Ben Heck's Mechanical Television Part 1

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ความคิดเห็น • 237

  • @LooselyRigorous
    @LooselyRigorous 8 ปีที่แล้ว +32

    I still miss "BATTEN DOWN THE HATCHES"

    • @Storebrand_
      @Storebrand_ 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      me to :)

    • @jorenmartijn
      @jorenmartijn 8 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      I miss the internet troll too. :)

  • @allluckyseven
    @allluckyseven 8 ปีที่แล้ว +15

    "Actually I've never done this with a fan before."
    Yeah, that will be taken out of context.

  • @gamerpaddy
    @gamerpaddy 8 ปีที่แล้ว +33

    fix your Mic gain. distorted too much

    • @theproducertm
      @theproducertm 8 ปีที่แล้ว +9

      Volume jumps up and down between segments like crazy. I kept adjusting my phone's volume the whole time.

  • @skintstudios
    @skintstudios 8 ปีที่แล้ว +4

    your mechanical/analog projects like this are my favorite as they tend to be simple enough to understand without in depth electronics knowledge.

    • @skintstudios
      @skintstudios 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +JBroMCMXCI nothing wrong with electronics but when it comes to the architecture of computers etc i get a bit lost, his mods like console portablization are simple enough to follow and so are things like his can crusher and this, but, for example things like his videos on the FPGA tend to go over my head.

  • @ElectronFunCom
    @ElectronFunCom 8 ปีที่แล้ว +28

    There's something wrong with your microphone gain levels. Sometimes I can barely hear you, while some other time your voices are very loud and distorted.

  • @btmiller14
    @btmiller14 8 ปีที่แล้ว +5

    interesting side note both the mechanical tv and the electronic version were broadcast in the uk by the BBC at the same time from crystal palace, but a fire at crystal palace and other reasons mechanical tv died. john logie Baird's other developments were in fiber-optics, radio direction finding, infrared night viewing as well as making a contribution to the first colour television tube, but not all went his way he once tried to create diamonds by heating up graphite shorting out Glasgow's power grid in the process.

  • @DvdXploitr
    @DvdXploitr 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    I can't wait for part 2! I have always been fascinated by Mechanical TVs....despite their very low resolution!

  • @jasonteknut
    @jasonteknut 8 ปีที่แล้ว +10

    Why am I always surprised when some of my favorite channels reference my other favorite channels? Like EEVBlog, Ave, Matthias Wandel, GreatScott!, and PhotonicInduction.

    • @A_S_M_R
      @A_S_M_R 8 ปีที่แล้ว +3

      It must be a man thing.....I'm subscribed to all those channels!
      You should have a look at techmoan, bigclivedotcom and Julien Illet.

  • @HardyRyan
    @HardyRyan 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Awesome! Ive been waiting for this episode for years. Love it!

  • @keyboardbandit
    @keyboardbandit 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Wow, i'm actually really looking forward to the next part of this project! I gotta say, the quality of your show has been getting better and better every episode! Seriously, this show could be on the discovery channel!

  • @mnemonic5819
    @mnemonic5819 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    LMAO! Fantastic EEVblogs impression! 7:42

  • @JoshuaPritt
    @JoshuaPritt 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    The very last outtake: "and you'll die sad and alone." "mmm hmm" - totally true! I almost did a spit take.

  • @Storebrand_
    @Storebrand_ 8 ปีที่แล้ว +18

    DAT EEVblog though 👍

  • @Gunbudder
    @Gunbudder 8 ปีที่แล้ว +36

    I prefer the whiteboard over the touch screen laptop. I want to see your hand poking the diagrams!

    • @ConfuSomu
      @ConfuSomu 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      me too

    • @connorwilding2557
      @connorwilding2557 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      Yer

    • @AMacProOwner
      @AMacProOwner 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

      If it had anything that made it superior it would have been nice. But it just brings the viewer further away from you Ben!

    • @jacobwood5805
      @jacobwood5805 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      Agree!

    • @7cleverboys
      @7cleverboys 7 ปีที่แล้ว

      maby a smart board would be even better

  • @jan_harald
    @jan_harald 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    this is the most inspiritional element14 ad I've seen yet

  • @Kryten85
    @Kryten85 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Going to be glued to the EEVBlog now for a cheeky "Batten down the hatches"!!!!

  • @guerillagrueplays6301
    @guerillagrueplays6301 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    So happy to see the "lunchbox dev kit" bit; I was still using an Atrix HD as my phone up until about December, and absolutely loved the thing. Great little AMOLED screen and form factor, even if the battery life and RAM were a bit on the low side :)

  • @mcrsit
    @mcrsit 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    *whispering* "Use a blur filter in post-production to simulate PoV!" *flies away*

  • @albiiiiii_
    @albiiiiii_ 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Cant wait for the second episode :D

  • @midnightshadowpony
    @midnightshadowpony 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    this is kinda weird and awesome! I love it!

  • @marco_evertus
    @marco_evertus 8 ปีที่แล้ว +9

    Bobby Dazzler! well now bob's my uncle!

  • @deckon123
    @deckon123 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Fun fact. The mechanical television was invented by a guy called John logie baird who came up with the concept and built the first device in my home town of Hastings, England. However because his fame is greatly over shadowed by the other famous event the town is known for, and because its keeping with a great English tradition , the only thing named after him there is a pub. Slightly sad, but could be worse

  • @TheBlackAssassin28
    @TheBlackAssassin28 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    first time watching a video this early.. love your videos Ben.. very inspiring

    • @element14presents
      @element14presents  8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +Shadheeskumar Thinakaran Thanks, glad you enjoy the show.

  • @usr6106
    @usr6106 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    cant wait for cant wait for part 2

  • @KennethScharf
    @KennethScharf 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    I don't think the original mechanical TV pickup used a flying spot scanner, but rather the image was focused onto the surface of the scanner disk and a large photo cell then picked up the light behind the disk. At least this version would work as a camera in a well light room, the scanner will have to be used in total darkness.

    • @reddragon27284
      @reddragon27284 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      I agree.

    • @robot797
      @robot797 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      +Kenneth Scharf they didnt
      it was just a ldr and the room light was wat it saw
      that way thay had one pulsed signal to send

  • @elviswjr
    @elviswjr 6 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    7:43 Almost sounded like EEVblog for a second.

  • @johneygd
    @johneygd 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    Definitely a cool project.

  • @umbrefawx
    @umbrefawx 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your RPM signal off the fan is more commonly refered as the "Sense or Tach" wire and typically puts out a predetermined pulse for each rotation the brushless DC motor gives. (For Example, Intels Fans give out 2 pulses per RPM to that wire. So you would take the pulses you'd get in minute and divide that by what ever amount of pulses where givin per rotation to get the RPM Value, all fans are different though, typically datasheets will tell you.

  • @tomstern1681
    @tomstern1681 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Very cool!!! I hope you'll get back to this idea in the future and introduce an improved version, which seems possible!

  • @UKSonicBoomBoy
    @UKSonicBoomBoy 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Great episode. I wonder if the scanning lines could be used as a 3D Scanner? The subject will have to turn on the spot. This will all depend on the resolution of course.

  • @SteveM000100
    @SteveM000100 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Nice interlude, I feel Ben went into it knowing he was going to win...

  • @Turtle_1976
    @Turtle_1976 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Being from Michigan, I love your shirt Karen!

    • @maker_karen1785
      @maker_karen1785 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      +Brian Popilek Michiganders in the house!

  • @Stormbolter
    @Stormbolter 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    You should add a sync signal and a Phase detector for easier sinc. You can also use a differential gear, but it's neater the other way. Usually the sync signal was a spike that was included in the video carrier signal and separated and filtered before passing on to the receiver.

  • @MDFRESCUER
    @MDFRESCUER 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I thought that you try to get better this old technology and you'll add even much more holes into the disc, but... sure, it's another interesting episode. I am curious to see the resolution.

  • @Sonicdude10
    @Sonicdude10 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    So I see you will be using the classic Motorola Lapdock in the future. Not sure if Ben reads the comments or not but if anyone from the shop sees this, I can give some info on the lapdock that I have learned. I own 3 of the models for the Atrix and Bionic phones. Whatever you do, DO NOT get the lapdock 500. They don't work without the proper phone. Period. A Lapdock 100 will work but is much bigger and maybe not ideal for this. Now onto the Atrix/ Bionic lapdock specs.
    The screen is 1366 x 768 resolution at 11.6" size.
    Input is via micro HDMI.
    USB is micro again and works in an odd way. (More on that further down.)
    The keyboard is designed specifically for the Android OS and is a bit of a pain with Windows or Linux due to lack of certain function keys. (Windows/ Super Key, Insert, Pause, etc.)
    The touchpad can be disabled by double tapping the top left of it on the LED.
    Battery life is fairly good. I run a 1.6 GHz quad core Android stick solely on lapdock battery and even at high power and max screen brightness I can still get several hours run time out of it.
    Device power works with a magnetic switch (I'm guessing a reed switch of some sort) and the HDMI sense line. So long as that HDMI wire is grounded out the device will power up. Without it the whole things is powered off. The magnet switch controls the screen and maybe a few other things. When the lid is closed it shuts the system down but leaves the USB host connection powered so the target phone can still charge even when not using it.
    The USB is a bit weird in that the data lines work as normal for device mode but due to being designed for a phones said USB cable does not draw power in but rather sends it out to the host device. I measured the current and found on 2 of my 3 lapdocks it pushes right around 700 mA of juice. (Never tested the 3rd one...) If the host device does not need to run on 5V or uses external power then the +5V line in the USB connection will need to be broken. Ground connection will be fine.
    That's what I know of the lapdock functionality. Hope it helps.

  • @LucasTax97
    @LucasTax97 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Are you going to have it scan the object directly, or use a lens to project the image onto a screen and then scan the screen?

  • @ASilentS
    @ASilentS 8 ปีที่แล้ว +7

    "sit and spin" lul

  • @briantrinidad8483
    @briantrinidad8483 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    love the eev blog ref

  • @reddragon27284
    @reddragon27284 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Seems like the imager is done backwards to me. I'm sure in Baird's design the light passed through the disc onto the photodetector from a brightly lit object.

  • @traida111
    @traida111 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    Taking a break to see who gets the highest score was genius idea

  • @jasonalmont7572
    @jasonalmont7572 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Almost bought the atrix dock to toy around with. Looking forward to seeing what you do with it.

  • @Mb0ts
    @Mb0ts 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    this is very interesting project

  • @Ben_306
    @Ben_306 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Dear god please hurry on episode 2, I'd use this for an intercom system.

  • @Archie3D
    @Archie3D 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I would use an optical camera lens to project the image onto the rotating disk, and put the photoelement closely behind the disk. This way natural illumination would be good enough. Also instead of putting the holes in spiral pattern, the scanlines can be interlaced. This should tolerate slower rotation of the disk.

  • @ohmygod1550
    @ohmygod1550 8 ปีที่แล้ว +8

    0:50 Is that Sonic?

    • @ussbased-a7074
      @ussbased-a7074 7 ปีที่แล้ว +1

      OH MY GOD!!! Sonic's body with Rick Sanchez'es head

    • @OpenKeith
      @OpenKeith 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      no its Sanic

  • @axores20
    @axores20 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    hey boss where is the part 2? i cant wait to see :)

  • @atariforever2002
    @atariforever2002 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    Are you not paying the heat bill Ben? She needs a hat, scarf and gloves in there?

    • @dusk565
      @dusk565 6 ปีที่แล้ว

      But she absolutely rocks it.

  • @ObiTrev
    @ObiTrev 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I'd love to see a spinning LCD Scanner head used in an updated version of the project sometime later.

  • @stevenallen512
    @stevenallen512 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    K1 = (n1-n2)/(E2-E1) = rpm/v
    ECEMF = EA - ERA
    ERA = IA x RA
    Speed (n) = ECEMF x K1
    Kv = RPM / (E × 1.414 × 0.95)
    Motor Speed Calculated FTW! (Jeez I haven't used this math in YEARS! I literally pulled that off of an old note because I can't remember any of it, wow.)

  • @mrfilipelaureanoaguiar
    @mrfilipelaureanoaguiar 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    That's a crazy project. I like it. Drills aren't fast enough, i would have chose a Dremel at 35krpm that would have made smooth frames.

  • @xanokothe
    @xanokothe 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    This GameBoy is pretty awesome!

  • @SharpblueCreative
    @SharpblueCreative 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    Why didn't you just cut a disc out with the relevant holes instead of using a vinyl record. You've got the kit.?

  • @TheLauty541
    @TheLauty541 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    nice video!

  • @proyectosledar
    @proyectosledar 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    yeeeess

  • @allluckyseven
    @allluckyseven 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Let Max play that giant Tetris game too! I bet he'll be the one to beat you, Heckendorn! *shakes fist*

  • @squirrelnut
    @squirrelnut 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Lmao at the EEVBlog impression

  • @Jagermonsta
    @Jagermonsta 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    I still have my Motorola Atrix in storage. Great phone

  • @wither8
    @wither8 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    The tach is obvi a hall effect sensor ....saw the drill tear down, wanted AvE's snark, paused and watched 3 hours worth of him making fun of dewalt and harbor freight on a friday night, this is my life

  • @KayoMichiels
    @KayoMichiels 8 ปีที่แล้ว +2

    8:16 You're "guilty" of destroying this disc!

  • @gregnulik1975
    @gregnulik1975 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    What if they switched out the disc in favor of a spinning cylinder ? Wouldn't the image be larger without having to increase the size of the TV as much ?

  • @hightde13
    @hightde13 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I know this was inspired by an actual product but it would be cool to see a version that used physical 'pixals' or squares that could change angle to show a monochrome image. I've seen a large wooden version but one that could play some version of actual video would be neat to see.

  • @dstorm19
    @dstorm19 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Your should get a teknic clearpath servo, very useful

  • @PositionLight
    @PositionLight 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Why are you using a DC motor? A 2-pole synchronous AC motor will rotate at exactly 3600rpm and can by synced to mains power. That's how Baird did it.

  • @WolfireGaming
    @WolfireGaming 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    There was more padding in the middle of this video than a Build-a-Bear.

  • @redwineismypassion
    @redwineismypassion 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    where did you learn electronics?

  • @bearnaff9387
    @bearnaff9387 2 หลายเดือนก่อน

    To be a real Tetris championship, 1st place should have been won by Steve Wozniak. The Woz was _such_ an expert Tetris player that he was eventually banned from submitting his high scores to Nintendo Power Magazine so that someone else had a chance to capture the monthly high score spot. This lead to the following month's high score spots being captured by players with names that just happened to be anagrams of "Wozniak".
    Also, what happened to the audio?

  • @ufoengines
    @ufoengines 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Have you guys ever messed around with what Manfred von Ardenne came up with using flying spot scanner tech? A cathode ray tube T.V. that watched you as you watched it. Very 1984! A Frank Gray would kits to convert your 1960's T.V. into such a rig.

  • @TheEvilMunkey01
    @TheEvilMunkey01 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    if you want to take the wobble out of the spinning record you could use skateboard bearings to run along the outside of the record. like how a band saw aligns it's blade to the cutting surface

    • @maker_karen1785
      @maker_karen1785 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +John W Ben loves using skate bearings. We used them in the R2D2 soda cooler.

    • @TheEvilMunkey01
      @TheEvilMunkey01 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +theHeckwithKaren I really think keeping that record from wobbling is going to be a big part of getting the machine to focus the picture well. Super excited to see the rest of the build.

  • @JacGoudsmit
    @JacGoudsmit 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I think it would have been a lot easier to mount the light sensors behind the camera disk. Just like on every other mechanical TV camera I've ever seen.
    For authenticity you could replace the LDRs with a tube, but I wouldn't go that far if I built one myself; I'd probably use photodiodes for speed, though.
    I'd also put an audio tape recorder in the circuit to record the video :-)

  • @johnsweda2999
    @johnsweda2999 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    Couldn't you make the raster lines more compact? better resolution and bigger picture, by making the spiral bigger and at a steeper angle, with more holes spinning at 120hz would this work.

  • @gusjohnnson9641
    @gusjohnnson9641 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Two words, audio leveling.

  • @crowdaddy6472
    @crowdaddy6472 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    is this similar to the flip cards ie draw pic in corner and flip cards to get picture to move?

    • @maker_karen1785
      @maker_karen1785 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +RooBoy Hiphop Not quite, but sort of. If you break the image up into many lines, those lines get drawn individually and add up to an image, then the next image gets drawn line by line.But it happens very quickly so it looks like a solid image, only a little blinky.

  • @vidrogic1499
    @vidrogic1499 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    whats that schematic in background when you explain?????????

  • @pyroslavx7922
    @pyroslavx7922 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    You can scan a laser beam with two rotating mirrors from (two) old laser printers...one for vert. an one for horizontal deflection... and a high power red laser from dvd burner (or just ebay, they got dirt cheap in the last years ;-), you can pulse red one really fast...
    Green ones are much brighter, but i am not sure if you can pulse a green laser for a long time, well you can but it might fry itsef.

  • @stephenwilliams5201
    @stephenwilliams5201 3 ปีที่แล้ว

    Drills? Mine might be cheep. How ever not one has failed. And found them quite for giving. Over there life times. And mine like like solar power. Good hoby drill . Thanks. Kv4li 73

  • @malidene
    @malidene 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    her shirt is awesome!!!

  • @sirareus
    @sirareus 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I can't imagine it would be too hard to get Pong going on on this mechanical T.V. if the camera doesn't pan out super well.

  • @koolpfanski
    @koolpfanski 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    You need the screen! Use some wax paper. Put it near the spinning disk. The scan lines will rest on the wax paper. IR milk carton.

  • @DaarkCloud
    @DaarkCloud 5 ปีที่แล้ว

    I miss ben already

  • @KhanGarth
    @KhanGarth 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    i don't get how the holes in the disc translate to helping produce the image on the screen...

  • @obsidian9998
    @obsidian9998 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    I wish you luck Ben for your retirement.

  • @stocktonjoans
    @stocktonjoans 7 ปีที่แล้ว

    WTF! Never have I seen British and American culture so closely aligned as with the contents of Charity shop (AKA thrift store) record bins, I could walk in to any one of the stores in town and find *those exact same records*, I'm telling you, there's a copy of Beethoven's 9th and at least one Andrew Lloyd-Webber musical in the stack in front of him, I'd put money on it.

  • @onesurvival596
    @onesurvival596 8 ปีที่แล้ว +3

    just some advice, don't use shirt mounted clip microphones the sound quality is horrible.
    sorry to say most people think the microphone clip goes around the neck clipped to the shirt.
    in fact the microphone clip needs to be placed at the end of your sternum (or just for fun clip the microphone to your upper arm by your armpit) it should sound much better than that muffled throat audio that is in this video.

    • @james64468
      @james64468 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +one survival I was trying to figure out why it was loud then soft.

  • @sarreqteryx
    @sarreqteryx 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    OK, not putting the vinyl is understandable, but why not a CNC drill?

  • @klaernie
    @klaernie 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Ben, please don't destroy the atrix laptop dock! Rather make a nice adapter, that includes a USB hub and HDMI adapter, so that it is fully removable. The dock is far too rare, and it's such a nice package.
    I for example would love to see a dumb terminal attachment for the dock, so you can rock it oldschool the modern way!!

  • @gothicall
    @gothicall 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    I really think this show should be part of Discovery or NatGeo

  • @jan_harald
    @jan_harald 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    make the scanspiral from one edge to other(from center to edge)(or at least a bit bigger) to get bigger picture

  • @50MGG
    @50MGG 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    7:45 haha EEVblog sprung to mind :D

  • @FRobot-rx4kz
    @FRobot-rx4kz 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    If you have a laser-cutter at hand, why use an LP as a spinning wheel instead of directly cut the wheel out of acrylic/cardboard/wood ?

  • @TheBrokenLife
    @TheBrokenLife 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Why are you using Illustrator for mechanical layout work?

    • @maker_karen1785
      @maker_karen1785 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      +Maxwelhse Ben will frequently start with a 2D drawing because it is faster and easier to manipulate and once he's happy with it, will import it into a 3D program and extrude the vectors to create the final design.

    • @TheBrokenLife
      @TheBrokenLife 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      theHeckwithKaren
      Why not just start with a sketch in something like SolidWorks, which is intended for mechanical layout, and have a one stop shop? Every 3D part begins as a 2D sketch.

    • @maker_karen1785
      @maker_karen1785 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      Tomayto tomahto. It all comes down to personal preference and what software you feel most comfortable with.

    • @TheBrokenLife
      @TheBrokenLife 8 ปีที่แล้ว

      theHeckwithKaren
      Mechanical software is designed for such tasks and is much more efficient at them (no manual calculations required). That's why It struck me as weird to use desktop publishing software for that purpose, but ok.

  • @RealBadWolf
    @RealBadWolf 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Cool

  • @DamianReloaded
    @DamianReloaded 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    11:15 You may want to reduce your spice intake a little Ben.You're starting to look like a Fremen... #lovingtheprojectsofar

  • @tonyman1106
    @tonyman1106 8 ปีที่แล้ว +1

    you think 360p is bad, just wait till mechanicalp

  • @Alexis40ar
    @Alexis40ar 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Look at her playing Tetris, isn´t she lovely??

  • @Shyshwak
    @Shyshwak 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    13:00 please what is the name of this song

  • @ashuku
    @ashuku 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    Why is there a copy of PS1 Medal of Honor on ben's desk? (4:19)

  • @danielwgk
    @danielwgk 8 ปีที่แล้ว

    I have an Atrix Lapdock for my raspi. I removed the phone holder and replaced it with a usb hub.

  • @kurtstation4858
    @kurtstation4858 4 ปีที่แล้ว

    I am making a mechanical tv but i use a cd i mark the cd and drilled some holes

  • @ZipplyZane
    @ZipplyZane 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    The audio is weird on this. The high end seems to be missing.

  • @briansouth9325
    @briansouth9325 6 ปีที่แล้ว

    You should play some hand soldiered Atari through the mechanical tv