers come out.
Schrodinger defined it in terms of a wave function, often interpreted in the context of a "collapse". The oscillations of electrons, first demonstrated this and it was later demonstrated with photons (quanta, Einstein). The boundary of the atomic nucleus, is where subatomic properties begin. The only void that exists, where the waveform collapses, is momentary and instantly reanimated across the limit of a particles field. The fluctuation of this field, wave oscillations, is an on/off state in which particles are created in pairs of protons and neutrons. The Neutrino is in one state, right handed chirality, spin state 2 observed as heavy neutral leptons or sterile neutrino's, which are dark matter. (They only interact with gravity).
29:28 That's an interesting statement. Inflation creates vacuum and vacuum energy coverts into matter. If there was no energy to drive inflation to create vacuum energy, then what was driving inflation? Or to put it another way, what was before vacuum energy if there was no energy? > Of all the possible forces that can drive the universe which one has no physical/material manifestation?
Assuming the recntly developed theories are correct, a very large assumption, then I must ask, how does the Higgs Field/Boson fit into the bigger picture? All matter gets its mass from the Higgs Field mediated by the Higgs Boson. What do they have to do with the larger picture? Do black holes get their masses from the Higgs Field?
These people have families. They have property, house, car & maybe a boat. They need money to survive. That is why they don't talk about the elephant in the room; Halton Arp. They ignore a massive body of work performed by the Swedish Physics Professor Hannes Alfvén & the Norwegian Physicist Kristian Birkeland. We are facing a crisis in cosmology, and they fight like dogs to keep their money/jobs.
Very well said! Without a paradigm shift, science eventually stagnates. Defining dark matter as unobservable and then going out looking for it is about as stagnant is it gets.
I heard Dr. Freese mention primordial black holes, but they get short shrift. Why aren't they a leading candidate for explaining dark matter within galaxies? They certainly satisfy the criterion of parsimony, and as this conversation notes, despite a lot of effort to find them, there's no evidence of WIMPS (apart from the one weird Italian experiment.)
Is it possible that the dark matter existed before the big bang and maybe that's what started the bang somehow? Is there any pattern in the shape of the universe to suggest this as? As an example the shape a drop of dye might take if dripped into a stream.
If dark mater truly exists, and if I understand the physics of it, it seems to me the miliary would like to get their hands on it. Imagine an aircraft that reflects no electromagnetic waves of any frequency whatsoever.
Fritz Zwicky in the early 1930s was motivated to work on the Coma cluster of galaxies by, and borrowed methods from, earlier work of the great Jan Oort, who did measurements of the scale height of the thickness of the galaxy in our neighborhood, to achieve 'the derivation of an accurate value for the total amount of mass, including dark matter, corresponding to a unit of luminosity in the surroundings of the sun'.
Novel Dark Matter Hypothesis Dark Matter is simply unaccounted for gravity. GR states that gravity is the consequence of the curvature of spacetime. Is it possible that the structure of spacetime itself could be warped without the presence of matter? Spacetime has been shown to react like a fabric by warping, twisting, and propagating independently of mass, and all have been proven with observations from gravitational lensing, frame dragging, and now gravitational waves! Fabrics can also be stretched, pressured, and/or heated to the point of causing a deformation and losing its elastic nature. All of these conditions were extreme during inflation, so it is plausible that the “fabric” of spacetime analog could extend having its elastic property have hit a yield point leaving pockets of inelastic spacetime geodesic that cause gravity without the presence of matter? Therefore, if gravity is strictly the consequence of the warped of spacetime, and fabrics can be permanently overstretched, then those empty warped geodesics would create gravitational wells independent of mass. My hypothesis of DM is subatomic black hole imprints of the quantum fluctuations that popped in at the moment of inflation. The CMB shows where the hot dense regions were they created the galaxies. They would have been the initial cause and location of the warping. These imprints would be clouds of quantum sized floating fixed geodesics, so they couldn’t expand or evaporate. Perhaps nothing has been detected because there is nothing to detect. GR wouldn’t require modification because DM would just be an extension of how spacetime behaves at extreme conditions. No MOND, no WIMPs, and no parallel universes, just empty spacetime deformations that produce gravitational wells to help jump start galaxy accretion processes. Zwicky may have named is Missing Mass correctly since he detected some gravity without mass present to cause it…
Black holes swallow matter, and you can orbit around them and can’t see where the matter went? You can’t see what falls into a dark black hole. Maybe dark matters in there ? How much space is in a vacuum if distance is a dilative parameter? So in the classical twin paradox, a solar system doesn’t fly apart, but it’s time dilates differently than the other twins it’s stable. The same thing happens in universes.
When exactly did mankind develop anti-gravity technology capable of freeing them from the zoo known as Earth? I admire Brian Greene's explanation of physics since I was young because he makes physics concepts and analogies simple to understand.
"Dark" and "invisible" are not synonyms. "Dark" means only that an object does not emit radiation in the visible range. Dark objects can reflect visible light by which they can be seen. An "invisible" object neither emits nor reflects visible light, and is transparent to visible light.
12:17- How can you be sure that the blue color is even 'matter'? It could be anything. 😱 Thinking only out of the knowns while disregarding the unkown number of unknowns is error prone.
Why would anyone be so surprised as to write this article and put it on TH-cam in Visual and audio when ago I believe, just a few decades ago human beings didn't even know that galaxies were galaxies and that we lived in one that the Milky Way was the universe and the galaxies out there are nebula and they are blurry you can look at the Andromeda in the sky it's blurry the reason you see galaxies is the way you do on TV and media is because the images have extremely long exposures collect as much light as possible and then you can see the structure of the Galaxy more clearly but when you fly out into space it looks like it looks from here pretty much everywhere unless you're very close and nothing is very close in space it's ridiculous to think that we would have even a tiny fraction of knowledge of our universe or what it even is we think we do and we think we do and then we change all the time because we have to church didn't like that though and there are scientists that disagree holy with new information discoveries and truths some are so pompous they remind me of art so-called experts that can tell you if a painting was done by a certain artist or not and they are often wrong but no one argues against it because they're an art expert but no there are no swirling galaxies out there that we can visually conceive of unless we have long light exposed photos or computer altered images or space telescopes to collect the light. Some people still don't know that the sun is a star some people don't know all the planets listed in our solar system I am just shocked everyday at the lack of knowledge people accumulate during their life I hope they're having fun at least
Sorry everybody I have to use voice to do anything online and since I connected to AI for my voice to text it makes me sound insane when you read something I post
What if "dark energy" isn't energy. Rather, the universe, consisting of a foam type of medium, is expanding into an extra-universe vacuum? And dark matter is just the space-time between the bubble?
Please put the date of talk in future episodes.
there is no future haha
World Science Festival in New York City on Saturday, June 1, 2024
When did this actually happen
There is no spoon
@@schwingstelle8974 "The future is not set. There is no fate but what we make for ourselves."
The most engaging WSF -from start to finish-I've seen in some time. :)
That is unfortunately extremely sad for all the other WSF.
Fascinating discussion and I am in amazement that so few people have watched this. This discussion is at the forefront of current physics and needs hundreds of thousands of views. Not only does this greatly diminish the idea of MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) capturing the spot light and replacing Dark Matter but it offers other intriguing theories that might reveal the truth of the matter.
I always enjoy watching Katy Freese. Oddly enough I'm currently about 3/4 of the way through her book "The Cosmic Cocktail" right now, and also about half way through Brian Greene's book " Until the End of Time" so this video was a special treat. Thank you to both Katy and Brian. 😀
Dark matter is like my 6-year-old self, too lazy to do homework, telling the teacher I lost my bag to dodge the consequences.
Great interview! Please have Katherine Freeze on again!
I agree especially if it's zero Kelvin.
@@xizilionyizzexeliqer3897 I see watcha did there.
@@xizilionyizzexeliqer3897 we’re getting clever now -physicist influence dad jokes😂
Thanks for posting another great video. Bg explains everything so well. I find your channel very interesting and inspiring ❤
The ability of humans to devise experiments that dissect the thin red line into what actually is from what we want to be, but is not, is one of the marvels of our specie. It’s good for young students to see this process up close and personal, as in the dialogue of this video, so they know it is possible and don’t get discouraged. Thanks.
There's no reason to brag about it. Does nothing but inflate the human ego. Fact is that aren't we aware of the kind of technologies and scientific discoveries that have been made in the other parts of the universe by beings far more intelligent and evolved than humans. Neither are we aware of what's happened in the 13 billion years so far and that which is to happen in the trillions of years to go in the future. Not to mention, this only applies to the universe that we are part of.
I only hope that mankind eventually and collectively unites to focus upon what lies beyond the void veil. That is the most important, unknown journey of all, and yet humanity hasn't really bothered with it for at least 1200 years. Sure, perhaps PRIOR to that, the concept may have been on certain beings' minds, but if so, that data is either lost or being kept extremely secure and secret under proverbial lock & key.
🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨
"Before I start, I must see my end. Destination known, my mind's journey now begins. Upon my chariot, heart and soul's fate revealed. In time, all points converge; hope's strength, resteeled. But to earn final peace at the universe's endless refrain, we must see all in nothingness... before we start again."
🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨
--Diamond Dragons (series)
I love these shows. It's good work. Brian, I'm sure you have little time for reading comments but I wanted to say, I appreciate your efforts. You are an excellent educator.
Isn't he though?
He saved my life during the dark days of the pandemic. I listened to every last one of his Daily Equation podcasts. What a treasure and a treat they are. I still can’t believe he took the time to do that for us - for FREE. . .
Alma materHarvard University (BS)
Magdalen College, Oxford (DPhil).
At Columbia, Greene is co-director of the university's Institute for Strings, Cosmology, and Astroparticle Physics (ISCAP) and is leading a research program applying superstring theory to cosmological questions.
Greene has lectured outside of the collegiate setting, at both a general and a technical level, in more than twenty-five countries. In 2012, his teaching prowess was recognized when he received the Richtmyer Memorial Award, which is given annually by the American Association of Physics Teachers.
- from Wikipedia
Is this a repeat? I am sure I have watched this episode before. Can you put the date of the recording somewhere?
June 1, 2024. All the info you need to find it is in the background of the video, "world science festival" "the biggest mysteries of the big bang"
"Dark matter particles annihilating with each other"??? We don't know anything about the dark matter particles, so how can we suggest that they "annihilate with each other" which is not all that common in normal matter.
The inconvenient problem with dark matter is that in order to make the galaxy spin as observed, it cannot have a disk-shaped distribution around the center of the galaxy. It must be more spherical. A disk can rotate and maintain an orbit. A spherical cloud has to collapse. Dark matter does not appear to have collapsed, or is doing so very slowly. or it is magical since it is attracted to normal matter but not itself. This is an elephant in the room that i don't hear a lot of discussion about.
Great to hear an audience again 👏👏👏
Yes! Me too! Like the good old days, four years ago!😊
Two questions: If dark matter exists within our galaxy and is five times more abundant than normal matter, should we not be seeing its effects on the motions of the planets and even artificial satellites like GPS? Second, is dark matter being sucked into the black holes at the center of the Milky Way and other galaxies?
You can keep racking your brain with unanswerable questions about dark matter, or you can decide that DM is fake.
Maybe dark matter is the friends we made along the way
I have studied mathematics in schools for more than 20 years in my now distant youth, but not once was I smart enough to add a fictitious factor or term when my equations did not add up and declare this factor/term necessary and existent. Most of my teachers weren't geniuses, but none were stupid enough to be convinced by such a thing.
Well yes, that's mathematics. In physics, the whole idea is adjust the equations until you get the correct answers (that fit the observations).
@@soppaism Ptolemy''s numbers were correct, too, thanks to his epicycles. There's a difference between a fundamentally flawed theory "saved" by fudge factors, and a sound physical theory.
The standard model of particle physics has been so successful that people think everything in terms of particles even the dark matter. I think dark matter effects could be just some unknown features of the space-time fabric and believe that can potentially help in understanding gravity.
"I think dark matter effects could be just some unknown features of the space-time fabric"
I. e. one has to modify General Relativity. Did you miss the fact that people have been trying that for several decades already, so far, without any success?
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 yes but we know GR isn't 100% correct given Q Mechanics, so a new theory (maybe spacetime related) could explain this and would when/if we have the understanding.
@@PhilipHurrell Again: People have been trying to find such a new theory for several decades, so far, without any success.
And that doesn't change the fact that your sentence above ("people think everything in terms of particles even the dark matter") was simply wrong. Yes, lots of physicists think like that, but by _far_ not all of them.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514
"one has to modify General Relativity. Did you miss the fact that people have been trying that for several decades already, so far, without any success?"
Did you miss the fact, that people have been trying to find dark matter for at least as long -- without any success? Dark matter does really only exists on paper -- in form of gravity adjustment distributions in space.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 they haven’t tried having energy fields move in time only except when displaced by matter which moves in space. They don’t think a star’s past trajectory has to coincide with their location for them to see the star. They think everything revolves around their frame of reference.
Thinking that any missing 'mass' must be something like normal matter but 'just invisible' speaks to a massive failure of imagination and a lack of open mindedness.
We really should not call it dark 'matter' at all. It drives thinking and takes it somewhere that may be fruitless.
Dark matter is metaphysics, not physics. The only self-contained physical theory of the universe is Plasma Cosmology. No "dark" stuff needed to make the numbers come out.
Thanks again to Prof. Freese for more insight on her 5 objects found by John Ma and John Gardener.
The talk of bubble observations is important as our research group has observed also how bubbles can be associated with black hole removal from the Milky Way Galaxy as an energetic way they are not allowed to interfere with the supermassive as smaller individual black holes.
Prof. Freese, it is a very long way from Austin to travel for a talk with Prof. Greene.
Thanks for your research on how axions may power dark stars. There are cosmology realities when only fusion exists before the elements started clumping, and it is good you finally got time with the JWST to look back upon the 5 objects, or the three.
Thanks again to the WSU staff for another incredible show. Prof. Freese spent time in Nordik Institute areas, so does she know their challenge of 10x greater North radiation than we have in the non- polar regions?
When do we have our radiation shielding in place that protects our moonbase Astronauts? They are too vulnerable.
CLG
6:25 the animation is wrong. The water doesn't form "arms" like the galaxies,I spills the water all around equally.
It was just an example that's such a simple thing to observe
You've got a lot of criticism in your mind bro
Your right! lol
The Bike Wheel analogy is deceptive in an overall mental way for most people. It is about gravity being active over time.. long long time, with billions of other mass/stars adding mass to the entire galaxy system... bike wheel causes a person's attention to other reasons a block in intellect. Gr8! Peace ☮💜Love
Dude. Im a regular guy that enjoys this kind of thing. Im glad I was around before and after TH-cam really took off. World Science Festival, this is immense shit your doing. I can only imagine the next generation of kids that grow up with this at their fingertips. Inspiring stuff.
Something is not clicking for me, in the collision part you have red zones (visible stuff) in the middle becasue of interactions but blue zones are on the edges because they interact less, but what kind of interaction you have is gravitational one (as we know in the case of collision of galaxies phisical interactions are extremely rare) but dark matter is postulated based on gravitational effect they produce, so they have a gravitational effect on visible matter but gravity has little effect on them
In the end in the image presented with the collision in the right side you have 2 galaxies 1 of "red" matter and one of "blue", that means in time in the Universe you would have galaxies of visible matter and galaxies of dark matter (invisible), but the origin of theory is based on speed of the stuff in visible galaxies.
Like String theory Dark matter theory become more close to faith then science like believing in Santa Klaus. My theory about dark is that more than dark matter in Universe are dark spots in our knowledge about how gravity works and other stuff related to particles and interactions in Universe.
Here seems to be your misunderstanding: "... they have a gravitational effect on visible matter *but gravity has little effect on them* ..."
According to the model/hypothesis: dark matter is affected by the gravity as much as the visibly matter.
@@EneriGiilaan This is my view as well, but in the image they showed what they say is dark matter was more distant from the center of gravity then visible matter, if gravity efect is the same for both type of matter why that difference in spread ?
@@raulepure9840 Because - as she says in the video - the normal matter has also other types of interactions.
In this case practically electromagnetic forces.
@@EneriGiilaan Do you know how big are distances betwen stars, can emf have an impact at that scale, it seems ridiculous for me, but im no phyzicist. Gravity can impact things at year light distances, how emf can be relevant at that scale?
@@raulepure9840Stars have magnetic fields and stellar wind halos that extend way out into the interstellar space. However - the issue here is not the stars or individual galaxies but two galaxy clusters each containing thousands of galaxies. And specifically the collision between the dust and gas halos of these clusters.
The only dark matter that is important is coffee. 😂
And green tea.
why u commenting
And Guiness!
Dark Fluid theory 😂
From the gate, I've resisted the notion of both simulations and multiple universes, but the more I learn about dark energy and dark matter, the less resistant I become.
What we have actually failed to do is, find something to fill up the gap in the equations we created. The equations we so much don't want to change.
The equations are correct in 8 million places. They don't exactly have a record of being wrong.
@@jamesmcjamesington631 . Except that they predicted huge amount of matter and energy? The very fabric from which they are created.
@@chaoticmoh7091 They are right in every other case. We don't have any other evidence that supports the fact that they're wrong. And if they are wrong, they shouldn't also be right in a billion ways.
The simplest explanation is that there is a ton of diffuse matter there.
@@jamesmcjamesington631 We don't have any other evidence except decades of negative results and tweeked theories.
Maybe we just don’t understand gravity at large distances!
People have been looking for modifications of General Relativity for several decades. So far, they have not been able to come up with a better alternative.
Really nice talk 👏👏
Tell me if I am missing something but how do we know that so called dark matter is not just ordinary matter which (in the center of galaxies) has not just exhausted its fusion material and stopped emitting light?
So we only know about Dark Matter because we observe galaxy rotation not throwing out stars at the edges?
Could it be that perhaps we are measuring the speed of stars incorrectly in those galaxies?
Dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in our understanding of the universe, making up the majority of its mass, yet we still haven’t directly detected it. Have we really failed to identify most of the cosmos, or are we just missing the right tools or theories to fully grasp what dark matter is? What new approaches or experiments are being considered to finally solve this cosmic puzzle, and how might it change our understanding of the universe if we do?
Not really. They found it a long time ago. Its known, identified etc... sterile neutrino.
Plasma cosmology is the only self-contained physical theory of the universe. No "dark" stuff needed.
The high quality of the guests makes all these interviews truly unique. Thank you for working hard to post more often than before.
Henceforth, when some "Modified Gravity" fool pushes their crap online, I'm simply responding, "Explain the Bullet Cluster with that." There were already numerous other arguments against MOND, but that's much easier.
6:40 but i have a question, if time itself is variable and we know it is, wouldn't the speed difference of time alter what we perceive as velocity looking from the outside?
This would also explain a lot of event horizons... and make the entire dark matter concept wrong, right?
Nice video, great discussion. Too bad Dr. Freese's name is spelled wrong in the closing credits.
I'm not sure if I've seen an explanation for this concept before, but is it possible that Dark Matter is simply "peaks and valleys" in spacetime caused by spacetime being twisted circularly by the black hole at the center? Could matter just be getting stuck in a "valley" in the spacetime that's causing it to "roll" in an orbit instead of being flung outward? Maybe there are a bunch of observations that rule something like this out, but I haven't really seen anyone discuss it yet.
*literary cooking TV show*
Brian: “So, in 1915, Albert Einstein predicted that, if someone is cooking stuff, that stuff, we can say that matter, is cooked.” 💀
P.S. I love both Albert and Brian ❤
What would Einstein's "Spooky action at a distance" play into the structure as it's seen compared to how it appears to be? The experiences people have don't align with how things appear to be, and we call it a miracle. Are those experiences just taking place in those spaces that we can't 'see' but for the effects. As in; 'The Light shines in the Darkness but the Darkness beholds it not.' Is there no hint yet that that Dark Mass is nothing more than an Infinite Ocean of Awareness/Consciousness. That's what IT said It was and what we see as 'the Universe' is the least of IT's Mass, just a thought expressed to express IT'l Glory and Wonder. Our consciousness is but a drop of IT. For that reason our consciousness has dominion over the whole of IT at this level of awareness.
Many are becoming aware that ten thousand years ago persons had said just this as a direct experience. How could they have said such things without having 'science' applied but rather saying it's knowledge that came from expanded awareness of Being and finding that 'It is all Consciousness, call It what you will. The term God got zeroed in on.
Thank you World Science Festival💚🦋🌸🎶☀🌈
A deeper understanding of gravity gives you a deeper understanding of the universe. The earth is flat locally the same as the speed of light is the same locally but not on a larger scale. The earth is round on larger scales and the speed of light depends on the measures of time and distance which change depending on the amount of gravity in the surrounding area. This means that distant starlight arrives instantaneously from distant galaxies which aren’t as far away as they appear to us to be with our measures of time and distance and the time is also passing by at a much faster rate since there’s no matter between us and distant galaxies to slow down time or shorten distance according to general relativity which is now an observation and not just a theory. …and the converse of things approaching a black hole look stopped to us because of how slow they are moving. So causation is faster outside of a galaxy and things happen slower inside of a galaxy.
The changes in time and distance compound the changes in the speed of light as observed from our frame of reference. The measured speed can’t change. When time and distance used to measure the speed change the actual speed changes. Do the following thought experiment. Hold your hands a foot apart representing 186,000 miles saying “one thousand and one” representing one second while pretending to see an imaginary photon going from one hand to the other. Now expand the distance between your hands saying “one thousand and one” as fast as you can. You should notice that the speed of the imaginary photon increases the more distance expands and the more time speeds up just same as the farther away from the center of the galaxy it is. The opposite is also true. Someone moving in the direction of a black hole will seem to us to be stopped. *If you change the size of a cubit you will change the size of the house that you build with it.*
There’s a colossal amount of wildly speculative theorizing, extrapolative conclusions and complicated math often based upon shaky observations and falling far short of what’s needed for valid inductive reasoning--and from that we’ve constructed a conception of reality.
We’re essentially like ants crawling about in the fruit bowl on someone’s dinner table in a huge banquet hall.
The more we think we know, the more we should realize what we don’t know.
And while wasting resources, effort, money on trips to Mars, particle study, quantum computing, AI, and entertaining ourselves, we’re destroying the only known habitable planet, and the plants and animals we share it with. We are not wise.
A theory that says 96% of the universe is made-up "dark" stuff and only 4% is real, is metaphysics, not physics. Physics deals with real stuff.
The best artists don't do it just for money.
If money is the driver, the creative output is driven by money.
Don't say you "believe" in science and then tell me it's not an art, or a business.
We know that matter beyond a certain density collapses to a black hole. We also know that the early universe was beyond that density. It seems possible to me that there would have been a point where the densest areas of the early universe would have been above that threshold while the less dense areas in between were below it. The dense pockets could have collapsed into PBHs and further lowered the density of the rest, allowing it to spread more freely.
I agree. There should be many primordial black holes including tiny and huge ones. But it seems to me that WIMPS and Axions could also contribute. I see no reason why Dark Matter is only one thing.
@@Tstopmotion If that is true then why not assume that the majority of the 'missing mass' of the universe is trapped in black holes? It's a scam, mate; 'we' don't know _anything_ for certain.
When are scientists going to figure out that the changes in the measures of time and distance due to the amount of gravity in the vicinity change the speed of light relative to our measures of time and distance where we are inside of a galaxy? Scientists can’t seem to figure out that where gravity changes time and distance it changes the speed of light and the rate of causation.
Space is not flat in the measures of time and distance on larger scales just like the Earth is not flat on larger scales. Light MUST indeed *always* travel 186,000 miles an hour at the speed of light C. When distance is stretched from having less gravity, light must still complete traveling that distance in the time determined by C. That means the light is traveling faster as perceived by us in a more contracted frame of reference where there is more gravity. Add to that the fact that a second passes by faster away from the center of mass which increases the speed light MUST travel even more.
It’s really not complicated. It’s so simple. It’s the very reason things appear to be moving faster than the speed of light moving away from the center of the galaxy because they are moving faster away from the center of the galaxy yet without exceeding the speed of light. I don’t know why that is so hard to understand.
There are three rates to consider. 1. The diminishing effect or draw of gravity away from the center of mass. 2. The increasing rate of time away from the center of mass. 3. The increasing measure of distance away from the center of mass.
Speed is measured by time and distance which both change and that changes the speed of light and causation. Things happen faster. Distance gets longer without gravity and time goes by faster, both of which combine to speed up causation. The light has to arrive at a farther distance faster when distance is stretched *and* time also goes by faster. *Then* there is the first thing to consider and that is the diminishing draw of gravity the farther away it is from the center of the galaxy which means things eventually slow down the farther away they are from the center mass of a galaxy. (It's not complicated. No dark matter is needed.) 😎
Redshift happens when light leaves a galaxy. Blueshift happens as light enters a galaxy. All things being equal, the light will be redshifted as it leaves a galaxy and then blueshifted back again as it enters our galaxy. Except we already know galaxies are different sizes. The distant galaxies that we can see are very large and the distances between here and there is excessive causing more redshift than our small galaxy can blueshift back to its original spectrum. The more distant a galaxy is the more accumulated gravity there is from nearby masses causing more redshift.
As a non-scientist, the thing that baffles me is that whilst both matter and dark matter warp the 'fabric' of spacetime (a warping whose effects we call gravity), what *is* this fabric? Surely it must be a 'thing' of some kind, or else how can it be warped? But what 'thing'?
Thank you guys!
Dark big bang and dark stars... this is great. Thanks WSF
Over half an hour and the only somewhat true claim I heard was that” We don’t have a clue about 95% of what’s going on “. I think 95 is even a stretch. When they do realize they don’t have a clue, it is labeled dark matter, or another one of their favorites, singularity. The source of their revenue must always be considered, especially regarding anything to do with climate change. They say what they are paid to say, and that is a fact. And those that do not follow the program are quickly dealt with accordingly.
"Right now I find myself lying awake at three in the morning, wondering if everything I've ever done is wrong," wrote Allison Kirkpatrick, an astrophysicist at the U. of Kansas. She soon recanted, as did Galileo, saving her career.
@@user-ds7uk1ft2x Galileo probably surmised that live incineration would not be a good day.
Great talk.
From a pure science standpoint the work of cosmologist and theoretical physicist is awesome and inspiring. As an applied scientist working for the US government I cannot get funding for basic laboratory equipment, instruments and people while watching billions of dollars going to yet another space-based satellite, program or sensor array that supports the tireless work of multiple PhDs who could not care less about the rest of science. I support what WSF is trying to do, education is fundamental to science, but the politics in play are applied with brutality to those of us whose names will never matter to anyone but our fellow laboratory friends and family.
"From a purse science standpoint" - what is 'purse science'? - Is that the kind you only ever do, when paid?
@@mrhassell Thanks, my vision is starting to fail. Nice catch though, "purse science", no pun intended but terminated with extreme prejudice.
@@mrhassell What a little mean one, you went straight to the typing error so you can happily evade the essence of the comment. The new type of "science" so used today.
Your comment was excellent use of word play and highly amusing. 😆
You could not have delivered that in any possibly better context. I'd assumed being intentional, as it's quite clever. (Having some idea for the reason).
You guy's (Government funded Scientists) do so much for Science (which in turn means all of humanity benefits), yet are rewarded abysmally! (How the rates are justified as set out in policy, is even more bizarre.)
Doing the real work that, if was not for I.T (information tech/computer science/engineering), being so highly in demand today (and the past 30+ years), often stealing Scientists away, before ever working in their vocation studied, happening more than anyone would reasonably assume), everybody would otherwise be doing exactly what you are!
With these 2 facts, I'd say this places yourself as being worthy of recognition.
Possibly, this makes you one of the most noble men of Science, in a World that's guided by Science, by proxy this means in all of the World and amongst every possible forms of highly noble roles, humanly possible!
The humor in your wordplay, made it impossible not to react (absent friends, and I would find ourselves engaging in exactly this for entertainment... quite a long time ago now but remain amongst my personally fondest memories, at least in this life).
So, I figured by responding in detail, I was showing a level of respect, rather than making a hit and run smart remark (implied, in another comment), yet apparently, not everyone shares the same sentiment, ha! Proof, right there. Pleasing everyone, is highly over rated.
Anyways...
Thanks for your reply Neil! I'm a bit of a fan (sincerely). I too worked in multiple Australian government department's, computer science field, for around a decade (closer to 2), it might be fair to say, with one or two things in common being gifted to us both, with a sense of humor! Very useful quality, sometimes absent in modern perception (although, quite rarely). 😁
P.S - What are the chance's?
If you're interested in an exact figure, I can calculate this to 2% of 100% accuracy. Highly accurate statistical figure, you won't obtain from any A.I. Evaluated manually, by combining set theory/types with a partial differential equation. The polynomial distribution, Bayesian modelling is based in Lorentz's Chaos theory, used in Deep Learning-Machine Learning (A.I - ChatGPT - Gemini), provide best case certainty, 94% as an optimistic outcome.
4% - nothing between friends. If millions of dollars was at stake, easy to see how 98% is a better start, aiming to reduce 2% to 0% - anyways - Should you ever have needs for anything of this kind, for yourself, it would be my pleasure! let me know (also the reason, why A.I will never replace gifted individuals, regardless of their flaws).
@@raulepure9840 Are you always so quick to misjudge? How rude.
Our ever shortening lifespan that we have on this planet 😭😭😭 dunno why that struck me so much.
What about a new state of the vacuum? Maybe at a certain temperature or mass, the vacuum has a phase transition to a new, undiscovered phase/state.
Or how about magnetic monopoles?
How would these two things explain dark matter?
The best series on the internet!!!!
W=(8.809/8.753)^2*80.42939=81.5 Gev : weak interact massive particle[WIMP] for dark matter ch/3=pl*pm*c^2/2 by electron decay from strong force g(p)=g*m^2/pm^2=g*(pl/4.1888*l)^2=1.13*10^28 which by graviton g*m^2=ch/2pi : solution of GR field equation ch=8pi*g*(m*c^2/2)^2/c^4 oscillating between Planck scale l=g*m/c^2=(h*g/2pi*c^3)^0.5=1.616231*10^-35 meter which can deduce ch=2pi*g*m^2=8pi*g*(m*c^2/2)^2/c^4=(4.9154)^3*pm : vacuum energy : solution of GR field equation under critical mass [6^3*pm] as dark energy can expand our universe, proton scale pl=g(p)*(4pi*pm/3)/c^2=8.809*10^-16 meter which can deduce ch/3=pl*pm*c^2/2 shrink proton radius to 8.753*10^-16 meter , produce r=En=ch/L=chR=me*(c/137.036)^2/2=13.6*e=W*p*6pi for regular matter ch/6pi can emit light spectrum r=13.6*e*((1/1^2-1/2^2)+(1/2^2-1/3^2)+...+(1/n^2-1/(n+1)^2))=(h/2pi)*(f1+f2+..+fn) from vacuum ch=(2*A1*137.036*pm*c^2)*(4pi*A*137.036)=En*L where A1=A*(128.4980143128.51991), A=5.29177282*10^-11 meter : hydrogen Atom radius, pm=1.672621868*10^-27 kg : proton mass, deduce ch +ch/3 + ch/6pi = En[100%] : oscillation between dark energy ch[72.13%], dark matter ch/3[24.04%], regular matter ch/6pi[3.83%], deduce experiment data from Planck satellite at bullet cluster when two galaxies collide emit blue light indicate hot dark matter have 26.8% from WIMP, cold regular matter 4.9% by 3.83=(4.9-3.83)+(26.8-24.04), dark energy 68.3%=72.13-3.83.
I wholeheartedly applaud the brilliant efforts of our best scientists to tackle the NON-TRIVIAL problem of decoding nature. I would caution those who accept the current belief that 95% nature is “dark”… that science has a history of conquering up “dark” stuff to make current incomplete or incorrect understanding work. Remember “Caloric” or the “Luminiferous Aether”…
You ignore the many, many examples where physicists tried to explain observations by something "dark", and it later turned out that they were actually right.
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 Such as?
@@user-ds7uk1ft2x Neutrinos and Neptune off the top of my head.
Well dark matter has never knocked me over so maybe the 5% of matter we have identified is the most important and impactful matter.
It’s dark energy that is responsible for the acceleration of the expansion of the universe. That’s pretty impactful in that in hard to imagine timeframe of the future there will be nothing. Recommend Brian’s Until the End of Time.
A very interesting discussion, as it always is with World Science Festival. The credits misspelled dr.Freese's first name.
Keep up the good work, I can't wait for the next discussion!
X-rays, infrared, radio waves simply put they are energy that travel at the speed of light. The three are subsumed under the term "electromagnetism" i.e. electricity, magnetism, light, but only termed electromagnetism as they travel at the speed of light, but are fundamentally different aggregate like apples and oranges are different, but come under the title fruit. "X-rays, radio waves, you know these are electromagnetic spectrum..." Electromagnetism/electromagnetic force: X-rays, Infrared, radio waves are only combined, defined, not constituted in electromagnetism by any more than that they travel at the speed of light. The way Mr. Green spins it {physics) I feel is lacking. I'm not a physicist and that reflects in my opinion, and that may by why I catch my self repeating "wait a minute" a dozen times in a video presentation lol , it's what I like to call "Brian speak".
The Stark effect (probably the first), used in radiography and nuclear medicine, makes use of radiation and "Thermionic Energy", not defined in the Standard Model or by General Relativity, yet witnessed in light bulbs, is only matched by something equally as fundamental and missing as well in both, the fifth state of matter - plasma (stars/the sun).
Maybe this proves that we live in a negative universe and the positive universe is parallel to this one.
"There is no way of telling whether we are living organisms in a positive universe, or pseudo-living organisms in a negative universe.. The difference is really one merely between the two directions of time, and, though those two directions are opposite to each other, they have no physical properties which are in any way different." -William James Sidis
Dark matter is dilated mass. Mass that is dilated is smeared through spacetime relative to an outside observer. It's the phenomenon our high school teachers were talking about when they said "mass becomes infinite at the speed of light". A graph illustrates its squared nature, dilation increases at an exponential rate the closer you get to the speed of light. A time dilation graph illustrates the same phenomenon, it's not just time that gets dilated.
Dilation occurs wherever there is an astronomical quantity of mass because high mass means high momentum. This includes the centers of very high mass stars and the overwhelming majority of galaxy centers.
The mass at the center of our own galaxy is dilated. This means that there is no valid XYZ coordinate we can attribute to it, you can't point your finger at something that is smeared through spacetime. In other words that mass is all around us. It's the "missing mass" needed to explain galaxy rotation curves.
Dilation does not occur in galaxies with low mass centers because they do not have enough mass to achieve relativistic velocities. It has been confirmed in 6 very low mass galaxies including NGC 1052-DF2 and DF4 to have no dark matter. In other words they have normal rotation rates. All binary stars have normal rotation rates for the same reason.
Any links to articles about this theory?
@@shawns0762 seems more likely to me that density of space only has room for so much mass to pass through it at one time. When you increase the rate that mass is passing through it then the amount of time that can pass through it begins to drop off. This increased density means you need exponentially more energy as you increase the speed. As you circle into a black hole the density increases with the gravity and time once again is forced to slow down.
@@Tstopmotion I had a video made on the subject "dark matter is dilated mass".
The best way to understand dilation is to imagine a spaceship traveling at a constant acceleration rate. When the ship reaches 50% light speed, as viewed from an Earthbound observer with a magically powerful telescope, it would appear normal because as the graph shows nothing has changed at that point.
When the ship reaches 75% light speed it would appear fuzzy because as the graph shows relativistic effects would be noticeable at that point.
When the ship reaches 99% light speed it would not be visible because every aspect of its existence would be smeared through spacetime relative to an Earthbound observer.
This is the state of mass in our galactic center. It's not just there, it's everywhere.
@@shawns0762 I’m a mathematician with a youtube channel myself. I’d be very interested in a link to published research on this idea. My channel only covers published reseaech.
@@Tstopmotion I am an older science/physics nerd. I realized dilation explains dark matter a few years ago. Over a thousand people agree with me. It is provable. The video has more information. If you agree perhaps you can help me post onto arxiv.
People claim that the bullet cluster and other similar examples of cluster collisions rule out modified gravity as an explanation for the “dark matter” problem but I think we should not draw such a conclusion so quickly. It is possible that the gravitational lensing we see near the bullet cluster which is offset from the matter is due to a large scale propagating gravitational disturbance which radiated out from the collision. We know that gravitational waves are generated from the collision of massive objects. This is just my own speculation, I am bringing it up just to point out that there is at least a possible mechanism to explain the gravitational lensing around the bullet cluster collision in a modified gravity theory without dark matter.
a very good video
Looking at the graphics of this collision, I assume that dark matter doesn't even interact with itself? Or are there fainter signs to be found?
I bring this up because it seems to me, that if dark matter is composed of some type of dark particles, then some of them would collide with others. This should at least produce something of a trail leading back to the strike zone.
Conversely, no trail whatsoever, would indicate that this is a 'force', and not a 'thing'.
(No, I haven't thought about the type of forces that could be disguised as things, and behave as things in a gravitational manner. Refer here to the famous line by the character Sherlock Holms about seeming impossibilities.😁)
ADD: if I think of spacetime as a seafloor, and consider that the Universe is expanding in every direction from every point at Hubble's (inconsistant) Constant, then that force which is emergent is like a bubbling up into and through the brane, (if that's what it is), it looks like 'dark matter' is the fabric we don't see but exists just the same.
Okay, now my head hurts as a result of 'Dark Matters'.🤣
If you are tired of headaches. try Plasma Cosmology, the only self-contained physical theory of the universe. No "dark" stuff needed to make the numbers come out right.
We must support science channels
It’s always to listen to Dr Freese K
E=MC^2是正確的，則M=E/C^2也應成立，但在高能量的本宇宙中無法實現，而大強子對撞機能使質子在近光速下相撞，在高達十幾億度下發現有基本粒子的存在，但卻不敢反方向推演這些基本粒子在多低能量下可以聚合成夸克，進而形成質子與中子，這就是我們最大的錯誤“將原子存在的能量當成能量的底限”，突破這個盲區就可以進一步討論高能量的本宇宙“大霹靂後的空間，另名子宇宙”與宇宙零度“地球溫度下10^22°C”的母宇宙。
宇宙是由空間與能量兩者共同構成的，最初始的宇宙空間是宇宙零度的母宇宙，在這個空間中只需10^-27焦耳的能量就可以凝結成一顆光粒子質量的能質粒子，因為是自然產生的，所以每顆能質粒子的能階都不一樣，在過飽和狀態下能質粒子間以“能階差”大為優先結合成無動能、無距離與密度無限大的粒子個體，這就是黑洞的最小單位。
“能階差”是以熱力學中高能階向低能階方向流動以使兩方能階趨近於一致，所以用光粒子的粒子與波的轉動當成最小的介質，讓“能階差”形成運動的自發性推力，這就不用再加入假設性數值或能量就可以自然運行所有的物理法則，包括暗物質、萬有理論、宇宙擴張（沒有暗能量）等，都只用“能階差”這一簡單式子就可以解決宇宙演化的邏輯
前述粒子個體是黑洞的最小單位，而粒子個體間也以“能階差”形成了相對運動，粒子個體間的相對運動最終以踫撞融合長大結束，在融合時動能轉化為熱能提升合體後的能階，所以黑洞的體積越大其體內的能階越高，當黑洞體內的能階超過內聚力就會自爆，所以黑洞的體積有其極限（估計有銀河系的大小，引力達50億光年），而自爆所釋放出來的能量也差異不大，因此推斷在母宇宙他處以黑洞自爆形成的子宇宙，其演化過程與本宇宙並無太大差別。
黑洞在母宇宙中以相對運動造成踫撞融合，所以除以大質量黑洞為主體繞行外，其餘的運體軌跡都屬變動無規律可言，而作為組成黑洞的最小單位，能質粒子的總質量遠大於黑洞的總質量。
在黑洞自爆前的宇宙最大黑洞其周圍有最密集的黑洞系統繞其運行，當中心黑洞自爆時，失去了引力源的黑洞系統就以切線方向離心速度飛離中心點，此時大質量的黑洞就以其可影響的黑洞系統以同一切線方向飛行，從側面看就是扁平狀繞大質量黑洞繞行的模樣，這就是星系團的雛型。
大霹靂的高溫達10^23°C，當與能質粒子以質能轉換產生了電磁輻射（宇宙背景輻射）、光粒子、原始粒子（基本粒子與量子）與暗物質（能質粒子提升能階而得，所以佔物質總量90%是合理的）。
赤熱的原始粒子以球狀向外擴張，最外緣的原始粒子與能質粒子接觸，動能急劇下降使粒子間的“能階差”發生效應結合成粒子個體，這就是夸克的形成機制，因外圍的原始粒子速度減慢與形成夸克，使後面高能量與高速度的原始粒子追過，於是宇宙最大壓力鍋就此誕生，壓力鍋內的夸克數量持續增加，在高溫、高壓與高密度的綜合作用下，夸克間以“能階差”結合成穩定的夸克個體，於是質子與中子就此誕生，這個由原始粒子、夸克、質子與中子的綜合體我稱之為“原始粒子濃湯”。
“原始粒子濃湯”的擴張速度遠大於黑洞系統的離心速度，在被追過時黑洞系統中的成員也以“能階差”截取適量的“原始粒子濃湯”於身上，此時裹著“原始粒子濃湯”的黑洞系統就已轉成星雲體，而星雲體的飛行軌跡就是紅移現象，所以宇宙擴張是離心力造成的，無需加入暗能量項次。
星系團是裹著“原始粒子濃湯”的黑洞系統，所以作為子系統的恒星系統也有相同組成，以太陽系為例，太陽中心是黑洞，其周圍是高溫、高壓與高密度由夸克、質子與中子組成的硬殼，因需向中心輸送能量，硬殼會有剝落崩塌的狀況，此時的硬殼就會以擠壓重組回復整體樣貌，在過程中就有個體被迫噴離硬殼，在向上升的過程中因溫度與壓力逐漸地減輕，使個體的體積隨之增加，而夸克的密度也同時減小，在這些綜合作用下夸克就裂解釋出能量與原始粒子，到表面就爆炸形成了日冕。
恒星的能量是來自夸克的逐層釋放出來的能量，到恒星末期，因外在壓力的卸除，使硬殼內高密度的夸克在短期內連鎖裂解釋放出巨大的能量，於是紅巨星與超新星就此誕生，而質子與中子因質量大受黑洞拘束，只能在表面形成了硬殼，於是磁星與中子星就出現了，當能量被吸噬殆盡就會回歸黑洞的原貌。
行星的質量小散熱快，當表面溫度降到600°C時，其上空數百公里處的溫度已近絕對零度，此處的原始粒子的動能近乎停滯，當表面下的擠壓擾動使高能量的質子被噴到數百公里處，因“能階差”很大使原始粒子主動向質子靠近，進而繞質子運行，於是原子就此誕生，而眾多不同能階的原始粒子的能量總合就稱之為電子，因此行星可以自主組成物質，並行成複雜的分子鍵結於是地質硬殼就出現了，這無需超新星的賜予。
重力是行星中心的黑洞與其上的“能階差”形成的作用力，這也是星體為什么都是類球體的原因，只要天體是球型且中心有赤熱且高密度的物質存在，其中心必然有黑洞的存在，這在黑洞系統穿過“原始粒子濃湯”層時就已註定，同時因在同一能階，使黑洞系統的成員無“能階差”的作用力，因此從離開“原始粒子濃湯”後的星系團內的成員都維持當時的慣性運行，這才使的恒星系統能有長期的穩定演化形成了各式文明的生長，這是自然演化的邏輯，並不存在機率大小。
If 95% of the universe is dark matter we might want to be thankful that we can't see it. It seems like it would obscure our view of stars galaxies and etcetera
Subatomic particles exist in fields beyond the range of human perception. The exception being plasma from a star gone supernova, not reformed into any new form of a celestial body (star/planet/proto-planet), where it simply is stagnant in empty space for up to billions of years, growing cold and dying thermal death or radiation decay, which is the same way that entropy will eventually consume the entire universe. It's an inevitable fate, we appear to have been fortunate to see in it's starting phase and can be seen in detail with observations made in any number of surveys. Heat death and the big chill, is how the lights go out someday and either never come back on, or if they do, results in the big crunch.
Sir Roger Penrose, CCC - Conformal Cyclic Cosmology. His views on the Big Bang, is "the most widely accepted view" shared today by a large part of the scientific community.
If DM actually existed, that would be a problem.
Don't let me get started on gravity...well, ok. Tire is on a wheel. You don't hear turn the tire. A car has four wheels, the whole wheel thing get's complicated (I'll drop it at that.
Not really. Fluid dynamics can be complex in linear and differential equations, that's why Euclid's work was progressed through Lorentz as waves of probability and a probability matrix, used in everything from AI, Machine Learning to the Stock Market. Chaos theory takes this complicated nature, reducing it to trivial cycles in sets as reducible logic, which lead to set theory and Bertrand Russell's "Theory of Types", which catches the complexity problem of self violating rules.
The reason why C/C++ is considered an outdated, dinosaur language DARPA (Tractor) invested millions (not billions), chump change, encouraging people to migrate to RUST and replace all of non-type safe languages (many exist), which are the source of the vast majority of memory violations, in buffer under runs and buffer overflows, leading to null pointers and exceptions once exposed and termed "vulnerabilities", hackers utilize to gain unauthorized access to systems. Once any system is compromised, it should rightfully be considered permanently compromised. (Nord etc..). - Because, it takes longer to fix a broken wheel, than making a new one.
Set theory and "Principia Mathematica" by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, sits at No. 23 - of the greatest books of the 20th century.
"You don't hear turn the tire." Actually you do. It's quite pronounced to the trained ear :)
Brian Greene is an inoressive human being and an even more impressive theoretical physicist. But to have nearly every single World Festival event hosted by the same person over and over again makes it feel old and stuffy to me. I need some variations and simply cannot listen to the same person constantly. Edit: spelling
it looks like the galaxy in the animation is spinning in the wrong direction. is it correct?
Can you still frame in hertz for a dispersion method
is the percentage of dark matter the same in the closest galaxies to the furthers?
No. The asymmetry is of huge significance and is a puzzle to be solved. Do it!
@@mrhassell Easily done. Get rid of the fantasy of DM.
@@user-ds7uk1ft2x It's fantasy to want to cling to the idea it doesn't exist. The evidence is overwhelming.
Katherine Freese is a great guest.
It sounds like circular logic is used in their Bullet Cluster discussion.
Their argument boils down to: "The current theory is correct, therefore the proposed theory is wrong."
MOND posits that the current theory of gravity is incorrect, but the Dark Matter (the blue color in the image) is detected using gravitational lensing -- which is a prediction of the current theory of gravity. But at its core, MOND questions the validity of the current theory. So essentially they have "proved" MOND is wrong by *ASSUMING* that the current theory is correct.
That doesn't make sense to me.
One of the last frontiers where we dont ask enough questions because we are distracted.
Why bro?, is distraction due to social media or technology?
@@EdisonvsTesla both
"Reflection is key to unlock celestial mysteries beyond the void veil..." --DD4
🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨
"Before I start, I must see my end. Destination known, my mind's journey now begins. Upon my chariot, heart and soul's fate revealed. In time, all points converge; hope's strength, resteeled. But to earn final peace at the universe's endless refrain, we must see all in nothingness... before we start again."
🐲✨🐲✨🐲✨
--Diamond Dragons (series)
Love this talk! Thank you 😊
How does this dark star idea relate to dark matter ? There was no explanation.
Dark Stars are not necessarily Black Holes. Collapsed core implosions, might result in an immense sudden production of mass only interacting matter, cold dark matter.
The two have always been closely related and one exchanged in terms of the other. Sagittarius A* observations showed that there may in fact be more than one type of black hole and the dark star, took on a new lease of living in darkness.
Great talk, don’t lose hope
I think we have a long way to go to understand the universe. It would not surprise me if we find things about the universe in the future that would previously make no sense whatsoever in our current understanding/ technology.
You mean a paradigm shift. One is definitely overdue. Try Plasma Cosmology, which is based on proven EM forces, and doesn't need "dark" stuff to make the numbers come out.
@@user-ds7uk1ft2x thanks I will look that up. I am not a scientist but find it interesting.
Trippy.
Trippin' the light fantastic, at the speed of light...
Thank you.
What is the void in an atom?
Schrodinger defined it in terms of a wave function, often interpreted in the context of a "collapse". The oscillations of electrons, first demonstrated this and it was later demonstrated with photons (quanta, Einstein). The boundary of the atomic nucleus, is where subatomic properties begin. The only void that exists, where the waveform collapses, is momentary and instantly reanimated across the limit of a particles field. The fluctuation of this field, wave oscillations, is an on/off state in which particles are created in pairs of protons and neutrons.
The Neutrino is in one state, right handed chirality, spin state 2 observed as heavy neutral leptons or sterile neutrino's, which are dark matter. (They only interact with gravity).
29:28 That's an interesting statement. Inflation creates vacuum and vacuum energy coverts into matter.
If there was no energy to drive inflation to create vacuum energy, then what was driving inflation?
Or to put it another way, what was before vacuum energy if there was no energy?
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Of all the possible forces that can drive the universe which one has no physical/material manifestation?
Assuming the recntly developed theories are correct, a very large assumption, then I must ask, how does the Higgs Field/Boson fit into the bigger picture? All matter gets its mass from the Higgs Field mediated by the Higgs Boson. What do they have to do with the larger picture? Do black holes get their masses from the Higgs Field?
That is an excellent question!
I guess the Aether just becomes more dense (tongue in cheek ) ;)
These people have families. They have property, house, car & maybe a boat. They need money to survive. That is why they don't talk about the elephant in the room; Halton Arp. They ignore a massive body of work performed by the Swedish Physics Professor Hannes Alfvén & the Norwegian Physicist Kristian Birkeland. We are facing a crisis in cosmology, and they fight like dogs to keep their money/jobs.
Very well said! Without a paradigm shift, science eventually stagnates. Defining dark matter as unobservable and then going out looking for it is about as stagnant is it gets.
@@user-ds7uk1ft2x .. 100%
I heard Dr. Freese mention primordial black holes, but they get short shrift. Why aren't they a leading candidate for explaining dark matter within galaxies? They certainly satisfy the criterion of parsimony, and as this conversation notes, despite a lot of effort to find them, there's no evidence of WIMPS (apart from the one weird Italian experiment.)
This was really excellent!
Is it possible that the dark matter existed before the big bang and maybe that's what started the bang somehow? Is there any pattern in the shape of the universe to suggest this as? As an example the shape a drop of dye might take if dripped into a stream.
If dark mater truly exists, and if I understand the physics of it, it seems to me the miliary would like to get their hands on it. Imagine an aircraft that reflects no electromagnetic waves of any frequency whatsoever.
Material science .
I never said Ronald Reagan was a dark matter candidate in 1980. 9:51
Wait a minute! 🙃
Fritz Zwicky in the early 1930s was motivated to work on the Coma cluster of galaxies by, and borrowed methods from, earlier work of the great Jan Oort, who did measurements of the scale height of the thickness of the galaxy in our neighborhood, to achieve 'the derivation of an accurate value for the total amount of mass, including dark matter, corresponding to a unit of luminosity in the surroundings of the sun'.
Similar to the weak and strong force fields, has anyone considered that dark matter arises because the spacetime field itself has mass.
Wouldn't that be ~uniform everywhere?
That actually is a possible explanation for dark _energy_ (the "cosmological constant"), not for dark _matter_.
Novel Dark Matter Hypothesis
Dark Matter is simply unaccounted for gravity. GR states that gravity is the consequence of the curvature of spacetime. Is it possible that the structure of spacetime itself could be warped without the presence of matter? Spacetime has been shown to react like a fabric by warping, twisting, and propagating independently of mass, and all have been proven with observations from gravitational lensing, frame dragging, and now gravitational waves! Fabrics can also be stretched, pressured, and/or heated to the point of causing a deformation and losing its elastic nature. All of these conditions were extreme during inflation, so it is plausible that the “fabric” of spacetime analog could extend having its elastic property have hit a yield point leaving pockets of inelastic spacetime geodesic that cause gravity without the presence of matter?
Therefore, if gravity is strictly the consequence of the warped of spacetime, and fabrics can be permanently overstretched, then those empty warped geodesics would create gravitational wells independent of mass. My hypothesis of DM is subatomic black hole imprints of the quantum fluctuations that popped in at the moment of inflation. The CMB shows where the hot dense regions were they created the galaxies. They would have been the initial cause and location of the warping. These imprints would be clouds of quantum sized floating fixed geodesics, so they couldn’t expand or evaporate. Perhaps nothing has been detected because there is nothing to detect. GR wouldn’t require modification because DM would just be an extension of how spacetime behaves at extreme conditions. No MOND, no WIMPs, and no parallel universes, just empty spacetime deformations that produce gravitational wells to help jump start galaxy accretion processes. Zwicky may have named is Missing Mass correctly since he detected some gravity without mass present to cause it…
Black holes swallow matter, and you can orbit around them and can’t see where the matter went? You can’t see what falls into a dark black hole.
Maybe dark matters in there ?
How much space is in a vacuum if distance is a dilative parameter?
So in the classical twin paradox, a solar system doesn’t fly apart, but it’s time dilates differently than the other twins it’s stable. The same thing happens in universes.
When exactly did mankind develop anti-gravity technology capable of freeing them from the zoo known as Earth?
I admire Brian Greene's explanation of physics since I was young because he makes physics concepts and analogies simple to understand.
The blue shift what is the resonance and wavelength what spectrum(time)?
"Dark" and "invisible" are not synonyms. "Dark" means only that an object does not emit radiation in the visible range. Dark objects can reflect visible light by which they can be seen. An "invisible" object neither emits nor reflects visible light, and is transparent to visible light.
So dark matter reflects visible light? Then why hasn't it been seen? There's plenty of light in the universe.
12:17- How can you be sure that the blue color is even 'matter'? It could be anything. 😱 Thinking only out of the knowns while disregarding the unkown number of unknowns is error prone.
Her German for "Dunkle Materie" is awesomely good.
She has German parents.
She is German as well as American.
Why would anyone be so surprised as to write this article and put it on TH-cam in Visual and audio when ago I believe, just a few decades ago human beings didn't even know that galaxies were galaxies and that we lived in one that the Milky Way was the universe and the galaxies out there are nebula and they are blurry you can look at the Andromeda in the sky it's blurry the reason you see galaxies is the way you do on TV and media is because the images have extremely long exposures collect as much light as possible and then you can see the structure of the Galaxy more clearly but when you fly out into space it looks like it looks from here pretty much everywhere unless you're very close and nothing is very close in space it's ridiculous to think that we would have even a tiny fraction of knowledge of our universe or what it even is we think we do and we think we do and then we change all the time because we have to church didn't like that though and there are scientists that disagree holy with new information discoveries and truths some are so pompous they remind me of art so-called experts that can tell you if a painting was done by a certain artist or not and they are often wrong but no one argues against it because they're an art expert but no there are no swirling galaxies out there that we can visually conceive of unless we have long light exposed photos or computer altered images or space telescopes to collect the light. Some people still don't know that the sun is a star some people don't know all the planets listed in our solar system I am just shocked everyday at the lack of knowledge people accumulate during their life I hope they're having fun at least
Sorry everybody I have to use voice to do anything online and since I connected to AI for my voice to text it makes me sound insane when you read something I post
"just a few decades ago human beings didn't even know that galaxies were galaxies "
That was 100 years ago, not "a few decades".
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 we'll see how you feel when you get to 53
@@richardkohlhof Do you mean my age? I'm not far away from 53, I'm already 49. Do you really want to claim that makes a big difference? :D
@@bjornfeuerbacher5514 LOL
What if "dark energy" isn't energy. Rather, the universe, consisting of a foam type of medium, is expanding into an extra-universe vacuum? And dark matter is just the space-time between the bubble?