The Origin of the Elements
ฝัง
- เผยแพร่เมื่อ 19 พ.ย. 2012
- The world around us is made of atoms. Did you ever wonder where these atoms came from? How was the gold in our jewelry, the carbon in our bodies, and the iron in our cars made? In this lecture, we will trace the origin of a gold atom from the Big Bang to the present day, and beyond. You will learn how the elements were forged in the nuclear furnaces inside stars, and how, when they die, these massive stars spread the elements into space. You will learn about the origin of the building blocks of matter in the Big Bang, and we will speculate on the future of the atoms around us today.
Speaker: Dr. Edward Murphy, University of Virginia
Date: November 13, 2012
You can download a copy of the Table of Elements from this page: education.jlab.org/itselemental/ - วิทยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี
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Even with limited knowledge in Chemistry, this lecture still felt like a monumental milestone in my personal knowledge.
Same! Chemistry is my weak spot and this guy still explained everything perfectly
This video is a perfect example of the power of a great communicator. This man took an unbelievably large amount of information and presented in a manner so clear and logical that even I was able to understand it. And he did it in under an hour.
Respect
Why should I fear death when I'm made of atoms 13 billion years old?! 😊
For real this my second time watching..He explained it so clearly 😅
We are all fortunate that lectures like this are available for free, without tuition.
I am an electrical engineer from Georgia Tech, and have continued study in science all my life, and heard this material many times. But this presentation is the best I have ever seen, as it is constructed so well that even non technical people can get a fair understanding of the whole process. Very well done.
I'm 77 and I picked up all this information in bits and pieces over the course of my life and managed to put it all together, but it's a pleasure to see it presented here in such a clear and comprehensive manner. Dr. Murphy brings it all together and explains it with such beautiful simplicity that his lecture is a total joy to watch.
I'm 74 and a chemical engineer. I sent this to some relatives and friends and titled it "Putting it All Together" so I totally agree with you!
I'm your age and continue to be amazed at everything that is known now that wasn't known when I entered college initially. The helicopter on Mars is my immediate favorite; waiting for what we learn from the Webb telescope.
My coment above.
73, standing by. Roger, wilco.
Agreed!
Being an expert in your subject matter is one thing, condensing and conveying all that information in an interesting and engaging way takes a true master. Thank you Dr Murphy.
What a fantastic lecture! As an artist whose scientific knowledge is very limited, I was totally absorbed by Dr Murphy's presentation, it was a revelation.
One of the best classes I've ever had! Excellent Professor Edward Murphy!
I am old woman in my 70s. This was just wonderful.
Even if i only understand some of it, it is just amazing.
Thankyou to this wonderful lecturer for this.
Just imagine your atoms will be mostly in the rigs around the nebula. I guess you can save on cremation? And all of this applies to me too, of course.
Age is no barrier to learning. Look at the people in their 90s going back and getting university degrees :)
Even as we age, our neural network is still capable of being trained - i.e. learning new things :)
i also started elementary in 64
this teacher or professor just explain everything that a 3rd grade could understand
actually we learnt it in 7th grade he explaining here
wish teachers were everywhere so intelligent like this man..
80 here.
You are not an old woman, you are young like all of us. We have many star cycles ahead of us...
As a chemist, whose everyday work involves dealing with atoms and knowing the way they behave, it was absolutely amazing to watch Dr. Murphy's lecture. It is a pitty this kind of knowledge is not included in Chemistry 101 classes.
Prof, I'm sorry I couldn't memorize the table.
That's cause it's taught in physics classes. Gotta love the arbitrary dividing lines we have between disciplines
In 1977, a complete understanding of the periodic table was required to pass as well as the knowledge of the various bonds
You didn't get bored by the first 57 minutes?
@@rizdalegend One can appreciate and enjoy someone else's presentation, even if one has complete familiarity with the information being presented.
I've watched this two times. Not because it is not clear, but because it just a joy to watch such a perfect presentation. If my science lessons were like this when I was in highschool, I would be a scientist now.
That was one of the best science lectures I've watched. Dr. Murphy made something very complicated seem fairly easy to understand. Thanks.
I'm an non-degree person. But what I think is that it is presentations like this that raise the level of knowledge of regular, everyday people like me to a whole new level. I've personally studied astronomy for years, to the extent of my own understanding, but this presentation just gave me a whole new Kick-Start! Thank you! :)
People usually study for two reasons: 1.to get a "good" job or 2. Because they are interested in the subject. In most cases people try to steer their interest toward a subject that pays off. Graduating from university usually just means that you acquire a certificate that you possess a certain amount of theoretical knowledge. Of course every degree is structured in a way that it forms a certain unity of knowledge but my point is something else. If you are interested in a certain topic a degree means nothing. In most cases you will learn on a deeper level and with more joy if it's self-tought because you don't need to undergo the stress of an exam. You won't get to be scientist without a degree but let go of the term "expert". Just go for it if it's fun! There is so much to discover. I couldn't let a day pass without new knowledge - except for times of meditation which is my next goal.
a non degree person :)
You will one day make a great physicist, Sheldon!
Even if you do it online or by correspondence, start on your degree now! You will live a happier and fuller life and benefit those around you.
@@DimljenaRiba don't you feel badly for people who have no intellectual curiosity?
I majored in chemistry in college. This is one of the best explanations of the periodic table that I’ve ever heard.
Well said Henry , I agree , it was great 👍
@@danielwilson6529 Yes, it was excellent.
@@danielwilson6529 my j
Majored in phys and chem minored in maths as Americans say. But these fields are huge. So I come accross topics like this vaguely and know about them but never looked into them. The amount of interesting stuff on TH-cam that is explained means I never get to watch propper TV. I have friends who left school early who would understand this it is explained so well. I know the physics could go deeper but the chemistry is beautiful
Just realized: a matter has its own dance, we came uninvited.
This is by far the most brilliant presentation I have ever seen explaining the Big Bang, star formation, the relation and origin of the different elements, everything we want to know about chemistry, astronomy, cosmology, what are we made of, - I want to watch this over and over - thank you! This is really the only presentation you need to watch- so brilliant!
I stumble across this video every few years, I never tire of watching it.
The greatest pleasure in life is learning. This little lecture is a moment of ecstasy.
Wow!
I never liked learning when I was in school. Now that I'm out of school. I can't seem to learn enough.
Well said!
@@aaaricmondroofing1703 Well done! You've broken through! Hey, isn't it great to chow down on the internet for all the mental food you can eat, and enhance your life with it every day you live?
learning: Yes
usurping power at all cost: no one should be allowed
I am a mid 70s guy that studied jr. high & school, college degrees with an early and insatiable curiosity for things Astro, atomic, language, engineering and humanities with middling success. Finally a man of particular joy in him combined with language skills and abundant knowledge gives me the best lecture on these topics and subjects I could hope for. Thank you sir for bringing an eloquent integration to much of this one’s life. Extraordinary and joyful experience for me. Kudos to all that made this possible.
I learned more chemistry from this video than I did in my entire life so far.
What a fantastic presentation!!!!!This guy truly has a “gift” for presenting information. ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
Learning
This was an outstanding lecture! Under an hour and I learned so much. Take me back to the age of 20, I swear I will do better - knowledge is fun and powerful.
How funny. I am 53 years old and think the EXACT thing. Today’s youth are so lucky. Sadly, they use this technology to play games and socialize. When I was in school the only resources were outdated encyclopedias. 😀
@@karenmann4825 : I’m old enough to remember a time when we had to store our knowledge on crushed trees, moulded into slivers of wafer thin pages, upon which we imprinted that knowledge, using dark, carbonised substances to stain those pages, which we commonly called, “ink.” We had to bind them together and protect them with special covers, which we etched descriptive pictures onto. They were burdensome to carry, stained and torn frequently and usually outmoded, often on the same day that they were printed.
However, they remain unhackable, fixed and smell uniquely comforting to those who love the old ways. So, they have their merits too 😉✌️
@@karenmann4825 The harder you have to work for something, the more you tend to value it. Kids today have a WORLD of knowledge at their fingertips, yet don't seem to care about it at all. Awful.
Pat yourself on the back. You are here now, and you are learning. I have been learning about science since I was a child. I loved science in grade school, high school and college. After graduating I never stopped learning. I knew most of the stuff in this lecture already, but it’s still fun to hear a differently explained perspective. I am 75 and have the same attitude about science I always did. You have the bug now, so keep learning.
@@karenmann4825 You "Think the EXACT thing"? Exactly!
That guy went from being the random stressed out guy I see on the bus every day. To a hero in less than an hour:) Amazing lecture. You really inspired me and increased my already great love for science and knowledge!
Do you really see him on the bus every day? Or did you?
I am not good at chemistry and quite frankly never got interested enough to study it, but this lecture is just pure gold, I never in my entire life was so invested in a chemistry lecture, that I didn't see time passing by, if only chemistry and pretty much all other fields of science and math could be taught with passion and interest as this lecture, i'm sure the long rule of "grades" will fall, students won't study to get good grades anymore, instead they will study to learn and grow passion for science and explore their creativity.
Not exactly pure gold, a few other elements were also discussed.
I wonder if the pun was intended haha
It is a pleasure to hear experts talk about subjects they love. Thank you.
Einstein said, "The definition of genius is taking the complex and making it simple." This man is a true genius!
Thank Hans Bethe and Fred Hoyle. They figured most of it out.
I heard this lecture about 20 times , and probably will hear another 20.
Mr Murphy is awesome
I can't believe what i just watched. I actually understood everything he said. It was clear and elegant. The truth it always has a ring to it and this rung true. I am going to keep coming back to this. I want to understand. Thank you very much for this free education. i am sixty nine years old and i quit high school in ninth grade. There is amazing information out there.
This lecture is an example of how beautiful knowledge is. Thank you, Sir!
beautiful knowledge... I like how you put that !
Yes.
@@paulwalsh2344 yes.
Yes.
This man's delivery is impeccable! Absolutely a wonderful presentation! Some people are very gifted at speaking like this, however I must say that this man is on another level. The speed at which he was conveying everything was utterly perfect for me. He was phenomenally clear with his diction, and brilliantly offered just the right emphasis at times that brought a level of gentile excitement completely captivating my full attention. Truly this is wonderfully refreshing, and quite amazing to me especially because I already have a passionate and thorough knowledge of the entirety of this presentation. Even though I majored in Biology with a minor in Chemistry, I have always had a major thirst for Physics, Astrophysics, Cosmology, and Quantum Mechanics... Furthermore, even though I finished college in 2003 I have continued to learn (those topics of physics) almost daily ever since. Especially since the invaluable gift of TH-cam. Anyhow, thanks again for the great lecture... I hope to find more from this man. Take care fellow TH-camrs... lol :)
His presentation skills really are exceptional. No pauses and great flow. You can feel his passion. Thank you.
This. Superfluid, superwell articulated. Rarely you see someone talking practically without stumbles or 'uhms'.
I've heard so many speakers throughout my life so far and you Sir, are one of the best. Well spoken, clear, no mistakes, loud, not too slow, but not too fast, just a joy to learn from. Thank you.
Many dots were connected. Already knew most of these, but the way he connected and reinforced them is awesome.
As a seventy year old I found this talk the most fascinating Ive ever heard, It is quite understandable and the lecturer makes it sooo interesting. Thank you so much for this hard work. We should all be taught this in schools.
And now for the fun part: Much of this is wrong! In this short 8 years, we've discovered neutron stars and "hypernovea" resulting from neutron star mergers -- which turns out to produce more heavy elements than supernovea.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star#Neutron_star_binary_mergers_and_nucleosynthesis
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis#Neutron_star_collision
🌹
@@firstnamelastname9918 Was trying to figure out the same thing just from a reasoning perspective , most everything seems to be figured out , accounted for or presented in that light when in reality quite the opposite may be true . If a scientists lies or makes a mistake no one goes to jail ,the only thing one has to care is peer pressure ,if no one has a better theory the last one can stand not because is viable but for the lack of better knowledge. At the end of the day we may listen to likable stories that have traces of truth in them in total disagreement with present scientific community .
This was an exciting journey and I'm glad to have been a part of it. The way he went full circle on gold was something to marvel at. If only my science teacher taught me like this 😭
Never understood many things until now. Thank you professor and JLab.
Dr. Ed Murphy is a very talented presenter. Enjoyable talk. Thanks.
This has been the most informative, lucid and enjoyable presentation of cosmos I’ve ever heard. Thank you, Dr. Murphy!
This guy is a fantastic presenter!! I've learned more in this hour than all of my physics and chemistry courses.
It's difficult to retain all that you learned all that time ago (:
Absolutely correct
The best summary of the history and future of the Universe I´ve seen. Very easy to follow and understand.
Dr. Murphy is a WONDERFUL teacher..I was actually falling asleep in bed when this interesting video appeared and woke me back up held my attention all the way through.
What a super teacher. If all could be like him, people would learn even if they thought they weren't interested.
as a self tutored science nerd I will be encouraging all around me to watch this concise history of us and all matter - VERY very clearly presented - Thank you
I know the subject since long but listened with enormous pleasure, this is one of the best lecturers I have ever heard in my 65 y life
Really fascinating, educational and compelling - well done sir.
As someone who trained in biology and biochemistry I've spent 35+ years doing imaging and video media for scientific and technical clients. Lots of stuff on the web is cobbled together library footage - often quite inappropriate chosen or just plain wrong - along with some voiceover which is utter nonsense. It drives me nuts.
Here's a guy who knows what he's talking about, manages to speak clearly, intelligently, concisely and pretty well unedited for over an hour - and uses the most basic graphics. My respect - absolutely brilliant. People wanting to learn how to do it right could learn a lot from this. (Someone just needs to tell him how to fasten a lav mic properly so that it doesn't rustle, but I think we can forgive him that!).
JM
I passed my engineering now I don't have to do anything with origin of elements But for the first time video made me feel that I learned something valuable in my life. I never watch nearly hour long video without skipping at least 10 second but this is first time. Great work sir..
Personally, I found this simple, but entertaining and very informative. The best, most concise, and complete explanation of where the elements come from, in under an hour, no less, that I have ever seen. Way more engaging than the last one of these lessons I saw, which I recall was a multi-part series from Brian Cox... This was more informative for me because it came fast and complete, with graphics where needed, so I remembered the entire thing from beginning to end. I LIKE when I can learn something so completely so quickly.
I've never fully understood the the periodic table of elements and astronomy, but this great teacher makes it a lot easier on my mind, a presentation like this is very important to open new minds to science and discoveries, Thank you Dr Edward Murphy you're a gift to students i wish i had a teacher like you.
This guy could read a restaurant menu, and I would sit here and listen to the whole thing. There's just something about the way he presents things and his enthusiasm.
Delivered with astounding clarity. Captured my attention all the way.
Agreed to all of the above. And then there's the fact that he didn't use notes, a laptop or a prompter.
Great lecture with amazing organization. Dr. Murphy explains these concepts very well and appropriately for the mixed audience he has
This is one of the best lectures I ever heard in my entire life.
Wow this is probably the best lecture that I’ve heard in a long time. This man is brilliant
Im 14 years old, I do my first year science in Belgium, we began learning about atoms and now Im obsessed of atoms tbh.
So much questions that needs to be solved!
I'm so glad to hear you say (type) that, good for you. I'm 52 and I've spent all my life studying all forms of matter, science, philosophy etc and I now have even more questions that need solving. Seek knowledge my friend and you will never be bored.
Yes lots of Q Question need to be answered
Ask away and I'll try to answer what I can. I'm no professional, but I'll try to provide enough detail that you can follow up with your own more thorough research. Hearing the same idea explained by different sources was a big part of my attempts to understand science. Still is, I suppose.
What is your favourite element?
Well, we have to leave some things for you kids to discover.
When I was in school in Perth, Australia in the 1970s I was lucky enough to have a science teacher with the same sort of passion and enthusiasm as this man. I envy his students who not only get his passion for his subject, but the technological advances that give so much more information than we had back then.
I have always lamented the fact that I know so little about chemistry. This is an amazing lecture--very clear, easy enough for an absolute novice like me to follow, but full of information. Thank you very much, Dr. Murphy!!
Ultimately brilliant and remarkable public lecture. Thank you very much.
an age-specific version of this should be the first lesson of every chemistry class
Salute you lecturer.. 🙏Explaining periodic table like this is unbelievable. Respect from India 🇮🇳
Agreed
This is the kind of professors we should have to introduce an essential complex subject to high school students and freshman college physical science courses.
I am 74 y/o, have a doctorate degree, it is 04:30 at night and I am thrilled to have learned so much in just one hour that I have not been told in all of my life! Learning is the greatest thing in life and giving children this understanding is the real challenge for educators. They can find out every factual knowledge in minutes nowadays, but to start that drive to want to know something new every day is the real take home message that school owes to the children!
Perhaps the single best presentation on TH-cam. Can't thank you enough!
THUMBS UP!
This was honestly one of the most interesting lectures i've ever heard, so , thank you for uploading and i wish my teachers back in the day were like that.
There's a reason why I love science, physics and cosmos
One of the best-est lectures ever i have listened/watched in my life.
The knowledge, the Gift of gab at display here is simply marvelous 💕❤
Excellent lecture. Great speaker. Well done. Each of these lecturers fill in a few blanks and, if you watch enough lectures you start to piece some things together. Very helpful. Thank you.
Who is this Guy ? Like his NAME ? please help!
@@BonerMaroner Literally shown on the first frame of the video.
Intresting, I finally understand the process of star making much better.
I knew a bit - with a fair bit of interest and study over the years, but my brain doesn't seem to be able to hold on to, or recall much of what I've read and heard. Always interesting and enjoyable to get a "refresher" on these things - including some details which were NEW to me. Well done... more please.
Every human being on the planet should watch this video. It explains so much!
This sums up the main reason I got into astronomy, thank you Jefferson Lab.
I really appreciate how he simplified the explanation of these processes....
Exceptional command of content and thanks for clear illustration of old mendelev's chart with such vividness.
This is amazing. Sometimes I get bored after some time just watching vids with a prof speaking but when you make it this interesting and add those images in between it makes it truly enjoyable to keep watching. Good for you. Please keep making more of these in this style. I look forward to it.
I might have passed chemistry if I had taken it three minutes after the Big Bang. Or if I had a teacher who could explain it as well as Dr Murphy does.
Same...
Scott Clark at that time the class room wasn't formed yet .
True
so funny.
@@stanjarmolowicz what
I learned more in this 1 hour lecture than all the physics lessons I had in school. Awesome thank you and well done.
Thank you so much for explaining it to us in a way that seems like there's a linear progression. Everything you said was retained and I walked away with this feeling that you love it more than any of us can understand and that's what makes you a good communicator
great lecture!
I love listening to smart people, not fools who have one book that they say is all you need. Learning is lifelong and should be appreciated. Love smart people 👍👍👍
Thank you Dr Murphy, you explain everything so simple that even a child can understand the basic about the elemements! Respect sir!
Kudos to you Dr. Murphy! What a great teacher you are.
This presentation is so fantastic. I must admit I have replayed it several times while traveling/driving. Excellent.
Outstanding. I had already learned most of this, but it was nice to learn a couple of new things....and the lecture itself was such a well-structured and informative exploration, never any overkill with info or data or stats... just the most important facts laid out in the same fashion that a tale is told by a superb storyteller... just excellent. If you are thinking about watching this but you're not sure, do yourself the favor of checking it out. Cheers!
Similar situation with me, great comment, well said.
Fantastic teacher. He fits in a lot of information in a format and structure that is both enjoyable and comprehendible.
Brilliantly explained & engaging lecture, thank you.
What a beautiful informative attention holding video presentation! I lost track of my age while watching! Oh but to have had this teacher when I was 12 in 1966!
This was so interesting. You filled lots of holes in my understanding of this stuff. Thanks!
Wonderful lecture! This all makes our troubles and conflicts on earth seem so trivial...In the long run, none of it matters; in the
short run,nothing is either good or bad,but thinking makes it so...
I am sure I have heard this lecture Billions of years ago !...; )
I only had a very vague interest in the periodic table at school but this was such a stunning lecture, beautifully delivered and really fascinating. How I wish I had a teacher like this chap.
Can’t believe it’s already been 13.8 billion years. This video brings back old memories from .1 billion years ago
Thank you..thank you prof Edward. This is the the essential atomic story of life that preceds the next two steps: the molecular chemistry and biochemistry. A human shouldn't undergo degree college classes without seeing this video in his high school. YOU stitched it so seamlessly.
Agreed. As a former Nurse educator, students' success correlated with their Chemistry course success. This video would be an excellent primer for Chem101.
Brilliant, beautiful, excellent, absolutely superior!
I truly appreciate the way that he simplifies it.
Good teacher, keeps it rolling and doesn't digress or over simplify.
Murphy is a truly gifted lecturer and speaks clearly and provides enough explanation and details for anyone to understand this fascinating subject. I would like to know a few things: 1) what gives particles their opposite charges? Why does that have to exist? Is it related to antimatter, 2) what occured before the big bang? 3) is nothing inherently unstable and we are going through universe cycles as the universe expands, and returns to nothingness? 3) why are these atomic particles spherical or round in shape. 4) why are there such great differences in sizes between stars. Thanks
This is such a fabulous presentation. I listened to it for the second time. It’s mind blowing! He ties us to cosmic events in a beautiful, poignant way.
An excellent communicator! The speaker is impressive! Although I already knew most of this, I still learned many details that I found fascinating. It was a well-presented lecture that lets the gestalt of atom/element formation be readily understood.
Loved every second of it, so much information in a short time, yet he made it so easy to digest and comprehend! It was a pleasure to listen. What a great teacher! Thank you so much for uploading and sharing this lecture.
I watched this TH-cam video in which the honorable professor, Dr. Murphy Sb, very elaborately and in an interesting way explained how Big Bang occurred and the sub atomic particles like proton and neutron came into being. This lecture gives us significant insights into the chemical composition of our universe as well as everything else in a very fascinating manner. The nuclear reactions responsible for forming chemical elements were very clearly taught in this lecture. I as a chemical engineer recommend it to my friends who wish to know scientifically about ourselves and the universe that we have today. Thank you, Jefferson Lab, for arranging such a wonderful lecture!
I learned more from this one-hour lecture than I did from a year of High School chemistry! And I did it without falling asleep in class.
I said the same thing!
Congrats People.
I am getting older, at 60. But I am a kid in a candy store, a chocolate store, an ice cream fountain.
I hold several advanced degrees which took a big part if my life to achieve.
Lectures like this are great, because of the expertise of the presenters.
Now the web makes anyone a good student no matter the place.
Im assemblying an institution so more humans become fully litterate.
I want to go back to school and learn what I am missing.
Keep in mind that I got my first PC after my bachelors, and my first lap top just before writing my last dissertation.
Before, I had been using my schools computers.
Now is simply Great Babies.
Congrats. Ahúa !
I am equal condition. Very good. Edilberto Pedraza
I''m your age and had the same experience of using school's PCs and didn't own my own until several years after graduate school. Yet, I learned everything discussed in this lecture in Introduction to Astronomy in my sophomore year of college over forty years ago. Didn't you?
Don't believe everything you hear just because they(it) sound(s) right.
Jose: I am 85 yo , barrio raised "young man" who has always loved science of all kinds and was a nerd but we'll accepted by my peers. I owe becoming a degreed social behavioral scientist and clinician slowly because I worked to raise a family while taking advantage of educational opportunities available to me in practical and economic terms.
I earned a BS , then MS, and finally a DSW all while working and on scholarships and grants of different kinds.
I am grateful to all the free libraries in my life, the second hand book stores, and many helpful kin, neighbors, friens, and professors in my life. Most of all I owe great thanks to my wife and kids who always had a dad studying something. BTW: We were married at age 19 just out of HS and are still happily married with grand and great grand children.
Long story short is I feel we have things in common.
I am retired from clinical work in corrections mental health and still do ad hoc research on violence mostly from video data uploaded to thecWEB by people worlwide.
Well, I got to go and close by saying "Only in America."
P.S. (Please excuse the typos and gram errors as I keyboard my posts)
Well, Jose, I only have one STEM degree, B.Sc. Chem, and I'm 65... one of the issues I have with this Universe I'm in is that I won't live nearly long enough to learn everything that I want to learn.
If only there was a way that I could extract one minute from the lives of the millions upon millions around the world who fritter away their priceless, irreplaceable time watching mind-numbing drivel like "Top 10 Russian Car Crashes 2018", "Wallymart vs. L'Oreo Pesowhore Red Lip Gloss Showdown!", and/or the Denali-sized midden heap of degenerate autotuned nursery-rhyme-level "lyrics" w/synth called "music"... alas...
BRAVO!! Excellent presentation. One of the very few TH-cam videos I watched in its entirety with only one interruption before wandering off into the comments or to some other video.
Thank you, Edward Murphy, for a most wonderfully informative lecture that filled in many missing elements from my personal table of knowledge. Peace and happiness to you, sir.
Fantastic! Every school chem class should start with this!